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Berkman BE, Mastroianni AC, Jamal L, Solis C, Taylor HA, Hull SC. The Ethics of Repurposing Previously Collected Research Biospecimens in an Infectious Disease Pandemic. Ethics Hum Res 2021; 43:2-18. [PMID: 33620774 PMCID: PMC8014521 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the early days of a pandemic, repurposing biospecimens from established research projects could prove to be extraordinarily useful in achieving substantial and timely public health benefits. Nonetheless, there are potential ethical and regulatory uncertainties that may impede access to those valuable biospecimens. In this article, we argue that there should be a presumption in favor of using previously collected identifiable research biospecimens without reconsent to directly address an infectious disease pandemic, assuming certain conditions are met. This argument fills a unique yet critical gap in decision-making where the specific consent accompanying the identifiable biospecimens would not otherwise permit repurposing. Further, it suggests that even if gaining reconsent is feasible, doing so in a fast-moving crisis is not necessary. This analysis also attempts to address the ethical concerns of public health authorities who already may have the power to use such specimens but are reluctant to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Berkman
- Faculty member at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Bioethics and the deputy director of the National Human Genome Research Institute's Bioethics Core at the NIH
| | | | - Leila Jamal
- Affiliated scholar in the NIH Department of Bioethics, a genomics education specialist at the National Cancer Institute, and serves as the associate director for cancer genomics in the Johns Hopkins/NIH Genetic Counseling master's degree program
| | | | | | - Sara Chandros Hull
- Faculty member at the NIH Department of Bioethics and the director of the National Human Genome Research Institute's Bioethics Core at the NIH
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152
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Zhang JY, Shang T, Ahn D, Chen K, Coté G, Espinoza J, Mendez CE, Spanakis EK, Thompson B, Wallia A, Wisk LE, Kerr D, Klonoff DC. How to Best Protect People With Diabetes From the Impact of SARS-CoV-2: Report of the International COVID-19 and Diabetes Summit. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:478-514. [PMID: 33476193 PMCID: PMC7925443 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820978399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has rapidly involved the entire world and exposed the pressing need for collaboration between public health and other stakeholders from the clinical, scientific, regulatory, pharmaceutical, and medical device and technology communities. To discuss how to best protect people with diabetes from serious outcomes from COVID-19, Diabetes Technology Society, in collaboration with Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, hosted the "International COVID-19 and Diabetes Virtual Summit" on August 26-27, 2020. This unique, unprecedented real-time conference brought together physicians, scientists, government officials, regulatory experts, industry representatives, and people with diabetes from six continents to review and analyze relationships between COVID-19 and diabetes. Over 800 attendees logged in. The summit consisted of five sessions: (I) Keynotes, (II) Preparedness, (III) Response, (IV) Recovery, and (V) Surveillance; eight parts: (A) Background, (B) Resilience, (C) Outpatient Care, (D) Inpatient Care, (E) Resources, (F) High-Risk Groups, (G) Regulation, and (H) The Future; and 24 sections: (1) Historic Pandemics and Impact on Society, (2) Pathophysiology/Risk Factors for COVID-19, (3) Social Determinants of COVID-19, (4) Preparing for the Future, (5) Medications and Vaccines, (6) Psychology of Patients and Caregivers, (7) Outpatient Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Pharmacologic Intervention, (8) Technology and Telehealth for Diabetes Outpatients, (9) Technology for Inpatients, (10) Management of Diabetes Inpatients with COVID-19, (11) Ethics, (12) Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests, (13) Children, (14) Pregnancy, (15) Economics of Care for COVID-19, (16) Role of Industry, (17) Protection of Healthcare Workers, (18) People with Diabetes, (19) International Responses to COVID-19, (20) Government Policy, (21) Regulation of Tests and Treatments, (22) Digital Health Technology, (23) Big Data Statistics, and 24) Patient Surveillance and Privacy. The two keynote speeches were entitled (1) COVID-19 and Diabetes-Meeting the Challenge and (2) Knowledge Gaps and Research Opportunities for Diabetes and COVID-19. While there was an emphasis on diabetes and its interactions with COVID-19, the panelists also discussed the COVID-19 pandemic in general. The meeting generated many novel ideas for collaboration between experts in medicine, science, government, and industry to develop new technologies and disease treatment paradigms to fight this global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trisha Shang
- Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame,
CA, USA
| | - David Ahn
- Mary & Dick Allen Diabetes Center,
Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- National Institutes of Health, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gerard Coté
- Texas A&M Engineering Experiment
Station Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Juan Espinoza
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Elias K. Spanakis
- School of Medicine, University of
Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Amisha Wallia
- Feinberg School of Medicine,
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren E. Wisk
- David Geffen School of Medicine,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Kerr
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute,
Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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153
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Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Kronenberg G. Psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of COVID-19. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:235-248. [PMID: 33221936 PMCID: PMC7680256 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infections have spread quickly, resulting in massive healthcare burden to societies worldwide. The most urgent interventions needed in the present climate include epidemiological measures to reduce the spread of infection, efficient treatment of patients with severe illness to reduce mortality rates, as well as development of diagnostic tests. Alongside this, the acute, medium, and long-term mental-health consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak for patients, their family members, medical professionals, and the public at large should not be underestimated. Here, we draw on evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks (i.e., SARS, MERS) and emerging evidence from China, Europe, Asia and the US to synthesize the current knowledge regarding the psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
- The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4QF, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - G Kronenberg
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Farm Lodge, Farm Drive, Leicester, LE3 9Q4, UK
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154
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Liu A, Chen Z, Cheng Y, Wang X, Gao M, Huang C. Tocilizumab for Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: Experience from 5 Geriatric Chinese Patients with 6 Months Follow-up. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 2:35-42. [PMID: 36467896 PMCID: PMC9524772 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enable physicians to understand the efficacy and safety of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in patients with severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). METHODS We respectively reviewed the clinical records, laboratory results, and chest computed tomography (CT) scans of 5 geriatric patients with severe COVID-19 treated with TCZ during their inpatient hospitalization period in Wuhan from February 08, 2020 to April 04, 2020. The survival status of the patients in the third and the sixth month after being discharged was followed up and recorded. RESULTS On the fourteenth day after TCZ administration, periphery oxygen saturation rate (SpO2) returned to normal in 4 patients. The serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels altered in five patients after TCZ infusion. One patient rapidly progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and died of multiple organ failures eventually. The other 4 patients were cured and discharged from the hospital. During the inpatient hospitalization period, two patients suffered from virus shedding periods (VSPs) delay, and one patient had mild upper respiratory tract infection. One patient died of esophageal carcinoma one month after being discharged. The other 3 patients survived despite mild cough and insomnia. Serum-specific IgG type antibody titer was decreased in one patient. Six months after being discharged, the other three patients were in good condition. CONCLUSION TCZ may be an efficient therapeutic option for patients with COVID-19. However, the possibility of VSPs delay, secondary infection, serum protective antibody tilter attenuation, and long-term survival status should be addressed before TCZ therapy initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Xutao Wang
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Cibo Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
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155
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Queiroz JADS, Rampazzo RDCP, Filho EBDS, Oliveira GS, Oliveira SDC, Souza LFB, Pereira SDS, Rodrigues MMDS, Maia ACS, da Silva CC, Mendonça ALFDM, Lugtenburg CAB, Aguiar FDAA, Rodrigues RDSS, Santos CHN, Guimarães APDS, Máximo FR, Santos ADOD, Krieger MA, Salcedo JMV, Dall'Acqua DSV. Development of a quantitative one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a biological matrix. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:373-378. [PMID: 33434663 PMCID: PMC7831874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in China in late 2019. The rapid viral spread has made the disease a public health emergency of worldwide concern. The gold standard for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 is reverse transcription followed by qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); however, the role of viral load quantification has not been thoroughly investigated yet. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a high-precision quantitative one-step RT-qPCR reaction using the association of the viral target and the human target in the same reaction. METHODS The assay standardization involved the absolute quantification method, with serial dilutions of a plasmid with the N gene in a biological matrix to build a standard curve. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results demonstrated the possibility of quantifying as few as 2.5 copies/reaction and an analysis of 244 patients with known results selected by cross-section that revealed 100% agreement with a qualitative RT-qPCR assay registered by Anvisa. In this population, it was possible to quantify patients with between 2.59 and 3.5 × 107 copies per reaction and negative patients continued to indicate the same result. CONCLUSION This assay can be a useful tool for a proper patient management, because the level and duration of viral replication are important factors to assess the risk of transmission and to guide decisions regarding the isolation and release of patients; an accurate diagnosis is critical information, whereas the current COVID-19 pandemic represents the biggest current global health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Alves da Silva Queiroz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia- PGBIOEXP/UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Edivá Basílio da Silva Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia- PGBIOEXP/UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luan Felipo Botelho Souza
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Rondônia - LACEN/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia- PGBIOEXP/UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cicileia Correia da Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Rondônia - LACEN/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Deusilene Souza Vieira Dall'Acqua
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia- PGBIOEXP/UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
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156
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Çınar T, Hayıroğlu Mİ, Çiçek V, Kılıç Ş, Asal S, Yavuz S, Selçuk M, Yalçınkaya E, Keser N, Orhan AL. Is prognostic nutritional index a predictive marker for estimating all-cause in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular risk factors? Heart Lung 2021; 50:307-312. [PMID: 33482433 PMCID: PMC7832700 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the possible association between the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and in-hospital mortality rates in cases with a high cardiovascular risk burden and hospitalized with the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective and cross-sectional study included 294 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a tertiary referral pandemic center. The study cohort was grouped into tertiles based on the initial PNI values as T1, T2, and T3. The PNI was calculated for each case and the prognostic value of this index was compared to CURB-65 and 4C mortality risk scores in predicting in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Patients stratified into the T1 tertile had a lower lymphocyte count, serum albumin level, and PNI values. In a multivariate analysis, the PNI (OR: 0.688,%95CI: 0.586-0.808, p < 0.001) was an independent predictor for all-cause in-hospital death. After adjusting for confounding independent parameters, patients included in the T1 tertile were found to have 11.2 times higher rates of in-hospital mortality compared to the T3 group, which was presumed as the reference group. In addition, we found that the area under curve (AUC) value of PNI was significantly elevated than that of serum albumin level and total lymphocyte counts alone. [(AUC):0.79 vs AUC:0.75 vs AUC:0.69; respectively). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the PNI is independently related with in-hospital mortality in patient with COVID-19 and cardiovascular risk factors. The power of the PNI was also validated using well-accepted risk scores of COVID-19 such as CURB-65 and 4C mortality risk scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tufan Çınar
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mert İlker Hayıroğlu
- Dr. Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vedat Çiçek
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şahhan Kılıç
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Süha Asal
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Samet Yavuz
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Selçuk
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Yalçınkaya
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurgül Keser
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Lütfullah Orhan
- Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Health Science University, Tibbiye Street, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
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157
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Capodice JL, Chubak BM. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine-potential therapeutic application for the treatment of COVID-19. Chin Med 2021; 16:24. [PMID: 33618736 PMCID: PMC7897885 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a complete medical system that has evolved over millennia to include practices and procedures such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, manual therapies, nutrition, and mind-body therapies such as qi gong. In modern-day China and other Asian countries, TCM is a medical subspecialty utilized alongside western biomedicine. During the current Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, TCM and TCM herbal medicine is being used and a number of single herbs and combination formulas have significant bioactivity and therapeutic potential. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the use of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19. This commentary provides the reader with a concise background on COVID-19 and summarizes TCM concepts including identification, pattern diagnosis, and treatment principles commonly used for the treatment of viral influenza-like diseases. It also highlights some of the challenges and potential for using TCM in an integrated medical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Capodice
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Barbara M Chubak
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
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158
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Alharthi FA, Al-Zaqri N, Alsalme A, Al-Taleb A, Pooventhiran T, Thomas R, Rao DJ. Excited-state electronic properties, structural studies, noncovalent interactions, and inhibition of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 proteins in Ripretinib by first-principle simulations. J Mol Liq 2021; 324:115134. [PMID: 33390634 PMCID: PMC7765765 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ripretinib is a recently developed drug for the treatment of adults with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. This paper reports an attempt to study this molecule by electronic modeling and molecular mechanics to determine its composition and other specific chemical features via the density-functional theory (DFT), thereby affording sufficient information on the electronic properties and descriptors that can enable the estimation of its molecular bioactivity. We explored most of the physico-chemical properties of the molecule, as well as its stabilization, via the studies of the natural bond orbitals and noncovalent interactions. The electronic excitation, which is a time-dependent process, was examined by the time-dependent DFT with a CAM-B3LYP functional. The molecular docking study indicated that Ripretinib strongly docks with three known novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-n-CoV-2) proteins with a reasonably good docking score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad A Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil Al-Zaqri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan Al-Taleb
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - T Pooventhiran
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - Renjith Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - D Jagadeeswara Rao
- Department of Physics, Dr. Lankapalli Bullayya College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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159
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Melka AB, Louzoun Y. Evaluation of the number of undiagnosed infected in an outbreak using source of infection measurements. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3601. [PMID: 33574387 PMCID: PMC7878881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In times of outbreaks, an essential requirement for better monitoring is the evaluation of the number of undiagnosed infected individuals. An accurate estimate of this fraction is crucial for the assessment of the situation and the establishment of protective measures. In most current studies using epidemics models, the total number of infected is either approximated by the number of diagnosed individuals or is dependent on the model parameters and assumptions, which are often debated. We here study the relationship between the fraction of diagnosed infected out of all infected, and the fraction of infected with known contaminator out of all diagnosed infected. We show that those two are approximately the same in exponential models and across most models currently used in the study of epidemics, independently of the model parameters. As an application, we compute an estimate of the effective number of infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiva Bruno Melka
- Department of Mathematics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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160
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Tarique M, Ahmad S, Malik A, Ahmad I, Saeed M, Almatroudi A, Qadah T, Murad MA, Mashraqi M, Alam Q, Al-Saleh Y. Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and Other Coronaviruses: A Genome-wide Comparative Annotation and Analysis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2203-2217. [PMID: 33564990 PMCID: PMC7872828 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Novel strain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) causes mild to severe respiratory illness. The early symptoms may be fever, dry cough, sour throat, and difficulty in breathing which may lead to death in severe cases. Compared to previous outbreaks like SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), SARS-CoV2 disease (COVID-19) outbreak has been much distressing due to its high rate of infection but low infection fatality rate (IFR) with 1.4% around the world. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In the month of January 2020, the whole genome of SARS-CoV2 was sequenced which made work easy for researchers to develop diagnostic kits and to carry out drug repurposing to effectively alleviate the pandemic situation in the world. Now, it is important to understand why this virus has high rate of infectivity or is there any factor involved at the genome level which actually facilitates this virus infection globally? In this study, we have extensively analyzed the whole genomes of different coronaviruses infecting humans and animals in different geographical locations around the world. The main aim of the study is to identify the similarity and the mutational adaptation of the coronaviruses from different host and geographical locations to the SARS-CoV2 and provide a better strategy to understand the mutational rate for specific target-based drug designing. This study is focused to every annotation in a comparative manner which includes SNPs, repeat analysis with the different categorization of the short-sequence repeats and long-sequence repeats, different UTR’s, transcriptional factors, and the predicted matured peptides with the specific length and positions on the genomes. The extensive analysis on SNPs revealed that Wuhan SARS-CoV2 and Indian SARS-CoV2 are having only eight SNPs. Collectively, phylogenetic analysis, repeat analysis, and the polymorphism revealed the genomic conserveness within the SARS-CoV2 and few other coronaviruses with very less mutational chances and the huge distance and mutations from the few other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tarique
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Shaban Ahmad
- Department of Computer Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Arshi Malik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Qadah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Postcode 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Abdulaziz Murad
- Department Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutaib Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qamre Alam
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Al-Saleh
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 22490, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
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161
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Demir M, Demir F, Aygun H. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID-19 positivity and severity of the disease. J Med Virol 2021; 93:2992-2999. [PMID: 33512007 PMCID: PMC8013436 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test positivity and clinical outcomes of vitamin D levels measured within the 6 months before the PCR test in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)‐positive patients. In this retrospective cohort study, COVID‐19 (227) and non‐COVID‐19 patients (260) were divided into four groups according to their vitamin D levels: Group I (0–10 ng/ml), Group II (10–20 ng/ml), Group III (20–30 ng/ml), and Group IV (vitamin D > 30 ng/ml). Laboratory test results and the radiological findings were evaluated. In addition, for comparative purposes, medical records of 1200 patients who had a hospital visit in the November 1, 2019–November 1, 2020 period for complaints due to reasons not related to COVID‐19 were investigated for the availability of vitamin D measurements. This search yielded 260 patients with tested vitamin D levels. Vitamin D levels were below 30 ng/ml in 94.27% of 227 COVID‐19‐positive patients (average age, 46.32 ± 1.24 years [range, 20–80 years] and 56.54% women) while 93.07% of 260 non‐COVID‐19 patients (average age, 44.63 ± 1.30 years [range, 18–75 years] and 59.50% women) had vitamin D levels below 30 ng/ml. Nevertheless, very severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/ml) was considerably more common in COVID‐19 patients (44%) (average age, 44.15 ± 1.89 years [range, 23–80 years] and 57.57% women) than in non‐COVID‐19 ones (31%) (average age, 46.50 ± 2.21 years [range, 20–75 years] and 62.5% women). Among COVID‐19‐positive patients, the group with vitamin D levels of >30 ng/ml had significantly lower D‐dimer and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, number levels, number of affected lung segments and shorter hospital stays. No difference was found among the groups in terms of age and gender distribution. Elevated vitamin D levels could decrease COVID‐19 PCR positivity, D‐dime and CRP levels and the number of affected lung segments in COVID‐19‐positive patients, thereby shortening the duration of hospital stays and alleviating the intensity of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Demir
- Department of Nephrology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fadime Demir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aygun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
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162
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Kumar S, Kumar S, Karim A, Bisht K, Ghani A, Munda VS. Outbreak of Respiratory Infection: nCoV-2019 Current Status and Its Impact on Global Health. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x16999201203162129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus-2019 (nCoV-2019) emerged as a potentially infectious respiratory
disease caused by newly discovered β-coronavirus. nCoV-19 has emerged as a global pandemic
due to the rapid transmission and high infection rate commonly involved in acute respiratory illness.
Literature search includes various databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect,
and Scopus for studies published using a different combination of keywords “coronavius”,
“COVID-19”, “SARS”, “MERS”, “antiviral drugs”, “vaccines”, and “immunity”. We collected epidemiology
data from the Worldometer portal (data available till 9 October, 2020). Fever, dry
cough, dyspnea, sore throat, or fatigue are common clinical symptoms of the infection. Cytotoxic
T-cells and T-helper cells plus Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) account for maximum (approximately
80%) of total infiltrate in the pulmonary region of the affected nCoV individuals and act as a significant
contributor to the clearance of the infection. This review intends to outline the literature concerning
the mode of actual transmission, immune response, and possible therapeutic approach
against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Science & Technology (DST) - Centre for Policy Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Adil Karim
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamlesh Bisht
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Abdul Ghani
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vimal Singh Munda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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163
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Goel K, Arora A, Rehman T, Angchuk P, Samphel R, Kiran T, Padhi BK, Rajagopal V, Thakur JS. The successful containment of COVID-19 outbreak in Union Territory of Ladakh, India, 2020. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 9:5574-5579. [PMID: 33532397 PMCID: PMC7842471 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1413_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: A three-member central Rapid Response Team (RRT) was deputed to Union Territory of Ladakh on 26th March 2020, to assess the situation and support the preparedness measures including implementation of cluster containment plan and social distancing measures for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: Central RRT addressed the panchayat sarpanch and religious leaders, sensitized doctors and paramedical staff on COVID-19 situation; conducted situational analysis, review of records and logistics, key informant interviews of senior administrative and healthcare officials, focus group discussions with local community people and field visits to various hospitals, isolation centers, quarantine facilities, and containment zones. Results: A total of 14 COVID-19 cases with no deaths were reported and nine patients had recovered till 4 April 2020. The median (range) age of positive cases was found to be 32.5 (6 months–76 years) years and overall attack rate was 1.65 per 1000 population. Ladakh Government declared Chuchot Gongma, Yokma and Sankoo as the containment zones and deputed surveillance teams. A total of 2397 persons were quarantined and 496 samples were tested from Ladakh. COVID-19 sample testing, Srinagar-Leh highway opening and Iran pilgrimage returnees were the major challenges identified. Conclusions: The Ladakh government must continue the robust surveillance system and stringent strategies in key areas for management of COVID-19 namely – aggressive screening and testing, isolation, quarantine, hand hygiene, respiratory etiquettes and social distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Arora
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanveer Rehman
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Tanvi Kiran
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Bijaya K Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vineeth Rajagopal
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Jarnail S Thakur
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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164
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Vivarelli S, Falzone L, Torino F, Scandurra G, Russo G, Bordonaro R, Pappalardo F, Spandidos DA, Raciti G, Libra M. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors from cancer to COVID‑19: A promising avenue for the treatment of patients with COVID‑19 (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 58:145-157. [PMID: 33491759 PMCID: PMC7864014 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) poses a threat to human life worldwide. Since early March, 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), characterized by an acute and often severe form of pneumonia, has been declared a pandemic. This has led to a boom in biomedical research studies at all stages of the pipeline, from the in vitro to the clinical phase. In line with this global effort, known drugs, currently used for the treatment of other pathologies, including antivirals, immunomodulating compounds and antibodies, are currently used off‑label for the treatment of COVID‑19, in association with the supportive standard care. Yet, no effective treatments have been identified. A new hope stems from medical oncology and relies on the use of immune‑checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In particular, amongst the ICIs, antibodies able to block the programmed death‑1 (PD‑1)/PD ligand-1 (PD‑L1) pathway have revealed a hidden potential. In fact, patients with severe and critical COVID‑19, even prior to the appearance of acute respiratory distress syndrome, exhibit lymphocytopenia and suffer from T‑cell exhaustion, which may lead to viral sepsis and an increased mortality rate. It has been observed that cancer patients, who usually are immunocompromised, may restore their anti‑tumoral immune response when treated with ICIs. Moreover, viral-infected mice and humans, exhibit a T‑cell exhaustion, which is also observed following SARS‑CoV‑2 infection. Importantly, when treated with anti‑PD‑1 and anti‑PD‑L1 antibodies, they restore their T‑cell competence and efficiently counteract the viral infection. Based on these observations, four clinical trials are currently open, to examine the efficacy of anti‑PD‑1 antibody administration to both cancer and non‑cancer individuals affected by COVID‑19. The results may prove the hypothesis that restoring exhausted T‑cells may be a winning strategy to beat SARS‑CoV‑2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vivarelli
- Section of General Pathology, Clinics and Oncology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', I-80131 Naples
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome
| | | | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania
| | | | - Francesco Pappalardo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Tumors, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Massimo Libra
- Section of General Pathology, Clinics and Oncology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Tumors, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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165
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Albert J, Hanisch B, Sgambat K. Approaches to safe living and diet after solid organ transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2021; 25:e13783. [PMID: 32721079 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SOT recipients are at high risk for developing severe infectious complications following discharge from the hospital. Comprehensive anticipatory guidance surrounding everyday lifestyle choices can potentially prevent exposure to infectious agents from the environment. This paper reviews the risks that pediatric and adolescent SOT recipients encounter through exposures such as household contacts, outdoor activities, travel, animal exposures, and dietary choices. Although strong evidence is lacking, this paper makes recommendations aimed at minimizing the risk of infectious complications and hospitalization in pediatric SOT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Albert
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Benjamin Hanisch
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kristen Sgambat
- Pediatric Nephrology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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166
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Kumar S, Singh R, Kumari N, Karmakar S, Behera M, Siddiqui AJ, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Bauddh K, Kumar N. Current understanding of the influence of environmental factors on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, persistence, and infectivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6267-6288. [PMID: 33387315 PMCID: PMC7776306 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a significant public health emergency in recent times. It is a respiratory illness caused by the novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was initially reported in late December 2019. In a span of 6 months, this pandemic spread across the globe leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. Soon after the identification of the causative virus, questions concerning the impact of environmental factors on the dissemination and transmission of the virus, its persistence in environmental matrices, and infectivity potential begin to emerge. As the environmental factors could have far-reaching consequences on infection dissemination and severity, it is essential to understand the linkage between these factors and the COVID-19 outbreak. In order to improve our current understanding over this topic, the present article summarizes topical and substantial observations made regarding the influences of abiotic environmental factors such as climate, temperature, humidity, wind speed, air, and water quality, solid surfaces/interfaces, frozen food, and biotic factors like age, sex, gender, blood type, population density, behavioural characteristics, etc. on the transmission, persistence, and infectivity of this newly recognized SARS-CoV-2 virus. Further, the potential pathways of virus transmission that could pose risk to population health have been discussed, and the critical areas have been identified which merits urgent research for the assessment and management of the COVID-19 outbreak. Where possible, the knowledge gaps requiring further investigation have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Nisha Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Susmita Karmakar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Monalisha Behera
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Kuldeep Bauddh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
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167
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Ortega MA, Fraile-Martínez O, García-Montero C, García-Gallego S, Sánchez-Trujillo L, Torres-Carranza D, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, Pekarek L, García-Honduvilla N, Bujan J, Álvarez-Mon M, Asúnsolo Á, De La Torre B. An integrative look at SARS‑CoV‑2 (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:415-434. [PMID: 33416095 PMCID: PMC7797443 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS‑CoV‑2 is a newly discovered member of the betacoronaviruses and the etiological agent of the disease COVID‑19. SARS‑CoV‑2 is responsible for the worldwide pandemic which has been taking place in 2020, and is causing a markedly higher number of infections and deaths compared to previous coronaviruses, such as SARS‑CoV or MERS‑CoV. Based on updated scientific literature, the present review compiles the most relevant knowledge of SARS‑CoV‑2, COVID‑19 and the clinical and typical responses that patients have exhibited against this virus, discussing current and future therapies, and proposing strategies with which to combat the disease and prevent a further global threat. The aggressiveness of SARS‑CoV‑2 arises from its capacity to infect, and spread easily and rapidly through its tight interaction with the human angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE‑2) receptor. While not all patients respond in a similar manner and may even be asymptomatic, a wide range of manifestations associated with COVID‑19 have been described, particularly in vulnerable population groups, such as the elderly or individuals with other underlying conditions. The proper function of the immune system plays a key role in an individual's favorable response to SARS‑CoV‑2 infection. A hyperactivated response, on the contrary, could account for the more severe cases of COVID‑19, and this may finally lead to respiratory insufficiency and other complications, such as thrombotic or thromboembolic events. The development of novel therapies and vaccines designed to control and regulate a proper immune system response will be key to clinical management, prevention measures and effective population screening to attenuate the transmission of this novel RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Tumor Registry, Pathological Anatomy Service, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | - Sandra García-Gallego
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, 'Andrés M. del Río' Institute of Chemistry (IQAR), University of Alcalá, CIBER-BBN, 28805 Madrid
| | - Lara Sánchez-Trujillo
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Tumor Registry, Pathological Anatomy Service, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, 28031 Madrid
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
| | - Julia Bujan
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Internal Medicine Service, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, CIBEREHD, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid
| | - Ángel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Basilio De La Torre
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain
- Traumatology Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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168
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Savant S, Srinivasan S, Kruthiventi AK. Potential Nutraceuticals for COVID-19. NUTRITION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.2147/nds.s294231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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169
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Rehman T, Singh T, Sharma S, Kumar J, Govindan D, Singh SM. Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic among the Residents of an Urban Slum in North India. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2021; 12:153-158. [PMID: 33531775 PMCID: PMC7846337 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and assess the knowledge, practice, and concerns regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the residents of an urban slum in Chandigarh, India.
Materials and Methods
Participants were screened using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scales.
Results
The mean (standard deviation) age of 200 enrolled participants was 33 (13) years with 83% (
n
= 166) being females. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 3.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95–6.05) and 2.5% (95% CI: 0.34–4.66), respectively. Of total, 46% (
n
= 92) knew that COVID-19 can transmit through droplets and 30.5% (
n
= 61) were concerned that they might get infected with disease. Half of the participants (
n
= 100) believed that there was unnecessary worry regarding COVID-19 and 78% (
n
= 156) covered mouth while coughing or sneezing.
Conclusion
To cope with this critical situation, it is necessary to strengthen the awareness programs targeting the mental health issues of the people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Rehman
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tarundeep Singh
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sugandhi Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitender Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dhanajayan Govindan
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Shubh Mohan Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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170
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Shepherd JM, Fogle B, Garey L, Viana AG, Zvolensky MJ. Worry about COVID-19 in relation to cognitive-affective smoking processes among daily adult combustible cigarette smokers. Cogn Behav Ther 2021; 50:336-350. [PMID: 33511905 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2020.1866657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor for severe disease and death from respiratory infection. Initial data suggest that smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 symptom severity. Exposure to increased pandemic-related stress and subsequent worry about COVID-19 may amplify the desire to smoke to down-regulate distress. The present investigation sought to test this conceptual model by evaluating worry about COVID-19 in relation to COVID-19 coping motives for smoking, perceived barriers for smoking cessation, and smoking abstinence expectancies. Participants were 219 daily combustible cigarette smokers (55.70% female, Mage = 41.43 years, SD = 11.06). Six separate, two-step hierarchical linear regression models were conducted for each of the criterion variables. As expected, worry about COVID-19 was significantly and positively related to COVID-19 coping motives for smoking and perceived barriers for smoking cessation. Worry about COVID-19 also was a positively significant predictor of smoking abstinence expectancies of negative mood, somatic symptoms, and harmful consequences, but not positive consequences. The present study provides novel empirical evidence that worry about COVID-19 is related to key cognitive-affective smoking processes beyond the effects of age, sex, race, ethnicity, COVID-19 exposure, smoking rate, e-cigarette use status, and anxiety symptoms. These results highlight the potential utility in assessing level of worry about COVID-19, a transdiagnostic construct, among combustible cigarette smokers to better understand cognitive-affective factors that may maintain smoking behavior in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brienna Fogle
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andres G Viana
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Institute of Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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171
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Abstract
Abstract
The events surrounding COVID-19, combined with the mandatory quarantines widely imposed in Asia and Europe since the virus outbreak, have reignited discussion of the balance between individual rights and liberties and public health during epidemics and pandemics. This article analyses this issue from the perspectives of precaution and necessity. There is a difficult relationship between these two seemingly opposite principles, both of which are frequently invoked in this domain. Although the precautionary principle (PP) encourages the use of quarantines, including mandatory quarantines, and associated restrictive measures, the principle of necessity (PN) puts a break on such measures. The COVID-19 pandemic reveals once again the different interrelations between these two principles. However, the alleged conflict between the PN and the PP is based on a superficial analysis. The relation between these two principles is far more complex, as this article will demonstrate.
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172
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Fu Z, Huang B, Tang J, Liu S, Liu M, Ye Y, Liu Z, Xiong Y, Zhu W, Cao D, Li J, Niu X, Zhou H, Zhao YJ, Zhang G, Huang H. The complex structure of GRL0617 and SARS-CoV-2 PLpro reveals a hot spot for antiviral drug discovery. Nat Commun 2021; 12:488. [PMID: 33473130 PMCID: PMC7817691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like cysteine protease (PLpro) has been implicated in playing important roles in virus maturation, dysregulation of host inflammation, and antiviral immune responses. The multiple functions of PLpro render it a promising drug target. Therefore, we screened a library of approved drugs and also examined available inhibitors against PLpro. Inhibitor GRL0617 showed a promising in vitro IC50 of 2.1 μM and an effective antiviral inhibition in cell-based assays. The co-crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLproC111S in complex with GRL0617 indicates that GRL0617 is a non-covalent inhibitor and it resides in the ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP) domain of PLpro. NMR data indicate that GRL0617 blocks the binding of ISG15 C-terminus to PLpro. Using truncated ISG15 mutants, we show that the C-terminus of ISG15 plays a dominant role in binding PLpro. Structural analysis reveals that the ISG15 C-terminus binding pocket in PLpro contributes a disproportionately large portion of binding energy, thus this pocket is a hot spot for antiviral drug discovery targeting PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinle Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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do Vale B, Lopes AP, Fontes MDC, Silvestre M, Cardoso L, Coelho AC. Bats, pangolins, minks and other animals - villains or victims of SARS-CoV-2? Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:1-19. [PMID: 33464439 PMCID: PMC7813668 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has become unstoppable, spreading rapidly worldwide and, consequently, reaching a pandemic level. This review aims to provide the information available so far on the likely animal origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its possible hosts/reservoirs as well as all natural animal infections and experimental evidence using animal models. Horseshoe bats from the species Rhinolophus affinis seem to be a natural reservoir and pangolins (Manis javanica) appear to be an intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2. Humans remain the most likely spreading source of SARS-CoV-2 to other humans and also to domestic, zoo and farm animals. Indeed, human-to-animal transmission has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, lions, a puma and minks. Animal-to-human transmission is not a sustained pathway, although mink-to-human transmission remains to be elucidated. Through experimental infections, other animals seem also to be susceptible hosts for SARS-CoV-2, namely ferrets, some non-human primate species, hamsters and transgenic mice, while dogs, pigs and poultry are resistant. A One Health perspective must be implemented in order to develop epidemiological surveillance and establish disease control mechanisms to limit zoonotic transmission. Moreover, research in this field is important to better understand SARS-CoV-2 and to obtain the long-awaited vaccine and specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz do Vale
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria da Conceição Fontes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Silvestre
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, ECAV, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
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174
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Teli DM, Shah MB, Chhabria MT. In silico Screening of Natural Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Spike RBD: Targets for COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:599079. [PMID: 33542917 PMCID: PMC7852456 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.599079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, plants have been sought after as bio-factories for the production of diverse chemical compounds that offer a multitude of possibilities to cure diseases. To combat the current pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), plant-based natural compounds are explored for their potential to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the cause of COVID-19. The present study is aimed at the investigation of antiviral action of several groups of phytoconstituents against SARS-CoV-2 using a molecular docking approach to inhibit Main Protease (Mpro) (PDB code: 6LU7) and spike (S) glycoprotein receptor binding domain (RBD) to ACE2 (PDB code: 6M0J) of SARS-CoV-2. For binding affinity evaluation, the docking scores were calculated using the Extra Precision (XP) protocol of the Glide docking module of Maestro. CovDock was also used to investigate covalent docking. The OPLS3e force field was used in simulations. The docking score was calculated by preferring the conformation of the ligand that has the lowest binding free energy (best pose). The results are indicative of better potential of solanine, acetoside, and rutin, as Mpro and spike glycoprotein RBD dual inhibitors. Acetoside and curcumin were found to inhibit Mpro covalently. Curcumin also possessed all the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters in the range. Thus, phytochemicals like solanine, acetoside, rutin, and curcumin hold potential to be developed as treatment options against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya M Teli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mamta B Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mahesh T Chhabria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
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175
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Mitra D, Verma D, Mahakur B, Kamboj A, Srivastava R, Gupta S, Pandey A, Arora B, Pant K, Panneerselvam P, Ghosh A, Barik DP, Mohapatra PKD. Molecular docking and simulation studies of natural compounds of Vitex negundo L. against papain-like protease (PL pro) of SARS CoV-2 (coronavirus) to conquer the pandemic situation in the world. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5665-5686. [PMID: 33459176 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1873185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) is β-coronavirus that is responsible for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) all over the world. The rapid spread of the novel SARS CoV-2 worldwide is raising a significant global public health issue with nearly 61.86 million people infected and 1.4 million deaths. To date, no specific drugs are available for the treatment of COVID-19. The inhibition of proteases essential for the proteolytic treatment of viral polyproteins is a conventional therapeutic strategy for conquering viral infections. In the study, molecular docking approach was used to screen potential drug compounds among the phytochemicals of Vitex negundo L. against COVID-19 infection. Molecular docking analysis showed that oleanolic acid forms a stable complex and other phyto-compounds ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid and isovitexin of V. negundo natural compounds form a less-stable complex. When compared with the control the synergistic interaction of these compounds shows inhibitory activity against papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19). The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (50 ns) were performed on the complexes of PLpro and the phyto-compounds viz. oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid and isovitexin followed by the binding free energy calculations using MM-GBSA and these molecules have stable interactions with PLpro protein binding site. The MD simulation study provides more insight into the functional properties of the protein-ligand complex and suggests that these molecules can be considered as a potential drug molecule against COVID-19. In this pandemic situation, these herbal compounds provide a rich resource to produce new antivirals against COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Devvret Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhaswatimayee Mahakur
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Anshul Kamboj
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- Department of Applied Sciences, NGF College of Engineering and Technology, Palwal, Haryana, India
| | - Sugam Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ajita Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Kumud Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - P Panneerselvam
- Microbiology, Crop Production Division, ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Durga P Barik
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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176
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Moulahoum H, Ghorbanizamani F, Zihnioglu F, Turhan K, Timur S. How should diagnostic kits development adapt quickly in COVID 19-like pandemic models? Pros and cons of sensory platforms used in COVID-19 sensing. Talanta 2021; 222:121534. [PMID: 33167242 PMCID: PMC7423517 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As COVID-19 has reached pandemic status and the number of cases continues to grow, widespread availability of diagnostic testing is critical in helping identify and control the emergence of this rapidly spreading and serious illness. However, a lacking in making a quick reaction to the threat and starting early development of diagnostic sensing tools has had an important impact globally. In this regard, here we will review critically the current developed diagnostic tools in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and compare the different types through the discussion of their pros and cons such as nucleic acid detection tests (including PCR and CRISPR), antibody and protein-based diagnosis tests. In addition, potential technologies that are under development such as on-site diagnosis platforms, lateral flow, and portable PCR units are discussed. Data collection and epidemiological analysis could also be an interesting factor to incorporate with the emerging technologies especially with the wide access to smartphones. Lastly, a SWOT analysis and perspectives on how the development of novel sensory platforms should be treated by the different decision-makers are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Faezeh Ghorbanizamani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Figen Zihnioglu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kutsal Turhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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177
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Yin X, Riva L, Pu Y, Martin-Sancho L, Kanamune J, Yamamoto Y, Sakai K, Gotoh S, Miorin L, De Jesus PD, Yang CC, Herbert KM, Yoh S, Hultquist JF, García-Sastre A, Chanda SK. MDA5 Governs the Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Lung Epithelial Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108628. [PMID: 33440148 PMCID: PMC7832566 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have profiled the innate immune signatures in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and suggest that cellular responses to viral challenge may affect disease severity. Yet the molecular events that underlie cellular recognition and response to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain to be elucidated. Here, we find that SARS-CoV-2 replication induces a delayed interferon (IFN) response in lung epithelial cells. By screening 16 putative sensors involved in sensing of RNA virus infection, we found that MDA5 and LGP2 primarily regulate IFN induction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further analyses revealed that viral intermediates specifically activate the IFN response through MDA5-mediated sensing. Additionally, we find that IRF3, IRF5, and NF-κB/p65 are the key transcription factors regulating the IFN response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, these findings provide critical insights into the molecular basis of the innate immune recognition and signaling response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, P.R. China
| | - Laura Riva
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jun Kanamune
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouji Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chih-Cheng Yang
- Functional Genomics Core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristina M Herbert
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sunnie Yoh
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60201, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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178
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Khanali J, Malekpour MR, Kolahi AA. Improved dynamics of sharing research findings in the COVID-19 epidemic compared with the SARS and Ebola epidemics. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:105. [PMID: 33422049 PMCID: PMC7794630 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When a new or re-emergent pathogen, such as SARS-CoV-2, causes a major outbreak, rapid access to pertinent research findings is crucial for planning strategies and decision making. We researched whether the speed of sharing research results in the COVID-19 epidemic was higher than the SARS and Ebola epidemics. We also researched whether there is any difference in the most frequent topics investigated before and after the COVID-19, SARS, and Ebola epidemics started. METHODS We used PubMed database search tools to determine the time-period it took for the number of articles to rise after the epidemics started and the most frequent topics assigned to the articles. RESULTS The main results were, first, the rise in the number of articles occurred 6 weeks after the COVID-19 epidemic started whereas, this rise occurred 4 months after the SARS and 7 months after the Ebola epidemics started. Second, etiology, statistics & numerical data, and epidemiology were the three most frequent topics investigated in the COVID-19 epidemic. However, etiology, microbiology, and genetics in the SARS epidemic, and statistics & numerical data, epidemiology, and prevention & control in the Ebola epidemic were more frequently studied compared with other topics. Third, some topics were studied more frequently after the epidemics started. CONCLUSIONS The speed of sharing results in the COVID-19 epidemic was much higher than the SARS and Ebola epidemics, and that there is a difference in the most frequent articles' topics investigated in these three epidemics. Due to the value of time in controlling epidemics spread, the study highlights the necessity of defining more solutions for rapidly providing pertinent research findings in fighting against the next public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Khanali
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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179
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Delikhoon M, Guzman MI, Nabizadeh R, Norouzian Baghani A. Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Factors Influencing on the Airborne Transmission: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E395. [PMID: 33419142 PMCID: PMC7825517 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The multiple modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission including airborne, droplet, contact, and fecal-oral transmissions that cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) contribute to a public threat to the lives of people worldwide. Herein, different databases are reviewed to evaluate modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and study the effects of negative pressure ventilation, air conditioning system, and related protection approaches of this virus. Droplet transmission was commonly reported to occur in particles with diameter >5 µm that can quickly settle gravitationally on surfaces (1-2 m). Instead, fine and ultrafine particles (airborne transmission) can stay suspended for an extended period of time (≥2 h) and be transported further, e.g., up to 8 m through simple diffusion and convection mechanisms. Droplet and airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can be limited indoors with adequate ventilation of rooms, by routine disinfection of toilets, using negative pressure rooms, using face masks, and maintaining social distancing. Other preventive measures recommended include increasing the number of screening tests of suspected carriers of SARS-CoV-2, reducing the number of persons in a room to minimize sharing indoor air, and monitoring people's temperature before accessing a building. The work reviews a body of literature supporting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through air, causing COVID-19 disease, which requires coordinated worldwide strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
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180
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Ghaffari M, Mollazadeh-Bajestani M, Moztarzadeh F, Uludağ H, Hardy JG, Mozafari M. An overview of the use of biomaterials, nanotechnology, and stem cells for detection and treatment of COVID-19: towards a framework to address future global pandemics. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:19-34. [PMID: 33426467 PMCID: PMC7783485 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-020-00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel SARS-like coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has recently become a worldwide pandemic. Researchers from various disciplinary backgrounds (social to natural science, health and medicine, etc.) have studied different aspects of the pandemic. The current situation has revealed how the ongoing development of nanotechnology and nanomedicine can accelerate the fight against the novel viruses. A comprehensive solution to this and future pandemic outbreaks includes preventing the spread of the virus through anti-viral personal protective equipment (PPE) and anti-viral surfaces, plus efforts to encourage behavior to minimize risks. Studies of previously introduced anti-viral biomaterials and their optimization to fight against SARS-CoV-2 is the foundation of most of the recent progress. The identification of non-symptomatic patients and symptomatic patients is vital. Reviewing published research highlights the pivotal roles of nanotechnology and biomaterials in the development and efficiency of detection techniques, e.g., by applying nanotechnology and nanomedicine as part of the road map in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In this review, we discuss efforts to deploy nanotechnology, biomaterials, and stem cells in each step of the fight against SARS-CoV-2, which may provide a framework for future efforts in combating global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghaffari
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fathollah Moztarzadeh
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4 Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Present Address: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Panda B, Chidambaram S, Malakar A. Survival of SARS-COV-2 in untreated and treated wastewater—a review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN TIMES OF COVID-19 2021. [PMCID: PMC8137503 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85512-9.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, a review on the survival of this novel virus in treated and untreated wastewater is proposed. Other coronavirus species are known to survive in wastewater for days to weeks. Present data also shows that SARS-CoV-2 can be present in waste product generated by infected humans. This generated waste can be source of this virus to wastewater stream and being an enveloped virus can survive for longer period, which can be aerosolized and act as secondary transmission source to human exposure. The study reports different wastewater treatment process considered for the removal of this virus and a few studies have made with 100% removal. Thus, it is advisable to adopt the mechanisms, which report 100% removal of the virus from wastewater in order to stop the spread of the virus. Here we suggest this pathway of transmission should be rigorously studied, especially in countries like India, where minimum hygiene and sanitation can be tough to achieve because of high population density. We further suggest looking into major issues to be expected especially in developing countries and future researches need to be focused to minimize the transmission of this lethal virus.
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Yee S, Tan CS, Khan A, Lee KS, Goh BH, Ming LC. SARS-COV-2 as an artificial creation: scientific arguments and counterarguments. J Med Life 2021; 14:118-120. [PMID: 33767796 PMCID: PMC7982270 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2020-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shermaine Yee
- Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ching Siang Tan
- School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Khan
- School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Kah Seng Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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Dastidar MG, Roy S. Public health management during COVID-19 and applications of point-of-care based biomolecular detection approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237533 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the novel human coronavirus, characterized as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a worldwide pandemic. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was first reported at a local wet market in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei province of China at a local wet market. This virus is highly contagious, which gives it the potential for rapid transmission across the world. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can be triggered via respiratory droplets in the air from an infected individual to a healthy individual. Thus, to restrict the transmission of the virus, proper public health management and early diagnosis of infected individual is extremely essential. Considering this, the development of various point-of-care (POC) biomolecular assays lead to the importance of early diagnoses at a larger scale during this pandemic situation. Detecting a minimum level of specific target analytes to a particular disease with less instrumentation and minimum reagents, as well as immidiate outcomes, has appeared a challenging path for researchers. Apart from early-stage diagnosis, public awareness is also important to prevent the spread of the virus. Proper intensive care units, isolation rooms, maintaining hygiene, and wearing masks in public areas are necessary. In this chapter, we have discussed the public health management steps and current clinical diagnostics processes and various advanced technology including, molecular, serological, and nanobiosensing approaches for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Furthermore, we have highlighted the various challenges and limitations associated with health management and early diagnostics technologies during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Additionally, we have summarized various technical aspects of the development of such POC strategies including biomarkers selections, sensing platforms, unit fabrication, and device incorporation.
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184
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Route of SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237645 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the stool of COVID-19 positive persons raises the question of potential fecal-oral transmission. The virus is transported from feces to the sewer system where a dilution of about 103 times occurs, due to the discharge of drinking water, rainwater, or infiltrations. A progressive decay of SARS-CoV-2 occurs along the sewerage network and in wastewater treatment plants due to the presence of pollutants, solids, and detergents. The fragile envelope makes SARS-CoV-2 more rapidly inactivated than enteric viruses. In WWTPs, primary treatment and activated sludge process contribute partially to the virus reduction, while SARS-CoV-2 is more susceptible to disinfection such as chlorination, ozonation, or UV light. Potential sewage-associated transmission of COVID-19 may occur during flooding events in urban areas when untreated wastewater is spread or from the overload of untreated blackwater in the combined sewer systems.
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Abstract
While clinical characteristics exhibit that susceptibility to COVID-19 infection is equally likely between males and females, clinical outcomes show that males experience both a higher severity and fatality for COVID-19 infection than females. This review examines the evidence for these sex and gender differences and aims to illustrate possible mechanisms behind such sensitivity. Successful entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the body is dependent on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Thus, sex-based differences in the expression of the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 may explain the disparities in COVID-19 severity and fatality. Furthermore, these disparities may also be attributed to sex-based difference in immunological responses. Finally, the differences in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infections between men and women may be due to gendered differences in behaviors, such as smoking, and prevalence to comorbidities. An understanding of the sex and gender sensitivities of COVID-19 infection is a necessary component towards the creation of effective treatment options and therapies for the virus. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Mukherjee
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St Suite Cohn 310, Chicago, IL 60612 USA ,Present Address: Honors Program in Medical Education, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St Suite Cohn 310, Chicago, IL 60612 USA ,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
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186
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Esteves SC, Lombardo F, Garrido N, Alvarez J, Zini A, Colpi GM, Kirkman‐Brown J, Lewis SEM, Björndahl L, Majzoub A, Cho C, Vendeira P, Hallak J, Amar E, Cocuzza M, Bento FC, Figueira RC, Sciorio R, Laursen RJ, Metwalley AM, Jindal SK, Parekattil S, Ramasamy R, Alviggi C, Humaidan P, Yovich JL, Agarwal A. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and repercussions for male infertility patients: A proposal for the individualized provision of andrological services. Andrology 2021; 9:10-18. [PMID: 32357288 PMCID: PMC7267121 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged lockdown of health facilities providing non-urgent gamete cryopreservation-as currently recommended by many reproductive medicine entities and regulatory authorities due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will be detrimental for subgroups of male infertility patients. We believe the existing recommendations should be promptly modified and propose that the same permissive approach for sperm banking granted for men with cancer is expanded to other groups of vulnerable patients. These groups include infertility patients (eg, azoospermic and cryptozoospermic) undergoing medical or surgical treatment to improve sperm quantity and quality, as well as males of reproductive age affected by inflammatory and systemic auto-immune diseases who are about to start treatment with gonadotoxic drugs or who are under remission. In both scenarios, the "fertility window" may be transitory; postponing diagnostic semen analysis and sperm banking in these men could compromise the prospects of biological parenthood. Moreover, we provide recommendations on how to continue the provision of andrological services in a considered manner and a safe environment. Our opinion is timely and relevant given the fact that fertility services are currently rated as of low priority in most countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro C. Esteves
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction ClinicCampinasBrazil
- Department of Surgery (Division of Urology)University of Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasBrazil
- Faculty of HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Department of Medical PhysiopathologyUniversity of Rome "La Sapienza"RomeItaly
| | | | | | - Armand Zini
- Division of UrologyDepartment of SurgerySt. Mary’s HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Giovanni M. Colpi
- Andrology ServiceProcrea Swiss Fertility CenterLuganoSwitzerland
- Andrology and IVF DepartmentSan Carlo CinicPaderno Dugnano/MilanoItaly
| | - Jackson Kirkman‐Brown
- Centre for Human Reproductive ScienceIMSRCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Birmingham Women's Fertility CentreBirmingham Women's & Children's NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | | | - Lars Björndahl
- ANOVAKarolinska University Hospital and Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ahmad Majzoub
- Department of UrologyHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine‐QatarDohaQatar
| | - Chak‐Lam Cho
- Department of SurgeryUnion HospitalHong KongHong Kong
- S.H. Ho Urology CentreDepartment of SurgeryThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
| | - Pedro Vendeira
- Urology/Andrology UnitSaúde AtlânticaClínica do DragãoPortoPortugal
| | - Jorge Hallak
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High‐Complex Clinical and Andrology LaboratorySão PauloBrazil
- Division of UrologyUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Men’s Health Study GroupInstitute for Advanced StudiesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Reproductive Toxicology UnitDepartment of PathologyUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Edouard Amar
- Cabinet D’Andrologie Victor HugoAmerican Hospital of Paris Reproductive CenterParisFrance
| | - Marcello Cocuzza
- Human Reproduction CenterDivision of UrologyUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Fabiola C. Bento
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction ClinicCampinasBrazil
| | - Rita C. Figueira
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction ClinicCampinasBrazil
| | - Romualdo Sciorio
- Edinburgh Assisted Conception ProgrammeEFRECRoyal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Ahmad M. Metwalley
- IVF LaboratoryAl Saad Specialist HospitalsJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetic UnitGEBRISadat CityEgypt
| | - Sunil K. Jindal
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyJindal HospitalMeerutIndia
| | | | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of UrologyMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Carlo Alviggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and OdontostomatologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Peter Humaidan
- Faculty of HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Fertility Clinic SkiveSkive Regional HospitalSkiveDenmark
| | - John L. Yovich
- PIVET Medical CentrePerthWAAustralia
- Curtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
- Cairns Fertility CentreCairnsQLDAustralia
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- Andrology CenterDepartment of UrologyCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
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187
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Poongodi M, Malviya M, Hamdi M, Rauf HT, Kadry S, Thinnukool O. The Recent Technologies to Curb the Second-Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2021; 9:97906-97928. [PMID: 34812400 PMCID: PMC8545196 DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3094400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Different epidemics, specially Coronavirus, have caused critical misfortunes in various fields like monetary deprivation, survival conditions, thus diminishing the overall individual fulfillment. Various worldwide associations and different hierarchies of government fraternity are endeavoring to offer the necessary assistance in eliminating the infection impacts but unfortunately standing up to the non-appearance of resources and expertise. In contrast to all other pandemics, Coronavirus has proven to exhibit numerous requirements such that curated appropriation and determination of innovations are required to deal with the vigorous undertakings, which include precaution, detection, and medication. Innovative advancements are essential for the subsequent pandemics where-in the forthcoming difficulties can indeed be approached to such a degree that it facilitates constructive solutions more comprehensively. In this study, futuristic and emerging innovations are analyzed, improving COVID-19 effects for the general public. Large data sets need to be advanced so that extensive models related to deep analysis can be used to combat Coronavirus infection, which can be done by applying Artificial intelligence techniques such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), and Computer vision to varying processing files. This article aims to furnish variation sets of innovations that can be utilized to eliminate COVID-19 and serve as a resource for the coming generations. At last, elaboration associated with future state-of-the-art technologies and the attainable sectors of AI methodologies has been mentioned concerning the post-COVID-19 world to enable the different ideas for dealing with the pandemic-based difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poongodi
- College of Science and EngineeringHamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Mohit Malviya
- Department of CTO 5GWipro Ltd. Bengaluru 560035 India
| | - Mounir Hamdi
- College of Science and EngineeringHamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Hafiz Tayyab Rauf
- Centre for Smart SystemsAI and Cybersecurity, Staffordshire University Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE U.K
| | - Seifedine Kadry
- Faculty of Applied Computing and TechnologyNoroff University College 4608 Kristiansand Norway
| | - Orawit Thinnukool
- Research Group of Embedded Systems and Mobile Application in Health Science, College of Arts, Media and TechnologyChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
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188
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Choudhuri J, Carter J, Nelson R, Skalina K, Osterbur-Badhey M, Johnston A, Goldstein D, Paroder M, Szymanski J. SARS-CoV-2 PCR cycle threshold at hospital admission associated with patient mortality. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244777. [PMID: 33382805 PMCID: PMC7774957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cycle threshold (Ct) has been suggested as an approximate measure of initial viral burden. The utility of cycle threshold, at admission, as a predictor of disease severity has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a retrospective study of SARS-CoV-2 positive, hospitalized patients from 3/26/2020 to 8/5/2020 who had SARS-CoV-2 Ct data within 48 hours of admission (n = 1044). Only patients with complete survival data, discharged (n = 774) or died in hospital (n = 270), were included in our analysis. Laboratory, demographic, and clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship of patient mortality with Ct values while adjusting for established risk factors. Ct was analyzed as continuous variable and subdivided into quartiles to better illustrate its relationship with outcome. Cumulative incidence curves were created to assess whether there was a survival difference in the setting of the competing risks of death versus patient discharge. Mean Ct at admission was higher for survivors (28.6, SD = 5.8) compared to non-survivors (24.8, SD = 6.0, P<0.001). In-hospital mortality significantly differed (p<0.05) by Ct quartile. After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, hypertension and diabetes, increased cycle threshold was associated with decreased odds of in-hospital mortality (0.91, CI 0.89-0.94, p<0.001). Compared to the 4th Quartile, patients with Ct values in the 1st Quartile (Ct <22.9) and 2nd Quartile (Ct 23.0-27.3) had an adjusted odds ratio of in-hospital mortality of 3.8 and 2.6 respectively (p<0.001). The discriminative ability of Ct to predict inpatient mortality was found to be limited, possessing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68 (CI 0.63-0.71). CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 Ct was found to be an independent predictor of patient mortality. However, further study is needed on how to best clinically utilize such information given the result variation due to specimen quality, phase of disease, and the limited discriminative ability of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui Choudhuri
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jamal Carter
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Randin Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Karin Skalina
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Marika Osterbur-Badhey
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent’s Medical Center, Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Doctor Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Monika Paroder
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - James Szymanski
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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189
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Nyayanit DA, Yadav PD, Kharde R, Cherian S. Natural Selection Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Codon Usage of Structural Genes of the Viruses Belonging to the Coronaviridae Family. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010003. [PMID: 33375017 PMCID: PMC7821998 DOI: 10.3390/v13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family have a single-stranded positive-sense RNA with a poly-A tail. The genome has a length of ~29.9 kbps, which encodes for genes that are essential for cell survival and replication. Different evolutionary constraints constantly influence the codon usage bias (CUB) of different genes. A virus optimizes its codon usage to fit the host environment on which it savors. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the CUB for the different genes encoded by viruses of the Coronaviridae family. Different methods including relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), an Effective number of codons (ENc), parity plot 2, and Neutrality plot, were adopted to analyze the factors responsible for the genetic evolution of the Coronaviridae family. Base composition and RSCU analyses demonstrated the presence of A-ended and U-ended codons being preferred in the 3rd codon position and are suggestive of mutational selection. The lesser ENc value for the spike ‘S’ gene suggests a higher bias in the codon usage of this gene compared to the other structural genes. Parity plot 2 and neutrality plot analyses demonstrate the role and the extent of mutational and natural selection towards the codon usage pattern. It was observed that the structural genes of the Coronaviridae family analyzed in this study were at the least under 84% influence of natural selection, implying a major role of natural selection in shaping the codon usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpal A. Nyayanit
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (D.A.N.); (P.D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (D.A.N.); (P.D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Rutuja Kharde
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (D.A.N.); (P.D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bioinformatics Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-20-260061213
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El-Missiry MA, Fekri A, Kesar LA, Othman AI. Polyphenols are potential nutritional adjuvants for targeting COVID-19. Phytother Res 2020; 35:2879-2889. [PMID: 33354848 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a dangerous pathogen that causes global health problems. It causes a disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with high morbidity and mortality rates. In SARS-Cov-2-infected patients, elevated oxidative stress and upsurge of inflammatory cytokines are the main pathophysiological events that contribute to the severity and progression of symptoms and death. The polyphenols are natural compounds abundant in fruits and vegetables that are characterized by their high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Polyphenols have potential as an intervention for preventing respiratory virus infection. The beneficial effects of polyphenols on COVID-19 might be due to multiple mechanisms. Polyphenols can strengthen the body's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant defenses against viral infection. Targeting virus proteins and/or blocking cellular receptors are other plausible antiviral approaches to prevent the entry of the virus and its replication in the host cells. The results on the antiviral effects of various polyphenols, especially on SARS-CoV-2, are promising. The aim of this review is to clarify the role of polyphenols in strengthening antioxidant defenses and upregulating the immune systems of COVID-19 patients and to prevent replication and spreading of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Fekri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Lakshmi A Kesar
- Collage of Natural and health sciences, Zayed University, Abudhabi, UAE
| | - Azza I Othman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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191
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Bhatt N, Bhatt B, Gurung S, Dahal S, Jaishi AR, Neupane B, Budhathoki SS. Perceptions and experiences of the public regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal: a qualitative study using phenomenological analysis. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e043312. [PMID: 33310812 PMCID: PMC7735126 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perceptions of people regarding COVID-19 influences their health behaviour in terms of seeking public health services. This helps the government in planning appropriate public health strategies. Therefore, this study intends to explore the perceptions of people towards COVID-19 and their experiences during the pandemic in Nepal. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This qualitative study was conducted among the public in Kathmandu, Kanchanpur, Bajura and Jhapa districts of Nepal. Eight focus group discussions and 40 in-depth interviews were conducted by using a maximum variation sampling method. RESULTS The findings were organised into the following themes: General understanding of COVID-19, Disease prevention, Source of information and misconceptions, Expectation and challenges; and Personal and societal consequences of COVID-19, social distancing and lockdown. There was a good general understanding among respondents about COVID-19, personal preventive measures and population-level strategies. They responded that the use of masks, sanitisers, handwashing and proper lockdown would help to prevent the disease. The respondents acknowledged the vital role of media in increasing awareness. Participants also expressed concerns over the misleading news spread by some media. The lack of social interaction, isolation and loss of income were raised as pertinent issues by the participants as potentially leading to psychological consequences. Health workers and public both raised concerns over inadequate Personal Protective Equipment, under-prepared health system, unorganised public quarantine centres, and public violation of lockdown CONCLUSIONS: This study reports participants' views on disease prevention measures such as maintaining personal hygiene, adhering to physical distancing, and using personal protective equipments. Additionally, it illuminates the confusion among public due to conflicting public health messages from different sources of information which was deemed as misleading by the participants. This research sheds light on people's perspectives and experiences that can inform population-targeted policies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Bhatt
- Bayalpata Hospital, Nyaya Health Nepal, Achham, Nepal
| | - Bandana Bhatt
- Department of Health Services, Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Soniya Gurung
- Central Department of Public Health, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suresh Dahal
- College of Dental Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Amrit Raj Jaishi
- College of Dental Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Bandana Neupane
- Nepal Health Sector Support Programme (NHSSP)/DFID, Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
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He ZJ, Liang YX, Cai LY. Advances in the Interaction between Intestinal Microbiota and COVID-19. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2020; 000:1-8. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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193
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El-Betany AMM, Behiry EM, Gumbleton M, Harding KG. Humidified Warmed CO 2 Treatment Therapy Strategies Can Save Lives With Mitigation and Suppression of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Evidence Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:594295. [PMID: 33425942 PMCID: PMC7793941 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.594295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has presented enormous challenges for healthcare, societal, and economic systems worldwide. There is an urgent global need for a universal vaccine to cover all SARS-CoV-2 mutant strains to stop the current COVID-19 pandemic and the threat of an inevitable second wave of coronavirus. Carbon dioxide is safe and superior antimicrobial, which suggests it should be effective against coronaviruses and mutants thereof. Depending on the therapeutic regime, CO2 could also ameliorate other COVID-19 symptoms as it has also been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-cytokine effects, and to stimulate the human immune system. Moreover, CO2 has beneficial effects on respiratory physiology, cardiovascular health, and human nervous systems. This article reviews the rationale of early treatment by inhaling safe doses of warmed humidified CO2 gas, either alone or as a carrier gas to deliver other inhaled drugs may help save lives by suppressing SARS-CoV-2 infections and excessive inflammatory responses. We suggest testing this somewhat counter-intuitive, but low tech and safe intervention for its suitability as a preventive measure and treatment against COVID-19. Overall, development and evaluation of this therapy now may provide a safe and economical tool for use not only during the current pandemic but also for any future outbreaks of respiratory diseases and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M. M. El-Betany
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Enas M. Behiry
- School of Medicine, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Keith G. Harding
- Wound Healing Research Unit, Welsh Wound Innovation Centre, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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194
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Agdamag ACC, Edmiston JB, Charpentier V, Chowdhury M, Fraser M, Maharaj VR, Francis GS, Alexy T. Update on COVID-19 Myocarditis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E678. [PMID: 33317101 PMCID: PMC7764165 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56120678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gained worldwide attention at the end of 2019 when it was identified to cause severe respiratory distress syndrome. While it primarily affects the respiratory system, we now have evidence that it affects multiple organ systems in the human body. Cardiac manifestations may include myocarditis, life threatening arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, systolic heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. Myocarditis is increasingly recognized as a complication of Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) and may result from direct viral injury or from exaggerated host immune response. The diagnosis is established similar to other etiologies, and is based on detailed history, clinical exam, laboratory findings and non-invasive imaging studies. When available, cardiac MRI is the preferred imaging modality. Endomyocardial biopsy may be performed if the diagnosis remains uncertain. Current management is mainly supportive with the potential addition of interventions recommended for severe COVID-19 disease, such as remdesivir, steroids, and convalescent plasma. In the setting of cardiogenic shock and refractory, life-threatening arrhythmias that persist despite medical therapy, advanced mechanical circulatory support devices should be considered. Ultimately, early recognition and aggressive intervention are key factors in reducing morbidity and mortality. Our management strategy is expected to evolve further as we learn more about COVID-19 disease and the associated cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Clare C. Agdamag
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.C.C.A.); (M.F.); (V.R.M.); (G.S.F.)
| | - Jonathan B. Edmiston
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.B.E.); (V.C.)
| | - Victoria Charpentier
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.B.E.); (V.C.)
| | | | - Meg Fraser
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.C.C.A.); (M.F.); (V.R.M.); (G.S.F.)
| | - Valmiki R. Maharaj
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.C.C.A.); (M.F.); (V.R.M.); (G.S.F.)
| | - Gary S. Francis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.C.C.A.); (M.F.); (V.R.M.); (G.S.F.)
| | - Tamas Alexy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.C.C.A.); (M.F.); (V.R.M.); (G.S.F.)
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195
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Agrahari R, Mohanty S, Vishwakarma K, Nayak SK, Samantaray D, Mohapatra S. "Update vision on COVID-19: Structure, immune pathogenesis, treatment and safety assessment". SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2:100073. [PMID: 34766048 PMCID: PMC7722487 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The on-going SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 discovered in December 2019, is responsible for a global pandemic. The virus belongs to the group of enveloped viruses containing linear, non-segmented, single stranded, positive sense strand RNA as genetic material. Already six different strains Coronaviruses are being reported to infect humans, however the seventh one is genetically similar to the SARS Coronavirus and termed as SARS-CoV-2. Specific crucial macromolecules such as membrane, nuclear, spike and enveloped proteins including HE esterase are present in the virus that interact with ACE2, APN, NEU-5, 9SC2 moiety of humans plays significant role in occurrence and transmission of the devastating disease. This review article summarizes the structure, histopathology, transmission of novel Coronavirus, its symptoms with preventive measures & currently prescribed drugs. Though various drugs and therapy have been administrated or implemented to restrict COVID-19, however it is imperative to develop an antidote against SARS-CoV-2 by the scientific or research community to save life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Agrahari
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar-pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sonali Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, CBSH, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kanchan Vishwakarma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar-pradesh, Noida, India
| | | | | | - Swati Mohapatra
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar-pradesh, Noida, India
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196
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Konishi T. Principal component analysis of coronaviruses reveals their diversity and seasonal and pandemic potential. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242954. [PMID: 33270726 PMCID: PMC7714145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses and influenza viruses have similarities and differences. In order to comprehensively compare them, their genome sequencing data were examined by principal component analysis. Coronaviruses had fewer variations than a subclass of influenza viruses. In addition, differences among coronaviruses that infect a variety of hosts were also small. These characteristics may have facilitated the infection of different hosts. Although many of the coronaviruses were conservative, those repeatedly found among humans showed annual changes. If SARS-CoV-2 changes its genome like the Influenza H type, it will repeatedly spread every few years. In addition, the coronavirus family has many other candidates for new pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Konishi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
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197
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Shah C, Grando DJ, Rainess RA, Ayad L, Gobran E, Benson P, Neblett MT, Nookala V. Factors associated with increased mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 60:308-313. [PMID: 33169090 PMCID: PMC7641593 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has significantly impacted global health. So far, the evidence regarding the risk factors that predict the outcomes of COVID-19 patients is limited. In this study, we identified several risk factors that are associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of electronic medical records of the patients admitted with an initial diagnosis of COVID-19. We extracted several patient variables (including demographics, lab results, and pre-existing conditions) and examined for their association with increased mortality. RESULTS Of the 487 people included in the study, 340 survived and 147 expired. Significant differences existed in demographics and underlying comorbidities between the two groups. A higher proportion of patients were age 65 and older (87.76% vs 53.24%, p < 0.001), and were predominantly male (63.27% vs 52.94%, p = 0.0351). Multivariate analysis showed five variables to be the predictors for mortality: age ≥65 [OR = 3.87, 95% CI (2.01, 7.46), p < 0.001], initial presentation with dyspnea [OR = 1.71, 95% CI (1.03, 2.82), p = 0.037], history of cardiomyopathy [OR = 3.33, 95% CI (1.07, 10.41), p < 0.038], positive initial chest imaging findings [OR = 2.24, CI (1.26, 3.97), p = 0.006], and acute kidney injury (AKI) [OR = 3.33 CI (2.10, 5.28), P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION Identifying COVID-19 patients with these characteristics may help guide the management and improve mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Shah
- Community Medical Center, 99NJ-37, Toms River, NJ, 08755, USA
| | - Donna J. Grando
- Community Medical Center, 99NJ-37, Toms River, NJ, 08755, USA
| | | | - Lydia Ayad
- Community Medical Center, 99NJ-37, Toms River, NJ, 08755, USA
| | - Emad Gobran
- Community Medical Center, 99NJ-37, Toms River, NJ, 08755, USA
| | - Payam Benson
- Community Medical Center, 99NJ-37, Toms River, NJ, 08755, USA
| | | | - Vinod Nookala
- Community Medical Center, 99NJ-37, Toms River, NJ, 08755, USA
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198
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Laney DA, Germain DP, Oliveira JP, Burlina AP, Cabrera GH, Hong GR, Hopkin RJ, Niu DM, Thomas M, Trimarchi H, Wilcox WR, Politei JM, Ortiz A. Fabry disease and COVID-19: international expert recommendations for management based on real-world experience. Clin Kidney J 2020; 13:913-925. [PMID: 33391734 PMCID: PMC7769541 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has raised questions about Fabry disease (FD) as an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 symptoms. Available real-world data on 22 patients from an international group of healthcare providers reveals that most patients with FD experience mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms with an additional complication of Fabry pain crises and transient worsening of kidney function in some cases; however, two patients over the age of 55 years with renal or cardiac disease experienced critical COVID-19 complications. These outcomes support the theory that pre-existent tissue injury and inflammation may predispose patients with more advanced FD to a more severe course of COVID-19, while less advanced FD patients do not appear to be more susceptible than the general population. Given these observed risk factors, it is best to reinforce all recommended safety precautions for individuals with advanced FD. Diagnosis of FD should not preclude providing full therapeutic and organ support as needed for patients with FD and severe or critical COVID-19, although a FD-specific safety profile review should always be conducted prior to initiating COVID-19-specific therapies. Continued specific FD therapy with enzyme replacement therapy, chaperone therapy, dialysis, renin-angiotensin blockers or participation to clinical trials during the pandemic is recommended as FD progression will only increase susceptibility to infection. In order to compile outcome data and inform best practices, an international registry for patients affected by Fabry and infected by COVID-19 should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Laney
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dominique P Germain
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - João Paulo Oliveira
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João & Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Geu-Ru Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dau-Ming Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark Thomas
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | | | - William R Wilcox
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Politei
- Department of Neurology, Fundacion Para el Estudio de Enfermedades Neurometabolicas (FESEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Unidad de Dialisis, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine, UAM, IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
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199
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Sahebnasagh A, Avan R, Saghafi F, Mojtahedzadeh M, Sadremomtaz A, Arasteh O, Tanzifi A, Faramarzi F, Negarandeh R, Safdari M, Khataminia M, Rezai Ghaleno H, Habtemariam S, Khoshi A. Pharmacological treatments of COVID-19. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1446-1478. [PMID: 32816200 PMCID: PMC7439639 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The viral infection due to the new coronavirus or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was reported for the first time in December 2019, was named by the World Health Organization (WHO) as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), because of the very similar genome and also its related symptoms to SARS-CoV1. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic with significant mortality, morbidity, and socioeconomic impact is considered by the WHO as a global public health emergency. Since there is no specific treatment available for SARS-CoV2 infection, and or COVID-19, several clinical and sub-clinical studies are currently undertaken to find a gold-standard therapeutic regimen with high efficacy and low side effect. Based on the published scientific evidence published to date, we summarized herein the effects of different potential therapies and up-to-date clinical trials. The review is intended to help readers aware of potentially effective COVID-19 treatment and provide useful references for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Razieh Avan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saghafi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mojataba Mojtahedzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Sadremomtaz
- XB20 Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Omid Arasteh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asal Tanzifi
- Sepanta Faragene Azma Research Laboratory. Co. LTD., Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faramarzi
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Negarandeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Safdari
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Masoud Khataminia
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezai Ghaleno
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Amirhosein Khoshi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Arkan roadway, Bojnurd, Iran
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200
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Dubey AK, Singh A, Prakash S, Kumar M, Singh AK. Race to arsenal COVID-19 therapeutics: Current alarming status and future directions. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 332:109298. [PMID: 33121920 PMCID: PMC7588316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The on-going pandemic of COVID-19 wreaked by a viral infection of SARS-CoV-2, has generated a catastrophic plight across the globe. Interestingly, one of the hallmarks of COVID-19 is the so-called 'cytokine storm' due to attack of SARS-Cov-2 in the lungs. Considering, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy could contribute against SARS-CoV-2 viruses attack because of their immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory ability linked to their stemness, to the arsenal of treatments for COVID-19. Another novel therapeutic strategies include the blockade of rampant generation of pro-inflammatory mediators like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), degradation of viral protein capsids by PROTACs, composed of Ubiquitin-proteasome framework, and ubiquitination-independent pathway directing the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (nCoV N) and proteasome activator (PA28γ), etc. This review is consequently an endeavour to highlight the several aspects of COVID-19 with incorporation of important treatment strategies discovered to date and putting the real effort on the future directions to put them into the perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Aakansha Singh
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Shardendu Prakash
- Department of Pharmacy, Sardar Patel College of Pharmacy, Gorakhpur, 273013, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Pennsylvania State University, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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