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Yin J, Gongsang Q, Wang L, Li C, Wu X. Identification of vulnerable populations and knowledge, attitude, and practice analysis of echinococcosis in Tibet Autonomous Region of China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:110061. [PMID: 32810501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases recognized by the World Health Organization and causes a huge global disease burden. The Tibet Autonomous Region (Tibet) of China is the most epidemic area of echinococcosis worldwide. Echinococcosis poses an enormous threat to local public health and economic development. Identifying vulnerable populations and analyzing people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) with respect to echinococcosis is necessary to prevent and control echinococcosis. Based on reported cases and questionnaire responses, we first used a k-prototypes clustering algorithm to identify vulnerable populations according to human demographics (including gender, age, education level, and occupation). We then used a KAP analysis to evaluate the Tibetan people's understanding of echinococcosis. The results identified three types of vulnerable population. Vulnerable population I comprised illiterate middle-aged and older women engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Vulnerable population II comprised illiterate middle-aged male herdsmen. Vulnerable population III comprised young male farmers with a low education level. The KAP analysis indicated that the pass rate for all participants was 72.6%, 6.4%, 95.0%, and 75.8% for KAP, K, A, and P, respectively. The pass rates were significantly different among different age and gender groups. Based on these results, it is necessary to improve public health education and professional training, and to implement effective control and management measures targeting typical hosts of echinococcosis. This study provides a direct reference for the prevention and control of echinococcosis in Tibet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Quzhen Gongsang
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850010, China
| | - Liying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Disease, Shanghai, 200025, China; Doctorate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences for Health (CBS2), University of Montpellier, 34395, Montpellier, France
| | - Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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152
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Proteomic analysis of plasma exosomes from Cystic Echinococcosis patients provides in vivo support for distinct immune response profiles in active vs inactive infection and suggests potential biomarkers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008586. [PMID: 33017416 PMCID: PMC7535053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reference diagnostic method of human abdominal Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is imaging, particularly ultrasound, supported by serology when imaging is inconclusive. However, current diagnostic tools are neither optimal nor widely available. The availability of a test detecting circulating biomarkers would considerably improve CE diagnosis and cyst staging (active vs inactive), as well as treatments and follow-up of patients. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication, including immune system responses, and are a recognized source of biomarkers. With the aim of identifying potential biomarkers, plasma pools from patients infected by active or inactive CE, as well as from control subjects, were processed to isolate exosomes for proteomic label-free quantitative analysis. Results were statistically processed and subjected to bioinformatics analysis to define distinct features associated with parasite viability. First, a few parasite proteins were identified that were specifically associated with either active or inactive CE, which represent potential biomarkers to be validated in further studies. Second, numerous identified proteins of human origin were common to active and inactive CE, confirming an overlap of several immune response pathways. However, a subset of human proteins specific to either active or inactive CE, and central in the respective protein-protein interaction networks, were identified. These include the Src family kinases Src and Lyn, and the immune-suppressive cytokine TGF-β in active CE, and Cdc42 in inactive CE. The Src and Lyn Kinases were confirmed as potential markers of active CE in totally independent plasma pools. In addition, insights were obtained on immune response profiles: largely consistent with previous evidence, our observations hint to a Th1/Th2/regulatory immune environment in patients with active CE and a Th1/inflammatory environment with a component of the wound healing response in the presence of inactive CE. Of note, our results were obtained for the first time from the analysis of samples obtained in vivo from a well-characterized, large cohort of human subjects.
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153
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Yu Q, Xiao N, Han S, Tian T, Zhou XN. Progress on the national echinococcosis control programme in China: analysis of humans and dogs population intervention during 2004-2014. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:137. [PMID: 33008476 PMCID: PMC7532088 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A national control program for echinococcosis has been in effect since 2005 in China. This program has applied a comprehensive strategy, and good control results have been achieved. Human echinococcosis prevalence rate decrease from 1.08% in 2004 to 0.24% in 2012. The objective of this study is focusing on assessment of the programme with two indices, including patient treatment and registered dogs deworming, in endemic areas of echincoccosis control over the period of 10 years (2004–2014) in China. Methods We established the database including demography at county and township levels with coverage for ten provinces and autonomous regions of China in this study. We using methods of epidemiological descriptive, instead the expectation-maximization for missing value filling for grouping available patients into those subjected to surgery and those receiving drug treatment after population screening and the dogs population after registered by deworming. We performed Microsoft Excel software and SPSS software on the results as percentages with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We also statistically analyzed the economics data on patient treatment and dogs deworming after the corresponding discount with annual bank interest rates (USD 1 = CNY 6.5, bank discount average changes of 2.3–3.3%). Results During 2004–2014, the grant total average rate of surgical patient (after surgical operation) treatment had increased with 32.4% and with 81.3% for medical treatment with albendazole. Meanwhile, it increased by 58.6% for the deworming of registered dog since 2007. The accumulated costs amounted to USD 27.03 million after discount for patients and registered dog treatment, which is 1/4 of the total accumulated financial inputs (USD 110.67 million from the Chinese Government). Since the implementation of the national program, it has increased 57 times with respect to the annual financial inputs (costs) and 368 times with respect to all accumulated financial inputs (costs). Conclusions This study showed that in endemic areas, patient diagnosis and management, dog management and treatment over this period helped reduce the parasite load to control the disease. More attention should be paid to controlling wild canines during the ongoing program period and sustainable follow-up evaluations are crucial for success and continued implementation of the national program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- Department of Echinococcosis, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shuai Han
- Department of Echinococcosis, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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154
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Núñez-Torres OP, Chávez-Vargas AF. Prevalencia de la hidatidosis en hígados bovinos y pérdidas económicas en el camal municipal de la ciudad de Puyo-Ecuador. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2020.070200072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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155
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Núñez-Torres OP, Chávez-Vargas AF. Prevalence of hydatidosis in bovine livers and economic losses in the municipal bed of the city of Puyo-Ecuador. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2020.070200072x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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156
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Hombo H, Oyarzo M, Álvarez C, Cuadros N, Hernández F, Ward MP, Acosta-Jamett G. Spatial epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis in livestock from a hyper-endemic region in southern Chile. Vet Parasitol 2020; 287:109258. [PMID: 33075729 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This disease has a worldwide distribution and is considered an important zoonosis in Chile, especially in regions where raising livestock dominates. We aimed to describe the spatial distribution and risk factors for CE in cattle and sheep slaughtered in the Aysén Region, Chile between 2015 and 2016, to inform disease control in this hyper-endemic region. Clustering and hotspot analyses of CE at the farm-level were performed (Moran's global index, local indicator of spatial autocorrelation (LISA), and the scan statistic Poisson model), and we used spatial interpolation to display areas with a higher risk of CE. Mixed effects logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between municipality of origin and age of animals and CE detected at slaughter, with the farm of origin included as a random effect. Overall, data from 1532 cattle farms (1078 geocoded) and 30,805 cattle were analyzed, with a 64 % and 39 % CE prevalence at the farm and animal-level, respectively. For sheep farms, data from 381 (296 geocoded) farms and 58,223 sheep were analyzed, with a 71 % and 18 % CE prevalence at the farm and animal-level, respectively. Globally, the CE prevalence in both cattle and sheep farms was not clustered. However, we found 14 cattle and 23 sheep farms with high prevalence that were locally clustered. We also detected 6 and 11 clusters in cattle and sheep farms, respectively. Risk of reported CE varied according to municipalities of origin, and the age of animals. This study confirms that the Aysén region is a hyper-endemic region for CE. It demonstrates the usefulness of the traceability of animals slaughtered for understanding the epidemiology of CE. The results suggest that in this hyper-endemic region in which there are limited financial resources available, that intervention activities - at the beginning of a control program - should be focused on farms with high prevalence and identified disease clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Hombo
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Oyarzo
- Unidad de Zoonosis, Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Salud, Región de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Claudia Álvarez
- Unidad de Zoonosis, Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Salud, Región de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Natalia Cuadros
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Felipe Hernández
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Private Mailbag 4003, Narellan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - Gerardo Acosta-Jamett
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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157
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Santolamazza F, Santoro A, Possenti A, Cacciò SM, Casulli A. A validated method to identify Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato at species level. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104575. [PMID: 33007497 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) represents a species complex encompassing multiple causative agents of cystic echinococcosis, a neglected tropical disease affecting more than one million people in the world. At least eight genotypes, grouped in five species, are currently recognized within this species complex, and they differ in terms of relative public health impact. Here we present a molecular method that first identifies the common E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (genotypes G1 and G3) based on a PCR-RFLP assay, and can further identify the remaining species based on a multiplex PCR assay. We demonstrate the applicability of the method to DNA extracted from parasitic cyst material of human and animal origin, preserved in ethanol or frozen. The method has been developed and validated at the European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), according to the ISO/IE 17025.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Santolamazza
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Santoro
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Possenti
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - S M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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158
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Maksimov P, Bergmann H, Wassermann M, Romig T, Gottstein B, Casulli A, Conraths FJ. Species Detection within the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Complex by Novel Probe-Based Real-Time PCRs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100791. [PMID: 32993077 PMCID: PMC7599986 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with eggs of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) can cause cystic echinococcosis in intermediate host animals and humans. Upon ingestion of viable eggs, oncospheres hatch from the eggs and subsequently develop into fluid-filled larval cysts, most frequently in the liver or the lungs. The slowly growing cysts progressively interfere with organ function. The risk of infection is determined by the host range of the parasite, its pathogenicity and other epidemiologically relevant parameters, which differ significantly among the five species within the E. granulosus s.l. complex. It is therefore essential to diagnose the correct species within E. granulosus s.l. to help understand specific disease epidemiology and to facilitate effective implementation of control measures. For this purpose, simple, fast and cost-effective typing techniques are needed. We developed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) to target polymorphic regions in the mitochondrial genome of E. granulosus s.l. In a single-step typing approach, we distinguished E. granulosus s.l. members in four epidemiologically relevant subgroups. These were E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. equinus, E. ortleppi and the E. canadensis cluster. The technique also allowed identification and differentiation of these species from other Echinococcus or Taenia taxa for samples isolated from cysts or faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (H.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hannes Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (H.B.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Marion Wassermann
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.W.); (T.R.)
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.W.); (T.R.)
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (H.B.); (F.J.C.)
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159
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Noordin R, Khanbabaie S, Hafiznur Yunus M, Marti H, Nickel B, Fasihi Harandi M, Nasibi S. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Recombinant Antigen B1 for Detection of Cystic Echinococcosis Using Lateral Flow Dipstick Test. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:290-298. [PMID: 33082792 PMCID: PMC7548468 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Human echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic disease distributed worldwide. It comprises cystic and alveolar forms, the former being the more prevalent disease. Imaging techniques are the first choice for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis and serology is used as an additional diagnostic technique in doubtful cases or as the sole test in low-resource settings. Rapid diagnostic tests are useful and convenient for immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in endemic areas, where medical facilities often struggle with limited resources. Methods Recently, we have developed Hyd Rapid™, an IgG4 lateral flow dipstick test using recombinant antigen B1 for detection of cystic echinococcosis. This study was performed between 2016 until 2018 at the Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The diagnostic performance of Hyd Rapid™ was tested in-house and at two international laboratories in Switzerland and Iran. Results The overall diagnostic sensitivity for detection of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis was 95% (56/59). Meanwhile, the diagnostic specificity, with and without exclusion of cysticercosis and fascioliasis, was 100% (n=48) and 88% (63/72), respectively. Conclusion Hyd Rapid™ detected cystic echinococcosis as well as probable cases of alveolar echinococcosis. Therefore, Hyd Rapid™ showed good potential as a serological tool for echinococcosis, and merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sam Khanbabaie
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hanspeter Marti
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Nickel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Uncommon Locations of Cystic Echinococcosis: A Report of 46 Cases from Southern Iran. Surg Res Pract 2020; 2020:2061045. [PMID: 33015320 PMCID: PMC7520003 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most cases of hydatid cysts form in the liver and lung and other tissues are considered as unusual locations in hydatid cysts. The current study aimed to find out the rate and features of hydatid cysts in uncommon locations in Fars Province, Southern Iran, over a 15-year period. Methods The hospital records of patients who underwent surgery for hydatid cysts in university-affiliated hospitals in Fars Province, Southern Iran, from 2004 to 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. For each patient, clinical and demographical data were recorded. Results During a 15-year period, a total of 501 patients were surgically treated for hydatid cysts, and out of these, 46 (9.2%) were presented with the unusual locations of hydatid disease. Males constituted 28 (60.9%) of these patients while 18 (39.1%) of the patients were females. The patients' age ranged from 5 to 80 years (mean = 40.49; SD = 20.37). The size of the cysts ranged from 2 to 20 cm (mean = 8.69, SD = 4.59). The most common unusual location for the hydatid cyst was the spleen with 30.4% of cases, followed by the pelvic cavity (15.2%). Out of 46 cases with unusual location of the hydatid cyst, 10 (21.7%) cases had lung, 22 (47.8%) cases had liver, and 5 (10.9%) cases had both liver and lung hydatid cysts, simultaneously with cysts in unusual locations. Conclusion In cystic echinococcosis- (CE) endemic areas, hydatid disease can affect any organ, from head to toe, in humans. The disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any cystic entities anywhere in the body.
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161
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Tamarozzi F, Horton J, Muhtarov M, Ramharter M, Siles-Lucas M, Gruener B, Vuitton DA, Bresson-Hadni S, Manciulli T, Brunetti E. A case for adoption of continuous albendazole treatment regimen for human echinococcal infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008566. [PMID: 32941434 PMCID: PMC7498015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis are chronic, neglected parasitic diseases burdened by high morbidity and, for AE, by high mortality, if left untreated. CE and AE have a widespread distribution, including Europe. Albendazole (ABZ), a broad-spectrum benzimidazole drug widely used to treat parasitic infections, is the drug of choice for the management of CE and AE, and is parasitostatic on echinococcal metacestodes. In Europe, ABZ is licensed for interrupted “cyclic” treatment, for a maximum of 3 cycles. However, better efficacy with no increased side effects has been shown when the drug is administered continuously and for longer periods. Current international recommendations, on the basis of clinical, pharmacological, and biological studies, recommend continuous administration of ABZ for months to years for the treatment of CE and AE, and this schedule has been widely in use for the past 20 years. However, in Europe this internationally recommended schedule, with the exception of France, is technically “off-label”, and, as such, requires an informed consent by the patient and, in some countries, even precludes the reimbursement of the drug cost. Adding to the very high cost of the drug, frequent “out-of-stock” situation, and packaging format impractical for long therapies, these conditions put patients with CE and AE regularly at risk of treatment discontinuation and disease progression. European regulations envisage variations to marketing authorization, but postauthorization studies should be carried out by the holder of the license of the drug, in the form of randomized controlled trials. While such studies do not seem feasible and would probably not be ethically justified for CE and AE, European regulations envisage other possibilities in particular situations, which apply to CE and AE, but there is limited interest to invest in this perspective. We urge a coordination between stakeholders to find effective and feasible ways to take action to revise the benzimidazole dosage regimens for CE and AE and to ensure a fair, regular, and easy access to the appropriate treatment to those suffering from these serious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Negrar, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Marin Muhtarov
- Multi-Profile Hospital for Active Treatment “Kardzhali”, Gastroenterology Ward, Khardzhali, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Parasitology Group, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Beate Gruener
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominique A. Vuitton
- French National Reference Center for Echinococcosis, Besançon University Hospital, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Solange Bresson-Hadni
- French National Reference Center for Echinococcosis, Besançon University Hospital, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Tropical Medicine Units, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Matteo Hospital Fundation–Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Matteo Hospital Fundation–Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Faridi A, Afgar A, Mousavi SM, Nasibi S, Mohammadi MA, Farajli Abbasi M, Fasihi Harandi M. Intestinal Expression of miR-130b, miR-410b, and miR-98a in Experimental Canine Echinococcosis by Stem-Loop RT-qPCR. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:507. [PMID: 33005638 PMCID: PMC7480022 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic cestode dwelling in the small intestine of canid definitive hosts. Intermediate hosts are a wide range of domestic and wild ungulates. Human infection with the larval stage causes cystic echinococcosis. Understanding the nature and extent of molecular mechanisms involved in host–parasite interactions helps to answer some very basic questions in the biology of cestode parasites with significant implications in the management and control of cystic echinococcosis. Little is known on the miRNAs expression in the intestinal tissues of dogs infected with E. granulosus. In the present study, expression of a selected profile of miRNAs was evaluated in experimental canine echinococcosis. MiRNAs were extracted from 20 different parts of small intestinal tract of two sibling 3-months-old mix-breed dogs. Complementary DNA was specifically synthesized using an optimized stem-loop system. Intestinal expression of four miRNAs (cfa-let7g, cfa-miR-98, cfamiR-410, cfa-miR-130b) was evaluated using RT-qPCR. The results of the study indicate a significant difference between test and control dogs in cfamiR-130b, cfa-miR-98, and cfa-miR-410 (P ≤ 0.05); however, there was no significant difference for cfa-let7g. The most upregulated miRNAs were cfamiR-130b and cfa-miR-98. An increasing trend for cfa-let7g and a declining trend for cfa-miR-98, cfa-miR-410, and cfamiR-130b were found toward the distal segments of the small intestine. Our study revealed that cfa-miR-98, cfa-miR-410, and cfamiR-130b are involved in the definitive host response in canine echinococcosis. The study provides new information on the molecular basis of interactions between E. granulosus and dogs in terms of miRNA expression and showed that E. granulosus infection could increase the expression of some pro-inflammatory miRNAs at the cellular level in the definitive host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Faridi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farajli Abbasi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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163
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Anvari D, Rezaei F, Ashouri A, Rezaei S, Majidiani H, Pagheh AS, Rezaei F, Shariatzadeh SA, Fotovati A, Siyadatpanah A, Gholami S, Ahmadpour E. Current situation and future prospects of Echinococcus granulosus vaccine candidates: A systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1080-1096. [PMID: 32762075 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease, represents a threat for livestock and humans, manifests as a quiescent, subclinical and chronic hydatid cyst infection. The disease imposes high expenditures and economic losses in medical and veterinary. Prophylactic vaccination would be one of the effective preventive health care against echinococcosis. During the last decades, many studies have characterized the protective antigens of Echinococcus granulosus and their role in immunization of various animal host species. Herein, we aimed to systematically evaluate and represent the best antigens as possible vaccine candidates for cystic echinococcosis. Data were systematically searched from five databases including ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science, up to 1 February 2020. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed data extraction and quality assessment. A total of 47 articles were eligible for inclusion criteria in the current study. The most common antigens used for vaccination against E. granulosus were EG95 and antigen B. Freund's adjuvant and Quil A have been predominantly utilized. In addition, regarding the antigen delivery, animal models, measurement of immune responses and reduction in hydatid cyst have been discussed in the text. The data demonstrated that DNA vaccines with antigen B and recombinant protein vaccines based on EG95 antigen have the best results and elicited protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Anvari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ashouri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Zonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Amir Fotovati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Shirzad Gholami
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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164
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Tamarozzi F, Legnardi M, Fittipaldo A, Drigo M, Cassini R. Epidemiological distribution of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infection in human and domestic animal hosts in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008519. [PMID: 32776936 PMCID: PMC7440662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonosis caused by infection with the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. We carried out a systematic literature review on E. granulosus s.l. human and animal (cattle, sheep, dog) infection in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries in 2000–2019, to provide a picture of its recent epidemiology in this endemic area. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar and Open Grey databases were searched. Included cases were: i) for humans, data from hospital records and imaging studies; ii) for dogs, data from necropsy and coprological studies; iii) for ruminants, cases based on slaughter inspection. The NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) classification was used to categorize extracted data in epidemiological units, defined as data referred to one NUTS2 (basic region) in one year time. Data were then aggregated to NUTS1 level (major regions), calculating the average incidence value of included epidemiological units. For prevalence studies covering different epidemiological units, the pooled prevalence was estimated. Data were extracted from 79 publications, 25 on human infection (covering 437 epidemiological units), and 54 on animal infection (52 epidemiological units for cattle, 35 for sheep and 25 for dogs). At NUTS1 level, average annual incidence rates of human CE ranged from 0.10–7.74/100,000; pooled prevalence values ranged from 0.003–64.09% in cattle, 0.004–68.73% in sheep, and 0–31.86% in dogs. Southern and insular Italy, central Spain, Romania and Bulgaria reported the highest values. Bovine data showed a more similar pattern to human data compared to sheep and dogs. Limitation of evidence included the paucity of human prevalence studies, data heterogeneity, and the patchy geographical coverage, with lack of data especially for the Balkans. Our results confirm Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe being the most affected areas, but data are extremely heterogeneous, geographical coverage very patchy, and human prevalence studies extremely scant. Results also highlight the notorious problem of underreporting of E. granulosus s.l. infection in both humans and animals. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonosis caused by infection with the parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, naturally transmitted between canids and livestock; CE in humans can be a serious condition. In endemic areas, CE is responsible for significant health and economic losses, but its real burden is difficult to estimate. E. granulosus s.l. is especially present in areas where livestock breeding is practiced, including European Mediterranean and Balkan countries. We carried out a systematic literature review on the epidemiology of E. granulosus s.l. human and animal infection in this area in 2000–2019. Data were extracted from 79 publications, and referred to Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) levels per year. Average annual incidence rates of human CE ranged from 0.10–7.74/100,000; pooled prevalences ranged from 0.003–64.09% in cattle, 0.004–68.73% in sheep, and 0–31.86% in dogs. Bovine data showed a more similar pattern to human data compared to sheep and dogs. Our results confirm that Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe are the most affected areas, but data are extremely heterogeneous, geographical coverage very patchy, and human prevalence studies extremely scant. Results also highlight the well-known problem of underreporting of E. granulosus s.l. infection in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Andrea Fittipaldo
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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165
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Saadi A, Amarir F, Filali H, Thys S, Rhalem A, Kirschvink N, Raes M, Marcotty T, Oukessou M, Duchateau L, Sahibi H, Antoine-Moussiaux N. The socio-economic burden of cystic echinococcosis in Morocco: A combination of estimation method. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008410. [PMID: 32735585 PMCID: PMC7423152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a major zoonosis in Morocco despite the launch of a national control programme in 2005. As its economic consequences have not been studied yet in Morocco, this study estimated CE impact in terms of monetary losses, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), and DALY for zoonotic diseases (zDALY) in the entire country and in specific regions for the 2011 to 2014 period. The direct monetary losses were related to organ seizure from infected animal in slaughterhouses, and to healthcare expenses as well as lost wages for infected humans. Animal production losses concerned milk yield, fertility, carcass weight, and wool production. Losses due to human infection were also composed of disability and productivity losses at work. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate monetary losses and zDALY values. Nationwide, the estimated DALY was 0.5 years per 100,000 persons per year, and the zDALY was 55 years per 100,000 persons per year. Total yearly losses were estimated at 73 million USD (54–92 million USD). However, losses differed significantly among regions. Most of the economic losses consisted of unperceived consequences, i.e. decreased animal production and reduced productivity of asymptomatic individuals. Future studies should determine the socioeconomic and epidemiological factors underlying the differences in economic losses among regions to develop better adapted control programmes. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a major neglected zoonosis in Morocco, despite the launch of a national control programme in 2005. The first study on CE in Morocco dates back to 1924. However, no evaluation of economic losses was made until now. The present study estimated the economic losses caused by CE in Morocco, at the national and regional scale, by combining financial and non-financial methods. Estimation of the direct and indirect losses caused by CE infection in humans and livestock (sheep, cattle, goats and camels) highlighted the important disease burden nationwide, amounting to 0.07% of Morocco Gross Domestic Product. The combination of methods brought information on the different CE-linked economic losses, including the unperceived consequences. These results indicate that the national CE control strategy did not result in a decrease of the disease burden, which calls for its evaluation and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouatif Saadi
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitological Unit, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
- * E-mail:
| | - Fatimaezzahra Amarir
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitological Unit, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hind Filali
- National School of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Séverine Thys
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp Belgium
| | - Abdelkbir Rhalem
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitological Unit, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Marianne Raes
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Oukessou
- Department of Veterinary, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hamid Sahibi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitological Unit, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nicolas Antoine-Moussiaux
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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166
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Zhang X, Gong W, Cao S, Yin J, Zhang J, Cao J, Shen Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Non-coding RNA Profiles of Exosome-Like Vesicles From the Protoscoleces and Hydatid Cyst Fluid of Echinococcus granulosus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:316. [PMID: 32793506 PMCID: PMC7387405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide chronic zoonotic disease that threatens human health and animal husbandry. Exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) have emerged recently as mediators in the parasite-parasite intercommunication and parasite-host interactions. Exosome-like vesicles from parasites can transfer non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) into host cells to regulate their gene expression; however, the ncRNAs profiles of the ELVs from Echinococcus granulosus remain unknown. Here, we isolated protoscolece (PSC)-ELVs and hydatid fluid (HF)-ELVs from the culture medium for E. granulosus PSCs in vitro and the HF of fertile sheep cysts, respectively. The microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) profiles of the two types of ELVs were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, and their functions were predicted using Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. In PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs, 118 and 58 miRNAs were identified, respectively, among which 53 miRNAs were present in both ELVs, whereas 65 and 5 miRNAs were unique to PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs, respectively; 2,361 and 1,254 lncRNAs were identified in PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs, respectively, among which 1,004 lncRNAs were present in both ELVs, whereas 1,357 and 250 lncRNAs were unique to PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs, respectively. Intriguingly, the spilled PSCs from cysts excrete ELVs with higher numbers of and higher expression levels of miRNAs and circRNAs than HF-ELVs. The miRNA sequencing data were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the target lncRNAs and mRNAs regulated by the 20 most abundant miRNAs were screened, and a ceRNA regulatory network containing 5 miRNAs, 41 lncRNAs, and 23 mRNAs was constructed, which provided new ideas and the molecular basis for further clarification of the function and mechanism of E. granulosus ELVs ncRNAs in the parasite-host interactions. Egr-miR-125-5p and egr-miR-10a-5p, sharing identical seed sites with host miRNAs, were predicted to mediate inflammatory response, collagen catabolic process, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade during parasite infections. In conclusion, for the first time, we identified the ncRNAs profiles in PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs that might be involved in host immunity and pathogenesis, and enriched the ncRNAs data of E. granulosus. These results provided valuable resources for further analysis of the regulatory potential of ncRNAs, especially miRNAs, in both types of ELVs at the parasite-host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenci Gong
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengkui Cao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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167
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Çolak B, Aksoy F, Yavuz S, Demircili ME. Investigating the effect of gold nanoparticles on hydatid cyst protoscolices under low-power green laser irradiation. Turk J Surg 2020; 35:314-320. [PMID: 32551429 DOI: 10.5578/turkjsurg.4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Various scolicidal agents are applied for the destruction of protoscolices in cysts media. Undesirable complications of the scolicidal agents limit the techniques to treat the cyst disease. Therefore, new non-toxic scolicidal agents are needed. Upon laser light irradiation, the photothermal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) convert the absorbed laser light into heat through photothermal effect which kills the surrounding protoscolices by rising the temperature of the cysts media. In this study, we introduced biocompatible AuNPs as a non-toxic scolicidal agent to cure liver hydatid cysts. Material and Methods The protoscoleces were collected from the livers of naturally infected sheeps. In each experimental group, 1.5 mL suspensions of hydatid liquid containing protoscolices were added to test tubes. The test tubes were divided into five groups. Control, AuNPs only, Green laser only, High-dose AuNPs + laser and Low-dose AuNPs + laser groups. Two concentrations (0.4 and 0.8 mL) of AuNPs and three laser powers (30, 50, 150 mW) were applied for 30, 60 and 120 minutes to the groups. Then the ciysts liquid assessed under a light microscope and determined the viability of protoscoleces. Results Protoscolices in high-dose AuNPs group were destructed up to 89.30% deaths under 150 mW laser power for 120 minutes. However, negligible cell deaths were observed in cases where only AuNPs added or only laser irradiated groups. Increasing the dose of AuNPs or laser power or duration of aplication increased the protoscolosidal death rate. Conclusion In the study, we have successfully demonstrated that the AuNPs are an effective therapeutic and scolicidal agent to cure hydatid cyst disease under laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Çolak
- Department of General Surgery, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Faruk Aksoy
- Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Selman Yavuz
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Selcuk University School of Engineering, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Demircili
- Department of Medical Microbiyology, Necmettin Erbakan University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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168
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Torgerson PR, Robertson LJ, Enemark HL, Foehr J, van der Giessen JWB, Kapel CMO, Klun I, Trevisan C. Source attribution of human echinococcosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008382. [PMID: 32569309 PMCID: PMC7332091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of echinococcosis transmission to humans via contamination of food has been assumed. However, the relative importance of food as a transmission vehicle has previously been estimated through expert opinion rather than empirical data. OBJECTIVE To find and evaluate empirical data that could be used to estimate the source attribution of echinococcosis, in particular the proportion that is transmitted through contaminated food. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken to identify reports on the risk factors for human cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis. Data bases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Cab Direct, Science Direct, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, CNKI and VIP. Search terms included Echinococc*, hydatid, epidemiology, logistic regression, risk factors, odds ratio, relative risk, risk factors. Reports, including grey literature where available, that had suitable data were selected and data were extracted. The main pathways of transmission were hypothesised to be contact with the definitive host, contaminated water, contaminated food and contaminated environment (other than food). For each study the attributable fraction for these potential sources of infection was calculated from the data presented. A meta-analysis was then undertaken to obtain pooled estimates for the relative contribution of these transmission pathways. RESULTS Data from 28 cross-sectional studies and 14 case-control studies were extracted. There was strong evidence for transmission by direct contact with dogs for both CE and AE. The estimated attributable fractions were 26.1% (CI 13.8%-39.6%) and 34.4% (CI 20.7% -48.2%) respectively. Transmission through contaminated water was estimated to be responsible for approximately 29.4% (CI 12.1%-51.7%) for CE and 24.8% (CI 10.6% to 42.6%) for AE. Contaminated food may be responsible for approximately 23.4% of CE cases (CI 2.1%-47.3%). Globally, there was insufficient evidence to conclude AE can be transmitted by food, although case control studies from low human incidence areas suggested that possibly 32.5% (CI 10.0%-53.2%) could be transmitted by food. There was also insufficient evidence that direct contact with foxes was a significant source of human disease. There were no suitable studies with a risk of environmental contact reported, but the residual attributable fraction thatwould likely include this pathway was approximately 21.1% for CE and 11.1% for AE. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that dog contact and drinking contaminated water are major pathways of transmission of both CE and AE. For contaminated food, the results are less consistent, but suggest that it is an important transmission pathway and provide better evidence than expert elicitations as previously used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, Norway
| | - Heidi L. Enemark
- Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Junwei Foehr
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joke W. B. van der Giessen
- Center for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands
| | - Christian M. O. Kapel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Section for Organismal Biology, Denmark
| | - Ivana Klun
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
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169
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Mirbadie SR, Zivdari M, Kalani H, Vafaei MR, Izadi S, Jabalameli Z, Mohammadi M, Yadagiri G, Heydarian P, Mirzaei F, Mohaghegh MA. Molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato by mitochondrial COX1 and SSU-rDNA markers in dogs in the west of Iran. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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170
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Jazouli M, Lightowlers MW, Bamouh Z, Gauci CG, Tadlaoui K, Ennaji MM, Elharrak M. Immunological responses and potency of the EG95NC - recombinant sheep vaccine against cystic echinococcosis. Parasitol Int 2020; 78:102149. [PMID: 32464256 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. The disease has an important impact on human health as well as economic costs including the cost of treatment as well as loss of productivity for the livestock industry. In many parts of the world where the disease is endemic, sheep and other livestock play an important role in the parasite's transmission. A vaccine to protect livestock against CE can be effective in reducing transmission and economic costs of the disease. A recombinant antigen vaccine has been developed against infection with E. granulosus (EG95) which could potentially be used to reduce the level of E. granulosus transmission and decrease the incidence of human infections. Further development of the EG95 recombinant vaccine as a combined product with clostridial vaccine antigens is one potential strategy which could improve application of the hydatid vaccine by providing an indirect economic incentive to livestock owners to vaccinate against CE. In this study we investigated the efficacy of the EG95 recombinant vaccine produced in Morocco by vaccination of sheep, including a combined vaccine incorporating EG95 and clostridia antigens. Vaccination with EG95 either as a monovalent vaccine or combined with clostridia antigens, protected sheep against a challenge infection with E. granulosus eggs and induced a strong, long lasting, and specific antibody response against the EG95 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jazouli
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco; Laboratory of Virology, Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II-Casablanca, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M W Lightowlers
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Z Bamouh
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - C G Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - K Tadlaoui
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M M Ennaji
- Laboratory of Virology, Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II-Casablanca, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M Elharrak
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
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171
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cells exert immunosuppressive function on the T helper 2 in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Exp Parasitol 2020; 215:107917. [PMID: 32446699 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide hazardous zoonotic parasitosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. CE development involves complex immunological mechanisms, including participation of multiple immune cells and effector molecules. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are known to be involved in chronic and acute inflammatory conditions. In this study, we aimed to characterize the immune function of MDSCs in CE to improve the understanding, prevention and treatment of CE. Our results indicated that MDSCs overexpressing Ly6C and Ly6G inhibit the formation and activity of T helper 2 cells in a NO-dependent manner during E. granulosus infection.
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172
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Sakhaei G, Khademvatan S, Hazrati Tappeh K, Masudi S, Feizollahzadeh S, Aminpour A, Asadi N. Sero-epidemiology of Hydatidosis Among General Population of Jolfa County, Northwestern Iran Using IHA, ELISA and Western Blot (2017-2018). Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:193-201. [PMID: 32416709 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200516162813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hydatidosis is mostly a latent and neglected disease with known endemicity in Iran. AIMS Due to the importance of this infection in the country and its latent nature, we aimed to evaluate the serological status of hydatid cyst in northwestern Iran. OBJECTIVES Herein, we evaluated the serological status of hydatid cyst in urban and rural inhabitants of Jolfa county, northwestern Iran during 2017-2018. METHODS In total, 1296 blood samples were obtained from human individuals and the presence of anti-E. granulosus antibodies was investigated using IHA, ELISA and WB. RESULTS Based on results, 25 IHA positive person were detected in the examined population, however ELISA test showed 14 of 25 IHA positive patients as negative. Also, 269 IHA negative fellows were shown as negative by ELISA. WB analysis of sera from 25 IHA positive subjects revealed consistent results with the ELISA test, and the most reactive SHCF Ag was a 37 KDa protein. The age-standardized seroprevalence of hydatidosis among Jolfa's general population was 1.12% with 95%CI: 1.02-1.20. Moreover, there existed a significant association between keeping/- contact with dogs (P = 0.022) as well as vegetable consumption (P < 0.001) with ELISA positive test results. CONCLUSION Along with such serological evidence in this region, we highly suggest physical examination and applying imaging techniques for suspected cases in the area for a better understanding of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghorban Sakhaei
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center and Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular & Molecular research Center and Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Cellular & Molecular research Center and Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sima Masudi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sadegh Feizollahzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Paramedicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Arash Aminpour
- Cellular & Molecular research Center and Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Asadi
- Cellular & Molecular research Center and Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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173
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Kronenberg PA, Aitbaev S, Omorov RA, Abdykerimov KK, Paternoster G, Müllhaupt B, Torgerson P, Deplazes P. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Kyrgyzstan: The A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis is the predominant variant infecting humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008242. [PMID: 32401754 PMCID: PMC7219741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis (AE, CE) caused by E. multilocularis and E. granulosus s.l., respectively, are considered emerging zoonotic diseases in Kyrgyzstan with some of the world highest regional incidences. Little is known regarding the molecular variability of both species in Kyrgyzstan. In this study we provide molecular data from a total of 72 parasite isolates derived from humans (52 AE and 20 CE patients) and 43 samples from dogs (23 infected with E. multilocularis and 20 with E. granulosus s.l.).Genetic variability in E. multilocularis was studied using the concatenated complete sequences of the cob, nad2 and cox1 mitochondrial genes adding a total of 3,558bp per isolate. The cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype was identified in 63.4% of the human and in 65.2% of the dog samples. This haplotype was originally described in samples from Kazakhstan and St. Lawrence Island (Alaska, USA). We also describe here 16 non-previously defined variants of E. multilocularis (called A11-A26). All haplotypes cluster together within the Asian group in the haplotype network. Based on Fst values, low level of genetic differentiation was found between the populations of E. multilocularis isolated from different regions within the country. However, high degree of differentiation was found when all the concatenated sequences from Kyrgyzstan are considered as a single population and compared with the population of the parasite from the neighbouring country China. In the case of E. granulosus s.l. the analysis was based in 1,609bp of the cox1 gene. One isolate from a dog was identified as E. equinus, while all the other sequences were identified belonging to E. granulosus s.s. In total, 24 cox1 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. were identified including the already described variants: Eg01 (in 6 samples), Eg33 (in 4 samples), EgCl04 (in 2 samples), Eg03 (in 1 sample) and Eg32 (in 1 sample). From the twenty-five other isolates of E. granulosus s.s. a total of 19 non-previously described cox1 haplotypes were identified and named as EgKyr1 to EgKyr19. The most common haplotype infecting human is the EgKyr1 which was found in 5 isolates.The cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis is responsible for the majority of human infections in Kyrgyzstan and is also found in the majority of dogs included in this study. Further similar studies in different parts of Asia could elucidate if it is also the most common variant infecting humans in other countries. It remains unknown if this particular haplotype presents differences in virulence which could have contributed to the emergency of alveolar echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan. In the case of E. granulosus s.s. it seems that there is no dominant haplotype infecting humans in Kyrgzstan. Further characterization of biological or antigenic features of dominant mitochondrial haplotypes could help to elucidate if they present differences which could be relevant in the diagnostic, pathogenicity or in the host/parasite interaction when infecting humans. Analysis of the genetic variability in Echinococcus species from different endemic countries have contributed to the knowledge in the taxonomy and phylogeography of these parasites. The most important species of this genus, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis, co-exist in Kyrgyzstan causing serious public health issues. E. granulosus s.l. causes cystic echinococcosis and E. multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. The most relevant finding of our study is the identification of the cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis as the most commonly found in humans and dogs. However, it remains unknown if this variant of E. multilocularis, based on genetic differences in mitochondrial genes, presents differences in virulence which could have contributed to the emergence of alveolar echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan. The results also show a number of non-previously described genetic variants of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus s.s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A. Alvarez Rojas
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Philipp A. Kronenberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sezdbek Aitbaev
- City Clinical Hospital #1, Surgical Department, Faculty of Surgery of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Rakhatbek A. Omorov
- City Clinical Hospital #1, Surgical Department, Faculty of Surgery of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | - Giulia Paternoster
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Clinics of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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174
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Zeng X, Guan Y, Wu W, Wang L, Cai H, Fang Q, Yu S, Zheng C. Analysis of Factors Influencing Cystic Echinococcosis in Northwest Non-Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Regions of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:567-573. [PMID: 31933454 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important health problem in northwest non-Qinghai Tibetan Plateau regions of China. Understanding CE risk factors may help in formulating effective prevention and control measures. In the current study, negative binomial regression was used to analyze CE-related factors using prevalence data from 147 counties (cities, districts, and banners) in northwest non-Qinghai Tibetan Plateau regions of China gathered from a national survey conducted in 2012, county economic data, and livestock production data for 2012. The negative binomial regression models indicated Echinococcus granulosus infection rate in livestock (odds ratio [OR]: 1.0471, 95% CI: 1.0128-1.0825, P = 0.0067), the mean number of dogs per family (OR: 3.0589, 95% CI: 1.5116-6.1900, P = 0.0019), the mean number of sheep per family (OR: 1.0431, 95% CI: 1.0027-1.0852, P = 0.0365), and the source of drinking water (OR: 0.9808, 95% CI: 0.9627-0.9992, P = 0.0413) were correlated with human CE prevalence, whereas altitude, surface temperature, economy, and mean number of cattle per family had a negative association. We found that the positive rate of dog stool coproantigen of Echinococcus was associated with human CE prevalence using the univariate analysis but not after controlling for covariates including the number of dogs per family. This might be partially due to the deworming campaigns that were carried out in most of the researched areas. Therefore, the positive rate of dog stool coproantigen of Echinococcus could not reflect the dog infection rate under natural conditions. These findings indicate that dogs and livestock play the most important role in CE transmission. Further studies should be carried out at the township or village level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangman Zeng
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease China CDC, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi Guan
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Disease China CDC, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Disease China CDC, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Wang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Disease China CDC, Shanghai, China
| | - Huixia Cai
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Qi Fang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Disease China CDC, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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175
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Cengiz G, Gonenc B. Comparison of molecular and morphological characterization and haplotype analysis of cattle and sheep isolates of cystic echinococcosis. Vet Parasitol 2020; 282:109132. [PMID: 32417601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease and the second most common foodborne parasitic infection worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate genetic variations in G1 and G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and determine the morphological differences between two genotypes. In total, 119 cystic samples were collected from 48 cattle and 71 sheep in slaughterhouses in four cities in three geographical regions of Turkey regions (Ankara, Central Anatolio region; Ordu, Black Sea region; and Adana, Mersin, Mediterranean region). For molecular characterization of the G1 and G3 genotypes, two gene regions (the complete mt-cox1 gene sequence and partial mt-nad5 gene sequence) were amplified. Haplotype analysis was conducted to determine the nucleotide differences between the complete sequences of the mt-cox1 gene for 47 samples. In addition, morphological parameters in protoscoleces of fertile cysts were measured to determine the relationship between the genotypes and morphometry. According to the obtained genotype and morphometry results, there were no statistically significant differences between the genotypes in terms of the number of hooks, total lengths of large and small hooks, blade lengths of large and small hooks, and widths of small hooks, although there was a statistically significant difference in large hook width (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Cengiz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Bahadır Gonenc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
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176
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Pathology of Echinococcosis: A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study on 138 Specimens With Focus on the Differential Diagnosis Between Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:43-54. [PMID: 31567204 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infection of humans by the larval stage of the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato or Echinococcus multilocularis causes the life-threatening zoonoses cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Although cystic liver lesions are a hallmark of both diseases, course, prognosis, and patients' management decisively differ between the two. The wide and overlapping spectrum of morphologies and the limited availability of ancillary tools are challenges for pathologists to reliably diagnose and subtype echinococcosis. Here, we systematically and quantitatively recorded the pathologic spectrum in a clinically and molecularly defined echinococcosis cohort (138 specimens from 112 patients). Immunohistochemistry using a novel monoclonal antibody (mAbEmG3) was implemented, including its combined application with the mAbEm2G11. Six morphologic criteria sufficiently discriminated between CE and AE: size of smallest (CE/AE: >2/≤2 mm) and largest cyst (CE/AE: >25/≤25 mm), thickness of laminated layer (CE/AE: >0.15/≤0.15 mm) and pericystic fibrosis (CE/AE: >0.6/≤0.6 mm), striation of laminated layer (CE/AE: moderate-strong/weak), and number of cysts (CE/AE: ≤9/>9). Combined immunohistochemistry with mAbEm2G11 (E. multilocularis specific) and mAbEmG3 (reactive in AE and CE) was equally specific as and occasionally more sensitive than polymerase chain reaction. On the basis of these findings, we developed a diagnostic algorithm for the differential diagnosis of echinococcosis. In summary, we have not only identified the means to diagnose echinococcosis with greater certainty, but also defined morphologic criteria, which robustly discriminate between CE and AE. We expect our findings to improve echinococcosis diagnostics, especially of challenging cases, beneficially impacting the management of echinococcosis patients.
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177
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Rossi P, Tamarozzi F, Galati F, Akhan O, Cretu CM, Vutova K, Siles-Lucas M, Brunetti E, Casulli A. The European Register of Cystic Echinococcosis, ERCE: state-of-the-art five years after its launch. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:236. [PMID: 32381109 PMCID: PMC7206799 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The real burden of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) remains elusive, due to the peculiar characteristics of the disease and the heterogeneous and incomplete data recording of clinical cases. Furthermore, official notification systems do not collect pivotal clinical information, which would allow the comparison of different treatment outcomes, and thus circumvent the difficulty of implementing clinical trials for CE. The Italian Register of CE (RIEC) was launched in 2012 and expanded in 2014 into the European Register of CE (ERCE). The primary aim of the ERCE was to highlight the magnitude of CE underreporting, through the recording of cases that were not captured by official records. We present an overview of data collated in the ERCE and discuss its future, five years after its inception. METHODS The ERCE database was explored on March 31st 2019; data concerning participating centres and registered cases were descriptively analysed. RESULTS Forty-four centres from 15 countries (7 non-European) were affiliated to the ERCE. Thirty-four centres (77%) registered at least one patient; of these, 18 (53%) recorded at least one visit within the past 18 months. A total of 2097 patients were registered, 19.9% of whom were immigrants. Cyst characteristics were reported for at least one cyst at least in one visit in 1643 (78.3%) patients, and cyst staging was used by 27 centres. In total, 3386 cysts were recorded at first registration; mostly located in the liver (75.5%). Data concerning clinical management could be analysed for 920 "cyst stage-location-management" observations, showing great heterogeneity in the implementation of the stage-specific management approach recommended by the WHO. CONCLUSIONS The ERCE achieved its goal in showing that CE is a relevant but neglected public health problem in Europe and beyond, since a proportion of patients reaching medical attention are not captured by official notification systems. The ERCE may provide a valuable starting platform to complement hospital-derived data, to obtain a better picture of the epidemiology of clinical CE, and to collect clinical data for the issue of evidence-based recommendations. The ERCE will be expanded into the International Register of CE (IRCE) and restructured aiming to overcome its current criticalities and fulfil these aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Rossi
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Galati
- DG-INF - Information Technology Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Okan Akhan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Carmen Michaela Cretu
- C. Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kamenna Vutova
- Specialised Hospital of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Tropical Diseases, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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178
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Singh H, Aulakh RS, Sharma R, Singh BB. Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus in disposed of bovine carcasses in Punjab, India. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:521-527. [PMID: 32801503 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is an important parasitic zoonosis across the globe. The disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Free access of dogs to the disposed of bovine carcasses is an important conducive factor for the persistence of E. granulosus in the environment, and thus, stray dogs play a critical role in the disease transmission in developing countries including India. There is lack of information on the status of E. granulosus in the disposed of bovine carcasses in India; however, this information would be helpful to plan future strategies and policies to control this parasite. We examined 85 bovine carcasses from the 7 selected carcasses disposal sites in Punjab. During the postmortem, internal organs were examined for the presence of hydatid cysts. Molecular characterization of Echinococcus spp. was performed by PCR followed by sequencing of partial COI gene. We report 21% (18/85) prevalence of hydatidosis in dispose of bovine carcasses. Age was reported as the significant risk factor (Chi square = 22.5, df = 2, p = 0) for hydatidosis in the studied population and this might be due to higher cumulative exposure to the environmental parasitic stage (E. granulosus eggs) with increase in age. Phylogenetic analysis showed that G1 (predominantly) and G3 strains of E. granulosus are circulating in bovine population in Punjab. Further, studies are needed to determine the strains of E. granulosus circulating in the stray dogs. Measures and policies to combat this problem in India should involve one health approach: a collaborative effort of medical and veterinary physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimran Singh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - R S Aulakh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - B B Singh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab India.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
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179
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Yagnik VD, Dawka S, Patel N. Gallbladder Hydatid Cyst: A Review on Clinical Features, Investigations and Current Management. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2020; 13:87-97. [PMID: 32308464 PMCID: PMC7135162 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s243344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder hydatid cyst (GBHC) is highly uncommon with an incidence of 0.3–0.4% of all atypically located hydatid cysts. Our personal experience of one case of primary GBHC (PGBHC) managed laparoscopically motivated this systematic review. This study aimed to analyze the demographic characteristics, types [whether primary GBHC (PGBHC) or secondary GBHC (SGBHC)], clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, imaging studies, operative procedure, hospital stay, follow-up and recurrence. Methods A systematic review was performed using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Results Twenty studies, including 22 cases plus one more case managed by us, were included in the review. For PGBHC, the mean age was 48.61 years while for SGBHC it was 47.9 years. PGBHC was more common in females (69.23%) while SGBHC was more common in males (55.55%). Overall, GBHC was more common in females (56.52%). The most common presentation overall was abdominal pain (100%) followed by nausea/vomiting (43.47%). The other common symptoms were nausea/vomiting (61.53%) and Murphy’s sign (38.46%) in PGBHC, but jaundice (50%) and fever (30%) in SGBHC. In PGBHC, 50% patients had normal liver function while this was deranged in 66.66% patients with SGBHC. Serology was positive in 50% of PGBHC and 100% in SGBHC. Ultrasonography was positive in 50%, while CT-scan showed 70%. CT-scan was better at detection of SGBHC (100%). The most common operation was open cholecystectomy (78.26%) either isolated or combined. Isolated open cholecystectomy was commonly done in PGBHC (69.23%). Overall, only 56.52% of patients received albendazole, but no recurrence was reported. The average hospital stay was 7.25 days and follow-up ranged from 1 month to 10 years. Conclusion GBHC mostly affects females with abdominal pain being the most common symptom. Ultrasonography is expedient though CT-scan is more sensitive. Albendazole monotherapy has questionable value. Open cholecystectomy is the most common operation. However, laparoscopy is safe in experienced hands. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/ScO76Q8nEOY
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul D Yagnik
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Nishtha Surgical Hospital and Research Centre, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Sushil Dawka
- Department of Surgery, SSR Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius
| | - Nitin Patel
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Gujarat Superspeciality Hospital, Baroda, Gujarat, India
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Mustapayeva A, Manciulli T, Zholdybay Z, Juskiewicz K, Zhakenova Z, Shapiyeva Z, Medetov Z, Vola A, Mariconti M, Brunetti E, Budke CM, Khalykova M, Duisenova A. Incidence Rates of Surgically Managed Cystic Echinococcosis in Kazakhstan, 2007-2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:90-95. [PMID: 31802731 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. The parasite typically infects dogs and ungulates, with humans acting as dead-end hosts. Information on the epidemiology of CE is lacking from Central Asia, including from Kazakhstan where CE cases are reported centrally. This study presents data from the Kazakhstan Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Evaluation and Monitoring on CE patients treated surgically, with a diagnosis confirmed by pathology. Evaluation of data from 2007 to 2016 indicated that the CE incidence rate decreased during this time period in most areas of Kazakhstan (country-level incidence rate of 5.6 versus 4.7 cases/100,000 population in 2007 and 2016, respectively). Cystic echinococcosis had a higher incidence in southern Kazakhstan, with an incidence rate between 7.0 and 10.5 cases per 100,000 population, whereas northern regions had rates less than 4.0 cases per 100,000 population. Moreover, despite the overall decrease, CE incidence continues to increase in the south. Cystic echinococcosis surveillance is needed, particularly in the south, to help inform policymakers and orient disease control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Mustapayeva
- Department of Visual Diagnostics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,PhD School of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Zhamilya Zholdybay
- Department of Visual Diagnostics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Konrad Juskiewicz
- Department of Visual Diagnostics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanar Zhakenova
- Department of Visual Diagnostics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanna Shapiyeva
- Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhumagul Medetov
- Department for Quality Control and Safety of Goods and Services of the Turkestan Oblast, Turkestan
| | - Ambra Vola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mara Mariconti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Maira Khalykova
- Department for Quality Control and Safety of Goods and Services of the Turkestan Oblast, Turkestan
| | - Amangul Duisenova
- Department of Visual Diagnostics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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181
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Qucuo N, Wu G, He R, Quzhen D, Zhuoga C, Deji S, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Du Z. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding echinococcosis in Xizang Autonomous Region, China. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:483. [PMID: 32293375 PMCID: PMC7158018 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease caused echinococcus parasitizes, poseing a significant economic burden on both humans and animals. There are limited studies on echinococcosis in China, especially Xizang Autonomous Region, although the area is endemic area for echinococcosis. The study aimed to provide information for strategic prevention against this disease. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the residents in Xizang Autonomous Region, China to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes and practices on endemicity of echinococcosis. A face-to-face survey was conducted to collect the data using a well-designed questionnaire. The contents included basic personal information, knowledge, attitudes and practices about echinococcosis, personal hygiene and behavior habits, dog feeding and whether they had received the information on echinococcosis, and so on. We surveyed 840 persons in practice. All data analysis was performed using Epi Info 7.2. Results Of the total particpants, 86.8% had a primary education level or below (including primary and illiterate), and even 45.0% were illiterate. Farmers and herdsmen represent the main occupations in this study. People who know all the echinococcosis-related knowledge in the questionnaire only accounted for 8.7% of the participants. However, none of the participants was aware of routes of echinococcosis infection in human or dogs. The data showed participants with higher educational background had the high awareness rate of echinococcosis-related knowledge or attitudes (chi-square for trend, χ2 = 21.23, p<0.05 & χ2 = 48.43, p<0.05). In addition, The percentage of the participant with awareness of echinococcosis-related practices was associated with their age and principle occupation (χ2 = 52.72, p<0.05 & χ2 = 20.63, p<0.05). Conclusions Xizang Autonomous Region is an epidemic area of Echinococcosis. The prevalence of the disease has been largely due to the lack of knowledge, awareness, and poor hygiene practice in local residences. Therefore, effective disease prevention education and awareness campaigns in community will be significantly helpful in prevention and control of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Qucuo
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjian Wu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng He
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Danzeng Quzhen
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ciren Zhuoga
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Suolang Deji
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Chinese Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Beijing, 100050, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongjun Du
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877, Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250062, People's Republic of China.
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Lucas JR, Arias CA, Balcázar-Nakamatsu SS, Rodríguez AP, Alroy KA, Gavidia CM. Economic Effect of Confiscation of Cattle Viscera Infected with Cystic Echinococcosis, Huancayo Province, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2278-2280. [PMID: 31742527 PMCID: PMC6874250 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.181039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report cystic echinococcosis (CE) prevalence in Huancayo Province, Peru, and the associated economic effect of bovine organ condemnation. CE prevalence during the 16-month study period was 42.8% and caused $14,595 in economic losses. CE threatens food security in the region by reducing farmers’ income and viscera supply in markets.
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183
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Kurt A, Avcioglu H, Guven E, Balkaya I, Oral A, Kirman R, Bia MM, Akyuz M. Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus from Cysts and Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples of Human Isolates in Northeastern Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:593-602. [PMID: 32251614 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Erzurum province of Turkey is known to be highly endemic for alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE). In this study, we confirmed Echinococcus multilocularis cases, searched genetic variations of the isolates, and-for the first time-determined the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infecting humans in the province. A total of 5 alveolar and 106 hydatid cysts as well as 23 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples that were diagnosed as AE were collected from hospitals between 2015 and 2017. Partial sequences of two mitochondrial genes were amplified to detect E. multilocularis and E. granulosus sensu lato with conventional polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and genotypes confirmed by sequencing. PCR amplification of a partial 12S rRNA gene on an alveolar cyst and FFPE tissue samples yielded the expected bp in 5 cysts and 19 of 23 FFPE samples; all Erzurum E. multilocularis isolates were confirmed by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates indicated that some of them were identical to European isolates, whereas some of them were identical to Asian isolates. Off all hydatid cyst samples, 101 (95.2%) yielded the expected bp (94 with 12S rRNA-PCR and 7 with COI-PCR). Sequence analysis showed that 98 (97%) of them corresponded to the G1 genotype, whereas 3 (3%) corresponded to the G3 genotype. Results of the study emphasize that E. multilocularis isolates of Erzurum, based on short sequencing, are similar to both European and Asian isolates, and the G1 genotype of E. granulosus is the main causative agent of human CE in Erzurum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kurt
- Department of Pathology, Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hamza Avcioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esin Guven
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Balkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Akgün Oral
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Saglik Bilimleri University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ridvan Kirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mohammed Mebarek Bia
- Department of Parasitology, Parasite Research Center and Parasite Resource Bank, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Muzaffer Akyuz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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184
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Khan A, Ahmed H, Simsek S, Liu H, Yin J, Wang Y, Shen Y, Cao J. Molecular characterization of human Echinococcus isolates and the first report of E. canadensis (G6/G7) and E. multilocularis from the Punjab Province of Pakistan using sequence analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:262. [PMID: 32245373 PMCID: PMC7118937 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-04989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease causing serious health problems in both humans and animals in different endemic regions across the world. There are two different forms of human echinococcosis: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) and Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE). CE is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and AE by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Geographically, CE is universally distributed, while AE is prevalent in the northern hemisphere. Although the disease is endemic in neighboring countries (China, Iran and India) of Pakistan, there are limited reports from that country. Besides, there are no comprehensive data on the genotyping of Echinococcus species in humans based on sequence analysis. This study aimed to detect the presence of human CE and to identify Echinococcus spp. in human isolates through genetic characterization of hydatid cysts in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. METHODS Genetic analysis was performed on 38 human hydatid cyst samples collected from patients with echinococcosis using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH subunit 1 (nad1). Patient data including age, epidemiological history, sex, and location were obtained from hospital records. RESULTS According to the sequence analysis we detected E. granulosus sensu stricto (n = 35), E. canadensis (G6/G7) (n = 2), and E. multilocularis (n = 1). Thus, the majority of the patients (92.1%, 35/38) were infected with E. granulosus s.s. This is the first molecular confirmation of E. canadensis (G6/G7) and E. multilocularis in human subjects from Pakistan. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that E. granulosus s.s. is the dominant species in humans in Pakistan. In addition, E. canadensis (G6/G7) and E. multilocularis are circulating in the country. Further studies are required to explore the genetic diversity in both humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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185
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Arezo M, Mujica G, Uchiumi L, Santillán G, Herrero E, Labanchi JL, Araya D, Salvitti JC, Cabrera M, Grizmado C, Calabro A, Talmon G, Sepulveda L, Galvan JM, Volpe M, Bastin V, Seleiman M, Panomarenko O, Tissot H, Sobrino M, Crowley P, Daffner J, Larrieu E. Identification of potential 'hot spots' of cystic echinococcosis transmission in the province of Río Negro, Argentina. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105341. [PMID: 31954134 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The control program of CE of Rio Negro province, Argentina, involves annual surveillance using ultrasound (US) screening in school children, and five-year cross-sectional surveys to detect livestock farms with parasitized dogs by coproELISA with confirmation tests (Western Blot or PCR). Control program is based on deworming of dogs with praziquantel and the aim is to identify areas at risk of Cystic echinococcosis transmission to humans, using all available data sources. The information was spatially distributed in 13 program areas and, at a smaller geographical scale, in 80 Primary Health Care Centers. CoproELISA surveys involved three randomized sampling periods (2003-05, 2009-10, 2017-18), with 1790 canine fecal samples. The US surveys were conducted in 2003-08, 2009-16 and 2017-18 in 34,515 children. Heat maps were created at the smallest geographic scale with QGIS 3.4.6. For the consecutive sampling periods, prevalence of positive canine fecal samples from livestock farms were 14.7, 12.1 and 7.8%, respectively, and children prevalence was 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. The study has been developed on a scale according to which the temporal-spatial distribution of CE allows to adjust control strategies in those areas of potential transmission of the zoonosis to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Arezo
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | | | - Graciela Santillán
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Herrero
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Jose Luis Labanchi
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Daniel Araya
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Marta Cabrera
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Arnoldo Calabro
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Talmon
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Luis Sepulveda
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Marcela Volpe
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Bastin
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Seleiman
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Hebe Tissot
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Mariano Sobrino
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Pablo Crowley
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Jose Daffner
- Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina.
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Ma L, Chen DC, Zou SY, Liu YY, Zhou LY, Xiu ZG. Epidemiological characteristics of hepatic echinococcosis, concurrent cerebral echinococcosis, and pulmonary echinococcosis in Ganzi County, Sichuan Province, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19753. [PMID: 32282737 PMCID: PMC7220390 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human echinococcosis has become a major public health problem in most parts of the world. The objective of this article was to study the demographics of patients with hepatic echinococcosis in Ganzi County to elucidate the main risk factors, as well as to report the concurrent prevalence of cerebral echinococcosis and pulmonary echinococcosis.We recruited 195 patients with hepatic echinococcosis from the Datongma area of Ganzi County from January 2018 to November 2018. The patients' demographics, living environments, supported medical resources, knowledge of echinococcosis prevention and control, and hygienic practices were investigated and analyzed. The prevalence of cerebral echinococcosis and pulmonary echinococcosis were also investigated.The data were analyzed to identify risk factors for human echinococcosis. Our analysis showed that the herding Tibetan population within the 20 to 60 age group, and females, in particular, were at the highest risk of human echinococcosis infection. Having stray dogs around habitations and intimate activities with dogs and livestock were also behavioral risk factors. People with poor health literacy and low educational qualifications had possible risks of infection. In terms of hygiene, not using tap water as the drinking water source and lack of medical staff were significantly correlated with echinococcosis prevalence. Four patients were diagnosed with cerebral echinococcosis. Among them, 1 patient had both cerebral echinococcosis and pulmonary echinococcosis.Possible high-risk factors for echinococcosis were being female, herding population, in the 20 to 60 age group, having stray dogs around habitations, having activities with dogs and livestock, having poor health literacy, having low educational qualifications, and not using tap water as a drinking water source. The detection rate for brain echinococcosis in patients with hepatic echinococcosis was high (2.05%). Effective preventive strategies should be implemented in epidemic areas. Head CT scans should be applied for early detection of cerebral echinococcosis to carry out the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Institute of Urology
| | - De-Cai Chen
- Endocrinology Department, West China Hospital Sichuan University
| | | | - Yan-Yi Liu
- Hospital Management Department, The First People's Hospital of Lognquanyi District, Chengdu
| | - Lin-Yong Zhou
- Hospital Management Department, People's Hospital of Ganzi County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiu
- Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Lognquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Li J, Wang W, Yao J, Wang T, Li S, Qi W, Han S, Ren Y, Dang Z, Han X, Guo G, Guo B, Wang L, Duan L, Zhang W. Old drug repurposing for neglected disease: Pyronaridine as a promising candidate for the treatment of Echinococcus granulosus infections. EBioMedicine 2020; 54:102711. [PMID: 32279056 PMCID: PMC7152711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a condition caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, is a globally distributed zoonotic disease. Current treatment options for CE are limited, and an effective and safe anti-echinococcal drug is urgently required. METHODS Drug repurposing strategy was employed to identify new therapeutic agents against echinococcal cysts. An in vitro protoscolicidal assay along with in vivo murine models was applied in the drug screening. A microinjection procedure was employed to mimic the clinical PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection and reaspiration) technique to evaluate the potential application of the candidate drug in clinical practice. FINDINGS We repurposed pyronaridine, an approved antimalarial drug, for the treatment of CE. Following a three-dose intraperitoneal regimen (57 mg/kg, q.d. for 3 days), pyronaridine caused 100% cyst mortality. Oral administration of pyronaridine at 57 mg/kg, q.d. for 30 days significantly reduced the parasitic burden in the pre-infected mice compared with albendazole group (p < 0.001). Using a microinjection of drug into cysts, pyronaridine (200 μM) showed highly effective in term of inhibition of cyst growth (p < 0.05, compared with saline group). Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that pyronaridine was highly distributed in the liver and lungs, the most affected organs of CE. Function analysis showed that pyronaridine inhibited the activity of topoisomerase I (IC50 = 209.7 ± 1.1 μM). In addition, classical apoptotic hallmarks, including DNA fragmentation and caspase activation, were triggered. INTERPRETATION Given its approved clinical safety, the repurposing of pyronaridine offers a rapidly translational option for treating CE including PAIR. FUND: National Natural Science Foundation of China and International Cooperation Project of the Qinghai Science and Technology Department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Weisi Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junmin Yao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhisheng Dang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiumin Han
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Liping Duan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, China.
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China.
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188
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Reinventing the Wheel of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Transmission to Humans. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:427-434. [PMID: 32298630 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Control of cystic echinococcosis (CE) relies on interrupting Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato transmission through interventions in dogs and livestock. However, primary prevention measures aimed at avoiding ingestion of Echinococcus eggs may help reduce the burden of human CE. CE is generally considered, to variable extents, to be foodborne, but there is little evidence on the actual contamination of matrices and sociocultural factors involved in parasite transmission. An overall appraisal of published literature suggests that environmental contamination, possibly through hand-to-mouth transmission, may be of primary importance. While in most endemic areas sufficient epidemiological information is available to start CE control programs, identifying the main sources of infection to humans would allow optimization of site-specific interventions while avoiding irrelevant health education messages.
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189
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An integrated surgical training program for hepatic cystic echinococcosis in Xinjiang of China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008023. [PMID: 32163408 PMCID: PMC7093013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the commonest zoonoses, and it is endemic in many parts of the world including China. Complications and recurrences after the surgical treatment of hepatic CE (HCE) incur a large personal, healthcare, and societal burden. There has been some progress in HCE prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, but there is no “one size fits all” approach, and surgery still remains the cornerstone of treatment for some cyst stages and locations or in areas with little knowledge or access to other treatment modalities. In 2009 we designed and implemented a program to improve surgical outcomes from HCE in Xinjiang province, China. Methodology/Principal findings A multimodal HCE training program was implemented in eleven primary hospitals in Xinjiang province, China, which provided education and training on HCE clinical knowledge and practice, the application of diagnostic and treatment options, and optimal surgery. The management of HCE cases was analyzed before and after program implementation. Contrast enhanced CT use, application of scoloicidal agents, removal of necrotic cyst wall remnants, appropriate perioperative drug use, and the use of optimal surgical approach increased after program implementation. Further, postoperative recurrences and residual cavity complications creased from 7.4% to 1.3% and 15.2% to 9.0% after program implementation, respectively. Conclusions/Significance Tis integrated surgical training program is useful for improving outcomes of patients with HCE and can be used in institutions in other endemic areas. Hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE) is an endemic and neglected global disease. Many deprived areas in China still lack the knowledge and expertise to successfully treat HCE surgically, which results in high postoperative complication and recurrence rates that further decrease postoperative quality of life. In this study, we aimed to transfer our extensive experience in the development and implementation of effective surgery for HCE to eleven hospitals in the Echinococcus granulosus endemic province of Xinjiang to improve the surgical treatment of HCE. Our results indicate that our training program effectively reduces recurrence and complication rates and will be of use in other endemic areas.
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190
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Abu Akar F, Gonzalez-Rivas D, Shaqqura B, Salman W, Ismail M, Safadi T, Adwan R, Al-Hassan H, Rumman N, Hijjeh N. Uniportal video assisted thoracoscopy versus open surgery for pulmonary hydatid disease-a single center experience. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:794-802. [PMID: 32274146 PMCID: PMC7139009 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Although rare in the Western world, the incidence of hydatid disease is still prevalent and strikingly endemic among the Palestinians. Until 2017, surgical treatment of lung pathologies was performed through the traditional incision (open thoracotomy). Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) approach has recently been applied in the cases of the pulmonary hydatid cysts with very satisfactory results. Methods Between January 2010 and January 2019, 39 patients with pulmonary HC disease have been surgically treated. The cases divided into two cohorts: operations performed by thoracotomy classified as group A, (n=16). Operations performed by uniportal VATS classified as group B, (n=23). Prospectively collected data was analysed retrospectively, and the results compared between both groups. Results No significant statistical differences were noticed in terms of demographics and comorbidity. Laboratory tests were similar except haemoglobin level, which was higher in group A (P=0.001). Despite that, blood transfusion was higher in group A (P=0.016). Moreover, operation time was longer in group A (P=0.000). Chest drainage remained longer in group A (P=0.077). The level of postoperative pain was significantly higher in group A certainly in POD 1 (P=0.000). Patients in group B discharged earlier from the hospital (P=0.011) and experienced lower complications (P=0.060). No significant difference in length of ICU stay. Neither recurrence nor 30-day mortality recorded in either group. Conclusions Uniportal VATS can be safely applied for pulmonary hydatidosis. It also seems to have a preference in several aspects compared to open Thoracotomy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Abu Akar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Diego Gonzalez-Rivas
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Coruña University Hospital, Coruña, Spain
| | - Bisanne Shaqqura
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Waseem Salman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Mahmoud Ismail
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann Academic Hospital of the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tammah Safadi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Rabee Adwan
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Haitham Al-Hassan
- Division of Surgery, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Nisreen Rumman
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Nizar Hijjeh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Makassed Charitable Society Hospital, East Jerusalem, Palestine
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191
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Jarovsky D, Brito CRDS, Monteiro DU, Azevedo MID, Botton SDA, Mimica MJ, Arnoni MV, Sáfadi MAP, Berezin EN, Salgado Filho H, Almeida FJ, Rue MLDL. Imported hepatopulmonary echinococcosis: first report of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) in Bolivia. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20180046. [PMID: 31994653 PMCID: PMC7083390 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0046-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary hydatidosis in young children is a rare and atypical presentation
of Echinococcus granulosus infection. We report the first case
of cystic echinococcosis caused by a microvariant of E. granulosus sensu
stricto. Chemotherapy and systemic corticoids were administered
before curative surgery was performed. Recurrence was not observed for more than
24 months of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jarovsky
- Santa Casa de São Paulo, Serviço de Infectologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Danieli Urach Monteiro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Maria Isabel de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Jenné Mimica
- Santa Casa de São Paulo, Serviço de Infectologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Volpe Arnoni
- Santa Casa de São Paulo, Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Eitan Naaman Berezin
- Santa Casa de São Paulo, Serviço de Infectologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Mário Luiz de la Rue
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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192
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Wilson CS, Jenkins DJ, Brookes VJ, Barnes TS, Budke CM. Assessment of the direct economic losses associated with hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto) in beef cattle slaughtered at an Australian abattoir. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104900. [PMID: 32014684 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine hydatid disease, characterised by fluid-filled hydatid cysts, is regularly found in the offal of beef cattle at slaughter. Organs found to be infected at slaughter are removed to preclude them from entering the human food chain. The organs are either downgraded to pet food or condemned. Previous studies have focussed on total economic losses, but have not calculated the cost of disease per animal, which would be useful information for producers when determining how best to manage hydatid disease. This study estimated the direct losses associated with hydatid disease in beef cattle slaughtered at an Australian beef abattoir both at the population (all cattle slaughtered) and individual animal level. Data on annual prevalence of hydatid disease in beef cattle were obtained from an Australian abattoir for the years 2011-2017. The direct losses resulting from the condemnation and downgrading of offal infected with hydatid cysts at the abattoir were estimated using data stratified by age, sex and feed-type. Official and literature-based sources of organ weight and price were used to estimate direct losses associated with hydatid disease in beef cattle slaughtered at the abattoir. Uncertainty and variability in input parameters were represented using uniform distributions and Monte Carlo sampling was used to model output parameter uncertainty. Out of 1,097,958 beef cattle slaughtered between January 2011 and December 2017, 97,832 (8.9%) were reported infected with hydatid disease. The median estimated direct loss to the abattoir for the duration of the study period was AU$655,560 (95% confidence interval [CI] AU$544,366-787,235). This equated to approximately AU$6.70 (95% CI AU$5.56-8.05) lost per infected animal. The annual median estimated direct losses due to hydatid disease at the abattoir were AU$93,651 (95% CI AU$77,767-112,462). Direct losses varied each year of the study and ranged from AU$38,683 in 2016 to AU$163,006 in 2014. This estimate of the direct losses associated with bovine hydatid disease most likely underestimates the true extent of the overall losses because indirect losses such as reduced carcass weights were not estimated in this study. Nevertheless, these estimates illustrate the negative economic impact of bovine hydatid disease and demonstrate that improved surveillance to enable control of hydatid disease should be considered both in Australia and globally. It would be worthwhile to estimate the losses in other beef abattoirs for the same time period to compare results, and to investigate the cost-benefit of control programs for bovine hydatid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara S Wilson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - David J Jenkins
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Victoria J Brookes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Christine M Budke
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States
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193
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Shan X, Chen Y, Liu K, Zhang S, Yu J, Yin J, Kaji L, Song R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qing Y, Li S, Yang Z, Zhang H. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) associated with echinococcosis patients in Tibetan communities in Shiqu County, China: a case–control study. Qual Life Res 2020; 29:1559-1565. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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194
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Tahiri S, Naoui H, Iken M, Azelmat S, Bouchrik M, Lmimouni BE. RETRAIT : Seroprevalence of cystic echinococcosis in the provinces of Ifrane and El Hajeb in Morocco. Med Mal Infect 2020:S0399-077X(19)31083-2. [PMID: 31928912 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tahiri
- Service de parasitologie, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohammed V, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - H Naoui
- Service de parasitologie, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohammed V, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - M Iken
- Service de parasitologie, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohammed V, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Azelmat
- Service de parasitologie, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohammed V, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - M Bouchrik
- Service de parasitologie, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohammed V, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - B E Lmimouni
- Service de parasitologie, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Mohammed V, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
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195
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Cattaneo L, Manciulli T, Cretu CM, Giordani MT, Angheben A, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L, Bartalesi F, Richter J, Chiodini P, Godbole G, Junghanss T, Stojkovic M, Sammarchi L, Dore R, Vercelli A, Benazzo F, Cuzzocrea F, Tamarozzi F, Brunetti E. Cystic Echinococcosis of the Bone: A European Multicenter Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:617-621. [PMID: 30693857 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. In humans, the infection induces the formation of parasitic cysts mostly in the liver and lungs, but virtually any organ can be affected. CE of the bone is one of the rarest forms of the disease, yet it is also extremely debilitating for patients and hard to manage for clinicians. Unlike abdominal CE, there is currently no expert consensus on the management of bone CE. In this study, we conducted a survey of the clinical records of seven European referral centers for the management of patients with CE and retrieved data on the clinical management of 32 patients with a diagnosis of bone CE. Our survey confirmed that the patients endured chronic debilitating disease with a high rate of complications (84%). We also found that diagnostic approaches were highly heterogeneous. Surgery was extensively used to treat these patients, as well as albendazole, occasionally combined with praziquantel or nitaxozanide. Treatment was curative only for two patients, with one requiring amputation of the involved bone. Our survey highlights the need to conduct systematic studies on bone CE, both retrospectively and prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Cattaneo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- PhD School of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmen-Michaela Cretu
- Parasitology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Andrea Angheben
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Bartalesi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Chiodini
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gauri Godbole
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Junghanss
- Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marija Stojkovic
- Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luigi Sammarchi
- Division of Radiology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Dore
- Department of Radiology, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano, University Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Radiology, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano, University Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Benazzo
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cuzzocrea
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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196
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Nourmohammadi H, Javanmardi E, Shams M, Shamsinia S, Nosrati MC, Yousefi A, Nemati T, Fatollahzadeh M, Ghasemi E, Kordi B, Majidiani H, Irannejad H. Multi-epitope vaccine against cystic echinococcosis using immunodominant epitopes from EgA31 and EgG1Y162 antigens. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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197
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Role of microRNAs in host defense against Echinococcus granulosus infection: a preliminary assessment. Immunol Res 2019; 67:93-97. [PMID: 30498955 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected helminthic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus s.l. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression that have been linked with the pathogenesis of several human diseases, but little exists in the available literature about miRNAs in CE. Here, we investigate the expression profiles of 84 microRNAs relevant to the function of lymphocytes and other immune cells during CE infection in the peripheral blood of patients with cysts in active and inactive stages. We applied the microRNA PCR array technology to blood samples from 20 patients with a single hepatic CE cyst in either the active (CE3b) or inactive (CE4-CE5) stage. Our results show a significant upregulation of eight miRNAs (let-7g-5p, let-7a-5p, miR- 26a-5p, miR- 26b-5p, miR- 195-5p, miR- 16-5p, miR- 30c-5p, and miR- 223-3p) in patients with active cysts compared to those with inactive cysts. The high expression of these miRNAs in patients with active cysts suggests their role in a specific host immune response against the infection. Further work in this direction may help shed light on the pathogenesis of human CE.
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198
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Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), or hydatid disease, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) afflicting one million people globally. This study aims to elucidate the presentation, treatment and outcomes of the disease in Pakistan. A review of charts of 225 patients (median age = 42.3 years) with CE admitted at Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi during 2007-2017, was carried out. Abdominal pain was present in 34.7% followed by fever in 26.2%. There were 142 (63.1%) cases of hepatic cysts and 55 (24.4%) of pulmonary hydatid cysts. Combined surgical and medical therapy was given to 130 (57.8%) patients. Surgery only was performed in 23 (10.2%) patients, medical therapy only was given to 35 (15.6%) patients, and puncture, aspiration, injection and reaspiration (PAIR) with medical therapy was given to 15 (6.7%) patients. Recurrence occurred in 14 (6.2%) patients and mortality in 7 (3.1%) patients. Owing to its non-specific presentation, a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose and treat CE in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Butt
- Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Ahmed Khan
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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199
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Zhou X, Wang W, Cui F, Shi C, Ma Y, Yu Y, Zhao W, Zhao J. Extracellular vesicles derived from Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid from patients: isolation, characterization and evaluation of immunomodulatory functions on T cells. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:1029-1037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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200
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Herz M, Brehm K. Evidence for densovirus integrations into tapeworm genomes. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:560. [PMID: 31771643 PMCID: PMC6880638 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tapeworms lack a canonical piRNA-pathway, raising the question of how they can silence existing mobile genetic elements (MGE). Investigation towards the underlying mechanisms requires information on tapeworm transposons which is, however, presently scarce. METHODS The presence of densovirus-related sequences in tapeworm genomes was studied by bioinformatic approaches. Available RNA-Seq datasets were mapped against the Echinococcus multilocularis genome to calculate expression levels of densovirus-related genes. Transcription of densovirus loci was further analyzed by sequencing and RT-qPCR. RESULTS We herein provide evidence for the presence of densovirus-related elements in a variety of tapeworm genomes. In the high-quality genome of E. multilocularis we identified more than 20 individual densovirus integration loci which contain the information for non-structural and structural virus proteins. The majority of densovirus loci are present as head-to-tail concatemers in isolated repeat containing regions of the genome. In some cases, unique densovirus loci have integrated close to histone gene clusters. We show that some of the densovirus loci of E. multilocularis are actively transcribed, whereas the majority are transcriptionally silent. RT-qPCR data further indicate that densovirus expression mainly occurs in the E. multilocularis stem cell population, which probably forms the germline of this organism. Sequences similar to the non-structural densovirus genes present in E. multilocularis were also identified in the genomes of E. canadensis, E. granulosus, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis microstoma, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia asiatica, Taenia multiceps, Taenia saginata and Taenia solium. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that densovirus integration has occurred in many tapeworm species. This is the first report on widespread integration of DNA viruses into cestode genomes. Since only few densovirus integration sites were transcriptionally active in E. multilocularis, our data are relevant for future studies into gene silencing mechanisms in tapeworms. Furthermore, they indicate that densovirus-based vectors might be suitable tools for genetic manipulation of cestodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Herz
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2/E1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Brehm
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2/E1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Konsiliarlabor für Echinokokkose des Robert-Koch-Instituts, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2/E1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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