151
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Alam I, Kamau AA, Kulmanov M, Jaremko Ł, Arold ST, Pain A, Gojobori T, Duarte CM. Functional Pangenome Analysis Shows Key Features of E Protein Are Preserved in SARS and SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:405. [PMID: 32850499 PMCID: PMC7396417 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a global emergency, that demands urgent solutions for detection and therapy to prevent escalating health, social, and economic impacts. The spike protein (S) of this virus enables binding to the human receptor ACE2, and hence presents a prime target for vaccines preventing viral entry into host cells. The S proteins from SARS and SARS-CoV-2 are similar, but structural differences in the receptor binding domain (RBD) preclude the use of SARS-specific neutralizing antibodies to inhibit SARS-CoV-2. Here we used comparative pangenomic analysis of all sequenced reference Betacoronaviruses, complemented with functional and structural analyses. This analysis reveals that, among all core gene clusters present in these viruses, the envelope protein E shows a variant cluster shared by SARS and SARS-CoV-2 with two completely-conserved key functional features, namely an ion-channel, and a PDZ-binding motif (PBM). These features play a key role in the activation of the inflammasome causing the acute respiratory distress syndrome, the leading cause of death in SARS and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Together with functional pangenomic analysis, mutation tracking, and previous evidence, on E protein as a determinant of pathogenicity in SARS, we suggest E protein as an alternative therapeutic target to be considered for further studies to reduce complications of SARS-CoV-2 infections in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intikhab Alam
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Allan A. Kamau
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maxat Kulmanov
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T. Arold
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnab Pain
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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152
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Ohadian Moghadam S. A Review on Currently Available Potential Therapeutic Options for COVID-19. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:443-467. [PMID: 32801840 PMCID: PMC7387864 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s263666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of unexplained pneumonia cases currently were first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Official names have been announced for the virus responsible, previously known as "2019 novel coronavirus" and the diseases it causes are, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19), respectively. Despite great efforts worldwide to control SARS-CoV-2, the spread of the virus has reached a pandemic. Infection prevention and control of this virus is the primary concern of public health officials and professionals. Currently, several therapeutic options for COVID-19 are proposed and vaccine development has been initiated for prevention purposes. In this review, we will discuss the most recent evidence about the current potential treatment options including anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, nucleoside analogs, protease inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and convalescent plasma therapy. Some other agents such as vitamin D and melatonin, which were recommended as potential adjuvant treatments for COVID-19 infection are also presented. Moreover, the potential use of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infection was described. Furthermore, in the next part of the current review, various vaccination approaches against COVID-19 including whole virus vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccine, DNA vaccines, and mRNA vaccines are discussed.
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153
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Rivera-Izquierdo M, Valero-Ubierna MDC, Nieto-Gómez P, Martínez-Bellón MD, Fernández-Martínez NF, Barranco-Quintana JL. Vaccination in patients under monoclonal antibody treatment: an updated comprehensive review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:727-744. [PMID: 32702246 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1800462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become an increasing source of biological treatments. Clinicians should make an effort to update their knowledge on mechanisms of action, indications, and adverse events of these novel therapies. Most of them have immunosuppressive effects and, therefore, vaccination is indicated. AREAS COVERED vaccination of patients under mAbs therapies. EXPERT OPINION Recommendations on vaccination are still based on expert recommendations and have not been updated in recent years. Specific recommendations for each mAb have not been addressed in the current literature. The aim of this comprehensive review was to collect all the therapeutic mAbs approved up to 1 January 2020 and, based on previous recommendations and the pharmaceutical characteristics of each drug, to propose an updated guide with recommendations on vaccination. Influenza, sequential pneumococcal and Hepatitis B vaccination in patients with negative serology were the only consistent recommendations. Hepatitis A vaccination was proposed for mAbs with special hepatotoxic characteristics. Other vaccines are reviewed and discussed. Several non-immunosuppressive mAbs were detected and, therefore, vaccinations not recommended. We hope that this review can serve as a starting point for compiling updated vaccination recommendations and collecting all the therapeutic mAbs approved up to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rivera-Izquierdo
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio , Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de la Salud , Granada, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Valero-Ubierna
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio , Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de la Salud , Granada, Spain
| | - Pelayo Nieto-Gómez
- Service of Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio , Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores Martínez-Bellón
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio , Granada, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de la Salud , Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía , Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC) , Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Luis Barranco-Quintana
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía , Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC) , Córdoba, Spain.,Expert Committee on Andalusian Vaccine Plan, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía , Sevilla, Spain
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154
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Pourrajab F, Zare-Khormizi MR, Sheikhha MH. Molecular Basis for Pathogenicity of Human Coronaviruses. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2385-2405. [PMID: 32765013 PMCID: PMC7381773 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s255156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, several zoonotic viruses have crossed the species barrier into humans and have been causing outbreaks of severe, and often fatal, respiratory illness. The 21st century has seen the worldwide spread of three recognized coronaviruses (CoVs) which can cause pneumonia and severe acute respiratory symptoms (SARSs), SARS, MERS, and recently SARS-CoV-2. Herein, it is raising concerns about the dissemination of another new and highly lethal pandemic outbreak. Preparing for a pandemic outbreak involves a great deal of awareness necessary to stop initial outbreaks, through recognizing the molecular mechanisms underlying virus transmission and pathogenicity. CoV spike protein S is the key determinant of host tropism and viral pathogenicity which can undergo variations and makes the CoV a highly pathogenic and diffusible virus capable of sustained human-to-human transmission and spread easily. The three mentioned CoVs exhibit some similarities in S protein whereby constitute a promising target for the development of prophylactics and therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourrajab
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hasan Sheikhha
- Biotechnology Research Center, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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155
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Sheikhi A, Hojjat-Farsangi M. An immunotherapeutic method for COVID-19 patients: a soluble ACE2-Anti-CD16 VHH to block SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:92-97. [PMID: 32663051 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1787066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The third outbreak of coronavirus (CoV) infection (after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) caused by a novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) of the genus Beta-coronavirus has become a global pandemic. CoVs are enveloped viruses whose proteins include spike (S), membrane (M), and envelope (E) which are embedded in the viral envelope. The glycosylated S protein, which forms homo-trimeric spikes on the surface of the viral particle, mediates viral entry into host cells. SARS-CoV-2, like SARS-CoV, uses the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell surface protein for cellular entry. An attractive anti-viral approach is targeting virus entry into cells, for which three strategies are suggested: 1) direct targeting of the viral glycoprotein; 2) targeting the viral receptor on the cell surface; and 3) using soluble (s) ACE2 that binds to S protein thereby neutralizing the virus. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies are explained. Moreover, we propose that fusion of the sACE2 to anti-CD16 to produce a bi-specific molecule could be a promising anti-viral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences , Dezful, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden.,The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr, Iran
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156
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Zhu W, Chen CZ, Gorshkov K, Xu M, Lo DC, Zheng W. RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a Target for COVID-19 Drug Discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:1141-1151. [PMID: 32660307 PMCID: PMC7684788 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220942123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly become a global health issue since it emerged in December 2019. While great global efforts are underway to develop vaccines and to discover or repurpose therapeutic agents for this disease, as of this writing only the nucleoside drug remdesivir has been approved under Emergency Use Authorization to treat COVID-19. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), a viral enzyme for viral RNA replication in host cells, is one of the most intriguing and promising drug targets for SARS-CoV-2 drug development. Because RdRP is a viral enzyme with no host cell homologs, selective SARS-CoV-2 RdRP inhibitors can be developed that have improved potency and fewer off-target effects against human host proteins and thus are safer and more effective therapeutics for treating COVID-19. This review focuses on biochemical enzyme and cell-based assays for RdRPs that could be used in high-throughput screening to discover new and repurposed drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine Z Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donald C Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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157
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Vellingiri B, Jayaramayya K, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Govindasamy V, Giridharan B, Ganesan S, Venugopal A, Venkatesan D, Ganesan H, Rajagopalan K, Rahman PKSM, Cho SG, Kumar NS, Subramaniam MD. COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138277. [PMID: 32278175 PMCID: PMC7128376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which is the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. The outbreak of COVID-19 is wreaking havoc worldwide due to inadequate risk assessment regarding the urgency of the situation. The COVID-19 pandemic has entered a dangerous new phase. When compared with SARS and MERS, COVID-19 has spread more rapidly, due to increased globalization and adaptation of the virus in every environment. Slowing the spread of the COVID-19 cases will significantly reduce the strain on the healthcare system of the country by limiting the number of people who are severely sick by COVID-19 and need hospital care. Hence, the recent outburst of COVID-19 highlights an urgent need for therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2. Here, we have discussed the structure of virus; varying symptoms among COVID-19, SARS, MERS and common flu; the probable mechanism behind the infection and its immune response. Further, the current treatment options, drugs available, ongoing trials and recent diagnostics for COVID-19 have been discussed. We suggest traditional Indian medicinal plants as possible novel therapeutic approaches, exclusively targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kaavya Jayaramayya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Bupesh Giridharan
- Virology Laboratory, Central Research and Development Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (SBMCH), Bharath University, (BIHER), Chromepet, Chennai 600044, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Forest Science, Central University of Nagaland, Lumami, Zunhebeto, India
| | | | - Anila Venugopal
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harsha Ganesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamarajan Rajagopalan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pattanathu K S M Rahman
- Deploy Lead - Centre for Enzyme Innovation, Office No: 6.06, King Henry Building School of Biological Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl 796 004, Mizoram, India
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai 600 006, India
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158
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Aftab SO, Ghouri MZ, Masood MU, Haider Z, Khan Z, Ahmad A, Munawar N. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a potential therapeutic drug target using a computational approach. J Transl Med 2020; 18:275. [PMID: 32635935 PMCID: PMC7339606 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak originating in Wuhan, China, has raised global health concerns and the pandemic has now been reported on all inhabited continents. Hitherto, no antiviral drug is available to combat this viral outbreak. Methods Keeping in mind the urgency of the situation, the current study was designed to devise new strategies for drug discovery and/or repositioning against SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which regulates viral replication, is proposed as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit viral infection. Results Evolutionary studies of whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 represent high similarity (> 90%) with other SARS viruses. Targeting the RdRp active sites, ASP760 and ASP761, by antiviral drugs could be a potential therapeutic option for inhibition of coronavirus RdRp, and thus viral replication. Target-based virtual screening and molecular docking results show that the antiviral Galidesivir and its structurally similar compounds have shown promise against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions The anti-polymerase drugs predicted here—CID123624208 and CID11687749—may be considered for in vitro and in vivo clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ovais Aftab
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ghouri
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. .,Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Umer Masood
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeshan Haider
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
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159
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Aftab SO, Ghouri MZ, Masood MU, Haider Z, Khan Z, Ahmad A, Munawar N. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a potential therapeutic drug target using a computational approach. J Transl Med 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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160
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Aftab SO, Ghouri MZ, Masood MU, Haider Z, Khan Z, Ahmad A, Munawar N. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a potential therapeutic drug target using a computational approach. J Transl Med 2020. [PMID: 32635935 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02439-0/figures/9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak originating in Wuhan, China, has raised global health concerns and the pandemic has now been reported on all inhabited continents. Hitherto, no antiviral drug is available to combat this viral outbreak. METHODS Keeping in mind the urgency of the situation, the current study was designed to devise new strategies for drug discovery and/or repositioning against SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which regulates viral replication, is proposed as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit viral infection. RESULTS Evolutionary studies of whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 represent high similarity (> 90%) with other SARS viruses. Targeting the RdRp active sites, ASP760 and ASP761, by antiviral drugs could be a potential therapeutic option for inhibition of coronavirus RdRp, and thus viral replication. Target-based virtual screening and molecular docking results show that the antiviral Galidesivir and its structurally similar compounds have shown promise against SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS The anti-polymerase drugs predicted here-CID123624208 and CID11687749-may be considered for in vitro and in vivo clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ovais Aftab
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ghouri
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Umer Masood
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeshan Haider
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
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161
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Zhirnov OP. Molecular Targets in the Chemotherapy of Coronavirus Infection. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:523-530. [PMID: 32571182 PMCID: PMC7232917 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920050016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of the infectious process in the respiratory tract by SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 coronaviruses, two stages can be distinguished: early (etiotropic) and late (pathogenetic) ones. In the first stage, when the virus multiplication and accumulation are prevalent under insufficient host immune response, the use of chemotherapeutic agents blocking the reproduction of the virus is reasonable to suppress the development of the disease. This article considers six major chemotherapeutic classes aimed at certain viral targets: inhibitors of viral RNA polymerase, inhibitors of viral protease Mpro, inhibitors of proteolytic activation of viral protein S allowing virus entry into the target cell, inhibitors of virus uncoating in cellular endosomes, compounds of exogenous interferons, and compounds of natural and recombinant virus-neutralizing antibodies. In the second stage, when the multiplication of the virus decreases and threatening pathological processes of excessive inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and secondary bacterial pneumonia and sepsis events develop, a pathogenetic therapeutic approach including extracorporeal blood oxygenation, detoxification, and anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial therapy seems to be the most effective way for the patient’s recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Zhirnov
- The Russian-German Academy of Medical and Biotechnological Sciences, Moscow, 121205, Skolkovo, Russia. .,Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, 123098, Russia
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162
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Zhou J, Huang J. Current Findings Regarding Natural Components With Potential Anti-2019-nCoV Activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:589. [PMID: 32719799 PMCID: PMC7351523 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a novel coronavirus pneumonia (named by the World Health Organization, WHO), has spread widely since the end of 2019. Research on synthetic drugs and vaccines has become a focus of attention in China and other countries, as such approaches are regarded as key tools for disease prevention and control; however, the development of these therapeutics will take months, or even years. Under such circumstances, development of coronavirus specific therapeutics is urgent. For this specific indication, the rapid performance of natural products, such as plant compounds, herbal extracts, and traditional Chinese medicine, could contribute as alternative measures. Recent investigations have provided evidence that these natural products are potential candidates for development as therapeutic agents against the virus that causes COVID-19, 2019-nCoV. Targeting the structural proteins or cellular receptors of 2019-nCoV, including coronavirus chymotrypsin-like (3CLpro or Mpro), helicase (nsP13), S protein, and human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), holds promise for preventing infection. In this review, we summarize some representative natural products and their active components that have potential anti-2019-nCoV effects. We focus on the basic structural elements of 2019-nCoV, its main mechanisms of action, and the feasibility and potential of products to inhibit the novel coronavirus. In addition, the relative advantages, additional functions, and precautions that should be used with typical natural products are also discussed. The aim is to make the case that natural products could be a valuable pool for the development of active compounds for treating 2019-nCoV infection, which may contribute to mitigation of the spread of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao, China
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163
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Iftikhar A, Jabeen F, Manzoor M, Younis T, Shaheen M. Passive immunization: Paradoxical and traditional method for new pandemic challenge COVID-19. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2020; 67:87-90. [PMID: 32619190 DOI: 10.1556/030.2020.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
World has been suffering from pandemic caused by mysterious Coronavirus. The novel member of Coronaviridae causing COVID-19 disease is named as SARS-Cov-2. Its first case was reported in China by the end of 2019, but its exponential spread has wrapped entire globe, suspended and is penalizing mankind. A retrospective meta-analysis study showed that outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-Cov-1 (Coronaviridae), influenza infection H1N1 and West-African Ebola caused lower mortality than this new pandemic COVID-19. Virus has appeared as a new human pathogen so to counter COVID-19 no specific vaccine, monoclonal antibodies have been manufactured till day. The outbreak of novel Coronavirus is treated with antimicrobial drugs but they have their own mild side effects. But the drastic spread of COVID-19 compels us also to use other ways to counter pandemic. Thus, passive immunization can be opted to hold back this mysterious virus. Passive immunization has been in use since early 20th century and showed its effectiveness against all previous infectious outbreaks including MERS and SARS-Cov-1 members of Coronaviridae. The review argues that convalescent plasma is an explicit option for containment of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Iftikhar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Younis
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mussarat Shaheen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Zhou H, Fang Y, Xu T, Ni W, Shen A, Meng X. Potential therapeutic targets and promising drugs for combating SARS-CoV-2. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3147-3161. [PMID: 32368792 PMCID: PMC7267399 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As of April 9, 2020, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) had caused 89,931 deaths and 1,503,900 confirmed cases worldwide, which indicates an increasingly severe and uncontrollable situation. Initially, little was known about the virus. As research continues, we now know the genome structure, epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Based on this knowledge, potential targets involved in the processes of virus pathogenesis need to be identified, and the discovery or development of drugs based on these potential targets is the most pressing need. Here, we have summarized the potential therapeutic targets involved in virus pathogenesis and discuss the advances, possibilities, and significance of drugs based on these targets for treating SARS-CoV-2. This review will facilitate the identification of potential targets and provide clues for drug development that can be translated into clinical applications for combating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Wei‐Jian Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Ai‐Zong Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Xiao‐Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
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Ren YR, Golding A, Sorbello A, Ji P, Chen J, Saluja B, Witzmann K, Arya V, Reynolds KS, Choi SY, Nikolov NP, Sahajwalla C. A Comprehensive Updated Review on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:954-975. [PMID: 32469437 PMCID: PMC7283834 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive current summary of the pathogenesis, clinical features, disease course, host immune responses, and current investigational antiviral and immunomodulatory pharmacotherapies to facilitate the development of future therapies and measures for prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhao R Ren
- Division of Inflammation and Immune Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Amit Golding
- Division of Rheumatology and Transplant Medicine, Office of Immunology and Inflammation, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfred Sorbello
- Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ping Ji
- Division of Inflammation and Immune Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- Division of Inflammation and Immune Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhawana Saluja
- Division of Inflammation and Immune Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Witzmann
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikram Arya
- Division of Infectious Disease Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kellie S Reynolds
- Division of Infectious Disease Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Su-Young Choi
- Division of Infectious Disease Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Nikolay P Nikolov
- Division of Rheumatology and Transplant Medicine, Office of Immunology and Inflammation, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Chandrahas Sahajwalla
- Division of Inflammation and Immune Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Madhavan M, Mustafa S. En route to Peptide Therapeutics for COVID 19: Harnessing Potential Antigenic Mimicry Between Viral and Human Proteins. TRANSACTIONS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 5:411-415. [PMID: 38624407 PMCID: PMC7306100 DOI: 10.1007/s41403-020-00132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mimicry is a general strategy used by pathogens to infect the host cells. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 virus has resulted in more than 6,700,000 infections and 390,000 deaths worldwide. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by this virus. In this project concept, we aim to focus on the peptide-protein interaction analysis using two important drug targets in SARS-CoV-2 such as spike (S) protein and nucleocapsid (N) protein. These proteins play an important role in the virus entry and encapsidation of the viral particles. Motifs or functional regions in these two proteins must be sharing sequence homology with human protein (ACE2) which may be involved in the binding mechanism. The results will show a set of motif regions which can disrupt the viral infection. Once we identify these sets of antigenic determinant regions, antibody binding activity studies can be performed by in vitro methods. Our results from this study may suggest the existence of antigenic mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and host proteins. The hit peptide components will have therapeutic applications to be developed into a wide variety of medicinal formulations against SARS-CoV-2 such as vaccine, intranasal and inhalation formulations. Also, the choice of conserved regions will lead to development of cross protective therapeutics against wide range of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Madhavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Govt Arts and Science College, Kulathoor, Neyyattinkara, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sabeena Mustafa
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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167
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Shahabi D, Chapman ME, Mesecar AD. Drug Development and Medicinal Chemistry Efforts toward SARS-Coronavirus and Covid-19 Therapeutics. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:907-932. [PMID: 32324951 PMCID: PMC7264561 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is spreading at an alarming rate and has created an unprecedented health emergency around the globe. There is no effective vaccine or approved drug treatment against COVID-19 and other pathogenic coronaviruses. The development of antiviral agents is an urgent priority. Biochemical events critical to the coronavirus replication cycle provided a number of attractive targets for drug development. These include, spike protein for binding to host cell-surface receptors, proteolytic enzymes that are essential for processing polyproteins into mature viruses, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for RNA replication. There has been a lot of ground work for drug discovery and development against these targets. Also, high-throughput screening efforts have led to the identification of diverse lead structures, including natural product-derived molecules. This review highlights past and present drug discovery and medicinal-chemistry approaches against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and COVID-19 targets. The review hopes to stimulate further research and will be a useful guide to the development of effective therapies against COVID-19 and other pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacolgyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
- Department of Excellence of PharmacyUniversity of Naples Federico II80131NaplesItaly
| | - Dana Shahabi
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | | | - Andrew D. Mesecar
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
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Banu N, Panikar SS, Leal LR, Leal AR. Protective role of ACE2 and its downregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to Macrophage Activation Syndrome: Therapeutic implications. Life Sci 2020; 256:117905. [PMID: 32504757 PMCID: PMC7832382 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In light of the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the international scientific community has joined forces to develop effective treatment strategies. The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) 2, is an essential receptor for cell fusion and engulfs the SARS coronavirus infections. ACE2 plays an important physiological role, practically in all the organs and systems. Also, ACE2 exerts protective functions in various models of pathologies with acute and chronic inflammation. While ACE2 downregulation by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein leads to an overactivation of Angiotensin (Ang) II/AT1R axis and the deleterious effects of Ang II may explain the multiorgan dysfunction seen in patients. Specifically, the role of Ang II leading to the appearance of Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) and the cytokine storm in COVID-19 is discussed below. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress in the strategies of treatments that mainly focus on reducing the Ang II-induced deleterious effects rather than attenuating the virus replication. Protective role of ACE2 in the organs and system Downregulation of ACE2 expression by SARS-CoV-2 leads to Ang II-induced organ damage. The appearance of MAS in COVID-19 patient Suggested treatment to diminish the deleterious effect of Ang II or appearance of MAS
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehla Banu
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 1-1010, Queretaro, Queretaro 76000, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Riera Leal
- Hospital General Regional número 45, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Annie Riera Leal
- UC DAVIS Institute for Regenerative Cure, Department of Dermatology, University of California, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Rm 1630, 95817 Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a new infectious disease, for which there is currently no treatment. It is therefore necessary to explore biomarkers to determine the extent of lung lesions and disease severity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the usefulness of CRP levels in the early stage of COVID-19 and to correlate them with lung lesions and severe presentation. METHODS Confirmed cases of COVID-19 were selected at the Fever Unit in two regions of Guizhou, China. On admission CRP levels were collected, and the diameter of the largest lung lesion was measured in the most severe lung lesion by lung CT scan. Differences in the diameter and CRP levels were compared in the following groups of patients: mild group, moderate group, severe group, and critical group. RESULT CRP levels and the diameter of the largest lung lesion in the moderate group were higher than those in the mild group (Mann-Whitney test=-2.647, -2.171, P˂0.05), those in the severe group were higher than those in the moderate group (Mann-Whitney test=0.693, -2.177, P˂0.05), and those in the critical group were higher than those in the severe group (Mann-Whitney test=-0.068, -1.549, P˂0.05). The difference was statistically significant. CRP levels were positively correlated with the diameter of lung lesion and severe presentation (correlation coefficient=0.873, 0.734, P˂0.001). CONCLUSION In the early stage of COVID-19 CRP levels were positively correlated with lung lesions and could reflect disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, People's hospital of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Kaili Guizhou 556000, China.
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170
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Islam A, Ahmed A, Naqvi IH, Parveen S. Emergence of deadly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 during 2019-2020. Virusdisease 2020; 31:128-136. [PMID: 32292802 PMCID: PMC7138902 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wuhan, the city in Hubei province in China is in the focus of global community due to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), formerly known as 2019-nCoV. The virus emerged in humans from Wuhan seafood market probably via zoonotic transmission. Within a few days the virus spread its tentacles rapidly to neighboring cities in China and to different geographical regions through travelers and to some extent by human to human transmission leading to significant disease burden globally. More than 2,00,000 people (including more than 8000 deaths) have been infected with this respiratory illness across 167 countries and territories worldwide leading to a pandemic. The present review provides an outline about emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, China in 2019-2020. We have also provided information about the classification, genome, proteins, clinical presentation of COVID-19, type of clinical specimens to be collected and diagnostic methods adopted to identify the respiratory illness. In addition we have also provided information about transmission dynamics, prevention measures and treatment options that are available at the present. Subsequently, we have given a comprehensive overview of the spread of this infection from China to the other parts of the globe. Management of the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 encompassing surveillance, clinical, immunological, genetic and evolutionary investigations are likely to provide the desired results. Joint efforts of global scientific community are needed at this hour in terms of enhancement of research on development of accurate diagnostics, antiviral therapeutics and finally into formation of an effective vaccine against the emerging novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Anwar Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irshad H. Naqvi
- Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
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171
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De Meyer S, Bojkova D, Cinatl J, Van Damme E, Buyck C, Van Loock M, Woodfall B, Ciesek S. Lack of antiviral activity of darunavir against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 97:7-10. [PMID: 32479865 PMCID: PMC7258847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Darunavir showed no in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (EC50 > 100 μM). Remdesivir demonstrated potent antiviral activity, confirming validity of the assay. Overall, the data do not support use of darunavir for treatment of COVID-19.
Objectives Given the high need and the absence of specific antivirals for treatment of COVID-19 (the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2]), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic alternatives. Methods Prezcobix/Rezolsta is a fixed-dose combination of 800 mg of the HIV protease inhibitor darunavir (DRV) and 150 mg cobicistat, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, which is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV infection. There are currently no definitive data on the safety and efficacy of DRV/cobicistat for the treatment of COVID-19. The in vitro antiviral activity of darunavir against a clinical isolate from a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 was assessed. Results DRV showed no antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 at clinically relevant concentrations (EC50 > 100 μM). Remdesivir, used as a positive control, demonstrated potent antiviral activity (EC50 = 0.38 μM). Conclusions Overall, the data do not support the use of DRV for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Frankfurt, Germany
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172
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Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Liu Z, Zhao H, Kim AS, Bloyet LM, Zeng Q, Tahan S, Droit L, Ilagan MXG, Tartell MA, Amarasinghe G, Henderson JP, Miersch S, Ustav M, Sidhu S, Virgin HW, Wang D, Ding S, Corti D, Theel ES, Fremont DH, Diamond MS, Whelan SP. Neutralizing antibody and soluble ACE2 inhibition of a replication-competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. SSRN 2020:3606354. [PMID: 32714117 PMCID: PMC7366811 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3606354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based interventions against SARS-CoV-2 could limit morbidity, mortality, and possibly disrupt epidemic transmission. An anticipated correlate of such countermeasures is the level of neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, yet there is no consensus as to which assay should be used for such measurements. Using an infectious molecular clone of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) that expresses eGFP as a marker of infection, we replaced the glycoprotein gene (G) with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2) and developed a high-throughput imaging-based neutralization assay at biosafety level 2. We also developed a focus reduction neutralization test with a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 at biosafety level 3. We compared the neutralizing activities of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations, as well as ACE2-Fc soluble decoy protein in both assays and find an exceptionally high degree of concordance. The two assays will help define correlates of protection for antibody-based countermeasures including therapeutic antibodies, immune γ-globulin or plasma preparations, and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Replication-competent VSV-eGFP-SARSCoV-2 provides a rapid assay for testing inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 mediated entry that can be performed in 7.5 hours under reduced biosafety containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W. Rothlauf
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Tahan
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ma. Xenia G. Ilagan
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael A. Tartell
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaya Amarasinghe
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Henderson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shane Miersch
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mart Ustav
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sachdev Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - David Wang
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Inc., CH-6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elitza S. Theel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P.J. Whelan
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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173
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Sriram K, Insel PA. A hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID-19: The centrality of ACE1/ACE2 imbalance. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4825-4844. [PMID: 32333398 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 is the cell surface binding site for the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. We propose that an imbalance in the action of ACE1- and ACE2-derived peptides, thereby enhancing angiotensin II (Ang II) signalling is primary driver of COVID-19 pathobiology. ACE1/ACE2 imbalance occurs due to the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2, reducing ACE2-mediated conversion of Ang II to Ang peptides that counteract pathophysiological effects of ACE1-generated ANG II. This hypothesis suggests several approaches to treat COVID-19 by restoring ACE1/ACE2 balance: (a) AT receptor antagonists; (b) ACE1 inhibitors (ACEIs); (iii) agonists of receptors activated by ACE2-derived peptides (e.g. Ang (1-7), which activates MAS1); (d) recombinant human ACE2 or ACE2 peptides as decoys for the virus. Reducing ACE1/ACE2 imbalance is predicted to blunt COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality, especially in vulnerable patients. Importantly, approved AT antagonists and ACEIs can be rapidly repurposed to test their efficacy in treating COVID-19. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Guo G, Ye L, Pan K, Chen Y, Xing D, Yan K, Chen Z, Ding N, Li W, Huang H, Zhang L, Li X, Xue X. New Insights of Emerging SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Features, Clinical Treatment, and Prevention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:410. [PMID: 32574318 PMCID: PMC7256189 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first reports that the novel coronavirus was showing human-to-human transmission characteristics and asymptomatic cases, the number of patients with associated pneumonia has continued to rise and the epidemic has grown. It now threatens the health and lives of people across the world. The governments of many countries have attached great importance to the prevention of SARS-CoV-2, via research into the etiology and epidemiology of this newly emerged disease. Clinical signs, treatment, and prevention characteristics of the novel coronavirus pneumonia have been receiving attention worldwide, especially from medical personnel. However, owing to the different experimental methods, sample sizes, sample sources, and research perspectives of various studies, results have been inconsistent, or relate to an isolated aspect of the virus or the disease it causes. Currently, systematic summary data on the novel coronavirus are limited. This review combines experimental and clinical evidence into a systematic analysis and summary of the current progress of research into SARS-CoV-2, from multiple perspectives, with the aim of gaining a better overall understanding of the disease. Our report provides important information for current clinicians, for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lele Ye
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kan Pan
- First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kejing Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenshu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Center for Health Assessment, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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175
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Abstract
Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lies behind the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a growing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 in virology, epidemiology, and clinical management strategies. However, no anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug or vaccine has been officially approved due to the absence of adequate evidence. Scientists are racing to develop a treatment for COVID-19. Recent studies have revealed many attractive therapeutic options, even if some of them remain to be further confirmed in rigorous preclinical models and clinical trials. In this minireview, we aim to summarize the updated potential approaches against SARS-CoV-2. We emphasize that further efforts are warranted to develop the safest and most effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
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176
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Neutralizing antibody and soluble ACE2 inhibition of a replication-competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511401 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.18.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based interventions against SARS-CoV-2 could limit morbidity, mortality, and possibly disrupt epidemic transmission. An anticipated correlate of such countermeasures is the level of neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, yet there is no consensus as to which assay should be used for such measurements. Using an infectious molecular clone of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) that expresses eGFP as a marker of infection, we replaced the glycoprotein gene (G) with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2) and developed a high-throughput imaging-based neutralization assay at biosafety level 2. We also developed a focus reduction neutralization test with a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 at biosafety level 3. We compared the neutralizing activities of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations, as well as ACE2-Fc soluble decoy protein in both assays and find an exceptionally high degree of concordance. The two assays will help define correlates of protection for antibody-based countermeasures including therapeutic antibodies, immune γ-globulin or plasma preparations, and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Replication-competent VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 provides a rapid assay for testing inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 mediated entry that can be performed in 7.5 hours under reduced biosafety containment.
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177
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Fischer JC, Zänker K, van Griensven M, Schneider M, Kindgen-Milles D, Knoefel WT, Lichtenberg A, Tamaskovics B, Djiepmo-Njanang FJ, Budach W, Corradini S, Ganswindt U, Häussinger D, Feldt T, Schelzig H, Bojar H, Peiper M, Bölke E, Haussmann J, Matuschek C. The role of passive immunization in the age of SARS-CoV-2: an update. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25:16. [PMID: 32404189 PMCID: PMC7220618 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the corona virus pandemic is an existential problem for many people in numerous countries. So far, there is no effective vaccine protection or proven therapy available against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this review, we describe the role of passive immunization in times of the corona virus. Passive immunization could be a bridging technology to improve the immune defense of critically ill patients until better approaches with effective medications are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C Fischer
- Institute for Transplant Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kurt Zänker
- The Nanjing Han & Zaenker Cancer Institute, Nanjing and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department cBITE, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Schneider
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Detlef Kindgen-Milles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Balint Tamaskovics
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Budach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Corradini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ute Ganswindt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology und Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology und Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubert Schelzig
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Bojar
- NEXTGEN ONCOLOGY GROUP, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Edwin Bölke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jan Haussmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Matuschek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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178
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Yan J, Liu A, Huang J, Wu J, Fan H. Research Progress of Drug Treatment in Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:130. [PMID: 32405780 PMCID: PMC7220569 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As of March 10, 2020, more than 100,000 novel coronavirus pneumonia cases have been confirmed globally. With the continuous spread of the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic in even the world, prevention and treatment of the disease have become urgent tasks. The drugs currently being developed are not adequate to deal with this critical situation. In addition to being controlled through effective isolation, we need a rapid response from the healthcare and biotechnology industries to accelerate drug treatment research. By reviewing the currently available literature published at home and abroad, we summarize the current research progress of drug treatment during the epidemic period. At present, the drugs that can be used for treatment mainly include antiviral drugs, antimalarials, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, biological agents, and traditional Chinese medicine. The effectiveness and safety of drug therapy need to be confirmed by more clinical studies.
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179
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Seif F, Aazami H, Khoshmirsafa M, Kamali M, Mohsenzadegan M, Pornour M, Mansouri D. JAK Inhibition as a New Treatment Strategy for Patients with COVID-19. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 181:467-475. [PMID: 32392562 PMCID: PMC7270061 DOI: 10.1159/000508247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After the advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) commenced across the world. Understanding the Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 is essential for interrupting viral infectivity and preventing aberrant immune responses before a vaccine can be developed. In this review, we provide the latest insights into the roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) and Ang II receptor-1 (AT1-R) in this disease. Novel therapeutic strategies, including recombinant ACE2, ACE inhibitors, AT1-R blockers, and Ang 1–7 peptides, may prevent or reduce viruses-induced pulmonary, cardiac, and renal injuries. However, more studies are needed to clarify the efficacy of these therapeutics. Furthermore, considering the common role of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway in AT1-R expressed on peripheral tissues and cytokine receptors on the surface of immune cells, potential targeting of this pathway using JAK inhibitors (JAKinibs) is suggested as a promising approach in patients with COVID-19 who are admitted to hospitals. In addition to antiviral therapy, potential ACE2- and AT1-R-inhibiting strategies, and other supportive care, we suggest other potential JAKinibs and novel anti-inflammatory combination therapies that affect the JAK-STAT pathway in patients with COVID-19. Since the combination of MTX and baricitinib leads to outstanding clinical outcomes, the addition of baricitinib to MTX might be a potential strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Seif
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Tehran, Iran, .,Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Hossein Aazami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Kamali
- Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Pornour
- Department of Photo Healing and Regeneration, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,The Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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180
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Yousefi B, Valizadeh S, Ghaffari H, Vahedi A, Karbalaei M, Eslami M. A global treatments for coronaviruses including COVID-19. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9133-9142. [PMID: 32394467 PMCID: PMC7273044 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), and Influenza virus. In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID‐19. Cathepsin L is required for entry of the 2019‐nCoV virus into the cell as target teicoplanin inhibits virus replication. Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme 2 (ACE2) in soluble form as a recombinant protein can prevent the spread of coronavirus by restricting binding and entry. In patients with COVID‐19, hydroxychloroquine decreases the inflammatory response and cytokine storm, but overdose causes toxicity and mortality. Neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, peramivir, and zanamivir are invalid for 2019‐nCoV and are not recommended for treatment but protease inhibitors such as lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) inhibit the progression of MERS‐CoV disease and can be useful for patients of COVID‐19 and, in combination with Arbidol, has a direct antiviral effect on early replication of SARS‐CoV. Ribavirin reduces hemoglobin concentrations in respiratory patients, and remdesivir improves respiratory symptoms. Use of ribavirin in combination with LPV/r in patients with SARS‐CoV reduces acute respiratory distress syndrome and mortality, which has a significant protective effect with the addition of corticosteroids. Favipiravir increases clinical recovery and reduces respiratory problems and has a stronger antiviral effect than LPV/r. currently, appropriate treatment for patients with COVID‐19 is an ACE2 inhibitor and a clinical problem reducing agent such as favipiravir in addition to hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Saeid Valizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Ghaffari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Vahedi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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181
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Procko E. The sequence of human ACE2 is suboptimal for binding the S spike protein of SARS coronavirus 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511321 PMCID: PMC7239051 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.16.994236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and escalating spread of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses an immediate public health emergency. The viral spike protein S binds ACE2 on host cells to initiate molecular events that release the viral genome intracellularly. Soluble ACE2 inhibits entry of both SARS and SARS-2 coronaviruses by acting as a decoy for S binding sites, and is a candidate for therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic development. Using deep mutagenesis, variants of ACE2 are identified with increased binding to the receptor binding domain of S. Mutations are found across the interface, in the N90-glycosylation motif, and at buried sites where they are predicted to enhance local folding and presentation of the interaction epitope. When single substitutions are combined, large increases in binding can be achieved. The mutational landscape offers a blueprint for engineering high affinity proteins and peptides that block receptor binding sites on S to meet this unprecedented challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801
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182
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Abstract
COVID-19 is the current public health threat all over the world. Unfortunately, there is no specific prevention and treatment strategy for this disease. We aim to explore the potential role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in this regard through this literature review. As a crucial enzyme of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), ACE2 not only mediates the virus entry but also affects the pathophysiological process of virus-induced acute lung injury (ALI), as well as other organs’ damage. As interaction of COVID-19 virus spike and ACE2 is essential for virus infection, COVID-19-specific vaccine based on spike protein, small molecule compound interrupting their interaction, human monoclonal antibody based on receptor-binding domain, and recombinant human ACE2 protein (rhuACE2) have aroused the interests of researchers. Meanwhile, ACE2 could catalyze angiotensin II (Ang II) to form angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), thus alleviates the harmful effect of Ang II and amplifies the protection effect of Ang1-7. ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) have been shown to increase the level of expression of ACE2 and could be potential strategies in protecting lungs, heart, and kidneys. ACE2 plays a very important role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection. Strategies targeting ACE2 and its ligand, COVID-19 virus spike protein, may provide novel method in the prevention and management of novel coronavirus pneumonia.
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183
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Chatterjee P, Nagi N, Agarwal A, Das B, Banerjee S, Sarkar S, Gupta N, Gangakhedkar RR. The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A review of the current evidence. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:147-159. [PMID: 32362642 PMCID: PMC7357405 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_519_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (nCoV) spillover event, with its epicenter in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, and till February 28, 2020, there have been 83,704 confirmed cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, with 2,859 deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 3.41 per cent (95% confidence interval 3.29-3.54%). By this time (February 28, 2020) 58 countries or territories and one international conveyance (Diamond Princess Cruise Ship) were affected. As a part of the global response to manage and contain the pandemic, major emphasis was placed on generating research intelligence to guide evidence-based responses to contain the virus, which was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), owing to its genetic similarities with the SARS virus. This review summarizes the emerging evidence which can help guide the public health response, particularly in India. Key areas have been identified in which research needs to be conducted to generate critical intelligence for advising prevention and control efforts. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has once again exposed the weaknesses of global health systems preparedness, ability to respond to an infectious threat, the rapidity of transmission of infections across international borders and the ineffectiveness of knee-jerk policy responses to emerging/re-emerging infectious disease threats. The review concludes with the key learning points from the ongoing efforts to prevent and contain COVID-19 and identifies the need to invest in health systems, community-led response mechanisms and the need for preparedness and global health security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Chatterjee
- Translational Global Health Policy Research Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nazia Nagi
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Agarwal
- Translational Global Health Policy Research Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Pali, Haryana, India
| | - Sayantan Banerjee
- World Health Organization, South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarup Sarkar
- Translational Global Health Policy Research Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- CG Pandit Chair (Medical), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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184
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Lundstrom K. Coronavirus Pandemic-Therapy and Vaccines. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E109. [PMID: 32375268 PMCID: PMC7277397 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, which originated in Wuhan, China, has raised significant social, psychological and economic concerns in addition to direct medical issues. The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 to almost every country on the globe and the failure to contain the infections have contributed to fear and panic worldwide. The lack of available and efficient antiviral drugs or vaccines has further worsened the situation. For these reasons, it cannot be overstated that an accelerated effort for the development of novel drugs and vaccines is needed. In this context, novel approaches in both gene therapy and vaccine development are essential. Previous experience from SARS- and MERS-coronavirus vaccine and drug development projects have targeted glycoprotein epitopes, monoclonal antibodies, angiotensin receptor blockers and gene silencing technologies, which may be useful for COVID-19 too. Moreover, existing antivirals used for other types of viral infections have been considered as urgent action is necessary. This review aims at providing a background of coronavirus genetics and biology, examples of therapeutic and vaccine strategies taken and potential innovative novel approaches in progress.
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185
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Shetty R, Ghosh A, Honavar SG, Khamar P, Sethu S. Therapeutic opportunities to manage COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection: Present and future. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:693-702. [PMID: 32317431 PMCID: PMC7350468 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_639_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe form of respiratory disease - COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has evolved into a pandemic resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The unabated spread of the disease is due to lack of vaccine and effective therapeutic agents against this novel virus. Hence, the situation demands an immediate need to explore all the plausible therapeutic and prophylactic strategies that can be made available to stem the spread of the disease. Towards this effort, the current review outlines the key aspects of the pathobiology associated with the morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, which includes a viral response phase and an exaggerated host response phase. The review also summarizes therapeutic agents that are currently being explored along with those with potential for consideration. The broad groups of therapeutic agents discussed include those that: (i) block viral entry to host cells, (ii) block viral replication and survival in host cells, and (iii) dampen exaggerated host immune response. The various kinds of pharmaceutical prophylactic options that may be followed to prevent COVID-19 have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shetty
- Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Pooja Khamar
- Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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186
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Lamas-Barreiro JM, Alonso-Suárez M, Fernández-Martín JJ, Saavedra-Alonso JA. [Angiotensin II suppression in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a therapeutic approach]. Nefrologia 2020; 40:213-216. [PMID: 32456945 PMCID: PMC7190491 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Alonso-Suárez
- Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, España
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187
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Tatara AM. Role of Tissue Engineering in COVID-19 and Future Viral Outbreaks. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:468-474. [PMID: 32272857 PMCID: PMC7249458 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the current novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as other viral outbreaks in the 21st century, there is a dire need for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to combat infectious diseases worldwide. As a convergence science, tissue engineering has traditionally focused on the application of engineering principles to biological systems, collaboration across disciplines, and rapid translation of technologies from the benchtop to the bedside. Given these strengths, tissue engineers are particularly well suited to apply their skill set to the current crisis and viral outbreaks in general. This work introduces the basics of virology and epidemiology for tissue engineers, and highlights important developments in the field of tissue engineering relevant to the current pandemic, including in vitro model systems, vaccine technology, and small-molecule drug delivery. COVID-19 serves as a call to arms for scientists across all disciplines, and tissue engineers are well trained to be leaders and contributors in this time of need. Impact statement Given the steep mortality caused by the recent novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, there is clear need for advances in diagnostics and therapeutics for viral outbreaks. Tissue engineering has the potential for critical impact on clinical outcomes in viral outbreaks. Tissue engineers, if mobilized, could play key roles as leaders in the outbreak, given their ability to apply engineering principles to biological processes, experience in collaborative environments, and penchant for technological translation from benchtop to bedside. In this work, three areas pioneered by tissue engineers that could be applied to the current COVID-19 crisis and future viral outbreaks are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Tatara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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188
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Sankrityayan H, Kale A, Sharma N, Anders HJ, Gaikwad AB. Evidence for Use or Disuse of Renin-Angiotensin System Modulators in Patients Having COVID-19 With an Underlying Cardiorenal Disorder. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:299-306. [PMID: 32351121 DOI: 10.1177/1074248420921720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has been declared pandemic by World Health Organization due to an exponential rise in the number of infected and deceased persons across the globe. Emerging reports suggest that susceptibility and mortality rates are higher in patients with certain comorbidities when compared to the average population. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are important risk factors for a lethal outcome of COVID-19. Extensive research ensuing the outbreak of coronavirus-related severe acute respiratory syndrome in the year 2003, and COVID-19 recently revealed a role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in the entry of coronavirus wherein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) had garnered the significant attention. This raises the question whether the use of RAS inhibitors, the backbone of treatment of cardiovascular, neurovascular, and kidney diseases could increase the susceptibility for coronavirus infection or unfortunate outcomes of COVID-19. Thus, currently, there is a lack of consensus regarding the effects of RAS inhibitors in such patients. Moreover, expert bodies like American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and so on have now released official statements that RAS inhibitors must be continued, unless suggested otherwise by a physician. In this brief review, we will elaborate on the role of RAS and ACE2 in pathogenesis of COVID-19. Moreover, we will discuss the potential effect of the use and disuse of RAS inhibitors in patients having COVID-19 with cardiometabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sankrityayan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajinath Kale
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
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189
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Andreani J, Le Bideau M, Duflot I, Jardot P, Rolland C, Boxberger M, Wurtz N, Rolain JM, Colson P, La Scola B, Raoult D. In vitro testing of combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on SARS-CoV-2 shows synergistic effect. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104228. [PMID: 32344177 PMCID: PMC7182748 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 appeared at the end of 2019 and led to a pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. As there are currently no effective drugs targeting this virus, drug repurposing represents a short-term strategy to treat millions of infected patients at low costs. Hydroxychloroquine showed an antiviral effect in vitro. In vivo it showed efficacy, especially when combined with azithromycin in a preliminary clinical trial. Here we demonstrate that the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin has a synergistic effect in vitro on SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations compatible with that obtained in human lung. SARS-CoV 2 emergence and spreading need to found urgently therapeutics. Drug repurposing is the best strategy for quick therapeutic response. Azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine shows synergistic effect on replication. Concentrations of drugs are more compatible with in vivo concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Andreani
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Le Bideau
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Duflot
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Priscilla Jardot
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Clara Rolland
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Boxberger
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Wurtz
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.
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190
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Mani Mishra P, Uversky VN, Nandi CK. Serum albumin-mediated strategy for the effective targeting of SARS-CoV-2. Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109790. [PMID: 32353740 PMCID: PMC7195355 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus (NCoV-19), also known as SARS CoV-2, is a pathogen causing an emerging infection that rapidly increases in incidence and geographic range, is associated with the ever-increasing morbidity and mortality rates, and shows sever economic impact worldwide. The WHO declares the NCoV-19 infection disease (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 and subsequently, on March 11, 2020, declared it a Global Pandemic. Although some people infected with SARS CoV-2 have no symptoms, the spectrum of symptomatic infection ranges from mild to critical, with most COVID-19 infections being not severe. The common mild symptoms include body aches, dry cough, fatigue, low-grade fever, nasal congestion, and sore throat. More severe COVID-19 symptoms are typical of pneumonia, and upon progression, the patient's condition can worsen with severe respiratory and cardiac problems. Currently, there is no drug or vaccine for curing patients. It has been observed that people with challenged immunity are highly prone to SARS CoV-2 infection and least likely to recover. Also, older adults and people of any age with serious underlying medical conditions might be at higher risk for severe forms of COVID-19. We are suggesting here a strategy for the COVID-19 treatment that could be effective in curing the patients in the current scenario when no efficient medicine or Vaccine is currently available, and Clinicians solely depend upon the performing trials with drugs with known antiviral activities. Our proposed strategy is based on the compilation of published scientific research and concepts. The different published research indicates the success of a similar strategy in different physiological conditions, and such a strategy is widely studied at the cellular level and in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Mani Mishra
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States; Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Chayan K Nandi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India.
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191
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Speth RC. Response to recent commentaries regarding the involvement of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and renin-angiotensin system blockers in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:643-646. [PMID: 32304146 PMCID: PMC7264739 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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192
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Rossi GP, Sanga V, Barton M. Potential harmful effects of discontinuing ACE-inhibitors and ARBs in COVID-19 patients. eLife 2020; 9:e57278. [PMID: 32250244 PMCID: PMC7198232 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The angiotensin converting enzyme-1-angiotensin II-angiotensin AT1 receptor pathway contributes to the pathophysiology of ARDS, whereas activation of the ACE-2-angiotensin(1-7)-angiotensin AT2 receptor and the ACE-2-angiotensin(1-7)-Mas receptor pathways have been shown to be protective. Here we propose and discuss therapeutic considerations how to increase soluble ACE-2 in plasma in order for ACE-2 to capture and thereby inactivate SARS-CoV-2. This could be achieved by administering recombinant soluble ACE-2. We also discuss why and how ACEIs and ARBs provide cardiovascular, renal and also pulmonary protection in SARS-CoV-2- associated ARDS. Discontinuing these medications in COVID-19 patients may therefore potentially be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Rossi
- Hypertension Unit -Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Viola Sanga
- International PhD Program in Arterial Hypertension and Vascular Biology (ARHYVAB)- University of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Matthias Barton
- University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Andreas Grüntzig FoundationZürichSwitzerland
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193
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Awadasseid A, Wu Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Initial success in the identification and management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indicates human-to-human transmission in Wuhan, China. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1846-1860. [PMID: 32398954 PMCID: PMC7211182 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) has been one of the major pandemic threats to human health in the last two decades. The human coronavirus was first identified in 1960s. CoVs 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV have caused numerous disasters or human deaths worldwide. Recently, an outbreak of the previously unknown deadly CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2, early named 2019-nCoV) occurred in Wuhan, China, and it had caused 81238 cases of confirmed infection, including 3250 deaths until March 19, 2020. Its risks and pandemic potential have brought global consideration. We summarized epidemiology, virological characteristics, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, clinical treatments, and prevention methods for COVID-19 to present a reference for the future wave of probable CoV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annoor Awadasseid
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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194
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AminJafari A, Ghasemi S. The possible of immunotherapy for COVID-19: A systematic review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106455. [PMID: 32272396 PMCID: PMC7128194 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immunotherapy is an effective method for SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. The immunotherapies include vaccines, monoclonal antibody candidates, and etc. There is no serious immunotherapy research for COVID-19. Similar studies on the coronaviruses showed notable results. So immunotherapy for COVID-19 virus can also be a suitable option.
The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an emerging pathogen that was first described in late December 2019 and causes a severe respiratory infection in humans. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, international attention has raised to develop treatment and control options such as types of immunotherapies. The immunotherapy is an effective method for fighting against similar viral infections such as SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. These methods include several types of vaccines, monoclonal antibody candidates, and etc. This systematic review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence and experience related to immunotherapy for 2019-nCoV. Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as 2019-nCoV, novel coronavirus, Immunotherapy, interleukin, vaccine and the related words for relevant publications up to 24.3.2020. The present systematic review was performed based on PRISMA protocol. Data extraction and quality valuation of articles were performed by two reviewers. 51 articles were the results of the search and based on the inclusions and exclusions criteria, 7 articles were included in the final review. As a conclusion of these studies demonstrated that although no serious research has been done on this subject at the time of writing this article, similar studies on the related viruses showed notable results. So immunotherapy for this virus can also be a suitable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram AminJafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sorayya Ghasemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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195
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Turk C, Turk S, Temirci ES, Malkan UY, Haznedaroglu İC. In vitro analysis of the renin-angiotensin system and inflammatory gene transcripts in human bronchial epithelial cells after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320928872. [PMID: 32490715 PMCID: PMC7271679 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320928872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently identified coronavirus family member that triggers a respiratory disease similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are very similar to each other in many respects, such as structure, genetics, and pathobiology. We hypothesized that coronaviruses could affect pulmonary tissues via integration with the critical immune genes after their interaction with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) elements. The aim of the present bioinformatics study was to assess expression changes of the RAS and non-RAS genes, particularly immune response genes, in the lung epithelial cells after infection with SARS-CoV. METHODS Linear regression, hierarchical clustering, pathway analysis, and network analysis were performed using the E-GEOD-17400 data set. RESULTS The whole-genome expression data of the lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV for 12, 24, and 48 hours were analyzed, and a total of 15 RAS family and 29 immune genes were found to be highly correlated with the exposure time to the virus in the studied groups. CONCLUSION RAS genes are important at the initiation of the infections caused by coronavirus family members and may have a strong relationship with the exchange of immune genes in due course following the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Turk
- Department of Medical Microbiology,
Lokman Hekim University, Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe
University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Turkey
| | - Elif Sena Temirci
- Department of Molecular Biology and
Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, Turkey
| | - Umit Yavuz Malkan
- Department of Haematology, Dışkapı
Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences,
Turkey
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196
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Amawi H, Abu Deiab GI, A Aljabali AA, Dua K, Tambuwala MM. COVID-19 pandemic: an overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and potential vaccines and therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:245-268. [PMID: 32397911 PMCID: PMC7222554 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At the time of writing this review, severe acute respiratory coronavirus syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 2,355,853 patients and resulted in more than 164,656 deaths worldwide (as of 20 April 2020). This review highlights the preventive measures, available clinical therapies and the potential of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 by taking into consideration the strong genetic similarities of the 2003 epidemic SARS-CoV. Recent studies are investigating the repurposing of US FDA-approved drugs as there is no available vaccine yet with many attempts under clinical evaluation. Several antivirals, antimalarials and immunomodulators that have shown activity against SARS-CoV and Middle East coronavirus respiratory syndromes are being evaluated. In particular, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, arbidol, tocilizumab and bevacizumab have shown promising results. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of this pandemic and where we currently stand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Amawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Yarmouk University, Irbid-Jordan
| | - Ghina'a I Abu Deiab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Yarmouk University, Irbid-Jordan
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid-Jordan
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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197
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Ho M. Perspectives on the development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Antib Ther 2020; 3:109-114. [PMID: 32566896 PMCID: PMC7291920 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 gains entry to human cells through its spike (S) protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Therefore, the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein is the primary target for neutralizing antibodies. Selection of broad-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV is attractive and might be useful for treating not only COVID-19 but also future SARS-related CoV infections. Broad-neutralizing antibodies, such as 47D11, S309, and VHH-72, have been reported to target a conserved region in the RBD of the S1 subunit. The S2 subunit required for viral membrane fusion might be another target. Due to their small size and high stability, single-domain antibodies might have the ability to be administered by an inhaler making them potentially attractive therapeutics for respiratory infections. A cocktail strategy combining two (or more) antibodies that recognize different parts of the viral surface that interact with human cells might be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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198
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Phadke M, Saunik S. COVID-19 treatment by repurposing drugs until the vaccine is in sight. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:541-543. [PMID: 32227357 PMCID: PMC7228332 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Corona virus disease (COVID‐19) has created pandemic in the world as declared by WHO on March 12, 2020. It is a viral disease caused by SARS‐CoV 2 virus and has affected large populations in over 120 countries. There is no specific treatment available and management is empirical. Until such time that an effective vaccine is available for COVID‐19 viral infection, one can repurpose known therapeutic drug molecules such as angiotensin receptor 2 blocker, a commonly used antihypertensive drug, to control COVID‐19 virus from gaining entry into the host cell by blocking the angiotensin receptor. Clinical trials should also be undertaken to use statins, which are lipid‐lowering drugs but have anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to prevent acute lung injury in COVID‐19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Phadke
- NHM, Government of Maharashtra, UNICEF, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujata Saunik
- NHM, Government of Maharashtra, UNICEF, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, India.,l.C S.Govt of. Mah, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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199
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Srinivasan S, Cui H, Gao Z, Liu M, Lu S, Mkandawire W, Narykov O, Sun M, Korkin D. Structural Genomics of SARS-CoV-2 Indicates Evolutionary Conserved Functional Regions of Viral Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040360. [PMID: 32218151 PMCID: PMC7232164 DOI: 10.3390/v12040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During its first two and a half months, the recently emerged 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has already infected over one-hundred thousand people worldwide and has taken more than four thousand lives. However, the swiftly spreading virus also caused an unprecedentedly rapid response from the research community facing the unknown health challenge of potentially enormous proportions. Unfortunately, the experimental research to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the viral infection and to design a vaccine or antivirals is costly and takes months to develop. To expedite the advancement of our knowledge, we leveraged data about the related coronaviruses that is readily available in public databases and integrated these data into a single computational pipeline. As a result, we provide comprehensive structural genomics and interactomics roadmaps of SARS-CoV-2 and use this information to infer the possible functional differences and similarities with the related SARS coronavirus. All data are made publicly available to the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Srinivasan
- Data Science Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
| | - Hongzhu Cui
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Ziyang Gao
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Ming Liu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Senbao Lu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Winnie Mkandawire
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Oleksandr Narykov
- Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
| | - Mo Sun
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Korkin
- Data Science Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (H.C.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (W.M.); (D.K.)
- Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Perico L, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Should COVID-19 Concern Nephrologists? Why and to What Extent? The Emerging Impasse of Angiotensin Blockade. Nephron Clin Pract 2020; 144:213-221. [PMID: 32203970 PMCID: PMC7179544 DOI: 10.1159/000507305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the most recent findings on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, and examine the potential effects of ARBs on the outcomes of patients with COVID-19. Lastly, we discuss the clinical management of COVID-19 patients with existing chronic renal disorders, particularly those in dialysis and with kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perico
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy,
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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