151
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Cutler SD, Knopf P, Campbell CJV, Thoni A, El Hassan MA, Forward N, White D, Wagner J, Goudie M, Boudreau JE, Kennedy BE, Gujar S, Gaston D, Elnenaei MO. DMG26: A Targeted Sequencing Panel for Mutation Profiling to Address Gaps in the Prognostication of Multiple Myeloma. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:1699-1714. [PMID: 34562616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma presents with numerous primary genomic lesions that broadly dichotomize cases into hyperdiploidy or IgH translocated. Clinically, these large alterations are assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for risk stratification at diagnosis. Secondary focal events, including indels and single-nucleotide variants, are also reported; however, their clinical correlates are poorly described, and FISH has insufficient resolution to assess many of them. In this study, we examined the exonic sequences of 26 genes reported to be mutated in >1% of patients with myeloma using a custom panel. We sequenced these exons to approximately 1000 times in a cohort of 76 patients from Atlantic Canada with detailed clinical correlates and in four multiple myeloma cell lines. Across the 76 patients, 255 mutations and 33 focal copy number variations were identified. High-severity mutations and mutations predicted by FATHMM-XF to be pathogenic identified patients with significantly reduced progression-free survival. These mutations were mutually exclusive from the Revised International Staging System high-risk FISH markers and were independent of all biochemical parameters of the Revised International Staging System. Applying our panel to patients classified by FISH to be standard risk successfully reclassified patients into high- and standard-risk groups. Furthermore, three patients in our cohort each had two high-risk markers; two of these patients developed plasma cell leukemia, a rare and severe clinical sequela of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Cutler
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Philipp Knopf
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Clinton J V Campbell
- Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Thoni
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas Forward
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Darrell White
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julie Wagner
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marissa Goudie
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jeanette E Boudreau
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaston
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Manal O Elnenaei
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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152
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Mutation landscape of multiple myeloma measurable residual disease: identification of targets for precision medicine. Blood Adv 2021; 6:368-372. [PMID: 34500459 PMCID: PMC8791596 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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153
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Maclachlan KH, Rustad EH, Derkach A, Zheng-Lin B, Yellapantula V, Diamond B, Hultcrantz M, Ziccheddu B, Boyle EM, Blaney P, Bolli N, Zhang Y, Dogan A, Lesokhin AM, Morgan GJ, Landgren O, Maura F. Copy number signatures predict chromothripsis and clinical outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5172. [PMID: 34453055 PMCID: PMC8397708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromothripsis is detectable in 20–30% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients and is emerging as a new independent adverse prognostic factor. In this study we interrogate 752 NDMM patients using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the relationship of copy number (CN) signatures to chromothripsis and show they are highly associated. CN signatures are highly predictive of the presence of chromothripsis (AUC = 0.90) and can be used identify its adverse prognostic impact. The ability of CN signatures to predict the presence of chromothripsis is confirmed in a validation series of WGS comprised of 235 hematological cancers (AUC = 0.97) and an independent series of 34 NDMM (AUC = 0.87). We show that CN signatures can also be derived from whole exome data (WES) and using 677 cases from the same series of NDMM, we are able to predict both the presence of chromothripsis (AUC = 0.82) and its adverse prognostic impact. CN signatures constitute a flexible tool to identify the presence of chromothripsis and is applicable to WES and WGS data. Chromothripsis is associated with unfavourable outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM), but its detection usually requires whole genome sequencing. Here the authors develop an approach to detect chromothripsis in MM based on copy-number signatures that also works with whole exome sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee H Maclachlan
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Even H Rustad
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andriy Derkach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Binbin Zheng-Lin
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venkata Yellapantula
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Diamond
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Myeloma Service, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Malin Hultcrantz
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bachisio Ziccheddu
- Myeloma Service, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Eileen M Boyle
- Myeloma Research Program, NYU Langone, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Blaney
- Myeloma Research Program, NYU Langone, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Niccolò Bolli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander M Lesokhin
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Myeloma Research Program, NYU Langone, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ola Landgren
- Myeloma Service, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Francesco Maura
- Myeloma Service, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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154
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Clonal Evolution of Multiple Myeloma-Clinical and Diagnostic Implications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091534. [PMID: 34573876 PMCID: PMC8469181 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell dyscrasias are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the expansion of bone marrow plasma cells. Malignant transformation of plasma cells depends on the continuity of events resulting in a sequence of well-defined disease stages, from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) through smoldering myeloma (SMM) to symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM). Evolution of a pre-malignant cell into a malignant cell, as well as further tumor progression, dissemination, and relapse, require development of multiple driver lesions conferring selective advantage of the dominant clone and allowing subsequent evolution under selective pressure of microenvironment and treatment. This process of natural selection facilitates tumor plasticity leading to the formation of genetically complex and heterogenous tumors that are notoriously difficult to treat. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumor evolution in MM and identification of lesions driving the evolution from the premalignant clone is therefore a key to development of effective treatment and long-term disease control. Here, we review recent advances in clonal evolution patterns and genomic landscape dynamics of MM, focusing on their clinical implications.
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155
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Therapeutic Advances Propelled by Deciphering Tumor Biology and Immunology-Highlights of the 8th Heidelberg Myeloma Workshop. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164135. [PMID: 34439297 PMCID: PMC8393367 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The 8th Heidelberg Myeloma Workshop was held on 16–17 April 2021 at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany. The main topics of the meeting were diagnostics and prognostic factors of early-phase multiple myeloma (MM), the role of immunotherapy, as well as the biology and genomics of MM. This manuscript reports on recent advances in MM research and points out future directions. Abstract The diagnostics and treatment of newly diagnosed and relapsed MM are continuously evolving. While advances in the field of (single cell) genetic analysis now allow for characterization of the disease at an unprecedented resolution, immunotherapeutic approaches and MRD testing are at the forefront of the current clinical trial landscape. Here, we discuss research progress aimed at gaining a better understanding of this heterogenous disease entity, presented at the 8th Heidelberg Myeloma Workshop. We address the questions of whether biology can guide treatment decisions in MM and how assessment for measurable residual disease can help physicians in clinical decision-making. Finally, we summarize current developments in immunotherapeutic approaches that promise improved patient outcomes for MM patients. Besides summarizing key developments in MM research, we highlight perspectives given by key opinion leaders in the field.
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156
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Hemminki K, Försti A, Houlston R, Sud A. Epidemiology, genetics and treatment of multiple myeloma and precursor diseases. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1980-1996. [PMID: 34398972 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy caused by the clonal expansion of plasma cells. The incidence of MM worldwide is increasing with greater than 140 000 people being diagnosed with MM per year. Whereas 5-year survival after a diagnosis of MM has improved from 28% in 1975 to 56% in 2012, the disease remains essentially incurable. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of MM including its epidemiology, genetics and biology. We will also provide an overview of MM management that has led to improvements in survival, including recent changes to diagnosis and therapies. Areas of unmet need include the management of patients with high-risk MM, those with reduced performance status and those refractory to standard therapies. Ongoing research into the biology and early detection of MM as well as the development of novel therapies, such as immunotherapies, has the potential to influence MM practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amit Sud
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,The Department of Haemato-Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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157
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Schütt J, Nägler T, Schenk T, Brioli A. Investigating the Interplay between Myeloma Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in the Development of Drug Resistance: Dissecting the Role of Epigenetic Modifications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164069. [PMID: 34439223 PMCID: PMC8392438 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite advances made in the last two decades, multiple myeloma (MM) is still an incurable disease. The genetic complexity of MM and the presence of intra-clonal heterogeneity are major contributors to disease relapse and the development of treatment resistance. Additionally, the bone marrow microenvironment is known to play a pivotal role in MM disease progression. Together with genetic modifications, epigenetic changes have been shown to influence MM development and progression. However, epigenetic treatments for MM are still lacking. This is mainly due to the high rate of adverse events of epigenetic drugs in clinical practice. In this review, we will focus on the role of epigenetic modifications in MM disease progression and the development of drug resistance, as well as their role in shaping the interplay between bone marrow stromal cells and MM cells. The current and future treatment strategies involving epigenetic drugs will also be addressed. Abstract Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells infiltrating the bone marrow (BM). Many studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of bone marrow stromal cells in MM progression and drug resistance. Together with the BM microenvironment (BMME), epigenetics also plays a crucial role in MM development. A variety of epigenetic regulators, including histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and lysine demethylases (KDMs), are altered in MM, contributing to the disease progression and prognosis. In addition to histone modifications, DNA methylation also plays a crucial role. Among others, aberrant epigenetics involves processes associated with the BMME, like bone homeostasis, ECM remodeling or the development of treatment resistance. In this review, we will highlight the importance of the interplay of MM cells with the BMME in the development of treatment resistance. Additionally, we will focus on the epigenetic aberrations in MM and their role in disease evolution, interaction with the BMME, disease progression and development of drug resistance. We will also briefly touch on the epigenetic treatments currently available or currently under investigation to overcome BMME-driven treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Schütt
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine Jena (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Nägler
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Tino Schenk
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine Jena (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annamaria Brioli
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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158
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Yang T, Liu X, Kumar SK, Jin F, Dai Y. Decoding DNA methylation in epigenetics of multiple myeloma. Blood Rev 2021; 51:100872. [PMID: 34384602 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of DNA methylation in B cells has been observed during their neoplastic transformation and therefore closely associated with various B-cell malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells. Emerging evidence has unveiled pronounced alterations in DNA methylation in MM, including both global and gene-specific changes that can affect genome stability and gene transcription. Moreover, dysregulated expression of DNA methylation-modifying enzymes has been related with myelomagenesis, disease progression, and poor prognosis. However, the functional roles of the epigenetic abnormalities involving DNA methylation in MM remain elusive. In this article, we review current understanding of the alterations in DNA methylome and DNA methylation modifiers in MM, particularly focusing on DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and tet methylcytosine dioxygenases (TETs). We also discuss how these DNA methylation modifiers may be regulated and function in MM cells, therefore providing a rationale for developing novel epigenetic therapies targeting DNA methylation in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Shaji K Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
| | - Yun Dai
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
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159
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Wang Y, An G, Qiu LG. [Progress in clonal evolution of multiple myeloma]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:611-615. [PMID: 34455753 PMCID: PMC8408495 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - G An
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - L G Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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160
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Farre L, Sanz G, Ruiz-Xivillé N, Castro de Moura M, Martin-Tejera JF, Gonçalves-Ribeiro S, Martinez-Iniesta M, Calaf M, Luis Mosquera J, Martín-Subero JI, Granada I, Esteller M, Domingo-Domenech E, Climent F, Villanueva A, Sureda A. Extramedullary multiple myeloma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft with a highly altered genome: combined molecular and therapeutic studies. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048223. [PMID: 33988237 PMCID: PMC8325009 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMM) has an overall survival of 6 months and occurs in 20% of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in EMM and the therapeutic role of new agents for MM are not well established. Besides, well-characterized preclinical models for EMM are not available. Herein, a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) was generated from a patient with an aggressive EMM to study in-depth genetic and epigenetic events, and drug responses related to extramedullary disease. A fresh punch of an extramedullary cutaneous lesion was orthotopically implanted in NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ(NSG) mouse. The PDOX mimicked histologic and phenotypic features of the tumor of the patient. Cytogenetic studies revealed a hyperploid genome with multiple genetic poor-prognosis alterations. Copy number alterations (CNAs) were detected in all chromosomes. The IGH translocation t(14;16)(q32;q23)IGH/MAF was already observed at the medullary stage and a new one, t(10;14)(p?11-12;q32), was observed only with extramedullary disease and could be eventually related to EMM progression in this case. Exome sequencing showed 24 high impact single nucleotide variants and 180 indels. From the genes involved, only TP53 was previously described as a driver in MM. A rather balanced proportion of hyper/hypomethylated sites different to previously reported widespread hypomethylation in MM was also observed. Treatment with lenalidomide, dexamethasone and carfilzomib showed a tumor weight reduction of 90% versus non-treated tumors, whereas treatment with the anti-CD38 antibody daratumumab showed a reduction of 46%. The generation of PDOX from a small EMM biopsy allowed us to investigate in depth the molecular events associated with extramedullary disease in combination with drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Farre
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriela Sanz
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ruiz-Xivillé
- Hematological Laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer and Leukemia Epigenetics and Biology and Experimental and Clinical Hematology Programs, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Castro de Moura
- Cancer and Leukemia Epigenetics and Biology and Experimental and Clinical Hematology Programs, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martin-Tejera
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Gonçalves-Ribeiro
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Martinez-Iniesta
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Calaf
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Mosquera
- IDIBELL Bioinformatic Unit – Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Martín-Subero
- Biomedical Epigenomics Group, Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Granada
- Hematological Laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer and Leukemia Epigenetics and Biology and Experimental and Clinical Hematology Programs, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer and Leukemia Epigenetics and Biology and Experimental and Clinical Hematology Programs, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Domingo-Domenech
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fina Climent
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge – Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Xenopat S.L., Business Bioincubator, Bellvitge Health Science Campus, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sureda
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
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161
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Perini T, Materozzi M, Milan E. The Immunity-malignancy equilibrium in multiple myeloma: lessons from oncogenic events in plasma cells. FEBS J 2021; 289:4383-4397. [PMID: 34117720 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells (PC) that grow within the bone marrow and maintain massive immunoglobulin (Ig) production. Disease evolution is driven by genetic lesions, whose effects on cell biology and fitness underlie addictions and vulnerabilities of myeloma cells. Several genes mutated in myeloma are strictly involved in dictating PC identity and antibody factory function. Here, we evaluate the impact of mutations in IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1, essential transcription factors driving the B to PC differentiation, on MM cell biology and homeostasis. These factors are highly specialized, with limited overlap in their downstream transcriptional programs. Indeed, IRF4 sustains metabolism, survival, and proliferation, while PRDM1 and XBP1 are mainly responsible for endoplasmic reticulum expansion and sustained Ig secretion. Interestingly, IRF4 undergoes activating mutations and translocations, while PRDM1 and XBP1 are hit by loss-of-function events, raising the hypothesis that containment of the secretory program, but not its complete extinction, may be beneficial to malignant PCs. Finally, recent studies unveiled that also the PRDM1 target, FAM46C/TENT5C, an onco-suppressor uniquely and frequently mutated or deleted in myeloma, is directly and potently involved in orchestrating ER homeostasis and secretory activity. Inactivating mutations found in this gene and its interactors strengthen the notion that reduced secretory capacity confers advantage to myeloma cells. We believe that dissection of the evolutionary pressure on genes driving PC-specific functions in myeloma will disclose the cellular strategies by which myeloma cells maintain an equilibrium between antibody production and survival, thus unveiling novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Perini
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Materozzi
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Milan
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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162
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Possible Therapeutic Potential of Disulfiram for Multiple Myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2087-2096. [PMID: 34205025 PMCID: PMC8293232 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease of the plasma cells representing approximately 10% of all hemato-oncological diseases. Detection of the disease is most probable at around 65 years of age, and the average survival of patients is estimated to be 5–10 years, specifically due to frequent relapses and resistance to the therapy used. Thus, the search for new therapeutic approaches is becoming a big challenge. Disulfiram (DSF), a substance primarily known as a medication against alcoholism, has often been mentioned in recent years in relation to cancer treatment for its secondary anti-cancer effects. Recent studies performed on myeloma cell lines confirm high inhibition of the cell growth activity if a complex of disulfiram and copper is used. Its significant potential is now being seen in the cure of haematological malignities.
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163
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Barwick BG, Gupta VA, Matulis SM, Patton JC, Powell DR, Gu Y, Jaye DL, Conneely KN, Lin YC, Hofmeister CC, Nooka AK, Keats JJ, Lonial S, Vertino PM, Boise LH. Chromatin Accessibility Identifies Regulatory Elements Predictive of Gene Expression and Disease Outcome in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3178-3189. [PMID: 33731366 PMCID: PMC8172525 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells. Extensive genetic and transcriptional characterization of myeloma has identified subtypes with prognostic and therapeutic implications. In contrast, relatively little is known about the myeloma epigenome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CD138+CD38+ myeloma cells were isolated from fresh bone marrow aspirate or the same aspirate after freezing for 1-6 months. Gene expression and chromatin accessibility were compared between fresh and frozen samples by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and assay for transpose accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq). Chromatin accessible regions were used to identify regulatory RNA expression in more than 700 samples from newly diagnosed patients in the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation CoMMpass trial (NCT01454297). RESULTS Gene expression and chromatin accessibility of cryopreserved myeloma recapitulated that of freshly isolated samples. ATAC-seq performed on a series of biobanked specimens identified thousands of chromatin accessible regions with hundreds being highly coordinated with gene expression. More than 4,700 of these chromatin accessible regions were transcribed in newly diagnosed myelomas from the CoMMpass trial. Regulatory element activity alone recapitulated myeloma gene expression subtypes, and in particular myeloma subtypes with immunoglobulin heavy chain translocations were defined by transcription of distal regulatory elements. Moreover, enhancer activity predicted oncogene expression implicating gene regulatory mechanisms in aggressive myeloma. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the feasibility of using biobanked specimens for retrospective studies of the myeloma epigenome and illustrate the unique enhancer landscapes of myeloma subtypes that are coupled to gene expression and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vikas A Gupta
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shannon M Matulis
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Doris R Powell
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yanyan Gu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David L Jaye
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen N Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yin C Lin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Craig C Hofmeister
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ajay K Nooka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan J Keats
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paula M Vertino
- Departments of Biomedical Genetics and the Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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164
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Comprehensive CRISPR-Cas9 screens identify genetic determinants of drug responsiveness in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2391-2402. [PMID: 33950175 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of new drugs in the past years has substantially improved outcome in multiple myeloma (MM). However, the majority of patients eventually relapse and become resistant to one or multiple drugs. While the genetic landscape of relapsed/ resistant multiple myeloma has been elucidated, the causal relationship between relapse-specific gene mutations and the sensitivity to a given drug in MM has not systematically been evaluated. To determine the functional impact of gene mutations, we performed combined whole-exome sequencing (WES) of longitudinal patient samples with CRISPR-Cas9 drug resistance screens for lenalidomide, bortezomib, dexamethasone, and melphalan. WES of longitudinal samples from 16 MM patients identified a large number of mutations in each patient that were newly acquired or evolved from a small subclone (median 9, range 1-55), including recurrent mutations in TP53, DNAH5, and WSCD2. Focused CRISPR-Cas9 resistance screens against 170 relapse-specific mutations functionally linked 15 of them to drug resistance. These included cereblon E3 ligase complex members for lenalidomide, structural genes PCDHA5 and ANKMY2 for dexamethasone, RB1 and CDK2NC for bortezomib, and TP53 for melphalan. In contrast, inactivation of genes involved in the DNA damage repair pathway, including ATM, FANCA, RAD54B, and BRCC3, enhanced susceptibility to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Resistance patterns were highly drug specific with low overlap and highly correlated with the treatment-dependent clonal evolution in patients. The functional association of specific genetic alterations with drug sensitivity will help to personalize treatment of MM in the future.
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165
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Gao X, Li B, Ye A, Wang H, Xie Y, Yu D, Xu Z, Shi B, Zhang H, Feng Q, Hu K, Zhang Y, Huang C, Yang G, Shi J, Zhu W. A novel phosphoramide compound, DCZ0805, shows potent anti-myeloma activity via the NF-κB pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:285. [PMID: 34053438 PMCID: PMC8165811 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly aggressive and incurable clonal plasma cell disease with a high rate of recurrence. Thus, the development of new therapies is urgently needed. DCZ0805, a novel compound synthesized from osalmide and pterostilbene, has few observed side effects. In the current study, we intend to investigate the therapeutic effects of DCZ0805 in MM cells and elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying its anti-myeloma activity. METHODS We used the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, immunofluorescence staining, cell cycle assessment, apoptosis assay, western blot analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay and a tumor xenograft mouse model to investigate the effect of DCZ0805 treatment both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The results showed that DCZ0805 treatment arrested the cell at the G0/G1 phase and suppressed MM cells survival by inducing apoptosis via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. DCZ0805 suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway activation, which may have contributed to the inhibition of cell proliferation. DCZ0805 treatment remarkably reduced the tumor burden in the immunocompromised xenograft mouse model, with no obvious toxicity observed. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that DCZ0805 can serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Gao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Anqi Ye
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Houcai Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yongsheng Xie
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bingqing Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Qilin Feng
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jumei Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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166
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Katiyar A, Kaur G, Rani L, Jena L, Singh H, Kumar L, Sharma A, Kaur P, Gupta R. Genome-wide identification of potential biomarkers in multiple myeloma using meta-analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10957. [PMID: 34040057 PMCID: PMC8154993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy with diverse clinical phenotypes and molecular heterogeneity not completely understood. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs) in MM may influence disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation / drug sensitivities. But these signatures overlap meagrely plausibly due to complexity of myeloma genome, diversity in primary cells studied, molecular technologies/ analytical tools utilized. This warrants further investigations since DEGs/DEMs can impact clinical outcomes and guide personalized therapy. We have conducted genome-wide meta-analysis of DEGs/DEMs in MM versus Normal Plasma Cells (NPCs) and derived unified putative signatures for MM. 100 DEMs and 1,362 DEGs were found deranged between MM and NPCs. Signatures of 37 DEMs ('Union 37') and 154 DEGs ('Union 154') were deduced that shared 17 DEMs and 22 DEGs with published prognostic signatures, respectively. Two miRs (miR-16-2-3p, 30d-2-3p) correlated with survival outcomes. PPI analysis identified 5 topmost functionally connected hub genes (UBC, ITGA4, HSP90AB1, VCAM1, VCP). Transcription factor regulatory networks were determined for five seed DEGs with ≥ 4 biomarker applications (CDKN1A, CDKN2A, MMP9, IGF1, MKI67) and three topmost up/ down regulated DEMs (miR-23b, 195, let7b/ miR-20a, 155, 92a). Further studies are warranted to establish and translate prognostic potential of these signatures for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Katiyar
- Bioinformatics Facility, Centralized Core Research Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Genomics Facility, Centralized Core Research Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lata Rani
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Genomics Facility, Centralized Core Research Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lingaraja Jena
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Bioinformatics Facility, Centralized Core Research Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
- Genomics Facility, Centralized Core Research Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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167
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Lu M, Wu Y, Gao W, Tian Y, Wang G, Liu A, Chen W. Novel Non-coding RNA Analysis in Multiple Myeloma Identified Through High-Throughput Sequencing. Front Genet 2021; 12:625019. [PMID: 34108986 PMCID: PMC8181418 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.625019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the potential effects of novel non-coding ribose nucleic acids (ncRNAs) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The gene expression profile of plasma cells was used for sequence analysis to explore the expression pattern of ncRNAs in MM. The expression patterns of non-coding RNAs in MM were analyzed by RNA sequencing (whole-transcriptome-specific RNA sequencing). Next, the expression of the selected ncRNAs was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Further, the lncRNA-associated competitive endogenous RNA network in MM was elucidated using deep RNA-seq. Differentially expressed (DE) ncRNAs were significantly regulated in patients with MM. DE target lncRNAs were analyzed by cis and trans targeting prediction. Two new lncRNAs were shown to be related to MM oncogenes. MSTRG.155519 played a carcinogenic role in myeloma by targeting CEACAM1; MSTRG.13132 was related to FAM46C. Finally, the network of lncRNA–mRNA–miRNA in MM was constructed in this study. The expression of non-coding RNAs through sequence and functional analyses might be helpful for further studies on the pathogenesis of MM and the development of new MM-targeted therapy for non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqiu Lu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Hematology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Fourth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guorong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Chen
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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168
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Maura F, Boyle EM, Rustad EH, Ashby C, Kaminetzky D, Bruno B, Braunstein M, Bauer M, Blaney P, Wang Y, Ghamlouch H, Williams L, Stoeckle J, Davies FE, Walker BA, Maclachlan K, Diamond B, Landgren O, Morgan GJ. Chromothripsis as a pathogenic driver of multiple myeloma. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 123:115-123. [PMID: 33958284 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the genetic basis for multiple myeloma (MM) has informed many of our current concepts of the biology that underlies disease initiation and progression. Studying these events in further detail is predicted to deliver important insights into its pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment. Information from whole genome sequencing of structural variation is revealing the role of these events as drivers of MM. In particular, we discuss how the insights we have gained from studying chromothripsis suggest that it can be used to provide information on disease initiation and that, as a consequence, it can be used for the clinical classification of myeloma precursor diseases allowing for early intervention and prognostic determination. For newly diagnosed MM, the integration of information on the presence of chromothripsis has the potential to significantly enhance current risk prediction strategies and to better characterize patients with high-risk disease biology. In this article we summarize the genetic basis for MM and the role played by chromothripsis as a critical pathogenic factor active at early disease phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maura
- Myeloma Program, Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eileen M Boyle
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Even H Rustad
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cody Ashby
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Benedetto Bruno
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Braunstein
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Patrick Blaney
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yubao Wang
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Louis Williams
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Stoeckle
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Faith E Davies
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian A Walker
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology Oncology Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kylee Maclachlan
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ben Diamond
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ola Landgren
- Myeloma Program, Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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169
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Hassan H, Szalat R. Genetic Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:241-254. [PMID: 33953598 PMCID: PMC8092627 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s262866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease featured by clonal plasma cell proliferation and genomic instability. The advent of next-generation sequencing allowed unraveling the complex genomic landscape of the disease. Several recurrent genomic aberrations including immunoglobulin genes translocations, copy number abnormalities, complex chromosomal events, transcriptomic and epigenomic deregulation, and mutations define various molecular subgroups with distinct outcomes. In this review, we describe the recurrent genomic events identified in MM impacting patients’ outcome and survival. These genomic aberrations constitute new markers that could be incorporated into a prognostication model to eventually guide therapy at every stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Hassan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raphael Szalat
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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170
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Targeted Therapies for Multiple Myeloma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050334. [PMID: 33922567 PMCID: PMC8145732 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma continues to be a challenging disorder to treat despite improved therapies and the widespread use of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. Although patient outcomes have improved, the disease continues to invariably relapse, and in the majority of cases, a cure remains elusive. In the last decade, there has been an explosion of novel drugs targeting cellular proteins essential for malignant plasma cell proliferation and survival. In this review, we focus on novel druggable targets leading to the development of monoclonal antibodies and cellular therapies against surface antigens (CD38, CD47, CD138, BCMA, SLAMF7, GPRC5D, FcRH5), inhibitors of epigenetic regulators such as histone deacetylase (HDAC), and agents targeting anti-apoptotic (BCL-2), ribosomal (eEF1A2) and nuclear export (XPO1) proteins.
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171
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Multiple cereblon genetic changes are associated with acquired resistance to lenalidomide or pomalidomide in multiple myeloma. Blood 2021; 137:232-237. [PMID: 33443552 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug resistance to all available therapies is the major challenge to improving survival in myeloma. Cereblon (CRBN) is the essential binding protein of the widely used immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and novel CRBN E3 ligase modulator drugs (CELMoDs) in myeloma, as well as certain proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), in development for a range of diseases. Using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 455 patients and RNA sequencing (RNASeq) data from 655 patients, including newly diagnosed (WGS, n = 198; RNASeq, n = 437), lenalidomide (LEN)-refractory (WGS, n = 203; RNASeq, n = 176), and pomalidomide (POM)-refractory cohorts (WGS, n = 54; RNASeq, n = 42), we found incremental increases in the frequency of 3 CRBN aberrations, namely point mutations, copy losses/structural variations, and a specific variant transcript (exon 10 spliced), with progressive IMiD exposure, until almost one-third of patients had CBRN alterations by the time they were POM refractory. We found all 3 CRBN aberrations were associated with inferior outcomes to POM in those already refractory to LEN, including those with gene copy losses and structural variations, a finding not previously described. This represents the first comprehensive analysis and largest data set of CBRN alterations in myeloma patients as they progress through therapy. It will help inform patient selection for sequential therapies with CRBN-targeting drugs.
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172
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Genomic Uracil and Aberrant Profile of Demethylation Intermediates in Epigenetics and Hematologic Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084212. [PMID: 33921666 PMCID: PMC8073381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA of all living cells undergoes continuous structural and chemical alterations resulting from fundamental cellular metabolic processes and reactivity of normal cellular metabolites and constituents. Examples include enzymatically oxidized bases, aberrantly methylated bases, and deaminated bases, the latter largely uracil from deaminated cytosine. In addition, the non-canonical DNA base uracil may result from misincorporated dUMP. Furthermore, uracil generated by deamination of cytosine in DNA is not always damage as it is also an intermediate in normal somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class shift recombination (CSR) at the Ig locus of B-cells in adaptive immunity. Many of the modifications alter base-pairing properties and may thus cause replicative and transcriptional mutagenesis. The best known and most studied epigenetic mark in DNA is 5-methylcytosine (5mC), generated by a methyltransferase that uses SAM as methyl donor, usually in CpG contexts. Oxidation products of 5mC are now thought to be intermediates in active demethylation as well as epigenetic marks in their own rights. The aim of this review is to describe the endogenous processes that surround the generation and removal of the most common types of DNA nucleobase modifications, namely, uracil and certain epigenetic modifications, together with their role in the development of hematological malignances. We also discuss what dictates whether the presence of an altered nucleobase is defined as damage or a natural modification.
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173
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Sewastianik T, Straubhaar JR, Zhao JJ, Samur MK, Adler K, Tanton HE, Shanmugam V, Nadeem O, Dennis PS, Pillai V, Wang J, Jiang M, Lin J, Huang Y, Brooks D, Bouxsein M, Dorfman DM, Pinkus GS, Robbiani DF, Ghobrial IM, Budnik B, Jarolim P, Munshi NC, Anderson KC, Carrasco RD. miR-15a/16-1 deletion in activated B cells promotes plasma cell and mature B-cell neoplasms. Blood 2021; 137:1905-1919. [PMID: 33751108 PMCID: PMC8033455 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 13q deletion [del(13q)], harboring the miR-15a/16-1 cluster, is one of the most common genetic alterations in mature B-cell malignancies, which originate from germinal center (GC) and post-GC B cells. Moreover, miR-15a/16 expression is frequently reduced in lymphoma and multiple myeloma (MM) cells without del(13q), suggesting important tumor-suppressor activity. However, the role of miR-15a/16-1 in B-cell activation and initiation of mature B-cell neoplasms remains to be determined. We show that conditional deletion of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in murine GC B cells induces moderate but widespread molecular and functional changes including an increased number of GC B cells, percentage of dark zone B cells, and maturation into plasma cells. With time, this leads to development of mature B-cell neoplasms resembling human extramedullary plasmacytoma (EP) as well as follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. The indolent nature and lack of bone marrow involvement of EP in our murine model resembles human primary EP rather than MM that has progressed to extramedullary disease. We corroborate human primary EP having low levels of miR-15a/16 expression, with del(13q) being the most common genetic loss. Additionally, we show that, although the mutational profile of human EP is similar to MM, there are some exceptions such as the low frequency of hyperdiploidy in EP, which could account for different disease presentation. Taken together, our studies highlight the significant role of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in the regulation of the GC reaction and its fundamental context-dependent tumor-suppression function in plasma cell and B-cell malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Multigene Family
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Neoplasms, Plasma Cell/genetics
- Neoplasms, Plasma Cell/pathology
- Plasma Cells/metabolism
- Plasma Cells/pathology
- Plasmacytoma/genetics
- Plasmacytoma/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sewastianik
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Mehmet K Samur
- Department of Medical Oncology and
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Keith Adler
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Helen E Tanton
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vignesh Shanmugam
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Peter S Dennis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vinodh Pillai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Meng Jiang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mary Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David M Dorfman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Geraldine S Pinkus
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Bogdan Budnik
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory, FAS Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Petr Jarolim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Department of Medical Oncology and
- Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology and
- Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ruben D Carrasco
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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174
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Coffey DG, Cowan AJ, DeGraaff B, Martins TJ, Curley N, Green DJ, Libby EN, Silbermann R, Chien S, Dai J, Morales A, Gooley TA, Warren EH, Becker PS. High-Throughput Drug Screening and Multi-Omic Analysis to Guide Individualized Treatment for Multiple Myeloma. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.20.00442. [PMID: 34250400 PMCID: PMC8232547 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically heterogeneous malignancy characterized by variable treatment responses. Although numerous drugs have been approved in recent years, the ability to predict treatment response and tailor individual therapy is limited by the absence of robust predictive biomarkers. The goal of this clinical trial was to use ex vivo, high-throughput screening (HTS) of 170 compounds to predict response among patients with relapsed or refractory MM and inform the next treatment decisions. Additionally, we integrated HTS with multi-omic analysis to uncover novel associations between in vitro drug sensitivity and gene expression and mutation profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with relapsed or refractory MM underwent a screening bone marrow or soft tissue biopsy. Sixteen patients were found to have sufficient plasma cells for HTS. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed on plasma cell-free DNA from all patients who underwent HTS. RNA and whole-exome sequencing of bone marrow plasma cells were performed on eight and seven patients, respectively. RESULTS Results of HTS testing were made available to treating physicians within a median of 5 days from the biopsy. An actionable treatment result was identified in all 16 patients examined. Among the 13 patients who received assay-guided therapy, 92% achieved stable disease or better. The expression of 105 genes and mutations in 12 genes correlated with in vitro cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION In patients with relapsed or refractory MM, we demonstrate the feasibility of ex vivo drug sensitivity testing on isolated plasma cells from patient bone marrow biopsies or extramedullary plasmacytomas to inform the next line of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Coffey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew J. Cowan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Bret DeGraaff
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Timothy J. Martins
- Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Niall Curley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Damian J. Green
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Edward N. Libby
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rebecca Silbermann
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sylvia Chien
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Alicia Morales
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ted A. Gooley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Edus H. Warren
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Pamela S. Becker
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
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175
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John L, Krauth MT, Podar K, Raab MS. Pathway-Directed Therapy in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1668. [PMID: 33916289 PMCID: PMC8036678 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder with an unmet medical need, in particular for relapsed and refractory patients. Molecules within deregulated signaling pathways, including the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, but also the PI3K/AKT-pathway belong to the most promising evolving therapeutic targets. Rationally derived compounds hold great therapeutic promise to target tumor-specific abnormalities rather than general MM-associated vulnerabilities. This paradigm is probably best depicted by targeting mutated BRAF: while well-tolerated, remarkable responses have been achieved in selected patients by inhibition of BRAFV600E alone or in combination with MEK. Targeting of AKT has also shown promising results in a subset of patients as monotherapy or to resensitize MM-cells to conventional treatment. Approaches to target transcription factors, convergence points of signaling cascades such as p53 or c-MYC, are emerging as yet another exciting strategy for pathway-directed therapy. Informed by our increasing knowledge on the impact of signaling pathways in MM pathophysiology, rationally derived Precision-Medicine trials are ongoing. Their results are likely to once more fundamentally change treatment strategies in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas John
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- CCU Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Theresa Krauth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Mitterweg 10, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria;
| | - Marc-Steffen Raab
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- CCU Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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176
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Cancer type-specific alterations in actin genes: Worth a closer look? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 360:133-184. [PMID: 33962749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Actins form a strongly conserved family of proteins that are central to the functioning of the actin cytoskeleton partaking in natural processes such as cell division, adhesion, contraction and migration. These processes, however, also occur during the various phases of cancer progression. Yet, surprisingly, alterations in the six human actin genes in cancer studies have received little attention and the focus was mostly on deregulated expression levels of actins and even more so of actin-binding or regulatory proteins. Starting from the early mutation work in the 1980s, we propose based on reviewing literature and data from patient cancer genomes that alterations in actin genes are different in distinct cancer subtypes, suggesting some specificity. These actin gene alterations include (missense) mutations, gene fusions and copy number alterations (deletions and amplifications) and we illustrate their occurrence for a limited number of examples including actin mutations in lymphoid cancers and nonmelanoma skin cancer and actin gene copy number alterations for breast, prostate and liver cancers. A challenge in the future will be to further sort out the specificity per actin gene, alteration type and cancer subtype. Even more challenging is (experimentally) distinguishing between cause and consequence: which alterations are passengers and which are involved in tumor progression of particular cancer subtypes?
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177
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A proof-of-concept study for the pathogenetic role of enhancer hypomethylation of MYBPHL in multiple myeloma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7009. [PMID: 33772052 PMCID: PMC7997988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer DNA methylation and expression of MYBPHL was studied in multiple myeloma (MM). By bisulfite genomic sequencing, among the three CpGs inside the MYBPHL enhancer, CpG1 was significantly hypomethylated in MM cell lines (6.7–50.0%) than normal plasma cells (37.5–75.0%) (P = 0.007), which was negatively correlated with qPCR-measured MYBPHL expression. In RPMI-8226 and WL-2 cells, bearing the highest CpG1 methylation, 5-azadC caused enhancer demethylation and expression of MYBPHL. In primary samples, higher CpG1 methylation was associated with lower MYBPHL expression. By luciferase assay, luciferase activity was enhanced by MYBPHL enhancer compared with empty vector control, but reduced by site-directed mutagenesis of each CpG. RNA-seq data of newly diagnosed MM patients showed that MYBPHL expression was associated with t(11;14). MOLP-8 cells carrying t(11;14) express the highest levels of MYBPHL, and its knockdown reduced cellular proliferation and increased cell death. Herein, as a proof-of-concept, our data demonstrated that the MYBPHL enhancer, particularly CpG1, was hypomethylated and associated with increased MYBPHL expression in MM, which was implicated in myelomagenesis.
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178
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Whole-genome sequencing reveals progressive versus stable myeloma precursor conditions as two distinct entities. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1861. [PMID: 33767199 PMCID: PMC7994386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is consistently preceded by precursor conditions recognized clinically as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or smoldering myeloma (SMM). We interrogate the whole genome sequence (WGS) profile of 18 MGUS and compare them with those from 14 SMMs and 80 MMs. We show that cases with a non-progressing, clinically stable myeloma precursor condition (n = 15) are characterized by later initiation in the patient's life and by the absence of myeloma defining genomic events including: chromothripsis, templated insertions, mutations in driver genes, aneuploidy, and canonical APOBEC mutational activity. This data provides evidence that WGS can be used to recognize two biologically and clinically distinct myeloma precursor entities that are either progressive or stable.
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179
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Kumar A, Adhikari S, Kankainen M, Heckman CA. Comparison of Structural and Short Variants Detected by Linked-Read and Whole-Exome Sequencing in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1212. [PMID: 33802025 PMCID: PMC7999337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Linked-read sequencing was developed to aid the detection of large structural variants (SVs) from short-read sequencing efforts. We performed a systematic evaluation to determine if linked-read exome sequencing provides more comprehensive and clinically relevant information than whole-exome sequencing (WES) when applied to the same set of multiple myeloma patient samples. We report that linked-read sequencing detected a higher number of SVs (n = 18,455) than WES (n = 4065). However, linked-read predictions were dominated by inversions (92.4%), leading to poor detection of other types of SVs. In contrast, WES detected 56.3% deletions, 32.6% insertions, 6.7% translocations, 3.3% duplications and 1.2% inversions. Surprisingly, the quantitative performance assessment suggested a higher performance for WES (AUC = 0.791) compared to linked-read sequencing (AUC = 0.766) for detecting clinically validated cytogenetic alterations. We also found that linked-read sequencing detected more short variants (n = 704) compared to WES (n = 109). WES detected somatic mutations in all MM-related genes while linked-read sequencing failed to detect certain mutations. The comparison of somatic mutations detected using linked-read, WES and RNA-seq revealed that WES and RNA-seq detected more mutations than linked-read sequencing. These data indicate that WES outperforms and is more efficient than linked-read sequencing for detecting clinically relevant SVs and MM-specific short variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (S.A.)
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Sadiksha Adhikari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (S.A.)
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Matti Kankainen
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caroline A. Heckman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (S.A.)
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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180
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Novel molecular subgroups within the context of receptor tyrosine kinase and adhesion signalling in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:51. [PMID: 33664224 PMCID: PMC7933144 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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181
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Bauer MA, Ashby C, Wardell C, Boyle EM, Ortiz M, Flynt E, Thakurta A, Morgan G, Walker BA. Differential RNA splicing as a potentially important driver mechanism in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2021; 106:736-745. [PMID: 32079689 PMCID: PMC7927887 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.235424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the normal splicing patterns of RNA is a major factor in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Increasingly research has shown the strong influence that splicing patterns can have on cancer progression. Multiple Myeloma is a molecularly heterogeneous disease classified by the presence of key translocations, gene expression profiles and mutations but the splicing patterns in MM remains largely unexplored. We take a multifaceted approach to define the extent and impact of alternative splicing in MM. We look at the spliceosome component, SF3B1, with hotspot mutations (K700E and K666T/Q) shown to result in an increase in alternative splicing in other cancers. We discovered a number of differentially spliced genes in comparison of the SF3B1 mutant and wild type samples that included, MZB1, DYNLL1, TMEM14C and splicing related genes DHX9, CLASRP, and SNRPE. We identified a broader role for abnormal splicing showing clear differences in the extent of novel splice variants in the different translocation groups. We show that a high number of novel splice loci is associated with adverse survival and an ultra-high risk group. The enumeration of patterns of alternative splicing has the potential to refine MM classification and to aid in the risk stratification of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bauer
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Cody Ashby
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Eileen M Boyle
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Maria Ortiz
- Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Erin Flynt
- Translational Development and Diagnostics, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Anjan Thakurta
- Translational Development and Diagnostics, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Gareth Morgan
- NYULangone Medical Center, Perlmuter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian A Walker
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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182
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Characterization of rare germline variants in familial multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:33. [PMID: 33583942 PMCID: PMC7882594 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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183
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Biallelic loss of BCMA as a resistance mechanism to CAR T cell therapy in a patient with multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:868. [PMID: 33558511 PMCID: PMC7870932 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BCMA targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown deep and durable responses in multiple myeloma. However, relapse following therapy is frequently observed, and mechanisms of resistance remain ill-defined. Here, we perform single cell genomic characterization of longitudinal samples from a patient who relapsed after initial CAR T cell treatment with lack of response to retreatment. We report selection, following initial CAR T cell infusion, of a clone with biallelic loss of BCMA acquired by deletion of one allele and a mutation that creates an early stop codon on the second allele. This loss leads to lack of CAR T cell proliferation following the second infusion and is reflected by lack of soluble BCMA in patient serum. Our analysis suggests the need for careful detection of BCMA gene alterations in multiple myeloma cells from relapse following CAR T cell therapy. Relapse following BCMA targeted CAR T-cell therapy is frequently observed in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Here, by single cell transcriptome profiling on serially collected bone marrow samples, the authors report biallelic loss of BCMA as the mechanism of resistance underlying both relapse and lack of response to a second CAR T infusion in a patient with MM.
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184
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Cardona-Benavides IJ, de Ramón C, Gutiérrez NC. Genetic Abnormalities in Multiple Myeloma: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2021; 10:336. [PMID: 33562668 PMCID: PMC7914805 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some genetic abnormalities of multiple myeloma (MM) detected more than two decades ago remain major prognostic factors. In recent years, the introduction of cutting-edge genomic methodologies has enabled the extensive deciphering of genomic events in MM. Although none of the alterations newly discovered have significantly improved the stratification of the outcome of patients with MM, some of them, point mutations in particular, are promising targets for the development of personalized medicine. This review summarizes the main genetic abnormalities described in MM together with their prognostic impact, and the therapeutic approaches potentially aimed at abrogating the undesirable pathogenic effect of each alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio J. Cardona-Benavides
- Hematology Department, University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (I.J.C.-B.); (C.d.R.)
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina de Ramón
- Hematology Department, University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (I.J.C.-B.); (C.d.R.)
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Norma C. Gutiérrez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (I.J.C.-B.); (C.d.R.)
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
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185
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Laffleur B, Lim J, Zhang W, Chen Y, Pefanis E, Bizarro J, Batista CR, Wu L, Economides AN, Wang J, Basu U. Noncoding RNA processing by DIS3 regulates chromosomal architecture and somatic hypermutation in B cells. Nat Genet 2021; 53:230-242. [PMID: 33526923 PMCID: PMC8011275 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs are exquisitely titrated by the cellular RNA surveillance machinery for regulating diverse biological processes. The RNA exosome, the predominant 3' RNA exoribonuclease in mammalian cells, is composed of nine core and two catalytic subunits. Here, we developed a mouse model with a conditional allele to study the RNA exosome catalytic subunit DIS3. In DIS3-deficient B cells, integrity of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus in its topologically associating domain is affected, with accumulation of DNA-associated RNAs flanking CTCF-binding elements, decreased CTCF binding to CTCF-binding elements and disorganized cohesin localization. DIS3-deficient B cells also accumulate activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated asymmetric nicks, altering somatic hypermutation patterns and increasing microhomology-mediated end-joining DNA repair. Altered mutation patterns and Igh architectural defects in DIS3-deficient B cells lead to decreased class-switch recombination but increased chromosomal translocations. Our observations of DIS3-mediated architectural regulation at the Igh locus are reflected genome wide, thus providing evidence that noncoding RNA processing is an important mechanism for controlling genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laffleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Wanwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiyun Chen
- Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Systems Biology and Human Health, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evangelos Pefanis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Bizarro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carolina R Batista
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lijing Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jiguang Wang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Systems Biology and Human Health, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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186
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma is the second most common haematological malignancy in high-income countries, and typically starts as asymptomatic precursor conditions-either monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or smouldering multiple myeloma-in which initiating genetic abnormalities, such as hyperdiploidy and translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain, are already present. The introduction of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, and CD38-targeting antibodies has extended survival, but ultimately the majority of patients will die from their disease, and some from treatment-related complications. Disease progression and subsequent relapses are characterised by subclonal evolution and increasingly resistant disease. Patients with multiple myeloma usually have hypercalcaemia, renal failure, anaemia, or osteolytic bone lesions-and a detailed diagnostic investigation is needed to differentiate between symptomatic multiple myeloma that requires treatment, and precursor states. Risk stratification using both patient-specific (eg, performance status) and disease-specific (eg, presence of high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities) is important for prognosis and to define the best treatment strategy. Current research strategies include the use of minimal residual disease assays to guide therapy, refining immunotherapeutic approaches, and intercepting disease early in smouldering multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels W C J van de Donk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Pawlyn
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kwee L Yong
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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187
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Maura F, Diamond B, Maclachlan KH, Derkach A, Yellapantula VD, Rustad EH, Hultcrantz M, Shah UA, Hong J, Landau HJ, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Papaemmanuil E, Irby S, Crowley L, Crane M, Webber MP, Goldfarb DG, Zeig-Owens R, Giricz O, Verma A, Prezant DJ, Dogan A, Shah SP, Zhang Y, Landgren O. Initial Whole-Genome Sequencing of Plasma Cell Neoplasms in First Responders and Recovery Workers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attack of September 11, 2001. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2111-2118. [PMID: 33504553 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The World Trade Center (WTC) attack of September 11, 2001 created an unprecedented environmental exposure to known and suspected carcinogens. High incidence of multiple myeloma and precursor conditions has been reported among first responders to the WTC disaster. To expand on our prior screening studies, and to characterize the genomic impact of the exposure to known and potential carcinogens in the WTC debris, we were motivated to perform whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of WTC first responders and recovery workers who developed a plasma cell disorder after the attack. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed WGS of nine CD138-positive bone marrow mononuclear samples from patients who were diagnosed with plasma cell disorders after the WTC disaster. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in comparing the post-WTC driver and mutational signature landscapes with 110 previously published WGSs from 56 patients with multiple myeloma and the CoMMpass WGS cohort (n = 752). Leveraging constant activity of the single-base substitution mutational signatures 1 and 5 over time, we estimated that tumor-initiating chromosomal gains were windowed to both pre- and post-WTC exposure. CONCLUSIONS Although limitations in sample size preclude any definitive conclusions, our findings suggest that the observed increased incidence of plasma cell neoplasms in this population is due to complex and heterogeneous effects of the WTC exposure that may have initiated or contributed to progression of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maura
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Myeloma Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Benjamin Diamond
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kylee H Maclachlan
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andriy Derkach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Venkata D Yellapantula
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Even H Rustad
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Malin Hultcrantz
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Urvi A Shah
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jessica Hong
- Center for Hematological Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Heather J Landau
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shani Irby
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Mayris P Webber
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - David G Goldfarb
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Rachel Zeig-Owens
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Orsi Giricz
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Amit Verma
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - David J Prezant
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sohrab P Shah
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ola Landgren
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Myeloma Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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188
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Metabolic Effects of Recurrent Genetic Aberrations in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030396. [PMID: 33494394 PMCID: PMC7865460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene activation and malignant transformation exerts energetic, biosynthetic and redox demands on cancer cells due to increased proliferation, cell growth and tumor microenvironment adaptation. As such, altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, which is characterized by the reprogramming of multiple metabolic pathways. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically heterogeneous disease that arises from terminally differentiated B cells. MM is characterized by reciprocal chromosomal translocations that often involve the immunoglobulin loci and a restricted set of partner loci, and complex chromosomal rearrangements that are associated with disease progression. Recurrent chromosomal aberrations in MM result in the aberrant expression of MYC, cyclin D1, FGFR3/MMSET and MAF/MAFB. In recent years, the intricate mechanisms that drive cancer cell metabolism and the many metabolic functions of the aforementioned MM-associated oncogenes have been investigated. Here, we discuss the metabolic consequences of recurrent chromosomal translocations in MM and provide a framework for the identification of metabolic changes that characterize MM cells.
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189
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Boyle EM, Deshpande S, Tytarenko R, Ashby C, Wang Y, Bauer MA, Johnson SK, Wardell CP, Thanendrarajan S, Zangari M, Facon T, Dumontet C, Barlogie B, Arbini A, Rustad EH, Maura F, Landgren O, Zhan F, van Rhee F, Schinke C, Davies FE, Morgan GJ, Walker BA. The molecular make up of smoldering myeloma highlights the evolutionary pathways leading to multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:293. [PMID: 33436579 PMCID: PMC7804406 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoldering myeloma (SMM) is associated with a high-risk of progression to myeloma (MM). We report the results of a study of 82 patients with both targeted sequencing that included a capture of the immunoglobulin and MYC regions. By comparing these results to newly diagnosed myeloma (MM) we show fewer NRAS and FAM46C mutations together with fewer adverse translocations, del(1p), del(14q), del(16q), and del(17p) in SMM consistent with their role as drivers of the transition to MM. KRAS mutations are associated with a shorter time to progression (HR 3.5 (1.5–8.1), p = 0.001). In an analysis of change in clonal structure over time we studied 53 samples from nine patients at multiple time points. Branching evolutionary patterns, novel mutations, biallelic hits in crucial tumour suppressor genes, and segmental copy number changes are key mechanisms underlying the transition to MM, which can precede progression and be used to guide early intervention strategies. Progression from asymptomatic smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) to symptomatic Multiple Myeloma occurs at different rates in different patients. Here, the authors report fewer NRAS and FAM46C mutations and adverse translocations in SMM compared to MM, while KRAS mutations are associated with a shorter time to progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Boyle
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286 Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shayu Deshpande
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ruslana Tytarenko
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Cody Ashby
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michael A Bauer
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sarah K Johnson
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Christopher P Wardell
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Maurizio Zangari
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Thierry Facon
- Service des maladies du sang. Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Charles Dumontet
- INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286 Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Division of Hematology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arnaldo Arbini
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Even H Rustad
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesco Maura
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ola Landgren
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Faith E Davies
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Brian A Walker
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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190
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Hanamura I. Gain/Amplification of Chromosome Arm 1q21 in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020256. [PMID: 33445467 PMCID: PMC7827173 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell neoplasm, is an incurable hematological malignancy. Gain/amplification of chromosome arm 1q21 (1q21+) is the most common adverse genomic abnormality associated with disease progression and drug resistance. While possible mechanisms of 1q21+ occurrence and candidate genes in the 1q21 amplicon have been suggested, the precise pathogenesis of MM with 1q21+ is unknown. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the clinicopathological features of 1q21+ MM, which can assist in effective therapeutic approaches for MM patients with 1q21+. Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell neoplasm, is an incurable hematological malignancy characterized by complex genetic and prognostic heterogeneity. Gain or amplification of chromosome arm 1q21 (1q21+) is the most frequent adverse chromosomal aberration in MM, occurring in 40% of patients at diagnosis. It occurs in a subclone of the tumor as a secondary genomic event and is more amplified as the tumor progresses and a risk factor for the progression from smoldering multiple myeloma to MM. It can be divided into either 1q21 gain (3 copies) or 1q21 amplification (≥4 copies), and it has been suggested that the prognosis is worse in cases of amplification than gain. Trisomy of chromosome 1, jumping whole-arm translocations of chromosome1q, and tandem duplications lead to 1q21+ suggesting that its occurrence is not consistent at the genomic level. Many studies have reported that genes associated with the malignant phenotype of MM are situated on the 1q21 amplicon, including CKS1B, PSMD4, MCL1, ANP32E, and others. In this paper, we review the current knowledge regarding the clinical features, prognostic implications, and the speculated pathology of 1q21+ in MM, which can provide clues for an effective treatment approach to MM patients with 1q21+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Hanamura
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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191
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Treatment Strategies Considering Micro-Environment and Clonal Evolution in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020215. [PMID: 33435539 PMCID: PMC7827913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma is an uncurable hematological malignancy, although the prognosis of myeloma patients is getting better using proteasome inhibitors (PIs), immune modulatory drugs (IMiDs), monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), and cytotoxic agents. Drug resistance makes myeloma difficult to treat and it can be subdivided into two broad categories: de novo and acquired. De novo drug resistance is associated with the bone marrow microenvironment including bone marrow stromal cells, the vascular niche and endosteal niche. Acquired drug resistance is related to clonal evolution and non-genetic diversity. The initial treatment plays the most important role considering de novo and acquired drug resistance and should contain PIs, IMIDs, MoAbs, and autologous stem cell transplantation because these treatments improve the bone marrow microenvironment and might prevent clonal evolution via sustained deep response including minimal residual disease negativity. Abstract Multiple myeloma is an uncurable hematological malignancy because of obtained drug resistance. Microenvironment and clonal evolution induce myeloma cells to develop de novo and acquired drug resistance, respectively. Cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance, which is induced by the interaction between myeloma and bone marrow stromal cells, and soluble factor-mediated drug resistance, which is induced by cytokines and growth factors, are two types of de novo drug resistance. The microenvironment, including conditions such as hypoxia, vascular and endosteal niches, contributes toward de novo drug resistance. Clonal evolution was associated with acquired drug resistance and classified as branching, linear, and neutral evolutions. The branching evolution is dependent on the microenvironment and escape of immunological surveillance while the linear and neutral evolution is independent of the microenvironment and associated with aggressive recurrence and poor prognosis. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs), immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), monoclonal antibody agents (MoAbs), and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) have improved prognosis of myeloma via improvement of the microenvironment. The initial treatment plays the most important role considering de novo and acquired drug resistance and should contain PIs, IMIDs, MoAb and ASCT. This review summarizes the role of anti-myeloma agents for microenvironment and clonal evolution and treatment strategies to overcome drug resistance.
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192
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Maura F, Landgren O, Morgan GJ. Designing Evolutionary-based Interception Strategies to Block the Transition from Precursor Phases to Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:15-23. [PMID: 32759358 PMCID: PMC7785564 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing technology has dramatically improved our understanding of the genetic landscape of multiple myeloma. Several new drivers and recurrent events have been reported and linked to a potential driver role. This complex landscape is enhanced by intraclonal mutational heterogeneity and variability introduced through the dimensions of time and space. The evolutionary history of multiple myeloma is driven by both the accumulation of different genomic drivers and by the activity of different mutational processes active overtime. In this review, we describe how these new findings and sequencing technologies have been progressively allowed to understand and reshape our knowledge of the complexity of multiple myeloma at each of its developmental stages: premalignant, at diagnosis, and in relapsed/refractory states. We discuss how these evolutionary concepts can be utilized in the clinic to alter evolutionary trajectories providing a framework for therapeutic intervention at early-disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maura
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Ola Landgren
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.
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193
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Characterization of complete lncRNAs transcriptome reveals the functional and clinical impact of lncRNAs in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2021; 35:1438-1450. [PMID: 33597729 PMCID: PMC8102198 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease, whose clinical heterogeneity makes its management challenging, highlighting the need for biological features to guide improved therapies. Deregulation of specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been shown in MM, nevertheless, the complete lncRNA transcriptome has not yet been elucidated. In this work, we identified 40,511 novel lncRNAs in MM samples. lncRNAs accounted for 82% of the MM transcriptome and were more heterogeneously expressed than coding genes. A total of 10,351 overexpressed and 9,535 downregulated lncRNAs were identified in MM patients when compared with normal bone-marrow plasma cells. Transcriptional dynamics study of lncRNAs in the context of normal B-cell maturation revealed 989 lncRNAs with exclusive expression in MM, among which 89 showed de novo epigenomic activation. Knockdown studies on one of these lncRNAs, SMILO (specific myeloma intergenic long non-coding RNA), resulted in reduced proliferation and induction of apoptosis of MM cells, and activation of the interferon pathway. We also showed that the expression of lncRNAs, together with clinical and genetic risk alterations, stratified MM patients into several progression-free survival and overall survival groups. In summary, our global analysis of the lncRNAs transcriptome reveals the presence of specific lncRNAs associated with the biological and clinical behavior of the disease.
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194
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Maura F, Bolli N, Rustad EH, Hultcrantz M, Munshi N, Landgren O. Moving From Cancer Burden to Cancer Genomics for Smoldering Myeloma: A Review. JAMA Oncol 2020; 6:425-432. [PMID: 31830214 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Importance All patients who develop multiple myeloma have a preceding asymptomatic expansion of clonal plasma cells, clinically recognized as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). During the past decade, significant progress has been made in the classification and risk stratification of SMM. Observations This review summarizes current clinical challenges and discusses available models for risk stratification in the context of SMM. Owing to several novel, more effective, and less toxic drugs, these aspects are becoming increasingly important to identify patients eligible for early treatment. However, all proposed criteria were built around indirect markers of disease burden and therefore are generally able to identify a fraction of patients with SMM in whom transformation to multiple myeloma and genomic subclonal diversification are already happening. In contrast, next-generation sequencing approaches have the potential to identify myeloma precursor disease that will progress even before the major clonal expansion and progression, providing a potential base for more effective treatment and better precision regarding the optimal timing of treatment initiation. Conclusions and Relevance Owing to modern technologies, in the near future, prognostic models derived from genomic signatures independent of the disease burden will allow better identification of the optimal timing to treat a plasma cell clonal disorder at the very early stages, when the chances of eradication are higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maura
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Niccolò Bolli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Even H Rustad
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Malin Hultcrantz
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nikhil Munshi
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Ola Landgren
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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195
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Wirth M, Schick M, Keller U, Krönke J. Ubiquitination and Ubiquitin-Like Modifications in Multiple Myeloma: Biology and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123764. [PMID: 33327527 PMCID: PMC7764993 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells causing bone fractures, anemia, renal insufficiency and hypercalcemia. Despite the introduction of new drugs in the past years, it still remains incurable and most patients die from the disease. Multiple myeloma cells are characterized by the production of high amounts of monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, maintaining protein homeostasis from synthesis through folding to degradation is crucial for multiple myeloma cells. While protein ubiquitination and organized degradation are typically considered critical for cellular health, an emerging strategy is to block these processes to induce cell death in disease-state cells characterized by protein over-production. Recent development of compounds that alter the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and drugs that affect ubiquitin-like modifications appear promising in both preclinically and in clinical trials. This review summarizes the impact of protein modifications such as ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications in the biology of multiple myeloma and how it can be exploited to develop new effective therapies for multiple myeloma. Abstract Multiple myeloma is a genetically heterogeneous plasma cell malignancy characterized by organ damage and a massive production of (in-)complete monoclonal antibodies. Coping with protein homeostasis and post-translational regulation is therefore essential for multiple myeloma cells to survive. Furthermore, post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination and SUMOylation play key roles in essential pathways in multiple myeloma, including NFκB signaling, epigenetic regulation, as well as DNA damage repair. Drugs modulating the ubiquitin–proteasome system, such as proteasome inhibitors and thalidomide analogs, are approved and highly effective drugs in multiple myeloma. In this review, we focus on ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications in the biology and current developments of new treatments for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wirth
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.W.); (M.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Markus Schick
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.W.); (M.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.W.); (M.S.); (U.K.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Krönke
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.W.); (M.S.); (U.K.)
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-513-538
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196
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Abdollahi P, Köhn M, Børset M. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in multiple myeloma. Cancer Lett 2020; 501:105-113. [PMID: 33290866 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many cell signaling pathways are activated or deactivated by protein tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, catalyzed by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), respectively. Even though PTPs are as important as PTKs in this process, their role has been neglected for a long time. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of plasma cells, which is characterized by production of monoclonal immunoglobulin, anemia and destruction of bone. MM is still incurable with high relapse frequency after treatment. In this review, we highlight the PTPs that were previously described in MM or have a role that can be relevant in a myeloma context. Our purpose is to show that despite the importance of PTPs in MM pathogenesis, many unanswered questions in this field need to be addressed. This might help to detect novel treatment strategies for MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Maja Köhn
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Magne Børset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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197
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Leeman-Neill RJ, Soderquist CR, Montanari F, Raciti P, Park D, Radeski D, Mansukhani MM, Murty VV, Hsiao S, Alobeid B, Bhagat G. Phenogenomic heterogeneity of post-transplant plasmablastic lymphomas. Haematologica 2020; 107:201-210. [PMID: 33297669 PMCID: PMC8719101 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.267294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and clinically aggressive neoplasm that typically occurs in immunocompromised individuals, including those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and solid organ allograft recipients. Most prior studies have focused on delineating the clinico-pathological features and genetic attributes of HIVrelated PBL, in which MYC deregulation, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and, more recently, mutations in JAK/STAT, MAP kinase, and NOTCH pathway genes have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. The phenotypic spectrum of post-transplant (PT)-PBL is not well characterized and data on underlying genetic alterations are limited. This led us to perform comprehensive histopathological and immunophenotypic evaluation and targeted sequencing of 18 samples from 11 patients (8 males, 3 females; age range, 12-76 years) with PT-PBL; eight de novo and three preceded by other types of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Post-transplant PBL displayed morphological and immunophenotypic heterogeneity and some features overlapped those of plasmablastic myeloma. Six (55%) cases were EBV positive and five (45%) showed MYC rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Recurrent mutations in epigenetic regulators (KMT2/MLL family, TET2) and DNA damage repair and response (TP53, mismatch repair genes, FANCA, ATRX), MAP kinase (KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, BRAF), JAK/STAT (STAT3, STAT6, SOCS1), NOTCH (NOTCH1, NOTCH3, SPEN), and immune surveillance (FAS, CD58) pathway genes were observed, with the mutational profiles of EBV+ and EBV– cases exhibiting both similarities and differences. Clinical outcomes also varied, with survival ranging from 0-15.9 years after diagnosis. Besides uncovering the biological heterogeneity of PT-PBL, our study highlights similarities and distinctions between PT-PBL and PBL occurring in other settings and reveals potentially targetable oncogenic pathways in subsets of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Montanari
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Dejan Radeski
- Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth
| | | | - Vundavalli V Murty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cytogenetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
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198
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Sessa M, Cavazzini F, Cavallari M, Rigolin GM, Cuneo A. A Tangle of Genomic Aberrations Drives Multiple Myeloma and Correlates with Clinical Aggressiveness of the Disease: A Comprehensive Review from a Biological Perspective to Clinical Trial Results. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1453. [PMID: 33287156 PMCID: PMC7761770 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically heterogeneous disease, in which the process of tumorigenesis begins and progresses through the appearance and accumulation of a tangle of genomic aberrations. Several are the mechanisms of DNA damage in MM, varying from single nucleotide substitutions to complex genomic events. The timing of appearance of aberrations is well studied due to the natural history of the disease, that usually progress from pre-malignant to malignant phase. Different kinds of aberrations carry different prognostic significance and have been associated with drug resistance in some studies. Certain genetic events are well known to be associated with prognosis and are incorporated in risk evaluation in MM at diagnosis in the revised International Scoring System (R-ISS). The significance of some other aberrations needs to be further explained. Since now, few phase 3 randomized trials included analysis on patient's outcomes according to genetic risk, and further studies are needed to obtain useful data to stratify the choice of initial and subsequent treatment in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Sessa
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavazzini
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cavallari
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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199
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Bolli N, Martinelli G, Cerchione C. The molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Hematol Rep 2020; 12:9054. [PMID: 33408844 PMCID: PMC7772755 DOI: 10.4081/hr.2020.9054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of clonal plasma cells within the bone marrow. However, the cell of origin is a B-lymphocyte acquiring aberrant genomic events in the germinal center of a lymph node as off-target events during somatichypermutation and class-switch recombination driven by activation-induced-deaminase. Whether pre-germinal center events are also required for transformation, and which additional events are required for disease progression is still matter of debate. As early treatment in asymptomatic phases is gaining traction in the clinic, a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of myeloma progression would allow stratification of patients based on their risk of progression, thus rationalizing efficacy and cost of clinical interventions. In this review, we will discuss the development of MM, from the cell of origin through asymptomatic stages such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering MM, to the development of symptomatic disease. We will explain the genetic heterogeneity of MM, one of the major drivers of disease recurrence. In this context, moreover, we will propose how this knowledge may influence future diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Bolli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato- Oncology, University of Milan, Italy
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Hematology Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Claudio Cerchione
- Hematology Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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200
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Da Vià MC, Ziccheddu B, Maeda A, Bagnoli F, Perrone G, Bolli N. A Journey Through Myeloma Evolution: From the Normal Plasma Cell to Disease Complexity. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e502. [PMID: 33283171 PMCID: PMC7710229 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of cancer origin and the subsequent tracking of disease evolution represent unmet needs that will soon be within clinical reach. This will provide the opportunity to improve patient's stratification and to personalize treatments based on cancer biology along its life history. In this review, we focus on the molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), a hematologic malignancy with a well-known multi-stage disease course, where such approach can sooner translate into a clinical benefit. We describe novel insights into modes and timing of disease initiation. We dissect the biology of the preclinical and pre-malignant phases, elucidating how knowledge of the genomics of the disease and the composition of the microenvironment allow stratification of patients based on risk of disease progression. Then, we explore cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic drivers of MM evolution to symptomatic disease. Finally, we discuss how this may relate to the development of refractory disease after treatment. By integrating an evolutionary view of myeloma biology with the recent acquisitions on its clonal heterogeneity, we envision a way to drive the clinical management of the disease based on its detailed biological features more than surrogates of disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo C. Da Vià
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bachisio Ziccheddu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Akihiro Maeda
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Bagnoli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Perrone
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bolli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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