151
|
Zhang ZY, Fang YJ, Luo YJ, Lenahan C, Zhang JM, Chen S. The role of medical gas in stroke: an updated review. Med Gas Res 2020; 9:221-228. [PMID: 31898607 PMCID: PMC7802415 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.273960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical gas is a large class of bioactive gases used in clinical medicine and basic scientific research. At present, the role of medical gas in neuroprotection has received growing attention. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in adults worldwide, but current treatment is still very limited. The common pathological changes of these two types of stroke may include excitotoxicity, free radical release, inflammation, cell death, mitochondrial disorder, and blood-brain barrier disruption. In this review, we will discuss the pathological mechanisms of stroke and the role of two medical gases (hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide) in stroke, which may potentially provide a new insight into the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuan-Jian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Jie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM; Center for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Iadecola C, Buckwalter MS, Anrather J. Immune responses to stroke: mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic potential. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2777-2788. [PMID: 32391806 PMCID: PMC7260029 DOI: 10.1172/jci135530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. Most strokes are caused by occlusion of a major cerebral artery, and substantial advances have been made in elucidating how ischemia damages the brain. In particular, increasing evidence points to a double-edged role of the immune system in stroke pathophysiology. In the acute phase, innate immune cells invade brain and meninges and contribute to ischemic damage, but may also be protective. At the same time, danger signals released into the circulation by damaged brain cells lead to activation of systemic immunity, followed by profound immunodepression that promotes life-threatening infections. In the chronic phase, antigen presentation initiates an adaptive immune response targeted to the brain, which may underlie neuropsychiatric sequelae, a considerable cause of poststroke morbidity. Here, we briefly review these pathogenic processes and assess the potential therapeutic value of targeting immunity in human stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marion S. Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
González-Nieto D, Fernández-Serra R, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Panetsos F, Martinez-Murillo R, Guinea GV. Biomaterials to Neuroprotect the Stroke Brain: A Large Opportunity for Narrow Time Windows. Cells 2020; 9:E1074. [PMID: 32357544 PMCID: PMC7291200 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke represents one of the most prevalent pathologies in humans and is a leading cause of death and disability. Anti-thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and surgical thrombectomy are the primary treatments to recanalize occluded vessels and normalize the blood flow in ischemic and peri-ischemic regions. A large majority of stroke patients are refractory to treatment or are not eligible due to the narrow time window of therapeutic efficacy. In recent decades, we have significantly increased our knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that inexorably lead to progressive damage in infarcted and peri-lesional brain areas. As a result, promising neuroprotective targets have been identified and exploited in several stroke models. However, these considerable advances have been unsuccessful in clinical contexts. This lack of clinical translatability and the emerging use of biomaterials in different biomedical disciplines have contributed to developing a new class of biomaterial-based systems for the better control of drug delivery in cerebral disorders. These systems are based on specific polymer formulations structured in nanoparticles and hydrogels that can be administered through different routes and, in general, bring the concentrations of drugs to therapeutic levels for prolonged times. In this review, we first provide the general context of the molecular and cellular mechanisms impaired by cerebral ischemia, highlighting the role of excitotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and depolarization waves as the main pathways and targets to promote neuroprotection avoiding neuronal dysfunction. In the second part, we discuss the versatile role played by distinct biomaterials and formats to support the sustained administration of particular compounds to neuroprotect the cerebral tissue at risk of damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Nieto
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Fernández-Serra
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group: Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Brain Plasticity Group, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Yuan Y, Wu C, Ling EA. Heterogeneity of Microglia Phenotypes: Developmental, Functional and Some Therapeutic Considerations. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2375-2393. [PMID: 31584369 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis in complex brain environment. They first exist as amoeboid microglial cells (AMCs) in the developing brain, but with brain maturation, they transform into ramified microglial cells (RMCs). In pathological conditions, microglia are activated and have been classified into M1 and M2 phenotypes. The roles of AMCs, RMCs and M1/M2 microglia phenotypes especially in pathological conditions have been the focus of many recent studies. METHODS Here, we review the early development of the AMCs and RMCs and discuss their specific functions with reference to their anatomic locations, immunochemical coding etc. M1 and M2 microglia phenotypes in different neuropathological conditions are also reviewed. RESULTS Activated microglia are engaged in phagocytosis, production of proinflammatory mediators, trophic factors and synaptogenesis etc. Prolonged microglia activation, however, can cause damage to neurons and oligodendrocytes. The M1 and M2 phenotypes featured prominently in pathological conditions are discussed in depth. Experimental evidence suggests that microglia phenotype is being modulated by multiple factors including external and internal stimuli, local demands, epigenetic regulation, and herbal compounds. CONCLUSION Prevailing views converge that M2 polarization is neuroprotective. Thus, proper therapeutic designs including the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, herbal agents may be beneficial in suppression of microglial activation, especially M1 phenotype, for amelioration of neuroinflammation in different neuropathological conditions. Finally, recent development of radioligands targeting 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in activated microglia may hold great promises clinically for early detection of brain lesion with the positron emission tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, China
| | - Chunyun Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Ma F, Sun P, Zhang X, Hamblin MH, Yin KJ. Endothelium-targeted deletion of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster ameliorates blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/626/eaay5686. [PMID: 32265338 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains a stable brain microenvironment. Breakdown of BBB integrity during cerebral ischemia initiates a devastating cascade of events that eventually leads to neuronal loss. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that suppress protein expression, and we previously showed that the miR-15a/16-1 cluster is involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. Here, we demonstrated that when subjected to experimentally induced stroke, mice with an endothelial cell (EC)-selective deletion of miR-15a/16-1 had smaller brain infarcts, reduced BBB leakage, and decreased infiltration of peripheral immune cells. These mice also showed reduced infiltration of proinflammatory M1-type microglia/macrophage in the peri-infarct area without changes in the number of resolving M2-type cells. Stroke decreases claudin-5 abundance, and we found that EC-selective miR-15a/16-1 deletion enhanced claudin-5 mRNA and protein abundance in ischemic mouse brains. In cultured mouse brain microvascular ECs (mBMECs), the miR-15a/16-1 cluster directly bound to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of Claudin-5, and lentivirus-mediated ablation of miR-15a/16-1 diminished oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced down-regulation of claudin-5 mRNA and protein abundance and endothelial barrier dysfunction. These findings suggest that genetic deletion of endothelial miR-15a/16-1 suppresses BBB pathologies after ischemic stroke. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of miR-15a/16-1-mediated BBB dysfunction may enable the discovery of new therapies for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ma
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Hsia CH, Jayakumar T, Sheu JR, Hsia CW, Huang WC, Velusamy M, Lien LM. Synthetic Ruthenium Complex TQ-6 Potently Recovers Cerebral Ischemic Stroke: Attenuation of Microglia and Platelet Activation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040996. [PMID: 32252398 PMCID: PMC7230480 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia are crucial in the regulation of neuronal homeostasis and neuroinflammation. They also contribute to neuropathological processes after ischemic stroke. Thus, finding new approaches for reducing neuroinflammation has gained considerable attention. The metal ruthenium has gained notable attention because of its ability to form new complexes that can be used in disease treatment. [Ru(η6-cymene)2-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-quinoline Cl]BF4 (TQ-6), a potent ruthenium (II)-derived compound, was used in this study to investigate its neuroprotective action against microglia activation, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced embolic stroke, and platelet activation, respectively. TQ-6 (2 μM) potently diminished inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)) expression, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and hydroxyl radical (OH•) formation in LPS-stimulated microglia. Conversely, TQ-6 increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Moreover, it significantly reduced brain infarct volume and edema in MCAO mice. Additionally, it drastically inhibited platelet aggregation and OH• production in mice platelets. This study confirmed that TQ-6 exerts an anti-neuroinflammatory effect on microglia activation through neuroprotection, antiplatelet activation, and free radical scavenging. The authors propose that TQ-6 might mitigate neurodegenerative pathology by inhibiting the NF-κB-mediated downstream pathway (iNOS and COX-2) and enhancing Nrf2/HO-1 signaling molecules in microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Hsia
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (J.-R.S.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (J.-R.S.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (J.-R.S.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Chih-Wei Hsia
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (J.-R.S.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Wei-Chieh Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (J.-R.S.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India;
| | - Li-Ming Lien
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-283-322-11 (ext. 2071)
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
He Y, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Zhou G, Cao F, Yao S. IL-4 Switches Microglia/macrophage M1/M2 Polarization and Alleviates Neurological Damage by Modulating the JAK1/STAT6 Pathway Following ICH. Neuroscience 2020; 437:161-171. [PMID: 32224230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory damage following ICH is often attributed to microglia/macrophage activation. In many diseases, IL-4 has been proven to switch microglia/macrophages from the pro-inflammatory to the anti-inflammatory subtype. However, the role and underlying mechanism of IL-4 in ICH, especially in neuroprotection, remain unknown. In our study, we constructed a microglia/macrophage polarization model in BV2 cells to verify that the M2 shift of microglia/macrophages was mediated by JAK1/STAT6 after IL-4 treatment and then revealed that in vitro administration of IL-4 decreased M1 markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroapoptosis markers but significantly increased M2 markers and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Using an ICH model in mice, we observed that IL-4 administration decreased neurological deficits, brain edema and infarct lesions induced by ICH. We verified that IL-4 mediates inflammation by regulating M1/M2 polarization in ICH and explored the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, we discovered that pathway components and apoptosis-related proteins showed consistent trends based on their respective roles, and inferred that the process that TNF-α activates caspase-3 may be the crosstalk that microglia phagocytosis developed into accelerate apoptosis of cells in ICH. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that IL-4 may promote M2 microglia/macrophage polarization partly through the JAK1/STAT6 pathway to alleviate neuroinflammation after ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149, Dalian Road, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149, Dalian Road, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149, Dalian Road, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Guiyin Zhou
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149, Dalian Road, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149, Dalian Road, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Shengtao Yao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No.149, Dalian Road, Zunyi 563000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Lauro C, Limatola C. Metabolic Reprograming of Microglia in the Regulation of the Innate Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:493. [PMID: 32265936 PMCID: PMC7099404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia sustain normal brain functions continuously monitoring cerebral parenchyma to detect neuronal activities and alteration of homeostatic processes. The metabolic pathways involved in microglia activity adapt at and contribute to cell phenotypes. While the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is highly efficient in ATP production, glycolysis enables microglia with a faster rate of ATP production, with the generation of intermediates for cell growth and cytokine production. In macrophages, pro-inflammatory stimuli induce a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, a phenomenon similar to the Warburg effect well characterized in tumor cells. Modification of metabolic functions allows macrophages to properly respond to a changing environment and many evidence suggest that, similarly to macrophages, microglial cells are capable of a plastic use of energy substrates. Neuroinflammation is a common condition in many neurodegenerative diseases and the metabolic reprograming of microglia has been reported in neurodegeneration. Here we review the existing data on microglia metabolism and the connections with neuroinflammatory diseases, highlighting how metabolic changes contribute to module the homeostatic functions of microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia- Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS NeuroMed, Pozzilli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Rawlinson C, Jenkins S, Thei L, Dallas ML, Chen R. Post-Ischaemic Immunological Response in the Brain: Targeting Microglia in Ischaemic Stroke Therapy. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030159. [PMID: 32168831 PMCID: PMC7139954 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the major endogenous immune cells of the central nervous system, mediate critical degenerative and regenerative responses in ischaemic stroke. Microglia become "activated", proliferating, and undergoing changes in morphology, gene and protein expression over days and weeks post-ischaemia, with deleterious and beneficial effects. Pro-inflammatory microglia (commonly referred to as M1) exacerbate secondary neuronal injury through the release of reactive oxygen species, cytokines and proteases. In contrast, microglia may facilitate neuronal recovery via tissue and vascular remodelling, through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (a profile often termed M2). This M1/M2 nomenclature does not fully account for the microglial heterogeneity in the ischaemic brain, with some simultaneous expression of both M1 and M2 markers at the single-cell level. Understanding and regulating microglial activation status, reducing detrimental and promoting repair behaviours, present the potential for therapeutic intervention, and open a longer window of opportunity than offered by acute neuroprotective strategies. Pharmacological modulation of microglial activation status to promote anti-inflammatory gene expression can increase neurogenesis and improve functional recovery post-stroke, based on promising preclinical data. Cell-based therapies, using preconditioned microglia, are of interest as a method of therapeutic modulation of the post-ischaemic inflammatory response. Currently, there are no clinically-approved pharmacological options targeting post-ischaemic inflammation. A major developmental challenge for clinical translation will be the selective suppression of the deleterious effects of microglial activity after stroke whilst retaining (or enhancing) the neurovascular repair and remodelling responses of microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rawlinson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Laura Thei
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (L.T.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Mark L. Dallas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (L.T.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1782-733849; Fax: 44-1782-733326
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Li X, Xiang B, Shen T, Xiao C, Dai R, He F, Lin Q. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in ischemic stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106353. [PMID: 32143007 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence from human and animal studies suggests that cerebral ischemic diseases are associated with nerve dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Therefore, alleviating neuroinflammation is a potential way to treat ischemic stroke. Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat central nervous system diseases and related conditions, such as vertigo, headache, epilepsy. We have previously shown that GEB has a protective effect in ischemic stroke, and that the underlying mechanism is related to anti-neuroinflammation. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DBD) is a phenolic component of GEB and may be responsible for the neuroprotective effect of GEB; however, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of DBD are unknown. METHODS The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of DBD and the potential mechanisms underlying it were assessed. We using a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion and lipopolysaccharide-treated BV2 microglial cells. RESULTS DBD (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased infarct volume. Additionally, it alleviated neurological deficits in the rats by inhibiting microglia activation. DBD (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μM) also significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, prostaglandin E2. Furthermore, phenotypic analysis of the BV2 cells showed that DBD significantly down-regulated the expression of M1 marker but significantly up-regulated the expression of M2 marker. Moreover, it suppressed nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2. CONCLUSIONS The neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of DBD are associated with selective modulation of microglia polarization and reduction in the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB activation. These findings suggest that DBD may be a potential treatment for ischemic stroke and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, District of Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, District of Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, District of Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, District of Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rong Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, District of Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fangyan He
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, District of Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, District of Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Drieu A, Lanquetin A, Levard D, Glavan M, Campos F, Quenault A, Lemarchand E, Naveau M, Pitel AL, Castillo J, Vivien D, Rubio M. Alcohol exposure-induced neurovascular inflammatory priming impacts ischemic stroke and is linked with brain perivascular macrophages. JCI Insight 2020; 5:129226. [PMID: 31990687 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a major public health problem worldwide, causing a wide range of preventable morbidity and mortality. In this translational study, we show that heavy drinking (HD) (≥6 standard drinks/day) is independently associated with a worse outcome for ischemic stroke patients. To study the underlying mechanisms of this deleterious effect of HD, we performed an extensive analysis of the brain inflammatory responses of mice chronically exposed or not to 10% alcohol before and after ischemic stroke. Inflammatory responses were analyzed at the parenchymal, perivascular, and vascular levels by using transcriptomic, immunohistochemical, in vivo 2-photon microscopy and molecular MRI analyses. Alcohol-exposed mice show, in the absence of any other insult, a neurovascular inflammatory priming (i.e., an abnormal inflammatory status including an increase in brain perivascular macrophages [PVM]) associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses after a secondary insult (ischemic stroke or LPS challenge). Similar to our clinical data, alcohol-exposed mice showed larger ischemic lesions. We show here that PVM are key players on this aggravating effect of alcohol, since their specific depletion blocks the alcohol-induced aggravation of ischemic lesions. This study opens potentially new therapeutic avenues aiming at blocking alcohol-induced exacerbation of the neurovascular inflammatory responses triggered after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Drieu
- INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, UMR-S 1237, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Anastasia Lanquetin
- INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, UMR-S 1237, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Damien Levard
- INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, UMR-S 1237, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Martina Glavan
- INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, UMR-S 1237, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aurélien Quenault
- INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, UMR-S 1237, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Eloïse Lemarchand
- INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, UMR-S 1237, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Mikaël Naveau
- CNRS, UMR-S 3408, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Anne Lise Pitel
- INSERM, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, UMR-S 1077, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Caen, France
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, UMR-S 1237, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Marina Rubio
- INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, UMR-S 1237, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Xu S, Lu J, Shao A, Zhang JH, Zhang J. Glial Cells: Role of the Immune Response in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 32174916 PMCID: PMC7055422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 75-80% of all strokes, is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The post-stroke immune response has recently emerged as a new breakthrough target in the treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, are the primary components of the peri-infarct environment in the central nervous system (CNS) and have been implicated in post-stroke immune regulation. However, increasing evidence suggests that glial cells exert beneficial and detrimental effects during ischemic stroke. Microglia, which survey CNS homeostasis and regulate innate immune responses, are rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. Activated microglia release inflammatory cytokines that induce neuronal tissue injury. By contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors secreted by alternatively activated microglia are beneficial for recovery after ischemic stroke. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in ischemic stroke contribute to limiting brain injury and re-establishing CNS homeostasis. However, glial scarring hinders neuronal reconnection and extension. Neuroinflammation affects the demyelination and remyelination of oligodendrocytes. Myelin-associated antigens released from oligodendrocytes activate peripheral T cells, thereby resulting in the autoimmune response. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which can differentiate into oligodendrocytes, follow an ischemic stroke and may result in functional recovery. Herein, we discuss the mechanisms of post-stroke immune regulation mediated by glial cells and the interaction between glial cells and neurons. In addition, we describe the potential roles of various glial cells at different stages of ischemic stroke and discuss future intervention targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenbin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Moretti R, Caruso P. Small Vessel Disease-Related Dementia: An Invalid Neurovascular Coupling? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1095. [PMID: 32046035 PMCID: PMC7036993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The arteriosclerosis-dependent alteration of brain perfusion is one of the major determinants in small vessel disease, since small vessels have a pivotal role in the brain's autoregulation. Nevertheless, as far as we know, endothelium distress can potentiate the flow dysregulation and lead to subcortical vascular dementia that is related to small vessel disease (SVD), also being defined as subcortical vascular dementia (sVAD), as well as microglia activation, chronic hypoxia and hypoperfusion, vessel-tone dysregulation, altered astrocytes, and pericytes functioning blood-brain barrier disruption. The molecular basis of this pathology remains controversial. The apparent consequence (or a first event, too) is the macroscopic alteration of the neurovascular coupling. Here, we examined the possible mechanisms that lead a healthy aging process towards subcortical dementia. We remarked that SVD and white matter abnormalities related to age could be accelerated and potentiated by different vascular risk factors. Vascular function changes can be heavily influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors, which are, to the best of our knowledge, mostly unknown. Metabolic demands, active neurovascular coupling, correct glymphatic process, and adequate oxidative and inflammatory responses could be bulwarks in defense of the correct aging process; their impairments lead to a potentially catastrophic and non-reversible condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Liu Y, Wu C, Hou Z, Fu X, Yuan L, Sun S, Zhang H, Yang D, Yao X, Yang J. Pseudoginsenoside-F11 Accelerates Microglial Phagocytosis of Myelin Debris and Attenuates Cerebral Ischemic Injury Through Complement Receptor 3. Neuroscience 2020; 426:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
165
|
Ting SM, Zhao X, Sun G, Obertas L, Ricote M, Aronowski J. Brain Cleanup as a Potential Target for Poststroke Recovery: The Role of RXR (Retinoic X Receptor) in Phagocytes. Stroke 2020; 51:958-966. [PMID: 31914884 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Phagocytic cells, such as microglia and blood-derived macrophages, are a key biological modality responsible for phagocytosis-mediated clearance of damaged, dead, or displaced cells that are compromised during senescence or pathological processes, including after stroke. This process of clearance is essential to eliminate the source of inflammation and to allow for optimal brain repair and functional recovery. Transcription factor, RXR (retinoic-X-receptor) is strongly implicated in phagocytic functions regulation, and as such could represent a novel target for brain recovery after stroke. Methods- Primary cultured microglia and bone marrow macrophages were used for phagocytic study. Mice with deleted RXR-α in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-RXR-α-/-) were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to mimic ischemic stroke and then treated with RXR agonist bexarotene. RNA-sequencing and long-term recovery were evaluated. Results- Using cultured microglia, we demonstrated that the RXR-α promotes the phagocytic functions of microglia toward apoptotic neurons. Using mice with deleted RXR-α in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-RXR-α-/-), we have shown that despite behaving similarly to the control at early time points (up to 3 days, damage established histologically and behaviorally), these Mac-RXR-α-/- mice demonstrated worsened late functional recovery and developed brain atrophy that was larger in size than that seen in control mice. The RXR-α deficiency was associated with reduced expression of genes known to be under control of the prominent transcriptional RXR partner, PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor)-γ, as well as genes encoding for scavenger receptors and genes that signify microglia/macrophages polarization to a reparative phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that the RXR agonist, bexarotene, administered as late as 1 day after middle cerebral artery occlusion, improved neurological recovery, and reduced the atrophy volume as assessed 28 days after stroke. Bexarotene did not improve outcome in Mac-RXR-α-/- mice. Conclusions- Altogether, these data suggest that phagocytic cells control poststroke recovery and that RXR in these cells represents an attractive target with exceptionally long therapeutic window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ming Ting
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Xiurong Zhao
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Guanghua Sun
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Lidiya Obertas
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.R.)
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Cheng X, Yang YL, Li WH, Liu M, Wang YH, Du GH. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion aggravated cerebral infarction injury and possible differential genes identified by RNA-Seq in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 156:33-42. [PMID: 31877338 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that local excessive inflammatory response in brain tissue was an important pathogenesis of secondary injury following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). However, the inflammatory-related targets and pathways after cerebral I/R injury are still unclear. This study was to investigate possible targets and mechanisms after cerebral I/R injury. Rats were subjected to transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Neurological deficit scores test was used to evaluate neurological function. Cerebral infarction was evaluated by MRI, TTC staining and Nissl staining. Microglia activation was detected by immunofluorescence using Iba-1 antibody. Inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA assay. RNA-sequencing transcriptome analysis was processed and the differential genes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting. The results showed that neurological function of rats in I/R group was more severe than that in I group on the 7th after cerebral I/R. Therefore, the differences between cerebral ischemia and cerebral I/R for 7 days were studied in further study. The results showed that the levels of pro-inflammatory factors in I/R group were higher and the levels of anti-inflammatory factors were lower than those in I group. KEGG pathway and gene network enrichment analysis revealed that some common differential up- and down-regulated genes were involved in most of significant pathways. These common differential up-regulated genes belonged to TLR4/MYD88 inflammatory signaling pathway and common differential down-regulated genes belonged to HRAS/RAF1 neurotrophic signaling pathway. Interestingly, according to the genetic interaction analysis of string database, these up-regulated differential genes might promote the development of inflammation, while the down-regulated differential genes might inhibit the development of inflammation. Furthermore, qPCR and WB results verified that these pro-inflammatory genes in the I/R group were higher than those in the I group, while possible anti-inflammatory genes in the I/R group were lower than those in the I group. It is concluded that TLR4/MYD88 inflammatory signaling pathway and HRAS/RAF1 neurotrophic signaling pathway may play different roles after cerebral I or I/R and may be therapeutic targets for stroke recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Sreeening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Sreeening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei-Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Sreeening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Man Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Sreeening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Sreeening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and New Drug Sreeening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Human iPSC-derived microglia assume a primary microglia-like state after transplantation into the neonatal mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25293-25303. [PMID: 31772018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913541116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are essential for maintenance of normal brain function, with dysregulation contributing to numerous neurological diseases. Protocols have been developed to derive microglia-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, primary microglia display major differences in morphology and gene expression when grown in culture, including down-regulation of signature microglial genes. Thus, in vitro differentiated microglia may not accurately represent resting primary microglia. To address this issue, we transplanted microglial precursors derived in vitro from hiPSCs into neonatal mouse brains and found that the cells acquired characteristic microglial morphology and gene expression signatures that closely resembled primary human microglia. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of transplanted microglia showed similar cellular heterogeneity as primary human cells. Thus, hiPSCs-derived microglia transplanted into the neonatal mouse brain assume a phenotype and gene expression signature resembling that of resting microglia residing in the human brain, making chimeras a superior tool to study microglia in human disease.
Collapse
|
168
|
Serizawa T, Isotani A, Matsumura T, Nakanishi K, Nonaka S, Shibata S, Ikawa M, Okano H. Developmental analyses of mouse embryos and adults using a non-overlapping tracing system for all three germ layers. Development 2019; 146:dev.174938. [PMID: 31597657 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic lineage-tracing techniques are powerful tools for studying specific cell populations in development and pathogenesis. Previous techniques have mainly involved systems for tracing a single gene, which are limited in their ability to facilitate direct comparisons of the contributions of different cell lineages. We have developed a new combinatorial system for tracing all three germ layers using self-cleaving 2A peptides and multiple site-specific recombinases (SSRs). In the resulting TRiCK (TRiple Coloured germ layer Knock-in) mice, the three germ layers are conditionally and simultaneously labelled with distinct fluorescent proteins via embryogenesis. We show that previously reported ectopic expressions of lineage markers are the outcome of secondary gene expression. The results presented here also indicate that the commitment of caudal axial stem cells to neural or mesodermal fate proceeds without lineage fluctuations, contrary to the notion of their bi-potency. Moreover, we developed IMES, an optimized tissue clearing method that is highly compatible with a variety of fluorescent proteins and immunostaining, and the combined use of TRiCK mice and IMES can facilitate comprehensive analyses of dynamic contributions of all three germ layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Serizawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Organ developmental engineering, Division of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Matsumura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Kolosowska N, Keuters MH, Wojciechowski S, Keksa-Goldsteine V, Laine M, Malm T, Goldsteins G, Koistinaho J, Dhungana H. Peripheral Administration of IL-13 Induces Anti-inflammatory Microglial/Macrophage Responses and Provides Neuroprotection in Ischemic Stroke. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1304-1319. [PMID: 31372938 PMCID: PMC6985054 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is strongly induced by cerebral ischemia. The early phase after the onset of ischemic stroke is characterized by acute neuronal injury, microglial activation, and subsequent infiltration of blood-derived inflammatory cells, including macrophages. Therefore, modulation of the microglial/macrophage responses has increasingly gained interest as a potential therapeutic approach for the ischemic stroke. In our study, we investigated the effects of peripherally administered interleukin 13 (IL-13) in a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). Systemic administration of IL-13 immediately after the ischemic insult significantly reduced the lesion volume, alleviated the infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes, and promoted the microglia/macrophage alternative activation within the ischemic region, as determined by arginase 1 (Arg1) immunoreactivity at 3 days post-ischemia (dpi). Moreover, IL-13 enhanced the expression of M2a alternative activation markers Arg1 and Ym1 in the peri-ischemic (PI) area, as well as increased plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels at 3 dpi. Furthermore, IL-13 treatment ameliorated gait disturbances at day 7 and 14 and sensorimotor deficits at day 14 post-ischemia, as analyzed by the CatWalk gait analysis system and adhesive removal test, respectively. Finally, IL-13 treatment decreased neuronal cell death in a coculture model of neuroinflammation with RAW 264.7 macrophages. Taken together, delivery of IL-13 enhances microglial/macrophage anti-inflammatory responses in vivo and in vitro, decreases ischemia-induced brain cell death, and improves sensory and motor functions in the pMCAo mouse model of cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kolosowska
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Meike H. Keuters
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Velta Keksa-Goldsteine
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Laine
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gundars Goldsteins
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290 Finland
| | - Hiramani Dhungana
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Neuroprotection of Andrographolide Against Microglia-Mediated Inflammatory Injury and Oxidative Damage in PC12 Neurons. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2619-2630. [PMID: 31562575 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide from leaves of Andrographis paniculata has been known to possess various bioactivities. In the present study, we aimed to explore the neuroprotection of andrographolide against inflammation-mediated injury and oxidative damage. In initial studies, our findings showed that pretreatment with andrographolide could effectively reduce neuronal cell death caused by LPS-induced conditioned supernatants. The further results indicated that this neuroprotective effect may be mainly due to the inhibition on the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, ROS, iNOS and enhancement of expression of anti-inflammatory marker CD206. Moreover, mechanism study revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide may be related to the suppression of nuclear translocation of NF-κB as well as the activation of Nrf2 and HO-1. Our study also showed that andrographolide could scavenge ROS and protect PC12 cells against H2O2- and 6-OHDA-mediated oxidative damage. In addition, several derivatives of andrographolide were prepared for evaluating the role of 3, 14, 19-hydroxy group on anti-inflammatory effect and cytoprotection of andrographolide. In conclusion, andrographolide protected neurons against inflammation-mediated injury via NF-κB inhibition and Nrf2/HO-1 activation and resisted oxidative damage via inhibiting ROS production. Our results will contribute to further exploration of the therapeutic potential of andrographolide in relation to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
171
|
Lauro C, Chece G, Monaco L, Antonangeli F, Peruzzi G, Rinaldo S, Paone A, Cutruzzolà F, Limatola C. Fractalkine Modulates Microglia Metabolism in Brain Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:414. [PMID: 31607865 PMCID: PMC6755341 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the CNS, the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is expressed on neurons while its specific receptor CX3CR1 is expressed on microglia and macrophages. Microglia play an important role in health and disease through CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling, and in many neurodegenerative disorders, microglia dysregulation has been associated with neuro-inflammation. We have previously shown that CX3CL1 has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia injury. Here, we investigated the involvement of CX3CL1 in the modulation of microglia phenotype and the underlying neuroprotective effect on ischemia injury. The expression profiles of anti- and pro-inflammatory genes showed that CX3CL1 markedly inhibited microglial activation both in vitro and in vivo after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), accompanied by an increase in the expression of anti-inflammatory genes. Moreover, CX3CL1 induces a metabolic switch in microglial cells with an increase in the expression of genes related to the oxidative pathway and a reduction in those related to the glycolytic pathway, which is the metabolic state associated to the pro-inflammatory phenotype for energy production. The data reported in this paper suggest that CX3CL1 protects against cerebral ischemia modulating the activation state of microglia and its metabolism in order to restrain inflammation and organize a neuroprotective response against the ischemic insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Monaco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Rinaldo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Paone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cutruzzolà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS NeuroMed, Pozzilli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Yeo HG, Hong JJ, Lee Y, Yi KS, Jeon CY, Park J, Won J, Seo J, Ahn YJ, Kim K, Baek SH, Hwang EH, Kim G, Jin YB, Jeong KJ, Koo BS, Kang P, Lim KS, Kim SU, Huh JW, Kim YH, Son Y, Kim JS, Choi CH, Cha SH, Lee SR. Increased CD68/TGFβ Co-expressing Microglia/ Macrophages after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rhesus Monkeys. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:458-473. [PMID: 31495075 PMCID: PMC6751863 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.4.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of microglia/macrophages after ischemic stroke is poorly understood. This study examines the role of microglia/macrophages in the focal infarct area after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rhesus monkeys. We measured infarct volume and neurological function by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and non-human primate stroke scale (NHPSS), respectively, to assess temporal changes following MCAO. Activated phagocytic microglia/macrophages were examined by immunohistochemistry in post-mortem brains (n=6 MCAO, n=2 controls) at 3 and 24 hours (acute stage), 2 and 4 weeks (subacute stage), and 4, and 20 months (chronic stage) following MCAO. We found that the infarct volume progressively decreased between 1 and 4 weeks following MCAO, in parallel with the neurological recovery. Greater presence of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68)-expressing microglia/macrophages was detected in the infarct lesion in the subacute and chronic stage, compared to the acute stage. Surprisingly, 98~99% of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) was found colocalized with CD68-expressing cells. CD68-expressing microglia/macrophages, rather than CD206+ cells, may exert anti-inflammatory effects by secreting TGFβ after the subacute stage of ischemic stroke. CD68+ microglia/macrophages can therefore be used as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Yi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Junghyung Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jincheol Seo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Ahn
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Hwang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Green Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Bon-Sang Koo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.,Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- Primate Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup 56216, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup 56216, Korea
| | - Chi-Hoon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Cha
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Orczykowski ME, Calderazzo SM, Shobin E, Pessina MA, Oblak AL, Finklestein SP, Kramer BC, Mortazavi F, Rosene DL, Moore TL. Cell based therapy reduces secondary damage and increases extent of microglial activation following cortical injury. Brain Res 2019; 1717:147-159. [PMID: 30998931 PMCID: PMC6530569 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortical injury elicits long-term cytotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms within the brain and the balance of these pathways can determine the functional outcome for the individual. Cytotoxicity is exacerbated by production of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of iron, and peroxidation of cell membranes and myelin. There are currently no neurorestorative treatments to aid in balancing the cytotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms following cortical injury. Cell based therapies are an emerging treatment that may function in immunomodulation, reduction of secondary damage, and reorganization of surviving structures. We previously evaluated human umbilical tissue-derived cells (hUTC) in our non-human primate model of cortical injury restricted to the hand area of primary motor cortex. Systemic hUTC treatment resulted in significantly greater recovery of fine motor function compared to vehicle controls. Here we investigate the hypothesis that hUTC treatment reduces oxidative damage and iron accumulation and increases the extent of the microglial response to cortical injury. To test this, brain sections from these monkeys were processed using immunohistochemistry to quantify oxidative damage (4-HNE) and activated microglia (LN3), and Prussian Blue to quantify iron. hUTC treated subjects exhibited significantly reduced oxidative damage in the sublesional white matter and iron accumulation in the perilesional area as well as a significant increase in the extent of activated microglia along white matter pathways. Increased perilesional iron accumulation was associated with greater perilesional oxidative damage and larger reconstructed lesion volume. These findings support the hypothesis that systemic hUTC administered 24 h after cortical damage decreases the cytotoxic response while increasing the extent of microglial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Orczykowski
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Samantha M Calderazzo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Eli Shobin
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Brian C Kramer
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, 800 Ridgeview Drive, Horsham, PA 19044, USA
| | - Farzad Mortazavi
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 201 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, 72 E. Concord Street, L-1004, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Neurology, 72 E. Concord Street, C3, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Orsini F, Fumagalli S, Császár E, Tóth K, De Blasio D, Zangari R, Lénárt N, Dénes Á, De Simoni MG. Mannose-Binding Lectin Drives Platelet Inflammatory Phenotype and Vascular Damage After Cerebral Ischemia in Mice via IL (Interleukin)-1α. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2678-2690. [PMID: 30354247 PMCID: PMC6221395 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Circulating complement factors are activated by tissue damage and contribute to acute brain injury. The deposition of MBL (mannose-binding lectin), one of the initiators of the lectin complement pathway, on the cerebral endothelium activated by ischemia is a major pathogenic event leading to brain injury. The molecular mechanisms through which MBL influences outcome after ischemia are not understood yet. Approach and Results— Here we show that MBL-deficient (MBL−/−) mice subjected to cerebral ischemia display better flow recovery and less plasma extravasation in the brain than wild-type mice, as assessed by in vivo 2-photon microscopy. This results in reduced vascular dysfunction as shown by the shift from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory vascular phenotype associated with MBL deficiency. We also show that platelets directly bind MBL and that platelets from MBL−/− mice have reduced inflammatory phenotype as indicated by reduced IL-1α (interleukin-1α) content, as early as 6 hours after ischemia. Cultured human brain endothelial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and exposed to platelets from MBL−/− mice present less cell death and lower CXCL1 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 1) release (downstream to IL-1α) than those exposed to wild-type platelets. In turn, MBL deposition on ischemic vessels significantly decreases after ischemia in mice treated with IL-1 receptor antagonist compared with controls, indicating a reciprocal interplay between MBL and IL-1α facilitating endothelial damage. Conclusions— We propose MBL as a hub of pathogenic vascular events. It acts as an early trigger of platelet IL-1α release, which in turn favors MBL deposition on ischemic vessels promoting an endothelial pro-inflammatory phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Orsini
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Eszter Császár
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Krisztina Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Daiana De Blasio
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Rosalia Zangari
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (E.C., K.T., N.L., A.D.)
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy (F.O., S.F., D.D.B., R.Z., M.-G.D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Perego C, Fumagalli S, Miteva K, Kallikourdis M, De Simoni MG. Combined Genetic Deletion of IL (Interleukin)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 Does Not Affect Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice. Stroke 2019; 50:2207-2215. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
After ischemic injury, microglia and infiltrated macrophages may acquire different polarization phenotypes promoting inflammation and injury (M1) or repair and protection (M2). There is evidence that immunomodulation, via type 2 helper T-cells (Th2) cytokines, exerts neuroprotection after ischemia. We investigated the consequences of simultaneous genetic deletion of Th2 cytokines (IL [interleukin]-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13) on the histopathologic outcome, microglia and infiltrated macrophages markers, and ischemic microenvironment at different time points after ischemic injury in mice subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.
Methods—
Wild-type and Th2 cytokine-deficient mice (4KO) were subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery by electrocoagulation and followed up to 5 weeks after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Neuropathologic outcome was assessed at 24 hours (n=6), 7 days (n=6), and 5 weeks (n=6–7) by examination of the ischemic lesion, neuronal count, microglia and infiltrated macrophages markers, brain atrophy, collagen deposition, and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) immunohistochemistry. Selected gene expression was investigated at 7 days (n=6).
Results—
4KO mice showed no difference in lesion and neuronal count 7 days and up to 5 weeks after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery compared with wild type. Ischemic 4KO mice had lower CD16/32 expression at 24 hours, lower CD11b and CD16/32 expression at 7 days than wild type. They had higher CD206 expression at 24 hours, higher CD206 and arginase1 at 7 days, and increased mRNA for CXCL9 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9) compared with wild type. Additional histopathologic analysis, including brain atrophy, gliotic scar, and collagenous scar confirmed no difference between genotypes at 5 weeks.
Conclusions—
This study casts light on the proposed neuroprotective function of Th2 cytokines, showing that combined IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 deletion does not affect the neuropathologic response to ischemic stroke in the subacute and chronic phases. Our findings indicate that Th2 cytokines are not an essential neuroimmunological cue able to drive the brain’s ischemic outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perego
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
- Milan, Italy (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
- Milan, Italy (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
| | - Kapka Miteva
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
- Direzione Scientifica, Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy (K.M., M.K.)
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Direzione Scientifica, Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy (K.M., M.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milano, Italy (M.K.)
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
- Milan, Italy (C.P., S.F., M.-G.D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Central Noradrenergic Agonists in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke-an Overview. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:165-184. [PMID: 31327133 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality with a significant health burden worldwide and few treatment options. Among the short- and long-term effects of ischemic stroke is the cardiovascular sympathetic autonomic dysfunction, presented in part as the by-product of the ischemic damage to the noradrenergic centers of the brain. Unlike high levels in the plasma, the brain may face suboptimal levels of norepinephrine (NE), with adverse effects on the clinical and functional outcomes of ischemic stroke. The intravenous administration of NE and other sympathomimetic agents, in an attempt to increase cerebral perfusion pressure, often aggravates the ischemia-induced rise in blood pressure (BP) with life-threatening consequences for stroke patients, the majority of whom present with hypertension at the time of admission. Unlike the systemic administration, the central administration of NE reduces BP while exerting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. These characteristics of centrally administered NE, combined with the short latency of response, make it an ideal candidate for use in the acute phase of stroke, followed by the use of centrally acting noradrenergic agonists, such as NE reuptake inhibitors and B2-adrenergic receptor agonists for stroke rehabilitation. In addition, a number of nonpharmacological strategies, such as transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) and trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS), have the potential to enhance the central noradrenergic functional activities and improve stroke clinical outcomes. Many factors could influence the efficacy of the noradrenergic treatment in stroke patients. These factors include the type of the noradrenergic agent; the dose, frequency, and duration of administration; the timing of administration in relation to the acute event; and the site and characteristics of the ischemic lesions. Having this knowledge, combined with the better understanding of the regulation of noradrenergic receptors in different parts of the brain, would pave the path for the successful use of the centrally acting noradrenergic agents in the management of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
177
|
Patir A, Shih B, McColl BW, Freeman TC. A core transcriptional signature of human microglia: Derivation and utility in describing region-dependent alterations associated with Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2019; 67:1240-1253. [PMID: 30758077 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing recognition of the pivotal role microglia play in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders has accentuated the need to characterize their function in health and disease. Studies in mouse have applied transcriptome-wide profiling of microglia to reveal key features of microglial ontogeny, functional profile, and phenotypic diversity. While similar, human microglia exhibit clear differences to their mouse counterparts, underlining the need to develop a better understanding of the human microglial profile. On examining published microglia gene signatures, limited consistency was observed between studies. Hence, we sought to derive a core microglia signature of the human central nervous system (CNS), through a comprehensive analysis of existing transcriptomic datasets. Nine datasets derived from cells and tissues, isolated from various regions of the CNS across numerous donors, were subjected independently to an unbiased correlation network analysis. From each dataset, a list of coexpressing genes corresponding to microglia was identified, with 249 genes highly conserved between them. This core signature included known microglial markers, and compared with other signatures provides a gene set specific to microglia in the context of the CNS. The utility of this signature was demonstrated by its use in detecting qualitative and quantitative region-specific alterations in aging and Alzheimer's disease. These analyses highlighted the reactive response of microglia in vulnerable brain regions such as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, additionally implicating pathways associated with disease progression. We believe this resource and the analyses described here, will support further investigations to the contribution of human microglia in CNS health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Patir
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barry W McColl
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Bouybayoune I, Comerio L, Pasetto L, Bertani I, Bonetto V, Chiesa R. Cyclophillin A deficiency accelerates RML-induced prion disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104498. [PMID: 31181281 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases typically involve brain deposition of abnormally folded prion protein, which is associated with activated glia and increased cytokine production. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a ubiquitous protein with peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, which regulates protein folding, and can be secreted by cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. On the basis of in vitro studies, CypA was proposed to mediate glial activation during prion infection. To investigate the role of CypA in vivo, we inoculated CypA+/+, CypA+/- and CypA-/- mice with the RML prion strain, and recorded the time to onset of neurological signs and to terminal disease, and the astrocyte and microglia response at presymptomatic and symptomatic stages. Time to onset of disease and survival were significantly shorter in CypA-deficient mice than CypA-expressing controls. CypA-deficient mice had significantly greater microglial activation in the presymptomatic stage, and analysis of anti- and pro-inflammatory microglial markers indicated a shift towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. There was no difference in astrocyte activation. This suggests that CypA contributes to dampening the pro-inflammatory microglial response during the early stage of RML-induced prion disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihssane Bouybayoune
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Liliana Comerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bertani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Collmann FM, Pijnenburg R, Hamzei-Taj S, Minassian A, Folz-Donahue K, Kukat C, Aswendt M, Hoehn M. Individual in vivo Profiles of Microglia Polarization After Stroke, Represented by the Genes iNOS and Ym1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1236. [PMID: 31214190 PMCID: PMC6558167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain-innate immune cells which actively surveil their environment and mediate multiple aspects of neuroinflammation, due to their ability to acquire diverse activation states and phenotypes. Simplified, M1-like microglia are defined as pro-inflammatory cells, while the alternative M2-like cells promote neuroprotection. The modulation of microglia polarization is an appealing neurotherapeutic strategy for stroke and other brain lesions, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. However, the activation profile and change of phenotype during experimental stroke is not well understood. With a combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging approach and genetic targeting of two key genes of the M1- and M2-like phenotypes, iNOS and Ym1, we were able to monitor in vivo the dynamic adaption of the microglia phenotype in response to experimental stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska M Collmann
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rory Pijnenburg
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Somayyeh Hamzei-Taj
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anuka Minassian
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kat Folz-Donahue
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Aswendt
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Radiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,PERCUROS, Enschede, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Spalloni A, Greco V, Ciriminna G, Corasolla Carregari V, Marini F, Pieroni L, Mercuri NB, Urbani A, Longone P. Impact of Pharmacological Inhibition of Hydrogen Sulphide Production in the SOD1G93A-ALS Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102550. [PMID: 31137614 PMCID: PMC6567312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of factors can trigger amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although its precise pathogenesis is still uncertain. In a previous study done by us, poisonous liquoral levels of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in sporadic ALS patients were reported. In the same study very high concentrations of H2S in the cerebral tissues of the familial ALS (fALS) model of the SOD1G93A mouse, were measured. The objective of this study was to test whether decreasing the levels of H2S in the fALS mouse could be beneficial. Amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA)—a systemic dual inhibitor of cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ lyase (two key enzymes in the production of H2S)—was administered to fALS mice. AOA treatment decreased the content of H2S in the cerebral tissues, and the lifespan of female mice increased by approximately ten days, while disease progression in male mice was not affected. The histological evaluation of the spinal cord of the females revealed a significant increase in GFAP positivity and a significant decrease in IBA1 positivity. In conclusion, the results of the study indicate that, in the animal model, the inhibition of H2S production is more effective in females. The findings reinforce the need to adequately consider sex as a relevant factor in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alida Spalloni
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Viviana Greco
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ciriminna
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Victor Corasolla Carregari
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Marini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, Policlinico Universitario "Tor Vergata", University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Experimental Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Longone
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Tang R, Liu H. Identification of Temporal Characteristic Networks of Peripheral Blood Changes in Alzheimer's Disease Based on Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:83. [PMID: 31178714 PMCID: PMC6537635 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. The study of blood-based biomarkers has lasted for a long time in AD, because it supports the concept that peripheral changes are involved in AD pathology. But it is still unclear how peripheral blood is involved in the temporal characteristic molecular mechanisms of AD from aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and which cells are responsible for the molecular mechanisms. The main purpose of our study is to gain a systematic and comprehensive understanding of temporal characteristic networks of peripheral blood in AD using whole blood samples with 329 case-control samples, including 104 normal elderly control subjects (CTL), 80 MCI who are susceptible to AD, and 145 AD, by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The module-trait relationships were constructed and module preservation was validated with independent datasets GSE63061, GSE97760, GSE18309, GSE29378, GSE28146, and GSE29652. Our results indicate that the down-regulated protein modification and ubiquitin degradation systems, and the up-regulated insulin resistance both play a major role in MCI, while the up-regulated inflammatory cascade dominates in AD, which is mainly mediated by monocytes, macrophages. Although there is mixed activation of M1 and M2 macrophages in all stages of AD, the immune neutral state or M2 polarization may predominate in MCI, and M1 polarization may predominate in AD. Moreover, we found that TRPV2, NDUFV1, ATF4, HSPA8, STAT3 and LUC7L3 may mediate the pathological changes in MCI, while SIRPA, LAMP-2, NDUFB5, HSPA8, STAT3 and FPR2 may mediate the conversion from MCI-AD or the pathological changes in AD, which provide a basis for the treatment based on the peripheral blood system. In addition, we also found that the combined diagnosis based on a panel of genes from the red, blue, and brown modules have a moderate diagnostic effect on distinguishing MCI and AD from CTL, suggesting that those panels of genes may be used for detection of MCI and prediction of this conversion from MCI to AD. Our research emphasizes that pathological changes, based on temporal characteristics of peripheral blood, provide a theoretical basis for targeted peripheral treatment based on appropriate times and identified several diagnostic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huayan Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Cheng M, Yang L, Dong Z, Wang M, Sun Y, Liu H, Wang X, Sai N, Huang G, Zhang X. Folic acid deficiency enhanced microglial immune response via the Notch1/nuclear factor kappa B p65 pathway in hippocampus following rat brain I/R injury and BV2 cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4795-4807. [PMID: 31087489 PMCID: PMC6584545 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that folic acid deficiency (FD) increased the likelihood of stroke and aggravated brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia. The microglia-mediated inflammatory response plays a crucial role in the complicated pathologies that lead to ischaemic brain injury. However, whether FD is involved in the activation of microglia and the neuroinflammation after experimental stroke and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess whether FD modulates the Notch1/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and enhances microglial immune response in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO) model and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated BV-2 cells. Our results exhibited that FD worsened neuronal cell death and exaggerated microglia activation in the hippocampal CA1, CA3 and Dentate gyrus (DG) subregions after cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion. The hippocampal CA1 region was more sensitive to ischaemic injury and FD treatment. The protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 were also augmented by FD treatment in microglial cells of the post-ischaemic hippocampus and in vitro OGD-stressed microglia model. Moreover, FD not only dramatically enhanced the protein expression levels of Notch1 and NF-κB p65 but also promoted the phosphorylation of pIkBα and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Blocking of Notch1 with N-[N-(3, 5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester partly attenuated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and the protein expression of neuroinflammatory cytokines in FD-treated hypoxic BV-2 microglia. These results suggested that Notch1/NF-κB p65 pathway-mediated microglial immune response may be a molecular mechanism underlying cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury worsened by FD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiping Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Sai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Zhang S. Microglial activation after ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2019; 4:71-74. [PMID: 31338213 PMCID: PMC6613941 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2018-000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke can induce rapid activation of microglia. As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglial activation is believed to play a central role in neuroinflammation and pathological progression of ischaemic tissue. The activation of microglia after ischaemia involves several stereotypical events including morphological transformation, proliferation and polarisation. Studies using confocal or two-photon imaging techniques have revealed that the degree of microglial activation is correlated with the degree of ischaemia. Activated microglia display diverse polarisation phenotypes. It remains largely unclear regarding whether activated microglia are beneficial or detrimental to poststroke recovery. This mini-review focuses on the morphological and functional aspects of microglial activation, with particular attention to progress in two-photon imaging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Dual Functions of Microglia in Ischemic Stroke. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:921-933. [PMID: 31062335 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resident microglia are the principal immune cells of the brain, and the first to respond to the pathophysiological changes induced by ischemic stroke. Traditionally, it has been thought that microglial activation is deleterious in ischemic stroke, and therapies to suppress it have been intensively explored. However, increasing evidence suggests that microglial activation is also critical for neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptic remodeling, thereby promoting functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. Here, we comprehensively review the dual role of microglia during the different phases of ischemic stroke, and the possible mechanisms controlling the post-ischemic activity of microglia. In addition, we discuss the dynamic interactions between microglia and other cells, such as neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells within the brain parenchyma and the neurovascular unit.
Collapse
|
185
|
Lambertsen KL, Finsen B, Clausen BH. Post-stroke inflammation-target or tool for therapy? Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:693-714. [PMID: 30483945 PMCID: PMC6482288 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is currently considered a prime target for the development of new stroke therapies. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and then circulating immune cells invade the peri-infarct and infarct core. Resident and infiltrating cells together orchestrate the post-stroke inflammatory response, communicating with each other and the ischemic neurons, through soluble and membrane-bound signaling molecules, including cytokines. Inflammation can be both detrimental and beneficial at particular stages after a stroke. While it can contribute to expansion of the infarct, it is also responsible for infarct resolution, and influences remodeling and repair. Several pre-clinical and clinical proof-of-concept studies have suggested the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions that target inflammation post-stroke. Experimental evidence shows that targeting certain inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-10, holds promise. However, as these cytokines possess non-redundant protective and immunoregulatory functions, their neutralization or augmentation carries a risk of unwanted side effects, and clinical translation is, therefore, challenging. This review summarizes the cell biology of the post-stroke inflammatory response and discusses pharmacological interventions targeting inflammation in the acute phase after a stroke that may be used alone or in combination with recanalization therapies. Development of next-generation immune therapies should ideally aim at selectively neutralizing pathogenic immune signaling, enhancing tissue preservation, promoting neurological recovery and leaving normal function intact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Kanazawa M, Takahashi T, Ishikawa M, Onodera O, Shimohata T, Del Zoppo GJ. Angiogenesis in the ischemic core: A potential treatment target? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:753-769. [PMID: 30841779 PMCID: PMC6501515 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19834158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ischemic penumbra is both a concept in understanding the evolution of cerebral tissue injury outcome of focal ischemia and a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. In this review, we examine the evidence that angiogenesis can contribute to beneficial outcomes following focal ischemia in model systems. Several studies have shown that, following cerebral ischemia, endothelial proliferation and subsequent angiogenesis can be detected beginning four days after cerebral ischemia in the border of the ischemic core, or in the ischemic periphery, in rodent and non-human primate models, although initial signals appear within hours of ischemia onset. Components of the neurovascular unit, its participation in new vessel formation, and the nature of the core and penumbra responses to experimental focal cerebral ischemia, are considered here. The potential co-localization of vascular remodeling and axonal outgrowth following focal cerebral ischemia based on the definition of tissue remodeling and the processes that follow ischemic stroke are also considered. The region of angiogenesis in the ischemic core and its surrounding tissue (ischemic periphery) may be a novel target for treatment. We summarize issues that are relevant to model studies of focal cerebral ischemia looking ahead to potential treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kanazawa
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masanori Ishikawa
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shimohata
- 2 Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gregory J Del Zoppo
- 3 Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,4 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Sandström J, Kratschmar DV, Broyer A, Poirot O, Marbet P, Chantong B, Zufferey F, Dos Santos T, Boccard J, Chrast R, Odermatt A, Monnet-Tschudi F. In vitro models to study insulin and glucocorticoids modulation of trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and in vivo validation in db/db mice. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1649-1664. [PMID: 30993381 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain susceptibility to a neurotoxic insult may be increased in a compromised health status, such as metabolic syndrome. Both metabolic syndrome and exposure to trimethyltin (TMT) are known to promote neurodegeneration. In combination the two factors may elicit additive or compensatory/regulatory mechanisms. Combined effects of TMT exposure (0.5-1 μM) and mimicked metabolic syndrome-through modulation of insulin and glucocorticoid (GC) levels-were investigated in three models: tridimensional rat brain cell cultures for neuron-glia effects; murine microglial cell line BV-2 for a mechanistic analysis of microglial reactivity; and db/db mice as an in vivo model of metabolic syndrome. In 3D cultures, low insulin condition significantly exacerbated TMT's effect on GABAergic neurons and promoted TMT-induced neuroinflammation, with increased expression of cytokines and of the regulator of intracellular GC activity, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-Hsd1). Microglial reactivity increased upon TMT exposure in medium combining low insulin and high GC. These results were corroborated in BV-2 microglial cells where lack of insulin exacerbated the TMT-induced increase in 11β-Hsd1 expression. Furthermore, TMT-induced microglial reactivity seems to depend on mineralocorticoid receptor activation. In diabetic BKS db mice, a discrete exacerbation of TMT neurotoxic effects on GABAergic neurons was observed, together with an increase of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and of basal 11β-Hsd1 expression as compared to controls. These results suggest only minor additive effects of the two brain insults, neurotoxicant TMT exposure and metabolic syndrome conditions, where 11β-Hsd1 appears to play a key role in the regulation of neuroinflammation and of its protective or neurodegenerative consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandström
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Broyer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Poirot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Marbet
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boonrat Chantong
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Zufferey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tania Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroscience and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florianne Monnet-Tschudi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Koizumi T, Taguchi K, Mizuta I, Toba H, Ohigashi M, Onishi O, Ikoma K, Miyata S, Nakata T, Tanaka M, Foulquier S, Steinbusch HWM, Mizuno T. Transiently proliferating perivascular microglia harbor M1 type and precede cerebrovascular changes in a chronic hypertension model. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:79. [PMID: 30971251 PMCID: PMC6456949 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play crucial roles in the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Activated microglia show a biphasic influence, promoting beneficial repair and causing harmful damage via M2 and M1 microglia, respectively. It is well-known that microglia are initially activated to the M2 state and subsequently switch to the M1 state, called M2-to-M1 class switching in acute ischemic models. However, the activation process of microglia in chronic and sporadic hypertension remains poorly understood. We aimed to clarify the process using a chronic hypertension model, the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-treated Wistar rats. METHODS After unilateral nephrectomy, the rats were randomly divided into DOCA-salt, placebo, and control groups. DOCA-salt rats received a weekly subcutaneous injection of DOCA (40 mg/kg) and were continuously provided with 1% NaCl in drinking water. Placebo rats received a weekly subcutaneous injection of vehicle and were provided with tap water. Control rats received no administration of DOCA or NaCl. To investigate the temporal expression profiles of M1- and M2-specific markers for microglia, the animals were subjected to the immunohistochemical and biochemical studies after 2, 3, or 4 weeks DOCA-salt treatment. RESULTS Hypertension occurred after 2 weeks of DOCA and salt administration, when round-shaped microglia with slightly shortened processes were observed juxtaposed to the vessels, although the histopathological findings were normal. After 3 weeks of DOCA and salt administration, M1-state perivascular and parenchyma microglia significantly increased, when local histopathological findings began to be observed but cerebrovascular destruction did not occur. On the other hand, M2-state microglia were never observed around the vessels at this period. Interestingly, prior to M1 activation, about 55% of perivascular microglia transiently expressed Ki-67, one of the cell proliferation markers. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the resting perivascular microglia directly switched to the pro-inflammatory M1 state via a transient proliferative state in DOCA-salt rats. Our results suggest that the activation machinery of microglia in chronic hypertension differs from acute ischemic models. Proliferative microglia are possible initial key players in the development of hypertension-induced cerebral vessel damage. Fine-tuning of microglia proliferation and activation could constitute an innovative therapeutic strategy to prevent its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koizumi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Taguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mizuta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroe Toba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohigashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Okihiro Onishi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ikoma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Specific contribution of mannose-binding lectin murine isoforms to brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:218-226. [PMID: 30967639 PMCID: PMC7052250 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), an initiator of the lectin pathway (LP) of complement activation, is detrimental in ischemic stroke, as shown in clinical studies and rodent models. Whereas humans have one functional MBL protein, rodents have two isoforms, MBL-A and MBL-C, whose functions relative to that of human MBL are unknown. To permit the clinical translation of preclinical data, we aimed to define the specific contributions of MBL-A and MBL-C to brain ischemia. We subjected mice with double (MBL−/−) or single (MBL-A−/− or MBL-C−/−) MBL isoform depletion to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). MBL−/− mice had fewer neurological deficits and smaller ischemic lesions than WT mice. MBL-A−/− mice had smaller lesions than WT mice and exhibited no significant behavioral defects, whereas MBL-C−/− mice did not differ from WT mice. The induction of Mbl1 and Mbl2 (the MBL-A and MBL-C genes) expression 48 h after tMCAo was similar across genotypes. The time course of Mbl1 and Mbl2 expression in WT ischemic mice showed that Mbl1 activation occurred earlier (24 h) than Mbl2 activation (48 h). The plasma levels of MBL-A and MBL-C in MBL-C−/− and MBL-A−/− mice, respectively, were similar to those in WT mice both at baseline and at 48 h after tMCAo. At 48 h, MBL-A−/− ischemic mice showed higher MBL-C levels in the brain than WT mice. WT and MBL-C−/− ischemic mice had higher LP activity in plasma and, accordingly, higher levels of C3 deposition in the brain than MBL-A−/− and MBL−/− mice. In conclusion, mice with depletion of both MBL isoforms exhibited strong protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury. MBL-A was the main contributor to injury, likely owing to its earlier activation after ischemia and more efficient activation of the complement system than MBL-C.
Collapse
|
190
|
Neuregulin-1 Fosters Supportive Interactions between Microglia and Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8397158. [PMID: 31089334 PMCID: PMC6476022 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8397158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia play diverse roles in homeostasis and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). Their response to injury or insult is critical for initiating neuroinflammation and tissue damage as well as resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Changes to the microenvironment of microglia appear to be a key determinant of their phenotype and their role in the endogenous repair process in the injured or diseased CNS. Our recent findings have identified a positive role for neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) in regulating immune response in spinal cord injury and focal demyelinating lesions. We show that increasing the tissue availability of Nrg-1 after injury can promote endogenous repair by modulating neuroinflammation. In the present study, we sought to elucidate the specific role of Nrg-1 in regulating microglial activity and more importantly their influence on the behavior of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs). Using injury-relevant in vitro systems, we demonstrate that Nrg-1 attenuates the expression of proinflammatory mediators in activated microglia. Moreover, we provide novel evidence that availability of Nrg-1 can restore the otherwise suppressed phagocytic ability of proinflammatory microglia. Interestingly, the presence of Nrg-1 in the microenvironment of proinflammatory microglia mitigates their inhibitory effects on NPC proliferation. Nrg-1 treated proinflammatory microglia also augment mobilization of NPCs, while they had no influence on their suppressive effects on NPC differentiation. Mechanistically, we show that Nrg-1 enhances the interactions of proinflammatory microglia and NPCs, at least in part, through reduction of TNF-α expression in microglia. These findings provide new insights into the endogenous regulation of microglia-NPC interactions and identify new potential targets for optimizing this important crosstalk during the regenerative process after CNS injury and neuroinflammatory conditions.
Collapse
|
191
|
Arac A, Grimbaldeston MA, Galli SJ, Bliss TM, Steinberg GK. Meningeal Mast Cells as Key Effectors of Stroke Pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:126. [PMID: 31001088 PMCID: PMC6457367 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in the United States. Because post-stroke inflammation is a critical determinant of damage and recovery after stroke, understanding the interplay between the immune system and the brain after stroke holds much promise for therapeutic intervention. An understudied, but important aspect of this interplay is the role of meninges that surround the brain. All blood vessels travel through the meningeal space before entering the brain parenchyma, making the meninges ideally located to act as an immune gatekeeper for the underlying parenchyma. Emerging evidence suggests that the actions of immune cells resident in the meninges are essential for executing this gatekeeper function. Mast cells (MCs), best known as proinflammatory effector cells, are one of the long-term resident immune cells in the meninges. Here, we discuss recent findings in the literature regarding the role of MCs located in the meningeal space and stroke pathology. We review the latest advances in mouse models to investigate the roles of MCs and MC-derived products in vivo, and the importance of using these mouse models. We examine the concept of the meninges playing a critical role in brain and immune interactions, reevaluate the perspectives on the key effectors of stroke pathology, and discuss the opportunities and challenges for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Arac
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tonya M. Bliss
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Stroke Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gary K. Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Stroke Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Pilose antler polypeptides ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress and improves gut microbiota in hypoxic-ischemic injured rats. Nutr Res 2019; 64:93-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
193
|
Zhu J, Wan Y, Xu H, Wu Y, Hu B, Jin H. The role of endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator in neuronal survival after ischemic stroke: friend or foe? Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1489-1506. [PMID: 30656378 PMCID: PMC11105644 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has highly efficient fibrinolytic activity and its recombinant variants alteplase and tenecteplase are established as highly effective thrombolytic drugs for ischemic stroke. Endogenous tPA is constituted of five functional domains through which it interacts with a variety of substrates, binding proteins and receptors, thus having enzymatic and cytokine-like effects to act on all cell types of the brain. In the past 2 decades, numerous studies have explored the clinical relevance of endogenous tPA in neurological diseases, especially in ischemic stroke. tPA is released from many cells within the brain parenchyma exposed to ischemia conditions in vitro and in vivo, which is believed to control neuronal fate. Some studies proved that tPA could induce blood-brain barrier disruption, neural excitotoxicity and inflammation, while others indicated that tPA also has anti-excitotoxic, neurotrophic and anti-apoptotic effects on neurons. Therefore, more work is needed to elucidate how tPA mediates such opposing functions that may amplify tPA from a therapeutic means into a key therapeutic target in endogenous neuroprotection after stroke. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics and pleiotropic functions of tPA in the brain. Then we focus on possible hypotheses about why and how endogenous tPA mediates ischemic neuronal death and survival. Finally, we analyze how endogenous tPA affects neuron fate in ischemic stroke in a comprehensive view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Hexiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yulang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Zhu Q, Zhu YY, Wang WN. TRUSS inhibition protects against high fat diet (HFD)-stimulated brain injury by alleviation of inflammatory response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:41-48. [PMID: 30765221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and other chronic, diet associated illnesses, including neuroinflammation and brain injury. However, the involvement of inflammatory response in HFD-elicited central nerve injury has yet to be fully determined. Recent studies have indicated that tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated ubiquitous scaffolding and signaling protein (TRUSS), also known as TRPC4AP, plays an essential role in regulating inflammation via the meditation of NF-κB signaling. In the present study, we attempted to explore the effects of TRUSS on HFD-induced brain injury in the wild type mice (TRUSS+/+) or TRUSS-knockout mice (TRUSS-/-). The results suggested that TRUSS deletion attenuated HFD-induced cognitive impairments in mice. HFD-elicited metabolic disorders were also highly improved by the loss of TRUSS, as evidenced by the reduced serum glucose and insulin levels, as well as the lipid deposition in liver tissues. In addition, HFD-triggered brain injury was markedly alleviated by the TRUSS ablation, as proved by the reduction of GFAP and Iba1 expressions in hippocampus and hypothalamus. Moreover, TRUSS-/- mice exhibited a significant decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, accompanied with the inactivation of IKKα/IκBα/NF-κB pathway. At the same time, HFD-induced dyslipidemia was also alleviated by the loss of TRUSS. The in vitro study verified the protective effects of TRUSS-suppression against HFD-induced central nerve injury and hepatic steatosis by restraining the inflammatory response. In summary, our data indicated that TRUSS participated in metabolic syndrome-induced brain injury and pointed to the repression of TRUSS as a promising strategy for cognitive deficits therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Pain, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Yong-Yi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Wei-Ning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Shanxian Central Hospital, Shanxian, Shandong, 274300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Chan MWY, Viswanathan S. Recent progress on developing exogenous monocyte/macrophage-based therapies for inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:393-415. [PMID: 30871899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are a rapidly developing area of regenerative medicine as dynamic treatments that execute therapeutic functions multimodally. Monocytes and macrophages, as innate immune cells that control inflammation and tissue repair, are increasing popular clinical candidates due to their spectrum of functionality. In this article, we review the role of monocytes and macrophages specifically in inflammatory and degenerative disease pathology and the evidence supporting the use of these cells as an effective therapeutic strategy. We compare current strategies of exogenously polarized monocyte/macrophage therapies regarding dosage, delivery and processing to identify outcomes, advances and challenges to their clinical use. Monocytes/macrophages hold the potential to be a promising therapeutic avenue but understanding and optimization of disease-specific efficacy is needed to accelerate their clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mable Wing Yan Chan
- Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Fujikura M, Iwahara N, Hisahara S, Kawamata J, Matsumura A, Yokokawa K, Saito T, Manabe T, Matsushita T, Suzuki S, Shimohama S. CD14 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Promote Fibrillar Aβ42 Uptake by Microglia Through A Clathrin-Mediated Pathway. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:323-337. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Fujikura
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Iwahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin Hisahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamata
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumura
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yokokawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Manabe
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Syuuichirou Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
He S, Liu R, Li B, Huang L, Fan W, Tembachako CR, Zheng X, Xiong X, Miyata M, Xu B, Li Y, Fang W. Propagermanium, a CCR2 inhibitor, attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting inflammatory response induced by microglia. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:99-110. [PMID: 30794846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CCR2 could recruit immune cells migrating into brain after ischemic stroke. It is unclear whether and why Propagermanium (PG, a CCR2 inhibitor) is able to protect against ischemic injury. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion injury in C57BL/6 J male mice were performed in vivo to mimic ischemic stroke. Cultured BV2 microglia exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation injury, LPS or IL-4 incubation were served in vitro. TTC staining, neurological score, brain water content, and MRI scan were performed to evaluate stroke outcome. Real time PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence were used to estimate inflammatory cytokines expression and releasing. Western blot was utilized to detect pSTAT1/STAT1 expression. Compared with MCAO mice, PG treatment significantly reduced infarction size and brain edema, improved neurological behavior at 72 h after MCAO. For inflammatory response, PG treatment inhibited inflammatory cytokines releasing, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23. Further studies indicated that PG treatment downregulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory iNOS and CD86, and inhibited CD16 expressed in microglia. In vitro, PG incubation inhibited BV2 polarized to pro-inflammatory phenotype through STAT1 downregulation, while had no obvious effect on anti-inflammatory phenotype. Our observations suggest that CCR2 inhibitor PG downregulated pro-inflammatory microglia polarization for decreasing pro-inflammatory microglia phenotype marker, and thereafter inhibited inflammatory responses after MCAO in a STAT1-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Binbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Wenxiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Charmaine Ruvimbo Tembachako
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoya Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430006, China
| | - Masaaki Miyata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kagoshima City Hospital, Japan
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Shen F, Jiang L, Han F, Degos V, Chen S, Su H. Increased Inflammatory Response in Old Mice is Associated with More Severe Neuronal Injury at the Acute Stage of Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2019; 10:12-22. [PMID: 30705764 PMCID: PMC6345332 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke occurs mostly in patients with advanced age. Elderly patients have a less favorable prognosis compared with young adult patients. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we tested our hypothesis that an increased inflammatory response to acute ischemic injury in old stroke mice leads to more severe brain damage and behavioral dysfunction. An ischemic stroke model was created in 2- and 12-month-old C57BL/6 mice through permanent occlusion of the left distal middle cerebral artery (dMCAO). Infarct/atrophy volumes were quantified by staining the brain sections with Cresyl Violet. Sensorimotor function was assessed using the corner test and adhesive removal test. Quantification of CD68+ cells in the peri-infarct region was performed at 1, 3 and 14 days after dMCAO. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the ischemic brain tissue were measured using ELISA. Western blot was used to determine the expression levels of tight junction proteins, claudin-5 and zonula occludens (ZO)-1. Blood-brain barrier permeability was measured by Evans blue (EB) extravasation. Gelatinase B (MMP-9, type IV collagenase) was measured by gel zymography. Compared to 2-month-old mice, 12-month-old mice had more severe behavioral deficits at both the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Compared with the 2-month-old mice, 12-month-old mice had larger infarct/atrophy volumes at 1 and 14 days after dMCAO, higher levels of IL-6 and IL-1β, higher MMP9 activity, and lower levels of claudin-5 and ZO-1 at 1 and 3 days after dMCAO. 12-month-old mice also had more CD68+ cells in the peri-infarct region at 1, 3 and 14 days after dMCAO and more EB leakage at 3 days after dMCAO. A higher inflammatory response at the acute stage of ischemic stroke in old mice is associated with more severe neuronal injury and long-term behavioral dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanxia Shen
- 1Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,2Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lidan Jiang
- 2Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Frank Han
- 2Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vincent Degos
- 2Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- 1Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Su
- 2Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Fumagalli S, Fiordaliso F, Perego C, Corbelli A, Mariani A, De Paola M, De Simoni MG. The phagocytic state of brain myeloid cells after ischemia revealed by superresolution structured illumination microscopy. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:9. [PMID: 30651101 PMCID: PMC6335825 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phagocytosis is a key function of myeloid cells and is highly involved in brain ischemic injury. It has been scarcely studied in vivo, thus preventing a deep knowledge of the processes occurring in the ischemic environment. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a superresolution technique which helps study phagocytosis, a process involving the recruitment of vesicles sized below the resolution limits of standard confocal microscopy. METHODS Mice underwent permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and were sacrificed at 48 h or 7 days after insult. Immunofluorescence for CD11b, myeloid cell membrane marker, and CD68, lysosomal marker was done in the ischemic area. Images were acquired using a SIM system and verified with SIM check. Lysosomal distribution was measured in the ischemic area by the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). SIM dataset was compared with transmission electron microscopy images of macrophages in the ischemic tissue at the same time points. Cultured microglia were stimulated with LPS to uptake 100 nm fluorescent beads and imaged by time-lapse SIM. GLCM was used to analyze bead distribution over the cytoplasm. RESULTS SIM images reached a resolution of 130 nm and passed the quality control diagnose, ruling out possible artifacts. After ischemia, GLCM applied to the CD68 images showed that myeloid cells at 48 h had higher angular second moment (ASM), inverse difference moment (IDM), and lower entropy than myeloid cells at 7 days indicating higher lysosomal clustering at 48 h. At this time point, lysosomal clustering was proximal (< 700 nm) to the cell membrane indicating active target internalization, while at 7 days, it was perinuclear, consistent with final stages of phagocytosis or autophagy. Electron microscopy images indicated a similar pattern of lysosomal distribution thus validating the SIM dataset. GLCM on time-lapse SIM from phagocytic microglia cultures revealed a temporal decrease in ASM and IDM and increase in entropy, as beads were uptaken, indicating that GLCM informs on the progression of phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS GLCM analysis on SIM dataset quantitatively described different phases of macrophage phagocytic behavior revealing the dynamics of lysosomal movements in the ischemic brain indicating initial active internalization vs. final digestion/autophagy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnostic imaging
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lysosomes/pathology
- Lysosomes/ultrastructure
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myeloid Cells/physiology
- Myeloid Cells/ultrastructure
- Optical Imaging/methods
- Phagocytosis/physiology
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano De Paola
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Stopping Inflammation in Stroke: Role of ST2/IL-33 Signaling. J Neurosci 2019; 37:9614-9616. [PMID: 28978698 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1863-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|