151
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Lu Y, Wu F, Cao Q, Sun Y, Huang M, Xiao J, Zhou B, Zhang L. B7-H4 is increased in lung adenocarcinoma harboring EGFR-activating mutations and contributes to immunosuppression. Oncogene 2022; 41:704-717. [PMID: 34839353 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have shown clinical benefit in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the immunotherapy strategy is less effective in patients with EGFR-activating mutations (EGFR MT). Studies showed that besides low expression of PD-L1, the absence of TILs and distinct expression profile of immune checkpoint molecules might be associated with low response of the patient subset. In this study, we first compared CD8A, GZMB and PRF1 mRNA levels in different LUAD subtypes harboring different driver mutations by dataset analyses and investigated the association between 15 well-defined B7-CD28 family members and driver mutations. The results showed that the decreases in the density and function of CD8+ TILs, CD274 (PD-L1 gene), and CD86 and increases in VTCN1 (B7-H4 gene) and HHLA2 were associated with LUAD with EGFR-activating mutations. Immunohistochemical staining studies further supported that PD-L1 was downregulated and B7-H4 was upregulated in the subtype. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression was positively associated with levels of CD8A and granzyme B, while B7-H4 expression was negatively associated with granzyme B levels. In lung cancer cell lines, EGFR-activating mutations effectively upregulated B7-H4 and downregulated PD-L1. MEK/ERK-pathway activation upregulated B7-H4, and PI3K/Akt activation upregulated PD-L1. EGFR 19Del mutation was associated with inhibition of CD8+ T-cell function, while knocking down B7-H4 could reverse the inhibition, and further showed tumor-growth inhibition and longer survival in vivo. Taken together, this study shed light on that B7-H4 might be an alternative immune-checkpoint molecule and a potential therapeutic target for LUAD with EGFR MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengying Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyi Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Moli Huang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Central Laboratory, Songgang People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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152
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Brewer G, Fortier AM, Park M, Moraes C. The case for cancer-associated fibroblasts: essential elements in cancer drug discovery? FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 4:FDD71. [PMID: 35600290 PMCID: PMC9112234 DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained increased attention for supporting cancer progression, current CAF-targeted therapeutic options are limited and failing in clinical trials. As the largest component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), CAFs alter the biochemical and physical structure of the TME, modulating cancer progression. Here, we review the role of CAFs in altering drug response, modifying the TME mechanics and the current models for studying CAFs. To provide new perspectives, we highlight key considerations of CAF activity and discuss emerging technologies that can better address CAFs; and therefore, increase the likelihood of therapeutic efficacy. We argue that CAFs are crucial components of the cancer drug discovery pipeline and incorporating these cells will improve drug discovery success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Brewer
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Avenues des Pins, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Fortier
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Avenues des Pins, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Avenues des Pins, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, 3775 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Avenues des Pins, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
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153
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Tarantino P, Barroso-Sousa R, Garrido-Castro AC, McAllister SS, Guerriero JL, Mittendorf E, Curigliano G, Tolaney SM. Understanding resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 22:141-153. [PMID: 34919490 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2020650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to frontline chemotherapy has improved survival for patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) expressing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Nonetheless, most patients develop resistance, with outcomes remaining poor for this population. Moreover, unsatisfactory activity has been observed with ICIs in PD-L1-negative TNBC and in other breast cancer (BC) subtypes, warranting a deeper understanding of resistance to ICIs in BC. AREAS COVERED We discuss the immune landscape of distinct BC subtypes, review the clinical activity of immunotherapy in BC, and highlight strategies under development to overcome resistance to ICIs. EXPERT OPINION Activity and resistance to ICIs in BC are strongly related to the intrinsic immunophenotype of the tumor tissue. Several promising biomarkers reflecting the immunological state of BC are emerging, with only PD-L1 expression currently adopted into clinical practice. However, limitations make of PD-L1 a sub-optimal biomarker for patient selection, which require efforts to integrate this marker with other immunological features. Concomitantly, a wide variety of drug combinations designed to overcome immune-resistance are being evaluated, with some encouraging signals observed in early-phase trials. Combination strategies tailored to patient and tumor immunophenotype may allow to overcome resistance and fully exploit the potential of ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tarantino
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Breast Oncology Program Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ana C Garrido-Castro
- Breast Oncology Program Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra S McAllister
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Guerriero
- Breast Oncology Program Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mittendorf
- Breast Oncology Program Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara M Tolaney
- Breast Oncology Program Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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154
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Mavrommati I, Johnson F, Echeverria GV, Natrajan R. Subclonal heterogeneity and evolution in breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:155. [PMID: 34934048 PMCID: PMC8692469 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclonal heterogeneity and evolution are characteristics of breast cancer that play a fundamental role in tumour development, progression and resistance to current therapies. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in understanding the epigenetic and transcriptomic changes that occur within breast cancer and their importance in terms of cancer development, progression and therapy resistance with a particular focus on alterations at the single-cell level. Furthermore, we highlight the utility of using single-cell tracing and molecular barcoding methodologies in preclinical models to assess disease evolution and response to therapy. We discuss how the integration of single-cell profiling from patient samples can be used in conjunction with results from preclinical models to untangle the complexities of this disease and identify biomarkers of disease progression, including measures of intra-tumour heterogeneity themselves, and how enhancing this understanding has the potential to uncover new targetable vulnerabilities in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mavrommati
- grid.18886.3fThe Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Flora Johnson
- grid.18886.3fThe Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gloria V. Echeverria
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XLester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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155
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Current Advancements of Plant-Derived Agents for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy through Deregulating Cancer Cell Functions and Reprogramming Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413571. [PMID: 34948368 PMCID: PMC8703661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined based on the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 receptors. Currently, chemotherapy is the major therapeutic approach for TNBC patients; however, poor prognosis after a standard chemotherapy regimen is still commonplace due to drug resistance. Abnormal tumor metabolism and infiltrated immune or stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may orchestrate mammary tumor growth and metastasis or give rise to new subsets of cancer cells resistant to drug treatment. The immunosuppressive mechanisms established in the TME make cancer cell clones invulnerable to immune recognition and killing, and turn immune cells into tumor-supporting cells, hence allowing cancer growth and dissemination. Phytochemicals with the potential to change the tumor metabolism or reprogram the TME may provide opportunities to suppress cancer metastasis and/or overcome chemoresistance. Furthermore, phytochemical intervention that reprograms the TME away from favoring immunoevasion and instead towards immunosurveillance may prevent TNBC metastasis and help improve the efficacy of combination therapies as phyto-adjuvants to combat drug-resistant TNBC. In this review, we summarize current findings on selected bioactive plant-derived natural products in preclinical mouse models and/or clinical trials with focus on their immunomodulatory mechanisms in the TME and their roles in regulating tumor metabolism for TNBC prevention or therapy.
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156
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Liu J, Wang X, Deng Y, Yu X, Wang H, Li Z. Research Progress on the Role of Regulatory T Cell in Tumor Microenvironment in the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:766248. [PMID: 34868991 PMCID: PMC8636122 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.766248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem comprised of cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. Analysis of the composition of TME is essential to assess the prognosis of patients with breast cancer (BC) and the efficacy of different regimes. Treg plays a crucial role in the microenvironment of breast cancer subtypes, and its function contributes to the development and progression of BC by suppressing anti-tumor immunity directly or indirectly through multiple mechanisms. In addition, conventional treatments, such as anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and neo-therapies, such as immune-checkpoint blockades, have a significant impact on the absence of Tregs in BC TME, thus gaining additional anti-tumor effect to some extent. Strikingly, Treg in BC TME revealed the predicted efficacy of some therapeutic strategies. All these results suggest that we can manipulate the abundance of Treg to achieve the ultimate effect of both conventional and novel treatments. In this review, we discuss new insights into the characteristics of Treg in BC TME, the impact of different regiments on Treg, and the possibilities of Treg as a predictive marker of efficacy for certain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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157
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The Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer: Strategies for Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236012. [PMID: 34885122 PMCID: PMC8657247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy is a rapidly advancing field in breast cancer treatment, however, it encounters many obstacles that leave open gateways for breast cancer cells to resist novel immunotherapies. It is believed that the tumor microenvironment consisting of cancer, stromal, and immune cells as well as a plethora of tumor-promoting soluble factors, is responsible for the failure of therapeutic strategies in cancer, including breast tumors. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of key barriers to effective immunotherapy, focusing the research efforts on harnessing the power of the immune system, and thus, developing new strategies to overcome the resistance may contribute significantly to increase breast cancer patient survival. In this review, we discuss the latest reports regarding the strategies rendering the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment more sensitive to immunotherapy in breast cancers, HER2-positive and triple-negative types of breast cancer, which are attractive from an immunotherapeutic point of view. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) has traditionally been considered to be not inherently immunogenic and insufficiently represented by immune cell infiltrates. Therefore, for a long time, it was thought that the immunotherapies targeting this type of cancer and its microenvironment were not justified and would not bring benefits for breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, to date, a considerable number of reports have indicated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as a prognostic and clinically relevant biomarker in breast cancer. A high TILs expression has been demonstrated in primary tumors, of both, HER2-positive BC and triple-negative (TNBC), of patients before treatment, as well as after treatment with adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Another milestone was reached in advanced TNBC immunotherapy with the help of the immune checkpoint inhibitors directed against the PD-L1 molecule. Although those findings, together with the recent developments in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, show immense promise for significant advancements in breast cancer treatments, there are still various obstacles to the optimal activity of immunotherapeutics in BC treatment. Of these, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment constitutes a key barrier that greatly hinders the success of immunotherapies in the most aggressive types of breast cancer, HER2-positive and TNBC. Therefore, the improvement of the current and the demand for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies is strongly warranted.
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158
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Yin Y, Shi L, Yang J, Wang H, Yang H, Wang Q. B7 family member H4 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Bioengineered 2021; 13:107-118. [PMID: 34818980 PMCID: PMC8805878 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2009411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract, which has the second highest incidence among gastrointestinal tumors. At present, due to the limitations of current CRC treatment strategies, there is an urgent need for developing more effective therapies. B7 family member H4 (B7-H4) is associated with the progression of a wide spectrum of cancers, but its functional role in CRC is unknown. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of B7-H4 in CRC and the underlying mechanisms in controlling the progression of CRC. Our data showed that B7-H4 expression in CRC tissues and cell lines was significantly upregulated as compared with normal tissues and normal cell lines. High B7-H4 expression was correlated with a poor prognosis of CRC patients. B7-H4 overexpression promoted the proliferation and invasion of CRC cells, which could be suppressed by Wnt signaling inhibitor. In a mouse xenograft model, silencing B7-H4 suppressed tumor growth and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CRC cells. Collectively, our study demonstrated the oncogenic roles of B7-H4 in regulating the proliferation, EMT as well as the migration of CRC cells through Wnt signaling pathway. The heightened expression of B7-H4 could serve as a prognostic marker for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Yin
- Cancer Center, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, Suzhou, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Ultrasound, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Cancer Center, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Cancer Center, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, Suzhou, China
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159
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Manoochehri M, Hielscher T, Borhani N, Gerhäuser C, Fletcher O, Swerdlow AJ, Ko YD, Brauch H, Brüning T, Hamann U. Epigenetic quantification of circulating immune cells in peripheral blood of triple-negative breast cancer patients. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:207. [PMID: 34789319 PMCID: PMC8596937 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A shift in the proportions of blood immune cells is a hallmark of cancer development. Here, we investigated whether methylation-derived immune cell type ratios and methylation-derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (mdNLRs) are associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS Leukocyte subtype-specific unmethylated/methylated CpG sites were selected, and methylation levels at these sites were used as proxies for immune cell type proportions and mdNLR estimation in 231 TNBC cases and 231 age-matched controls. Data were validated using the Houseman deconvolution method. Additionally, the natural killer (NK) cell ratio was measured in a prospective sample set of 146 TNBC cases and 146 age-matched controls. RESULTS The mdNLRs were higher in TNBC cases compared with controls and associated with TNBC (odds ratio (OR) range (2.66-4.29), all Padj. < 1e-04). A higher neutrophil ratio and lower ratios of NK cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, monocytes, and B cells were associated with TNBC. The strongest association was observed with decreased NK cell ratio (OR range (1.28-1.42), all Padj. < 1e-04). The NK cell ratio was also significantly lower in pre-diagnostic samples of TNBC cases compared with controls (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION This immunomethylomic study shows that a shift in the ratios/proportions of leukocyte subtypes is associated with TNBC, with decreased NK cell showing the strongest association. These findings improve our knowledge of the role of the immune system in TNBC and point to the possibility of using NK cell level as a non-invasive molecular marker for TNBC risk assessment, early detection, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Manoochehri
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of in-Vitro Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nasim Borhani
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Gerhäuser
- Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivia Fletcher
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Division of Genetics and Epidemiology and Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Yon-Dschun Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.,iFIT Cluster of Excellence, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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160
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Bianchini G, De Angelis C, Licata L, Gianni L. Treatment landscape of triple-negative breast cancer - expanded options, evolving needs. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 19:91-113. [PMID: 34754128 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumour heterogeneity and a long-standing paucity of effective therapies other than chemotherapy have contributed to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) being the subtype with the least favourable outcomes. In the past few years, advances in omics technologies have shed light on the relevance of the TNBC microenvironment heterogeneity, unveiling a close dynamic relationship with cancer cell features. An improved understanding of tumour-immune system co-evolution supports the need to adopt a more comprehensive view of TNBC as an ecosystem that encompasses the intrinsic and extrinsic features of cancer cells. This new appreciation of the biology of TNBC has already led to the development of novel targeted agents, including PARP inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates and immune-checkpoint inhibitors, which are revolutionizing the therapeutic landscape and providing new opportunities both for patients with early-stage TNBC and for those with advanced-stage disease. The current therapeutic scenario is only the tip of the iceberg, as hundreds of new compounds and combinations are in development. The translation of these experimental therapies into clinical benefit is a welcome and ongoing challenge. In this Review, we describe the current and upcoming therapeutic landscape of TNBC and discuss how an integrated view of the TNBC ecosystem can define different levels of risk and provide improved opportunities for tailoring treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Bianchini
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. .,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Laster and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luca Licata
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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161
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Soeratram TTD, Creemers A, Meijer SL, de Boer OJ, Vos W, Hooijer GKJ, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Hulshof MCCM, Bergman JJGHM, Lei M, Bijlsma MF, Ylstra B, van Grieken NCT, van Laarhoven HWM. Tumor-immune landscape patterns before and after chemoradiation in resectable esophageal adenocarcinomas. J Pathol 2021; 256:282-296. [PMID: 34743329 PMCID: PMC9299918 DOI: 10.1002/path.5832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a new anti‐cancer treatment option, showing promising results in clinical trials. To investigate potential immune biomarkers in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), we explored immune landscape patterns in the tumor microenvironment before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT). Sections from matched pretreatment biopsies and post‐nCRT resection specimens (n = 188) were stained for (1) programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1, CD274); (2) programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1, CD279), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), CD8, pan‐cytokeratin multiplex; and (3) an MHC class I, II duplex. The densities of tumor‐associated immune cells (TAICs) were calculated using digital image analyses and correlated to histopathological nCRT response [tumor regression grade (TRG)], survival, and post‐nCRT immune patterns. PD‐L1 positivity defined by a combined positive score of >1 was associated with a better response post‐nCRT (TRG 1–3 versus 4, 5, p = 0.010). In addition, high combined mean densities of CD8+, FOXP3+, and PD‐1+ TAICs in the tumor epithelium and stroma of biopsies were associated with a better response (TRG 1–3 versus 4, 5, p = 0.025 and p = 0.044, respectively). Heterogeneous TAIC density patterns were observed post‐nCRT, with significantly higher CD8+ and PD‐1+ TAIC mean densities compared with biopsies (both p = 0.000). Three immune landscape patterns were defined post‐nCRT: ‘inflamed’, ‘invasive margin’, and ‘desert’, of which ‘inflamed’ was the most frequent (57%). Compared with matched biopsies, resection specimens with ‘inflamed’ tumors showed a significantly higher increase in CD8+ density compared with non‐inflamed tumors post‐nCRT (p = 0.000). In this cohort of EAC patients, higher TAIC densities in pretreatment biopsies were associated with response to nCRT. This warrants future research into the potential of the tumor‐immune landscape for patient stratification and novel (immune) therapeutic strategies. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T D Soeratram
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke Creemers
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Vos
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit K J Hooijer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark I van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C C M Hulshof
- Department of Radiotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J G H M Bergman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Lei
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole C T van Grieken
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Peng JH, Tai Y, Zhao YX, Luo BJ, Ou QJ, Pan ZZ, Zhang L, Lu ZH. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression in the tumour stroma of colorectal liver oligometastases and its association with prognosis after liver resection. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2021; 9:443-450. [PMID: 34733530 PMCID: PMC8560040 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical value of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in colorectal liver oligometastases (CLOs) remains undefined. This study aimed to detect PD-L1 in the microenvironment of CLOs and determine its association with patient prognosis. Methods We collected 126 liver-resection specimens from CLO patients who underwent curative liver resection between June 1999 and December 2016. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to assess PD-L1 expression in paraffin-embedded specimens. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test. Results PD-L1 was mainly expressed in the stroma of liver oligometastases. Patients with high PD-L1 expression had a higher proportion of clinical-risk scores (CRSs) of 2–4 (67.7% vs 40.4%; P = 0.004). With a median 58-month follow-up, patients with high PD-L1 expression had a significantly lower 3-year OS rate (65.5% vs 92.7%; P = 0.001) and 3-year RFS rate (34.7% vs 83.8%; P < 0.001) than patients with low PD-L1 expression. Multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that high PD-L1 expression (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.581; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.301–9.972; P = 0.015), CRS 2–4 (HR = 6.960; 95% CI 1.135–42.689; P = 0.036) and increased preoperative CA19-9 (HR = 2.843; 95% CI 1.229–6.576; P = 0.015) were independent risk factors for OS. High PD-L1 expression (HR = 4.815; 95% CI 2.139–10.837; P < 0.001) and lymph-node metastasis (HR = 2.115; 95% CI 1.041–4.297; P = 0.038) were independent risk factors for RFS. Conclusion This study found that PD-L1 was commonly expressed in the tumour stroma of CLOs and high PD-L1 expression was associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yi Tai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Jia Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Jian Ou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Hai Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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163
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Sun X, Wu B, Chiang HC, Deng H, Zhang X, Xiong W, Liu J, Rozeboom AM, Harris BT, Blommaert E, Gomez A, Garcia RE, Zhou Y, Mitra P, Prevost M, Zhang D, Banik D, Isaacs C, Berry D, Lai C, Chaldekas K, Latham PS, Brantner CA, Popratiloff A, Jin VX, Zhang N, Hu Y, Pujana MA, Curiel TJ, An Z, Li R. Tumour DDR1 promotes collagen fibre alignment to instigate immune exclusion. Nature 2021; 599:673-678. [PMID: 34732895 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune exclusion predicts poor patient outcomes in multiple malignancies, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)1. The extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes to immune exclusion2. However, strategies to reduce ECM abundance are largely ineffective or generate undesired outcomes3,4. Here we show that discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen receptor with tyrosine kinase activity5, instigates immune exclusion by promoting collagen fibre alignment. Ablation of Ddr1 in tumours promotes the intratumoral penetration of T cells and obliterates tumour growth in mouse models of TNBC. Supporting this finding, in human TNBC the expression of DDR1 negatively correlates with the intratumoral abundance of anti-tumour T cells. The DDR1 extracellular domain (DDR1-ECD), but not its intracellular kinase domain, is required for immune exclusion. Membrane-untethered DDR1-ECD is sufficient to rescue the growth of Ddr1-knockout tumours in immunocompetent hosts. Mechanistically, the binding of DDR1-ECD to collagen enforces aligned collagen fibres and obstructs immune infiltration. ECD-neutralizing antibodies disrupt collagen fibre alignment, mitigate immune exclusion and inhibit tumour growth in immunocompetent hosts. Together, our findings identify a mechanism for immune exclusion and suggest an immunotherapeutic target for increasing immune accessibility through reconfiguration of the tumour ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bogang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huai-Chin Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hui Deng
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junquan Liu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron M Rozeboom
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brent T Harris
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eline Blommaert
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez
- Rheumatology Department and Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roderic Espin Garcia
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Payal Mitra
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Madeleine Prevost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deyi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Debarati Banik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claudine Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deborah Berry
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Krysta Chaldekas
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patricia S Latham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christine A Brantner
- GW Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- GW Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanfen Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Miguel Angel Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Department of Medicine, The Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Breast cancer immune microenvironment: from pre-clinical models to clinical therapies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 191:257-267. [PMID: 34731350 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The breast cancer tumour microenvironment (BC-TME) is characterized by significant cellular and spatial heterogeneity that has important clinical implications and can affect response to therapy. There is a growing need to develop methods that reliably quantify and characterize the BC-TME and model its composition and functions in experimental systems, in the hope of developing new treatments for patients. In this review, we examine the role of immune-activating cells (including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and natural killer cells) and immune inhibitory cells (including T regulatory cells, tumour-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells) in the BC-TME. We summarize methods being used to characterize the microenvironment, with specific attention to pre-clinical models including co-cultures, organoids, and genetically modified and humanized mouse models. Finally, we explore the implications and applications of existing preclinical data for drug development and highlight several drugs designed to alter the BC-TME in order to improve treatment outcomes for patients.
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165
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Zhai Y, Wang J, Lang T, Kong Y, Rong R, Cai Y, Ran W, Xiong F, Zheng C, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhu HH, Zhang P, Li Y. T lymphocyte membrane-decorated epigenetic nanoinducer of interferons for cancer immunotherapy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1271-1280. [PMID: 34580467 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Impaired type I interferons (IFNs) may cause immune deficiency in tumours. Current supplementary IFN therapy partially restores anticancer immunity but simultaneously induces immune evasion by upregulating multiple immune checkpoints. Here we create a T lymphocyte membrane-decorated epigenetic nanoinducer that is engineered with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), which we call OPEN, for the delivery of the IFN inducer ORY-1001. OPEN increases IFNs and blocks IFN-induced immune checkpoint upregulation. OPEN also targets tumours that express programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) through PDL1/PD1 recognition and subsequently triggers the internalization of OPEN and immune checkpoint proteins. OPEN, which is loaded with ORY-1001, upregulates intratumoural IFNs and downstream major histocompatibility complex I and PDL1. The replenished PDL1 enables further ligation of OPEN, which in turn blocks PDL1. These sequential processes result in an eight- and 29-fold increase of the intratumoural densities of total and active cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively, and a strong inhibition of xenograft tumour growth. This T lymphocyte membrane-decorated epigenetic nanoinducer presents a generalizable platform to boost antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqun Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanke Wang
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai, China
| | - Helen H Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong, China.
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Shandong, China.
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Multi-omics analysis identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities in triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6276. [PMID: 34725325 PMCID: PMC8560912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a collection of biologically diverse cancers characterized by distinct transcriptional patterns, biology, and immune composition. TNBCs subtypes include two basal-like (BL1, BL2), a mesenchymal (M) and a luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype. Through a comprehensive analysis of mutation, copy number, transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic, and phospho-proteomic patterns we describe the genomic landscape of TNBC subtypes. Mesenchymal subtype tumors display high mutation loads, genomic instability, absence of immune cells, low PD-L1 expression, decreased global DNA methylation, and transcriptional repression of antigen presentation genes. We demonstrate that major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) is transcriptionally suppressed by H3K27me3 modifications by the polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2). Pharmacological inhibition of PRC2 subunits EZH2 or EED restores MHC-I expression and enhances chemotherapy efficacy in murine tumor models, providing a rationale for using PRC2 inhibitors in PD-L1 negative mesenchymal tumors. Subtype-specific differences in immune cell composition and differential genetic/pharmacological vulnerabilities suggest additional treatment strategies for TNBC. Triple negative breast cancer can be divided into additional subtypes. Here, using omics analyses, the authors show that in the mesenchymal subtype expression of MHC-1 is repressed and that this can be restored by using drugs that target subunits of the epigenetic modifier PRC2.
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167
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Prognostic Value of Interleukin-32 Expression and Its Correlation with the Infiltration of Natural Killer Cells in Cutaneous Melanoma. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204691. [PMID: 34682815 PMCID: PMC8538574 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is well known as a proinflammatory cytokine that is expressed in various immune cells and cancers. However, the clinical relevance of IL-32 expression in cutaneous melanoma has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we identified the prognostic value of IL32 expression using various systematic multiomic analyses. The IL32 expressions were significantly higher in cutaneous melanoma than in normal tissue, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a correlation between IL32 expression and good prognosis in cutaneous melanoma patients. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between IL32 expression and the infiltration of natural killer (NK) cells to identify a relevant mechanism between IL32 expression and prognosis in cutaneous melanoma (p = 0.00031). In the relationship between IL32 expression and the infiltration of NK cells, a negative correlation was found in resting NK cells (rho = -0.38, p = 3.95 × 10-17) whereas a strong positive correlation was observed only in active NK cells (rho = 0.374, p = 1.23 × 10-16). Moreover, IL32 expression was markedly positively correlated with the cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme and perforin. These data suggest that IL32 expression may increase patient survival through the infiltration and activation of NK cells, representative anticancer effector cells, in cutaneous melanoma. Collectively, this study provides the prognostic value of IL32 expression and its potential role as an effective predictive biomarker for NK cell infiltration in cutaneous melanoma.
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168
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Khadri FZ, Issac MSM, Gaboury LA. Impact of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition on the Immune Landscape in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5099. [PMID: 34680248 PMCID: PMC8533811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature on the immune infiltrate present in the breast cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) is still poorly understood. Since there is mounting interest in the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of subsets of breast cancer patients, it is of major importance to understand the fundamental tumor characteristics which dictate the inter-tumor heterogeneity in immune landscapes. We aimed to assess the impact of EMT-related markers on the nature and magnitude of the inflammatory infiltrate present in breast cancer TME and their association with the clinicopathological parameters. Tissue microarrays were constructed from 144 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded invasive breast cancer tumor samples. The protein expression patterns of Snail, Twist, ZEB1, N-cadherin, Vimentin, GRHL2, E-cadherin, and EpCAM were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The inflammatory infiltrate in the TME was assessed semi-quantitatively on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained whole sections and was characterized using IHC. The inflammatory infiltrate was more intense in poorly differentiated carcinomas and triple-negative carcinomas in which the expression of E-cadherin and GRHL2 was reduced, while EpCAM was overexpressed. Most EMT-related markers correlated with plasma cell infiltration of the TME. Taken together, our findings reveal that the EMT signature might impact the immune response in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zohra Khadri
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (F.-Z.K.); (M.S.M.I.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marianne Samir Makboul Issac
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (F.-Z.K.); (M.S.M.I.)
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11956, Egypt
| | - Louis Arthur Gaboury
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (F.-Z.K.); (M.S.M.I.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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169
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Pellegrino B, Tommasi C, Cursio OE, Musolino A, Migliori E, De Silva P, Senevirathne TH, Schena M, Scartozzi M, Farci D, Willard-Gallo K, Solinas C. A review of immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer. Semin Oncol 2021; 48:208-225. [PMID: 34620502 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years characterized by the cancer immunotherapy revolution, attention has turned to how to potentially boost and/or generate an efficient anti-tumor immune response in breast cancer (BC). Clinical activity of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 in BC has been more evident in the triple negative subtype and in earlier lines of the treatment. Remarkably, some responders to single agent ICB have achieved durable responses with metastatic disease, possibly as a result of treatment-induced immunological memory. However, most BC are immunologically quiescent and current research efforts developing ICB combinations are attempting to convert "cold" into "hot" tumors by manipulating the tumor microenvironment, expanding anti-tumor T cells improving efficient antigen presentation, and suppressing pro-tumor inhibitory cells. The aim of this review is to summarize existing data on the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers as single agents and combination strategies in all BC subtypes, highlighting the BC subgroups that benefit most from ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Pellegrino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Tommasi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Musolino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Migliori
- Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Marina Schena
- Regional Hospital of Aosta, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Farci
- Medical Oncology, Casa di Cura Decimomannu, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology, S. Francesco Hospital, Nuoro, Azienda Tutela della Salute della Sardegna, Italy.
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170
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Jones JO, Moody WM, Shields JD. Microenvironmental modulation of the developing tumour: an immune-stromal dialogue. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2600-2633. [PMID: 32741067 PMCID: PMC8486574 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful establishment of a tumour relies on a cascade of interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells within an evolving microenvironment. Both immune and nonimmune cellular components are key factors in this process, and the individual players may change their role from tumour elimination to tumour promotion as the microenvironment develops. While the tumour-stroma crosstalk present in an established tumour is well-studied, aspects in the early tumour or premalignant microenvironment have received less attention. This is in part due to the challenges in studying this process in the clinic or in mouse models. Here, we review the key anti- and pro-tumour factors in the early microenvironment and discuss how understanding this process may be exploited in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O. Jones
- MRC Cancer UnitHutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of OncologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - William M. Moody
- MRC Cancer UnitHutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is pathologically defined by lack of expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 amplification and portends an aggressive clinical course with worse outcomes compared with other breast cancers. Until recently, standard treatment options consisted of sequential cytotoxic chemotherapies for both early and metastatic disease. Advances in sequencing technology have led to the identification of 4 main subtypes of TNBC based on recurrent genetic alterations, transcriptional patterns, and molecular features: basal-like 1 (BL1), basal-like 2 (BL2), mesenchymal (M), and luminal androgen receptor (LAR). Frequent alterations found in DNA damage response pathways, germline and somatic BRCA1/2 genes, PI3K signaling pathways, and the presence of androgen receptors and infiltrating immune cells could serve as actionable targets to optimize treatments and improve outcomes for patients with TNBC. Recent approvals for immune checkpoint inhibitors and the antibody-drug conjugate, sacituzumab govitecan-hziy, for advanced TNBC illustrate the advances in treatment that can result from these molecular discoveries. This review will explore the molecular subtypes of TNBC and their distinct characteristics, as well as highlight the molecular features and potential "drivers" that have been identified as promising targets for new treatment strategies.
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172
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Hammerl D, Martens JWM, Timmermans M, Smid M, Trapman-Jansen AM, Foekens R, Isaeva OI, Voorwerk L, Balcioglu HE, Wijers R, Nederlof I, Salgado R, Horlings H, Kok M, Debets R. Spatial immunophenotypes predict response to anti-PD1 treatment and capture distinct paths of T cell evasion in triple negative breast cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5668. [PMID: 34580291 PMCID: PMC8476574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a subgroup of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) responds to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). To better understand lack of response to ICI, we analyze 681 TNBCs for spatial immune cell contextures in relation to clinical outcomes and pathways of T cell evasion. Excluded, ignored and inflamed phenotypes can be captured by a gene classifier that predicts prognosis of various cancers as well as anti-PD1 response of metastatic TNBC patients in a phase II trial. The excluded phenotype, which is associated with resistance to anti-PD1, demonstrates deposits of collagen-10, enhanced glycolysis, and activation of TGFβ/VEGF pathways; the ignored phenotype, also associated with resistance to anti-PD1, shows either high density of CD163+ myeloid cells or activation of WNT/PPARγ pathways; whereas the inflamed phenotype, which is associated with response to anti-PD1, revealed necrosis, high density of CLEC9A+ dendritic cells, high TCR clonality independent of neo-antigens, and enhanced expression of T cell co-inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Hammerl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Renée Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga I Isaeva
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Voorwerk
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hayri E Balcioglu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Wijers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Nederlof
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Ziekenhuizen, Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Research, Peter Mac Callum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugo Horlings
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kok
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Reno Debets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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173
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Zhou Q, Dong J, Sun Q, Lu N, Pan Y, Han X. Role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic biomarker in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047957. [PMID: 34561257 PMCID: PMC8475153 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is recognised as a suitable prognostic biomarker in patients with breast cancer. Nevertheless, the efficacy of this biomarker in predicting the pathological complete response (pCR) and survival in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is still controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the association between baseline NLR and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer treated with NACT. DESIGN Meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Relevant literature published before 1 May 2021 was searched using the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed and the Web of Science databases. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA All studies involving patients with breast cancer treated with NACT and peripheral blood pretreatment NLR recorded as a dichotomous variable were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two researchers independently extracted and evaluated OR/HR and its 95% CIs of survival outcomes and clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS A total of 19 studies were identified. From each study, the impact of NLR on the pCR, OR and HR, with their 95% CIs were extracted and combined using either a random or fixed-effects model. The results indicate that a higher pCR in patients with a low NLR (OR 1.620, 95% CI 1.209 to 2.169, p<0.001). In addition, an elevated NLR predicted lower disease-free survival (HR 2.269, 95% CI 1.557 to 3.307, p<0.001) and overall survival (HR 1.691, 95% CI 1.365 to 2.096, p<0.001) in patients with breast cancer treated with NACT. CONCLUSIONS NLR is a suitable biomarker for predicting pCR and survival in patients with breast cancer receiving NACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Department of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Nannan Lu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yueyin Pan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinghua Han
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China
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174
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Lu M, Sha Y, Silva TC, Colaprico A, Sun X, Ban Y, Wang L, Lehmann BD, Chen XS. LR Hunting: A Random Forest Based Cell-Cell Interaction Discovery Method for Single-Cell Gene Expression Data. Front Genet 2021; 12:708835. [PMID: 34497635 PMCID: PMC8420858 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.708835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell interactions (CCIs) and cell–cell communication (CCC) are critical for maintaining complex biological systems. The availability of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data opens new avenues for deciphering CCIs and CCCs through identifying ligand-receptor (LR) gene interactions between cells. However, most methods were developed to examine the LR interactions of individual pairs of genes. Here, we propose a novel approach named LR hunting which first uses random forests (RFs)-based data imputation technique to link the data between different cell types. To guarantee the robustness of the data imputation procedure, we repeat the computation procedures multiple times to generate aggregated imputed minimal depth index (IMDI). Next, we identify significant LR interactions among all combinations of LR pairs simultaneously using unsupervised RFs. We demonstrated LR hunting can recover biological meaningful CCIs using a mouse cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) dataset and a triple-negative breast cancer scRNA-seq dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yifan Sha
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tiago C Silva
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Antonio Colaprico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Xiaodian Sun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lily Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brian D Lehmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - X Steven Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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175
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Bergholtz H, Carter JM, Cesano A, Cheang MCU, Church SE, Divakar P, Fuhrman CA, Goel S, Gong J, Guerriero JL, Hoang ML, Hwang ES, Kuasne H, Lee J, Liang Y, Mittendorf EA, Perez J, Prat A, Pusztai L, Reeves JW, Riazalhosseini Y, Richer JK, Sahin Ö, Sato H, Schlam I, Sørlie T, Stover DG, Swain SM, Swarbrick A, Thompson EA, Tolaney SM, Warren SE, On Behalf Of The GeoMx Breast Cancer Consortium. Best Practices for Spatial Profiling for Breast Cancer Research with the GeoMx ® Digital Spatial Profiler. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4456. [PMID: 34503266 PMCID: PMC8431590 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogenous disease with variability in tumor cells and in the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding the molecular diversity in breast cancer is critical for improving prediction of therapeutic response and prognostication. High-plex spatial profiling of tumors enables characterization of heterogeneity in the breast TME, which can holistically illuminate the biology of tumor growth, dissemination and, ultimately, response to therapy. The GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) enables researchers to spatially resolve and quantify proteins and RNA transcripts from tissue sections. The platform is compatible with both formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and frozen tissues. RNA profiling was developed at the whole transcriptome level for human and mouse samples and protein profiling of 100-plex for human samples. Tissue can be optically segmented for analysis of regions of interest or cell populations to study biology-directed tissue characterization. The GeoMx Breast Cancer Consortium (GBCC) is composed of breast cancer researchers who are developing innovative approaches for spatial profiling to accelerate biomarker discovery. Here, the GBCC presents best practices for GeoMx profiling to promote the collection of high-quality data, optimization of data analysis and integration of datasets to advance collaboration and meta-analyses. Although the capabilities of the platform are presented in the context of breast cancer research, they can be generalized to a variety of other tumor types that are characterized by high heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Bergholtz
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jodi M Carter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Maggie Chon U Cheang
- ICR Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | | | | | - Shom Goel
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jingjing Gong
- NanoString® Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer L Guerriero
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - E Shelley Hwang
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hellen Kuasne
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Jinho Lee
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- NanoString® Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica Perez
- NanoString® Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Özgür Sahin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Hiromi Sato
- NanoString® Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ilana Schlam
- MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Therese Sørlie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel G Stover
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sandra M Swain
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- MedStar Health, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - E Aubrey Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Sara M Tolaney
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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176
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Bai X, Ni J, Beretov J, Graham P, Li Y. Immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer: A molecular insight into the microenvironment, treatment, and resistance. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2021; 1:75-87. [PMID: 39036372 PMCID: PMC11256541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinicians have very limited options to treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) due to the lack of effective targeted drugs. Recently, the findings of the mechanism underlying tumor-intrinsic immune escape have fueled a wave of studies into immunotherapy in breast cancer (BC). Compared with other BC subtypes, TNBC shows a better response to immunotherapy due to the higher level of tumor mutation burden and lymphocyte infiltration. Thereinto, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) achieved the first success of immunotherapy for TNBC and are widely utilized with conventional treatments in the neoadjuvant/adjuvant and advanced stages. However, a large number of TNBC patients fail to demonstrate a good response to ICIs, and the acquired resistance to ICI-based therapies is clinically emerging, which is a major challenge for immunotherapy in TNBC. Here we review the latest advances in TNBC immune microenvironment, immunotherapy, and immunotherapeutic resistance and discuss the challenges and potential approaches to improve the clinical benefit of immunotherapy against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Bai
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Julia Beretov
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
- Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
- School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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177
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Lopez-Yrigoyen M, Cassetta L, Pollard JW. Macrophage targeting in cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1499:18-41. [PMID: 32445205 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is not only determined by the intrinsic properties of cancer cells but also by their interactions with components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are among the most abundant immune cells in the TME. During initial stages of tumor development, macrophages can either directly promote antitumor responses by killing tumor cells or indirectly recruit and activate other immune cells. As genetic changes occur within the tumor or T helper 2 (TH 2) cells begin to dominate the TME, TAMs begin to exhibit an immunosuppressive protumor phenotype that promotes tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Thus, targeting TAMs has emerged as a strategy for cancer therapy. To date, TAM targeting strategies have focused on macrophage depletion and inhibition of their recruitment into the TME. However, these strategies have shown limited therapeutic efficacy, although trials are still underway with combination therapies. The fact that macrophages have the potential for antitumor activity has moved the TAM targeting field toward the development of TAM-reprogramming strategies to support this antitumor immune response. Here, we discuss the various roles of TAMs in cancer therapy and their immunosuppressive properties, as well as implications for emerging checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapies. We review state-of-the-art TAM-targeting strategies, focusing on current ones at the preclinical and clinical trial stages that aim to reprogram TAMs as an oncological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lopez-Yrigoyen
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Cassetta
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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178
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Provance OK, Geanes ES, Lui AJ, Roy A, Holloran SM, Gunewardena S, Hagan CR, Weir S, Lewis-Wambi J. Disrupting interferon-alpha and NF-kappaB crosstalk suppresses IFITM1 expression attenuating triple-negative breast cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2021; 514:12-29. [PMID: 34022283 PMCID: PMC8221017 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of interferon induced transmembrane protein-1 (IFITM1) enhances tumor progression in multiple cancers, but its role in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unknown. Here, we explore the functional significance and regulation of IFITM1 in TNBC and strategies to target its expression. Immunohistochemistry staining of a tissue microarray demonstrates that IFITM1 is overexpressed in TNBC samples which is confirmed by TCGA analysis. Targeting IFITM1 by siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 in TNBC cell lines significantly inhibits proliferation, colony formation, and wound healing in vitro. Orthotopic mammary fat pad and mammary intraductal studies reveal that loss of IFITM1 reduces TNBC tumor growth and invasion in vivo. RNA-seq analysis of IFITM1/KO cells reveals significant downregulation of several genes involved in proliferation, migration, and invasion and functional studies identified NF-κB as an important downstream target of IFITM1. Notably, siRNA knockdown of p65 reduces IFITM1 expression and a drug-repurposing screen of FDA approved compounds identified parthenolide, an NFκB inhibitor, as a cytotoxic agent for TNBC and an inhibitor of IFITM1 in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our findings suggest that targeting IFITM1 by suppressing interferon-alpha/NFκB signaling represents a novel therapeutic strategy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Provance
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Eric S Geanes
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Asona J Lui
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anuradha Roy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; High Throughput Screening Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA
| | - Sean M Holloran
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Christy R Hagan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Scott Weir
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; The Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Joan Lewis-Wambi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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179
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Yang X, Weng X, Yang Y, Zhang M, Xiu Y, Peng W, Liao X, Xu M, Sun Y, Liu X. A combined hypoxia and immune gene signature for predicting survival and risk stratification in triple-negative breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:19486-19509. [PMID: 34341184 PMCID: PMC8386525 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence showed that the clinical significance of the interaction between hypoxia and immune status in tumor microenvironment. However, reliable biomarkers based on the hypoxia and immune status in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have not been well established. This study aimed to explore a gene signature based on the hypoxia and immune status for predicting prognosis, risk stratification, and individual treatment in TNBC. Methods: Hypoxia-related genes (HRGs) and Immune-related genes (IRGs) were identified using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method and the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA Z-score) with the transcriptomic profiles from Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) cohort. Then, prognostic hypoxia and immune based genes were identified in TNBC patients from the METABRIC (N = 221), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (N = 142), and GSE58812 (N = 107) using univariate cox regression model. A robust hypoxia-immune based gene signature for prognosis was constructed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method. Based on the cross-cohort prognostic hypoxia–immune related gene signature, a comprehensive index of hypoxia and immune was developed and two risk groups with distinct hypoxia–immune status were identified. The prognosis value, hypoxia and immune status, and therapeutic response in different risk groups were analyzed. Furthermore, a nomogram was constructed to predict the prognosis for individual patients, and an independent cohort from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database was used for external validation. Results: Six cross-cohort prognostic hypoxia–immune related genes were identified to establish the comprehensive index of hypoxia and immune. Then, patients were clustered into high- and low-risk groups based on the hypoxia–immune status. Patients in the high-risk group showed poorer prognoses to their low-risk counterparts, and the nomogram we constructed yielded favorable performance to predict survival and risk stratification. Besides, the high-risk group had a higher expression of hypoxia-related genes and correlated with hypoxia status in tumor microenvironment. The high-risk group had lower fractions of activated immune cells, and exhibited lower expression of immune checkpoint markers. Furthermore, the ratio of complete response (CR) was greatly declined, and the ratio of breast cancer related events were significantly elevated in the high-risk group. Conclusion: The hypoxia–immune based gene signature we constructed for predicting prognosis was developed and validated, which may contribute to the optimization of risk stratification for prognosis and personalized treatment in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Weng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yajie Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjie Xiu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenfeng Peng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuhui Liao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiquan Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shen Zhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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180
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Emens LA, Adams S, Cimino-Mathews A, Disis ML, Gatti-Mays ME, Ho AY, Kalinsky K, McArthur HL, Mittendorf EA, Nanda R, Page DB, Rugo HS, Rubin KM, Soliman H, Spears PA, Tolaney SM, Litton JK. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002597. [PMID: 34389617 PMCID: PMC8365813 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has historically been a disease for which immunotherapy was largely unavailable. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has demonstrated efficacy, including longer progression-free survival and increased overall survival in subsets of patients. Based on clinical benefit in randomized trials, ICIs in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of some patients with advanced/metastatic TNBC have been approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), expanding options for patients. Ongoing questions remain, however, about the optimal chemotherapy backbone for immunotherapy, appropriate biomarker-based selection of patients for treatment, the optimal strategy for immunotherapy treatment in earlier stage disease, and potential use in histological subtypes other than TNBC. To provide guidance to the oncology community on these and other important concerns, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts to develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG). The expert panel drew upon the published literature as well as their clinical experience to develop recommendations for healthcare professionals on these important aspects of immunotherapeutic treatment for breast cancer, including diagnostic testing, treatment planning, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and patient quality of life (QOL) considerations. The evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations in this CPG are intended to give guidance to cancer care providers treating patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Cimino-Mathews
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret E Gatti-Mays
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alice Y Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rita Nanda
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Krista M Rubin
- Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Department of Breast Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Patricia A Spears
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara M Tolaney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer K Litton
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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181
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Chen D, Li G, Ji C, Lu Q, Qi Y, Tang C, Xiong J, Hu J, Yasar FBA, Zhang Y, Hoon DSB, Yao Y, Zhou L. Enhanced B7-H4 expression in gliomas with low PD-L1 expression identifies super-cold tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000154. [PMID: 32457124 PMCID: PMC7253052 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Characterizing expression profiles of different immune checkpoint molecules are promising for personalized checkpoint inhibitory immunotherapy. Gliomas have been shown as potential targets for immune checkpoint inhibitors recently. Our study was performed to determine coexpression levels of two major B7 immune regulatory molecules programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and B7-H4, both of which have been demonstrated to inhibit antitumor host immunity in gliomas. Methods We assessed tumor tissues from stage II–IV primary gliomas (n=505) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for protein levels of both PD-L1 and B7-H4. Gene coexpression analysis assessing clusters based on extent of PD-L1/B7-H4 classifier genes expression were investigated in two transcriptome datasets (The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas). In addition, levels of immune cell infiltrates were estimated with IHC and RNA-seq data for assessing the tumor immune microenvironment of PD-L1/B7-H4 subgroups. Results High expression of PD-L1 and B7-H4 in gliomas was 23% and 20%, respectively, whereas coexpression of two proteins at high levels was limited to 2% of the cases. Comparable results were seen in RNA-seq datasets where PD-L1 mRNA expression levels negatively correlated with that of B7-H4. Gene coexpression modules clustered within each grade of gliomas demonstrated lack of double-high modules (cluster with high expression of both PD-L1 and B7-H4 classifier genes). B7-H4 mRNA expression levels showed negative correlation with extent of immune cell infiltration and High-B7-H4 module gliomas (high B7-H4 but low PD-L1 classifier genes expression) had less tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). IHC assessment also showed few TILs and TAMs in High-B7-H4 subgroup gliomas. Conclusions The majority of gliomas express PD-L1 or B7-H4, however, coexpression of both at high levels is minimal. The high-B7-H4 patients could be considered as ‘super-cold’ gliomas with significantly deficient in TILs, suggesting that B7-H4 might inhibit T-cell trafficking into the central nervous system. This study demonstrated that PD-L1 and B7-H4 may serve as mutually compensatory immune checkpoint molecules in gliomas for immune targeted or active-specific immunotherapy. The distinct B7-H4 pathways modulating T-cell function and immune evasion in glioma patients deserved to be further explored in the future during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaopeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences & and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunxia Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Immunology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Immunology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Immunology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fatma Betul Aksoy Yasar
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences & and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Health Systems, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Immunology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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182
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Wu SY, Xiao Y, Wei JL, Xu XE, Jin X, Hu X, Li DQ, Jiang YZ, Shao ZM. MYC suppresses STING-dependent innate immunity by transcriptionally upregulating DNMT1 in triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002528. [PMID: 34321275 PMCID: PMC8320259 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and lacks definite treatment targets. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) heterogeneity has a profound impact on the immunotherapy response. Tumors with non-inflamed TIME derive limited benefit from immunotherapy. However, what drives the formation of the non-inflamed TIME in TNBC remains unclear. Methods Using our multiomics database of TNBC, we conducted an analysis to explore the key genomic events driving the formation of the non-inflamed TIME in TNBC. In vitro and in vivo studies further revealed potential mechanisms and the efficacy of combination treatment with immunotherapy. Results With transcriptomic and genomic data, we systematically analyzed the TIME of TNBC and revealed that the classical basal-like subtype of TNBC consisted of two distinct microenvironment phenotypes, defined as the ‘inflamed’ and ‘non-inflamed’ subtypes. We performed further screening and demonstrated that MYC amplification and overexpression led to low immune infiltration and cytolytic activity in TIME. Mechanistically, MYC bound to DNMT1 promoter and activated DNMT1 transcription in TNBC cells, thus suppressing the Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING pathway via an epigenetic regulatory way. In MYC-overexpressing TNBC, decitabine, an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, converted tumors from non-inflamed to inflamed tumors by enhancing T cell infiltration. Furthermore, the combination of decitabine with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor reversed T cell exhaustion and improved T cell function in mouse models, which elicited potent antitumor activity in MYC-overexpressing TNBC. Conclusions Our work elucidates that the classic oncogene MYC induces immune evasion by repressing innate immunity. Furthermore, we provide a rationale for combining DNA methyltransferase inhibition with immunotherapy for the treatment of MYC-overexpressing TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Li Wei
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-En Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China .,Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China .,Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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183
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Schuler LA, Murdoch FE. Endogenous and Therapeutic Estrogens: Maestro Conductors of the Microenvironment of ER+ Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153725. [PMID: 34359625 PMCID: PMC8345134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) marks heterogeneous breast cancers which display a repertoire of somatic genomic mutations and an immune environment that differs from other breast cancer subtypes. These cancers also exhibit distinct biological behaviors; despite an overall better prognosis than HER2+ or triple negative breast cancers, disseminated dormant cells can lead to disease recurrence decades after the initial diagnosis and treatment. Estrogen is the best studied driver of these cancers, and antagonism or reduction of estrogen activity is the cornerstone of therapeutic approaches. In addition to reducing proliferation of ERα+ cancer cells, these treatments also alter signals to multiple other target cells in the environment, including immune cell subpopulations, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells via several distinct estrogen receptors. In this review, we update progress in our understanding of the stromal cells populating the microenvironments of primary and metastatic ER+ tumors, the effects of estrogen on tumor and stromal cells to modulate immune activity and the extracellular matrix, and net outcomes in experimental and clinical studies. We highlight new approaches that will illuminate the unique biology of these cancers, provide the foundation for developing new treatment and prevention strategies, and reduce mortality of this disease.
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184
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Badve SS, Penault-Llorca F, Reis-Filho JS, Deurloo R, Siziopikou KP, D'Arrigo C, Viale G. Determining PD-L1 Status in Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Lessons Learned from IMpassion130. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 114:664-675. [PMID: 34286340 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 12% to 17% of all breast cancers and has an aggressive clinical behavior. Increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte counts are prognostic for survival in TNBC, making this disease a potential target for cancer immunotherapy (CIT). Research on immunophenotyping of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is revealing molecular and structural organization in the tumor microenvironment that may predict patient prognosis. The anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel was the first CIT combination to demonstrate progression-free survival benefit and clinically meaningful overall survival benefit in the first-line treatment of metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) in patients with PD-L1-expressing tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) in ≥ 1% of the tumor area. This led to its US and EU approval for mTNBC and US approval of the VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) assay as a companion diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. Subsequently, the anti- programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy was approved by the FDA for mTNBC based on progression-free survival benefit in patients with a combined positive score ≥10 by its concurrently approved 22C3 companion diagnostic assay. Treatment guidelines now recommend PD-L1 testing for patients with mTNBC, and the testing landscape will likely become increasingly complex as new anti-PD-L1/PD-1 agents and diagnostics are approved for TNBC. Integrating PD-L1 testing into current diagnostic workflows for mTNBC may provide more treatment options for these patients. Therefore, it is critical for medical oncologists and pathologists to understand the available assays and their relevance to therapeutic options to develop an appropriate workflow for IHC testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Badve
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Regula Deurloo
- Oncology Biomarker Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, ., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi P Siziopikou
- Breast Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Giuseppe Viale
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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185
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Zhao N, Rosen JM. Breast cancer heterogeneity through the lens of single-cell analysis and spatial pathologies. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 82:3-10. [PMID: 34274486 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer ecosystems are composed of complex cell types, including tumor, stromal and immune cells, each of which can assume diverse phenotypes. Both the heterogeneous composition and spatially distinct tumor microenvironment impact breast cancer progression, treatment response and therapeutic resistance. Thus, a deeper understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity may help facilitate the development of novel therapies and improve outcomes for patients. The advent of paradigm shifting single-cell analysis and spatial pathologies allows for a comprehensive analysis of the tumor ecosystem as well as the interactions between its components at unprecedented resolution. In this review, we discuss the insights gained through single-cell analysis and spatial pathologies on breast cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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186
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Chen S, Liu T, Bu D, Zhu J, Wang X, Pan Y, Liu Y, Lu ZJ, Wang P. Methylome profiling identifies TCHH methylation in CfDNA as a noninvasive marker of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21720. [PMID: 34110642 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100266r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of circulating free DNA (CfDNA) has emerged as an efficient marker of tumor screening and prognostics. However, no efficient methylation marker has been developed for monitoring liver metastasis (LM) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Utilizing methylome profiling and bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction of paired primary and LM sites, significantly increased methylation of TCHH was identified in the process of LM in CRC in the present study. Methylight analysis of TCHH methylation in CfDNA displayed a promisingly discriminative power between CRC with and without LM. Besides, significant coefficient of TCHH methylation and LM tumor volume was also validated. Together, these results indicated the potential of TCHH methylation in CfDNA as a monitoring marker of LM in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwen Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dingfang Bu
- Central laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yisheng Pan
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yucun Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi John Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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187
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Patwa A, Yamashita R, Long J, Risom T, Angelo M, Keren L, Rubin DL. Multiplexed imaging analysis of the tumor-immune microenvironment reveals predictors of outcome in triple-negative breast cancer. Commun Biol 2021; 4:852. [PMID: 34244605 PMCID: PMC8271023 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer, the poorest-prognosis breast cancer subtype, lacks clinically approved biomarkers for patient risk stratification and treatment management. Prior literature has shown that interrogation of the tumor-immune microenvironment may be a promising approach to fill these gaps. Recently developed high-dimensional tissue imaging technology, such as multiplexed ion beam imaging, provide spatial context to protein expression in the microenvironment, allowing in-depth characterization of cellular processes. We demonstrate that profiling the functional proteins involved in cell-to-cell interactions in the microenvironment can predict recurrence and overall survival. We highlight the immunological relevance of the immunoregulatory proteins PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, and Lag3 by tying interactions involving them to recurrence and survival. Multivariate analysis reveals that our methods provide additional prognostic information compared to clinical variables. In this work, we present a computational pipeline for the examination of the tumor-immune microenvironment using multiplexed ion beam imaging that produces interpretable results, and is generalizable to other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalok Patwa
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Archbishop Mitty High School, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Rikiya Yamashita
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jin Long
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Risom
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leeat Keren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel L Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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188
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Savino A, De Marzo N, Provero P, Poli V. Meta-Analysis of Microdissected Breast Tumors Reveals Genes Regulated in the Stroma but Hidden in Bulk Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3371. [PMID: 34282769 PMCID: PMC8268805 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome data provide a valuable resource for the study of cancer molecular mechanisms, but technical biases, sample heterogeneity, and small sample sizes result in poorly reproducible lists of regulated genes. Additionally, the presence of multiple cellular components contributing to cancer development complicates the interpretation of bulk transcriptomic profiles. To address these issues, we collected 48 microarray datasets derived from laser capture microdissected stroma or epithelium in breast tumors and performed a meta-analysis identifying robust lists of differentially expressed genes. This was used to create a database with carefully harmonized metadata that we make freely available to the research community. As predicted, combining the results of multiple datasets improved statistical power. Moreover, the separate analysis of stroma and epithelium allowed the identification of genes with different contributions in each compartment, which would not be detected by bulk analysis due to their distinct regulation in the two compartments. Our method can be profitably used to help in the discovery of biomarkers and the identification of functionally relevant genes in both the stroma and the epithelium. This database was made to be readily accessible through a user-friendly web interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Savino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Niccolò De Marzo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Center for Omics Sciences, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy;
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189
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Zheng H, Siddharth S, Parida S, Wu X, Sharma D. Tumor Microenvironment: Key Players in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Immunomodulation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133357. [PMID: 34283088 PMCID: PMC8269090 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complicated network composed of various cells, signaling molecules, and extra cellular matrix. TME plays a crucial role in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) immunomodulation and tumor progression, paradoxically, acting as an immunosuppressive as well as immunoreactive factor. Research regarding tumor immune microenvironment has contributed to a better understanding of TNBC subtype classification. Shall we treat patients precisely according to specific subtype classification? Moving beyond traditional chemotherapy, multiple clinical trials have recently implied the potential benefits of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. In this review, we aimed to elucidate the paradoxical role of TME in TNBC immunomodulation, summarize the subtype classification methods for TNBC, and explore the synergistic mechanism of chemotherapy plus immunotherapy. Our study may provide a new direction for the development of combined treatment strategies for TNBC. Abstract Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease and is highly related to immunomodulation. As we know, the most effective approach to treat TNBC so far is still chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can induce immunogenic cell death, release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling; therefore, it will be interesting to investigate the relationship between chemotherapy-induced TME changes and TNBC immunomodulation. In this review, we focus on the immunosuppressive and immunoreactive role of TME in TNBC immunomodulation and the contribution of TME constituents to TNBC subtype classification. Further, we also discuss the role of chemotherapy-induced TME remodeling in modulating TNBC immune response and tumor progression with emphasis on DAMPs-associated molecules including high mobility group box1 (HMGB1), exosomes, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), which may provide us with new clues to explore effective combined treatment options for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Sheetal Parida
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Xinhong Wu
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Dipali Sharma
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.); (D.S.)
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190
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McGinity CL, Palmieri EM, Somasundaram V, Bhattacharyya DD, Ridnour LA, Cheng RYS, Ryan AE, Glynn SA, Thomas DD, Miranda KM, Anderson SK, Lockett SJ, McVicar DW, Wink DA. Nitric Oxide Modulates Metabolic Processes in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7068. [PMID: 34209132 PMCID: PMC8268115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic requirements and functions of cancer and normal tissues are vastly different. Due to the rapid growth of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment, distorted vasculature is commonly observed, which creates harsh environments that require rigorous and constantly evolving cellular adaption. A common hallmark of aggressive and therapeutically resistant tumors is hypoxia and hypoxia-induced stress markers. However, recent studies have identified alterations in a wide spectrum of metabolic pathways that dictate tumor behavior and response to therapy. Accordingly, it is becoming clear that metabolic processes are not uniform throughout the tumor microenvironment. Metabolic processes differ and are cell type specific where various factors promote metabolic heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, within the tumor, these metabolically distinct cell types can organize to form cellular neighborhoods that serve to establish a pro-tumor milieu in which distant and spatially distinct cellular neighborhoods can communicate via signaling metabolites from stroma, immune and tumor cells. In this review, we will discuss how biochemical interactions of various metabolic pathways influence cancer and immune microenvironments, as well as associated mechanisms that lead to good or poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. McGinity
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Erika M. Palmieri
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Dibyangana D. Bhattacharyya
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
- Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (A.E.R.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Lisa A. Ridnour
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Robert Y. S. Cheng
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Aideen E. Ryan
- Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (A.E.R.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (A.E.R.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Douglas D. Thomas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | | | - Stephen K. Anderson
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, LEIDO Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - David A. Wink
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
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191
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Fu T, Dai LJ, Wu SY, Xiao Y, Ma D, Jiang YZ, Shao ZM. Spatial architecture of the immune microenvironment orchestrates tumor immunity and therapeutic response. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:98. [PMID: 34172088 PMCID: PMC8234625 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are not only aggregates of malignant cells but also well-organized complex ecosystems. The immunological components within tumors, termed the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), have long been shown to be strongly related to tumor development, recurrence and metastasis. However, conventional studies that underestimate the potential value of the spatial architecture of the TIME are unable to completely elucidate its complexity. As innovative high-flux and high-dimensional technologies emerge, researchers can more feasibly and accurately detect and depict the spatial architecture of the TIME. These findings have improved our understanding of the complexity and role of the TIME in tumor biology. In this review, we first epitomized some representative emerging technologies in the study of the spatial architecture of the TIME and categorized the description methods used to characterize these structures. Then, we determined the functions of the spatial architecture of the TIME in tumor biology and the effects of the gradient of extracellular nonspecific chemicals (ENSCs) on the TIME. We also discussed the potential clinical value of our understanding of the spatial architectures of the TIME, as well as current limitations and future prospects in this novel field. This review will bring spatial architectures of the TIME, an emerging dimension of tumor ecosystem research, to the attention of more researchers and promote its application in tumor research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Fu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei-Jie Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Song-Yang Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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192
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors for triple-negative breast cancer: From immunological mechanisms to clinical evidence. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107876. [PMID: 34146865 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in women worldwide. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) expressions, has a poorer prognosis compared with non-TNBC breast tumors. Until recently systemic treatment for TNBC was confined to chemotherapy owing to the lack of actionable targets. Immune checkpoint molecules are expressed on malignant cells or tumor-infiltrating immune cells and can inhibit anti-cancer immune responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), induce immune responses in different types of neoplasms. They have recently gained attention for their possible role in TNBC treatment. Several clinical trials have been conducted on the role of immune checkpoint blockade in different settings for TNBC treatment. Available evidence justifies the application of ICI and chemotherapy combination in the management of metastatic TNBC and early-stage TNBC in neoadjuvant setting. This study aims to provide information on the mechanisms of action of ICIs, review the efficacy results of clinical trials using ICIs for TNBC treatment, and assess the side effects of such drugs.
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193
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Klopfenstein Q, Derangère V, Arnould L, Thibaudin M, Limagne E, Ghiringhelli F, Truntzer C, Ladoire S. Evaluation of tumor immune contexture among intrinsic molecular subtypes helps to predict outcome in early breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002036. [PMID: 34083415 PMCID: PMC8183202 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of early breast cancer is linked to clinic-pathological stage and the molecular characteristics of intrinsic tumor cells. In some patients, the amount and quality of tumor-infiltrating immune cells appear to affect long term outcome. We aimed to propose a new tool to estimate immune infiltrate, and link these factors to patient prognosis according to breast cancer molecular subtypes. Methods We performed in silico analyses in more than 2800 early breast cancer transcriptomes with corresponding clinical annotations. We first developed a new gene expression deconvolution algorithm that accurately estimates the quantity of immune cell populations (tumor immune contexture, TIC) in tumors. Then, we studied associations between these immune profiles and relapse-free and overall survival among the different intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer defined by PAM50 classification. Results TIC estimates the abundance of 15 immune cell subsets. Both myeloid and lymphoid subpopulations show different spread among intrinsic molecular breast cancer subtypes. A high abundance of myeloid cells was associated with poor outcome, while lymphoid cells were associated with favorable prognosis. Unsupervised clustering describing the 15 immune cell subsets revealed four subgroups of breast tumors associated with distinct patient survival, but independent from PAM50. Adding this information to clinical stage and PAM50 strongly improves the prediction of relapse or death. Conclusions Our findings make it possible to refine the survival stratification of early patients with breast cancer by incorporating TIC in addition to PAM50 and clinical tumor burden in a prognostic model validated in training and validation cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Klopfenstein
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France
| | - Valentin Derangère
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France.,Unit of Pathology, Department of Biology and Pathology of the Tumors, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Arnould
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,Unit of Pathology, Department of Biology and Pathology of the Tumors, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Marion Thibaudin
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Emeric Limagne
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Francois Ghiringhelli
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Ladoire
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France .,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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194
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Desbois M, Wang Y. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Key players in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:241-258. [PMID: 34075584 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have rapidly changed the therapeutic landscape for cancer. Nevertheless, most of the patients show innate or acquired resistance to these therapies. Studies conducted in recent years have highlighted an emerging role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in immune regulation that shapes the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and influences response to cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we outline recent advances in the understanding of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of CAFs. We will focus on emerging roles of CAFs in shaping the TIME, especially under a framework of tumor immunity continuum, and discuss current and future CAF-targeting therapeutic strategies in particular in the context of optimizing the success of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Desbois
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yulei Wang
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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195
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Guo H, Diao L, Zhou X, Chen JN, Zhou Y, Fang Q, He Y, Dziadziuszko R, Zhou C, Hirsch FR. Artificial intelligence-based analysis for immunohistochemistry staining of immune checkpoints to predict resected non-small cell lung cancer survival and relapse. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2452-2474. [PMID: 34295654 PMCID: PMC8264317 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Conventional analysis of single-plex chromogenic immunohistochemistry (IHC) focused on quantitative but spatial analysis. How immune checkpoints localization related to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis remained unclear. Methods Here, we analyzed ten immune checkpoints on 1,859 tumor microarrays (TMAs) from 121 NSCLC patients and recruited an external cohort of 30 NSCLC patients with 214 whole-slide IHC. EfficientUnet was applied to segment tumor cells (TCs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), while ResNet was performed to extract prognostic features from IHC images. Results The features of galectin-9, OX40, OX40L, KIR2D, and KIR3D played an un-negatable contribution to overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in the internal cohort, validated in public databases (GEPIA, HPA, and STRING). The IC-Score and Res-Score were two predictive models established by EfficientUnet and ResNet. Based on the IC-Score, Res-Score, and clinical features, the integrated score presented the highest AUC for OS and RFS, which could achieve 0.9 and 0.85 in the internal testing cohort. The robustness of Res-Score was validated in the external cohort (AUC: 0.80–0.87 for OS, and 0.83–0.94 for RFS). Additionally, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) combined with the PD-1/PD-L1 signature established by EfficientUnet can be a predictor for RFS in the external cohort. Conclusions Overall, we established a reliable model to risk-stratify relapse and death in NSCLC with a generalization ability, which provided a convenient approach to spatial analysis of single-plex chromogenic IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Diao
- Department of Automation, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- School of Information Management & Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Neng Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Automation, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyu Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rafal Dziadziuszko
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 3A, Gdańsk 80-210, Województwo pomorskie, Poland
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Mount Sinai Cancer, New York, NY, USA
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196
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Walens A, Olsson LT, Gao X, Hamilton AM, Kirk EL, Cohen SM, Midkiff BR, Xia Y, Sherman ME, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Serody JS, Hoadley KA, Troester MA, Calhoun BC. Protein-based immune profiles of basal-like vs. luminal breast cancers. J Transl Med 2021; 101:785-793. [PMID: 33623115 PMCID: PMC8140991 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes play an important, but incompletely understood role in chemotherapy response and prognosis. In breast cancer, there appear to be distinct immune responses by subtype, but most studies have used limited numbers of protein markers or bulk sequencing of RNA to characterize immune response, in which spatial organization cannot be assessed. To identify immune phenotypes of Basal-like vs. Luminal breast cancer we used the GeoMx® (NanoString) platform to perform digital spatial profiling of immune-related proteins in tumor whole sections and tissue microarrays (TMA). Visualization of CD45, CD68, or pan-Cytokeratin by immunofluorescence was used to select regions of interest in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections. Forty-four antibodies representing stromal markers and multiple immune cell types were applied to quantify the tumor microenvironment. In whole tumor slides, immune hot spots (CD45+) had increased expression of many immune markers, suggesting a diverse and robust immune response. In epithelium-enriched areas, immune signals were also detectable and varied by subtype, with regulatory T-cell (Treg) markers (CD4, CD25, and FOXP3) being higher in Basal-like vs. Luminal breast cancer. Extending these findings to TMAs with more patients (n = 75), we confirmed subtype-specific immune profiles, including enrichment of Treg markers in Basal-likes. This work demonstrated that immune responses can be detected in epithelium-rich tissue, and that TMAs are a viable approach for obtaining important immunoprofiling data. In addition, we found that immune marker expression is associated with breast cancer subtype, suggesting possible prognostic, or targetable differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Walens
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Linnea T Olsson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xiaohua Gao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alina M Hamilton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Erin L Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cohen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bentley R Midkiff
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yongjuan Xia
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Nana Nikolaishvili-Feinberg
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Benjamin C Calhoun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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197
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Goldberg J, Pastorello RG, Vallius T, Davis J, Cui YX, Agudo J, Waks AG, Keenan T, McAllister SS, Tolaney SM, Mittendorf EA, Guerriero JL. The Immunology of Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674192. [PMID: 34135901 PMCID: PMC8202289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the treatment of cancer patients. The main focus of ICB has been on reinvigorating the adaptive immune response, namely, activating cytotoxic T cells. ICB has demonstrated only modest benefit against advanced breast cancer, as breast tumors typically establish an immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with infiltration of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and patients with TNBC have shown clinical responses to ICB. In contrast, hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer is characterized by low TIL infiltration and minimal response to ICB. Here we review how HR+ breast tumors establish a TME devoid of TILs, have low HLA class I expression, and recruit immune cells, other than T cells, which impact response to therapy. In addition, we review emerging technologies that have been employed to characterize components of the TME to reveal that tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant in HR+ cancer, are highly immune-suppressive, associated with tumor progression, chemotherapy and ICB-resistance, metastasis and poor survival. We reveal novel therapeutic targets and possible combinations with ICB to enhance anti-tumor immune responses, which may have great potential in HR+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Goldberg
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ricardo G. Pastorello
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tuulia Vallius
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Janae Davis
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yvonne Xiaoyong Cui
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Judith Agudo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne G. Waks
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tanya Keenan
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sandra S. McAllister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sara M. Tolaney
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Guerriero
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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198
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Bareche Y, Buisseret L, Gruosso T, Girard E, Venet D, Dupont F, Desmedt C, Larsimont D, Park M, Rothé F, Stagg J, Sotiriou C. Unraveling Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment Heterogeneity: Towards an Optimized Treatment Approach. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 112:708-719. [PMID: 31665482 PMCID: PMC7357326 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent efforts of gene expression profiling analyses recognized at least four different triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) molecular subtypes. However, little is known regarding their tumor microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity. Methods Here, we investigated TME heterogeneity within each TNBC molecular subtype, including immune infiltrate localization and composition together with expression of targetable immune pathways, using publicly available transcriptomic and genomic datasets from a large TNBC series totaling 1512 samples. Associations between molecular subtypes and specific features were assessed using logistic regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results We demonstrated that each TNBC molecular subtype exhibits distinct TME profiles associated with specific immune, vascularization, stroma, and metabolism biological processes together with specific immune composition and localization. The immunomodulatory subtype was associated with the highest expression of adaptive immune-related gene signatures and a fully inflamed spatial pattern appearing to be the optimal candidate for immune check point inhibitors. In contrast, most mesenchymal stem-like and luminal androgen receptor tumors showed an immunosuppressive phenotype as witnessed by high expression levels of stromal signatures. Basal-like, luminal androgen receptor, and mesenchymal subtypes exhibited an immune cold phenotype associated with stromal and metabolism TME signatures and enriched in margin-restricted spatial pattern. Tumors with high chromosomal instability and copy number loss in the chromosome 5q and 15q regions, including genomic loss of major histocompatibility complex related genes, showed reduced cytotoxic activity as a plausible immune escape mechanism. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that each TNBC subtype is associated with specific TME profiles, setting the ground for a rationale tailoring of immunotherapy in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Bareche
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Buisseret
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tina Gruosso
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Forbius, 750 Boul St-Laurent, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edwina Girard
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Venet
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Floriane Dupont
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Pathology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Desmedt
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 818, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Morag Park
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Françoise Rothé
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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199
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Lahman MC, Paulson KG, Nghiem PT, Chapuis AG. Quality Is King: Fundamental Insights into Tumor Antigenicity from Virus-Associated Merkel Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1897-1905. [PMID: 33863500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare skin malignancy that is a paradigm cancer for solid tumor immunotherapy. MCCs associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus (virus-positive MCC [VP-MCC]) or chronic UV exposure (virus-negative MCC [VN-MCC]) are anti-PD(L)1 responsive, despite VP-MCC's low mutational burden. This suggests that antigen quality, not merely mutation quantity, dictates immunotherapy responsiveness, and cell-based therapies targeting optimal antigens may be effective. Despite VP-MCC's antigenic homogeneity, diverse T-cell infiltration patterns are observed, implying microenvironment plasticity and multifactorial contributions to immune recognition. Moreover, VP-MCC exemplifies how antitumor adaptive immunity can provide tumor burden biomarkers for early detection and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda C Lahman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly G Paulson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA; Medical Oncology, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Paul T Nghiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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200
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Maller O, Drain AP, Barrett AS, Borgquist S, Ruffell B, Zakharevich I, Pham TT, Gruosso T, Kuasne H, Lakins JN, Acerbi I, Barnes JM, Nemkov T, Chauhan A, Gruenberg J, Nasir A, Bjarnadottir O, Werb Z, Kabos P, Chen YY, Hwang ES, Park M, Coussens LM, Nelson AC, Hansen KC, Weaver VM. Tumour-associated macrophages drive stromal cell-dependent collagen crosslinking and stiffening to promote breast cancer aggression. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:548-559. [PMID: 33257795 PMCID: PMC8005404 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stromal stiffening accompanies malignancy, compromises treatment and promotes tumour aggression. Clarifying the molecular nature and the factors that regulate stromal stiffening in tumours should identify biomarkers to stratify patients for therapy and interventions to improve outcome. We profiled lysyl hydroxylase-mediated and lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen crosslinks and quantified the greatest abundance of total and complex collagen crosslinks in aggressive human breast cancer subtypes with the stiffest stroma. These tissues harbour the highest number of tumour-associated macrophages, whose therapeutic ablation in experimental models reduced metastasis, and decreased collagen crosslinks and stromal stiffening. Epithelial-targeted expression of the crosslinking enzyme, lysyl oxidase, had no impact on collagen crosslinking in PyMT mammary tumours, whereas stromal cell targeting did. Stromal cells in microdissected human tumours expressed the highest level of collagen crosslinking enzymes. Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from a cohort of patients with breast cancer revealed that stromal expression of lysyl hydroxylase 2, an enzyme that induces hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived collagen crosslinks and stromal stiffening, correlated significantly with disease specific mortality. The findings link tissue inflammation, stromal cell-mediated collagen crosslinking and stiffening to tumour aggression and identify lysyl hydroxylase 2 as a stromal biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Maller
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allison P Drain
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander S Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University/Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Brian Ruffell
- Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Igor Zakharevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thanh T Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tina Gruosso
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hellen Kuasne
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johnathon N Lakins
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene Acerbi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Matthew Barnes
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aastha Chauhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Gruenberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aqsa Nasir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Olof Bjarnadottir
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Kabos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yunn-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Morag Park
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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