151
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Masood MI, Schäfer KH, Naseem M, Weyland M, Meiser P. Troxerutin flavonoid has neuroprotective properties and increases neurite outgrowth and migration of neural stem cells from the subventricular zone. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237025. [PMID: 32797057 PMCID: PMC7428079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Troxerutin (TRX) is a water-soluble flavonoid which occurs commonly in the edible plants. Recent studies state that TRX improves the functionality of the nervous system and neutralizes Amyloid-ß induced neuronal toxicity. In this study, an in vitro assay based upon Neural stem cell (NSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone of the postnatal balb/c mice was established to explore the impact of TRX on individual neurogenesis processes in general and neuroprotective effect against ß-amyloid 1-42 (Aß42) induced inhibition in differentiation in particular. NSCs were identified exploiting immunostaining of the NSCs markers. Neurosphere clonogenic assay and BrdU/Ki67 immunostaining were employed to unravel the impact of TRX on proliferation. Differentiation experiments were carried out for a time span lasting from 48 h to 7 days utilizing ß-tubulin III and GFAP as neuronal and astrocyte marker respectively. Protective effects of TRX on Aß42 induced depression of NSCs differentiation were determined after 48 h of application. A neurosphere migration assay was carried out for 24 h in the presence and absence of TRX. Interestingly, TRX enhanced neuronal differentiation of NSCs in a dose-dependent manner after 48 h and 7 days of incubation and significantly enhanced neurite growth. A higher concentration of TRX also neutralized the inhibitory effects of Aß42 on neurite outgrowth and length after 48 h of incubation. TRX significantly stimulated cell migration. Overall, TRX not only promoted NSCs differentiation and migration but also neutralized the inhibitory effects of Aß42 on NSCs. TRX, therefore, offers an interesting lead structure from the perspective of drug design especially to promote neurogenesis in neurological disorders i.e. Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Masood
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Mahrukh Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Maximilian Weyland
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Meiser
- Medical Scientific Department GM, URSAPHARM Arzneimittel GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
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152
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McNeill A, Iovino E, Mansard L, Vache C, Baux D, Bedoukian E, Cox H, Dean J, Goudie D, Kumar A, Newbury-Ecob R, Fallerini C, Renieri A, Lopergolo D, Mari F, Blanchet C, Willems M, Roux AF, Pippucci T, Delpire E. SLC12A2 variants cause a neurodevelopmental disorder or cochleovestibular defect. Brain 2020; 143:2380-2387. [PMID: 32658972 PMCID: PMC7447514 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC12 gene family consists of SLC12A1-SLC12A9, encoding electroneutral cation-coupled chloride co-transporters. SCL12A2 has been shown to play a role in corticogenesis and therefore represents a strong candidate neurodevelopmental disorder gene. Through trio exome sequencing we identified de novo mutations in SLC12A2 in six children with neurodevelopmental disorders. All had developmental delay or intellectual disability ranging from mild to severe. Two had sensorineural deafness. We also identified SLC12A2 variants in three individuals with non-syndromic bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular areflexia. The SLC12A2 de novo mutation rate was demonstrated to be significantly elevated in the deciphering developmental disorders cohort. All tested variants were shown to reduce co-transporter function in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Analysis of SLC12A2 expression in foetal brain at 16-18 weeks post-conception revealed high expression in radial glial cells, compatible with a role in neurogenesis. Gene co-expression analysis in cells robustly expressing SLC12A2 at 16-18 weeks post-conception identified a transcriptomic programme associated with active neurogenesis. We identify SLC12A2 de novo mutations as the cause of a novel neurodevelopmental disorder and bilateral non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss and provide further data supporting a role for this gene in human neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair McNeill
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK,Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK,Correspondence to: Alisdair McNeill, PhD FRCP Edin DCH Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK E-mail:
| | - Emanuela Iovino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luke Mansard
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Vache
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David Baux
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emma Bedoukian
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Helen Cox
- Regional Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Dean
- North of Scotland Genetics Service, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Goudie
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Level 6, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Ajith Kumar
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, UK
| | - Ruth Newbury-Ecob
- Bristol Regional Genetics Service, St Michael’s Hospital, Southwell Street, Bristol, UK
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Diego Lopergolo
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Catherine Blanchet
- Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory diseases, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Department of Clinical Genetics, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Francoise Roux
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tommaso Pippucci
- Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Correspondence to: Alisdair McNeill, PhD FRCP Edin DCH Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK E-mail:
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153
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Rouleau N, Murugan NJ, Rusk W, Koester C, Kaplan DL. Matrix Deformation with Ectopic Cells Induced by Rotational Motion in Bioengineered Neural Tissues. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2192-2203. [PMID: 32671625 PMCID: PMC7405955 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The brain's extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic protein-based scaffold within which neural networks can form, self-maintain, and re-model. When the brain incurs injuries, microscopic tissue tears and active ECM re-modelling give way to abnormal brain structure and function including the presence of ectopic cells. Post-mortem and neuroimaging data suggest that the brains of jet pilots and astronauts, who are exposed to rotational forces, accelerations, and microgravity, display brain anomalies which could be indicative of a mechanodisruptive pathology. Here we present a model of non-impact-based brain injury induced by matrix deformation following mechanical shaking. Using a bioengineered 3D neural tissue platform, we designed a repetitive shaking paradigm to simulate subtle rotational acceleration. Our results indicate shaking induced ectopic cell clustering that could be inhibited by physically restraining tissue movement. Imaging revealed that the collagen substrate surrounding cells was deformed following shaking. Applied to neonatal rat brains, shaking induced deformation of extracellular spaces within the cerebral cortices and reduced the number of cell bodies at higher accelerations. We hypothesize that ECM deformation may represent a more significant role in brain injury progression than previously assumed and that the present model system contributes to its understanding as a phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rouleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Technology Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Initiative for Neural Science, Disease, and Engineering (INSciDE), Tufts University, Medford, USA
- The Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, USA
| | - Nirosha J Murugan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Technology Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- The Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, USA
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, USA
| | - William Rusk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Technology Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Cole Koester
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Technology Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Technology Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
- Initiative for Neural Science, Disease, and Engineering (INSciDE), Tufts University, Medford, USA.
- The Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, USA.
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154
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Primary Ciliary Deficits in the Dentate Gyrus of Fragile X Syndrome. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:454-466. [PMID: 32735823 PMCID: PMC7419715 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is the non-motile cilium present in most mammalian cell types and functions as an antenna for cells to sense signals. Ablating primary cilia in postnatal newborn neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) results in both reduced dendritic arborization and synaptic strength, leading to hippocampal-dependent learning and memory deficits. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common form of inheritance for intellectual disabilities with a high risk for autism spectrum disorders, and Fmr1 KO mice, a mouse model for FXS, demonstrate deficits in newborn neuron differentiation, dendritic morphology, and memory formation in the DG. Here, we found that the number of primary cilia in Fmr1 KO mice is reduced, specifically in the DG of the hippocampus. Moreover, this cilia loss was observed postnatally mainly in newborn neurons generated from the DG, implicating that these primary ciliary deficits may possibly contribute to the pathophysiology of FXS. Primary cilia are significantly reduced in the DG of Fmr1 KO mice Fmr1 KO mice show age-dependent primary cilia deficits Neuronal ciliogenesis defects are shown in the DG of Fmr1 KO mice Primary cilia deficits are observed in newborn neurons from SGZ, but not from DNe
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155
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Phenotype microarrays reveal metabolic dysregulations of neurospheres derived from embryonic Ts1Cje mouse model of Down syndrome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236826. [PMID: 32730314 PMCID: PMC7392322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), is the most common cause of intellectual disability, and is characterized by defective neurogenesis during perinatal development. To identify metabolic aberrations in early neurogenesis, we profiled neurospheres derived from the embryonic brain of Ts1Cje, a mouse model of Down syndrome. High-throughput phenotypic microarray revealed a significant decrease in utilisation of 17 out of 367 substrates and significantly higher utilisation of 6 substrates in the Ts1Cje neurospheres compared to controls. Specifically, Ts1Cje neurospheres were less efficient in the utilisation of glucose-6-phosphate suggesting a dysregulation in the energy-producing pathway. T Cje neurospheres were significantly smaller in diameter than the controls. Subsequent preliminary study on supplementation with 6-phosphogluconic acid, an intermediate of glucose-6-phosphate metabolism, was able to rescue the Ts1Cje neurosphere size. This study confirmed the perturbed pentose phosphate pathway, contributing to defects observed in Ts1Cje neurospheres. We show for the first time that this comprehensive energetic assay platform facilitates the metabolic characterisation of Ts1Cje cells and confirmed their distinguishable metabolic profiles compared to the controls.
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156
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Parris TZ, Vizlin-Hodzic D, Salmela S, Funa K. Tumorigenic effects of TLX overexpression in HEK 293T cells. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 2:e1204. [PMID: 32721119 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human orphan receptor TLX (NR2E1) is a key regulator of neurogenesis, adult stem cell maintenance, and tumorigenesis. However, little is known about the genetic and transcriptomic events that occur following TLX overexpression in human cell lines. AIMS Here, we used cytogenetics and RNA sequencing to investigate the effect of TLX overexpression with an inducible vector system in the HEK 293T cell line. METHODS AND RESULTS Conventional spectral karyotyping was used to identify chromosomal abnormalities, followed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on chromosome spreads to assess TLX DNA copy number. Illumina paired-end whole transcriptome sequencing was then performed to characterize recurrent genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels), expressed gene fusions, and gene expression profiles. Lastly, flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle distribution. Intriguingly, we show that upon transfection with a vector containing the human TLX gene (eGFP-hTLX), an isochromosome forms on the long arm of chromosome 6, thereby resulting in DNA gain of the TLX locus (6q21) and upregulation of TLX. Induction of the eGFP-hTLX vector further increased TLX expression levels, leading to G0-G1 cell cycle arrest, genetic aberrations, modulation of gene expression patterns, and crosstalk with other nuclear receptors (AR, ESR1, ESR2, NR1H4, and NR3C2). We identified a 49-gene signature associated with central nervous system (CNS) development and carcinogenesis, in addition to potentially cancer-driving gene fusions (LARP1-CNOT8 and NSL1-ZDBF2) and deleterious genetic variants (frameshift insertions in the CTSH, DBF4, POSTN, and WDR78 genes). CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings illustrate that TLX may play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis via genomic instability and perturbation of cancer-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshima Z Parris
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dzeneta Vizlin-Hodzic
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Salmela
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Keiko Funa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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157
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Glia and Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells of the Healthy and Ischemic Brain: The Workplace for the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070804. [PMID: 32708801 PMCID: PMC7397164 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in the self-renewal, fate-commitment and survival of the neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Ischemic stroke impairs the proper functioning of the CNS and, therefore, active Wnt signaling may prevent, ameliorate, or even reverse the negative effects of ischemic brain injury. In this review, we provide the current knowledge of Wnt signaling in the adult CNS, its status in diverse cell types, and the Wnt pathway’s impact on the properties of NS/PCs and glial cells in the context of ischemic injury. Finally, we summarize promising strategies that might be considered for stroke therapy, and we outline possible future directions of the field.
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158
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Kerloch T, Clavreul S, Goron A, Abrous DN, Pacary E. Dentate Granule Neurons Generated During Perinatal Life Display Distinct Morphological Features Compared With Later-Born Neurons in the Mouse Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3527-3539. [PMID: 30215686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In nonhuman mammals and in particular in rodents, most granule neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) are generated during development and yet little is known about their properties compared with adult-born neurons. Although it is generally admitted that these populations are morphologically indistinguishable once mature, a detailed analysis of developmentally born neurons is lacking. Here, we used in vivo electroporation to label dentate granule cells (DGCs) generated in mouse embryos (E14.5) or in neonates (P0) and followed their morphological development up to 6 months after birth. By comparison with mature retrovirus-labeled DGCs born at weaning (P21) or young adult (P84) stages, we provide the evidence that perinatally born neurons, especially embryonically born cells, are morphologically distinct from later-born neurons and are thus easily distinguishable. In addition, our data indicate that semilunar and hilar GCs, 2 populations in ectopic location, are generated during the embryonic and the neonatal periods, respectively. Thus, our findings provide new insights into the development of the different populations of GCs in the DG and open new questions regarding their function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kerloch
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Solène Clavreul
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Goron
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Pacary
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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159
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Var SR, Byrd-Jacobs CA. Role of Macrophages and Microglia in Zebrafish Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4768. [PMID: 32635596 PMCID: PMC7369716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no treatment for recovery of human nerve function after damage to the central nervous system (CNS), and there are limited regenerative capabilities in the peripheral nervous system. Since fish are known for their regenerative abilities, understanding how these species modulate inflammatory processes following injury has potential translational importance for recovery from damage and disease. Many diseases and injuries involve the activation of innate immune cells to clear damaged cells. The resident immune cells of the CNS are microglia, the primary cells that respond to infection and injury, and their peripheral counterparts, macrophages. These cells serve as key modulators of development and plasticity and have been shown to be important in the repair and regeneration of structure and function after injury. Zebrafish are an emerging model for studying macrophages in regeneration after injury and microglia in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. These fish possess a high degree of neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and emotional/social behavioral resemblance with humans, serving as an ideal simulator for many pathologies. This review explores literature on macrophage and microglial involvement in facilitating regeneration. Understanding innate immune cell behavior following damage may help to develop novel methods for treating toxic and chronic inflammatory processes that are seen in trauma and disease.
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160
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Piermartiri TCB, Dos Santos B, Barros-Aragão FGQ, Prediger RD, Tasca CI. Guanosine Promotes Proliferation in Neural Stem Cells from Hippocampus and Neurogenesis in Adult Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3814-3826. [PMID: 32592125 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells can generate new neurons in the mouse adult brain in a complex multistep process called neurogenesis. Several factors regulate this process, including neurotransmitters, hormones, neurotrophic factors, pharmacological agents, and environmental factors. Purinergic signaling, mainly the adenosinergic system, takes part in neurogenesis, being involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. However, the role of the purine nucleoside guanosine in neurogenesis remains unclear. Here, we examined the effect of guanosine by using the neurosphere assay derived from neural stem cells of adult mice. We found that continuous treatment with guanosine increased the number of neurospheres, neural stem cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation. The effect of guanosine to increase the number of neurospheres was reduced by removing adenosine from the culture medium. We next traced the neurogenic effect of guanosine in vivo. The intraperitoneal treatment of adult C57BL/6 mice with guanosine (8 mg/kg) for 26 days increased the number of dividing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells and also increased neurogenesis, as identified by measuring doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Antidepressant-like behavior in adult mice accompanied the guanosine-induced neurogenesis in the DG. These results provide new evidence of a pro-neurogenic effect of guanosine on neural stem/progenitor cells, and it was associated in vivo with antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsade C B Piermartiri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Rui D Prediger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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161
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Grison A, Atanasoski S. Cyclins, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in the Mouse Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3206-3218. [PMID: 32506380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development and normal physiology of the nervous system require proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells in a strictly controlled manner. The number of cells generated depends on the type of cell division, the cell cycle length, and the fraction of cells that exit the cell cycle to become quiescent or differentiate. The underlying processes are tightly controlled and modulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their interactions with cyclins and Cdk inhibitors (CKIs). Studies performed in the nervous system with mouse models lacking individual Cdks, cyclins, and CKIs, or combinations thereof, have shown that many of these molecules control proliferation rates in a cell-type specific and time-dependent manner. In this review, we will provide an update on the in vivo studies on cyclins, Cdks, and CKIs in neuronal and glial tissue. The goal is to highlight their impact on proliferation processes during the development of the peripheral and central nervous system, including and comparing normal and pathological conditions in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Grison
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Atanasoski
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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162
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Jurisch-Yaksi N, Yaksi E, Kizil C. Radial glia in the zebrafish brain: Functional, structural, and physiological comparison with the mammalian glia. Glia 2020; 68:2451-2470. [PMID: 32476207 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuroscience community has witnessed a tremendous expansion of glia research. Glial cells are now on center stage with leading roles in the development, maturation, and physiology of brain circuits. Over the course of evolution, glia have highly diversified and include the radial glia, astroglia or astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, each having dedicated functions in the brain. The zebrafish, a small teleost fish, is no exception to this and recent evidences point to evolutionarily conserved roles for glia in the development and physiology of its nervous system. Due to its small size, transparency, and genetic amenability, the zebrafish has become an increasingly prominent animal model for brain research. It has enabled the study of neural circuits from individual cells to entire brains, with a precision unmatched in other vertebrate models. Moreover, its high neurogenic and regenerative potential has attracted a lot of attention from the research community focusing on neural stem cells and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, studies using zebrafish have the potential to provide fundamental insights about brain development and function, and also elucidate neural and molecular mechanisms of neurological diseases. We will discuss here recent discoveries on the diverse roles of radial glia and astroglia in neurogenesis, in modulating neuronal activity and in regulating brain homeostasis at the brain barriers. By comparing insights made in various animal models, particularly mammals and zebrafish, our goal is to highlight the similarities and differences in glia biology among species, which could set new paradigms relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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163
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Deryckere A, Stappers E, Dries R, Peyre E, van den Berghe V, Conidi A, Zampeta FI, Francis A, Bresseleers M, Stryjewska A, Vanlaer R, Maas E, Smal IV, van IJcken WFJ, Grosveld FG, Nguyen L, Huylebroeck D, Seuntjens E. Multifaceted actions of Zeb2 in postnatal neurogenesis from the ventricular-subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb. Development 2020; 147:dev184861. [PMID: 32253238 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor Zeb2 controls fate specification and subsequent differentiation and maturation of multiple cell types in various embryonic tissues. It binds many protein partners, including activated Smad proteins and the NuRD co-repressor complex. How Zeb2 subdomains support cell differentiation in various contexts has remained elusive. Here, we studied the role of Zeb2 and its domains in neurogenesis and neural differentiation in the young postnatal ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), in which neural stem cells generate olfactory bulb-destined interneurons. Conditional Zeb2 knockouts and separate acute loss- and gain-of-function approaches indicated that Zeb2 is essential for controlling apoptosis and neuronal differentiation of V-SVZ progenitors before and after birth, and we identified Sox6 as a potential downstream target gene of Zeb2. Zeb2 genetic inactivation impaired the differentiation potential of the V-SVZ niche in a cell-autonomous fashion. We also provide evidence that its normal function in the V-SVZ also involves non-autonomous mechanisms. Additionally, we demonstrate distinct roles for Zeb2 protein-binding domains, suggesting that Zeb2 partners co-determine neuronal output from the mouse V-SVZ in both quantitative and qualitative ways in early postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Deryckere
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elke Stappers
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Dries
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Elise Peyre
- GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Liège University, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Veronique van den Berghe
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrea Conidi
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - F Isabella Zampeta
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Annick Francis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marjolein Bresseleers
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Agata Stryjewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ria Vanlaer
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elke Maas
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ihor V Smal
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Center for Biomics-Genomics, Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Liège University, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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164
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Lee FY, Larimore J, Faundez V, Dell'Angelica EC, Ghiani CA. Sex-dimorphic effects of biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 deficiency on mouse perinatal brain development. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:67-89. [PMID: 32436302 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The function(s) of the Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-1 (BLOC-1) during brain development is to date largely unknown. Here, we investigated how its absence alters the trajectory of postnatal brain development using as model the pallid mouse. Most of the defects observed early postnatally in the mutant mice were more prominent in males than in females and in the hippocampus. Male mutant mice, but not females, had smaller brains as compared to sex-matching wild types at postnatal day 1 (P1), this deficit was largely recovered by P14 and P45. An abnormal cytoarchitecture of the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus was observed in P1 pallid male, but not female, or juvenile mice (P45), along with severely decreased expression levels of the radial glial marker Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the overall response to the lack of functional BLOC-1 was more pronounced in hippocampi at P1 than at P45 or in the cerebral cortex. These observations suggest that absence of BLOC-1 renders males more susceptible to perinatal brain maldevelopment and although most abnormalities appear to have been resolved in juvenile animals, still permanent defects may be present, resulting in faulty neuronal circuits, and contribute to previously reported cognitive and behavioral phenotypes in adult BLOC-1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esteban C Dell'Angelica
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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165
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Tripathi S, Verma A, Jha SK. Training on an Appetitive Trace-Conditioning Task Increases Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and the Expression of Arc, Erk and CREB Proteins in the Dorsal Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:89. [PMID: 32362814 PMCID: PMC7181388 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) plays an essential role in hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation. Increased neurogenesis enhances learning, whereas its ablation causes memory impairment. In contrast, few reports suggest that neurogenesis reduces after learning. Although the interest in exploring the role of adult neurogenesis in learning has been growing, the evidence is still limited. The role of the trace- and delay-appetitive-conditioning on AHN and its underlying mechanism are not known. The consolidation of trace-conditioned memory requires the hippocampus, but delay-conditioning does not. Moreover, the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and ventral hippocampus (VH) may have a differential role in these two conditioning paradigms. Here, we have investigated the changes in: (A) hippocampal cell proliferation and their progression towards neuronal lineage; and (B) expression of Arc, Erk1, Erk2, and CREB proteins in the DH and VH after trace- and delay-conditioning in the rat. The number of newly generated cells significantly increased in the trace-conditioned but did not change in the delay-conditioned animals compared to the control group. Similarly, the expression of Arc protein significantly increased in the DH but not in the VH after trace-conditioning. Nonetheless, it remains unaltered in the delay-conditioned group. The expression of pErk1, pErk2, and pCREB also increased in the DH after trace-conditioning. Whereas, the expression of only pErk1 pErk2 and pCREB proteins increased in the VH after delay-conditioning. Our results suggest that appetitive trace-conditioning enhances AHN. The increased DH neuronal activation and pErk1, pErk2, and pCREB in the DH may be playing an essential role in learning-induced cell-proliferation after appetitive trace-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tripathi
- School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Verma
- School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil K Jha
- School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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166
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons Are Functionally Mature In Vitro and Integrate into the Mouse Striatum Following Transplantation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2766-2798. [PMID: 32356172 PMCID: PMC7253531 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a powerful tool for modelling human development. In recent years, hPSCs have become central in cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases given their potential to replace affected neurons. However, directing hPSCs into specific neuronal types is complex and requires an accurate protocol that mimics endogenous neuronal development. Here we describe step-by-step a fast feeder-free neuronal differentiation protocol to direct hPSCs to mature forebrain neurons in 37 days in vitro (DIV). The protocol is based upon a combination of specific morphogens, trophic and growth factors, ions, neurotransmitters and extracellular matrix elements. A human-induced PSC line (Ctr-Q33) and a human embryonic stem cell line (GEN-Q18) were used to reinforce the potential of the protocol. Neuronal activity was analysed by single-cell calcium imaging. At 8 DIV, we obtained a homogeneous population of hPSC-derived neuroectodermal progenitors which self-arranged in bi-dimensional neural tube-like structures. At 16 DIV, we generated hPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) with mostly a subpallial identity along with a subpopulation of pallial NPCs. Terminal in vitro neuronal differentiation was confirmed by the expression of microtubule associated protein 2b (Map 2b) by almost 100% of hPSC-derived neurons and the expression of specific-striatal neuronal markers including GABA, CTIP2 and DARPP-32. HPSC-derived neurons showed mature and functional phenotypes as they expressed synaptic markers, voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Neurons displayed diverse spontaneous activity patterns that were classified into three major groups, namely “high”, “intermediate” and “low” firing neurons. Finally, transplantation experiments showed that the NPCs survived and differentiated within mouse striatum for at least 3 months. NPCs integrated host environmental cues and differentiated into striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), which successfully integrated into the endogenous circuitry without teratoma formation. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the potential of this robust human neuronal differentiation protocol, which will bring new opportunities for the study of human neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, and will open new avenues in cell-based therapies, pharmacological studies and alternative in vitro toxicology.
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167
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Sousa FJ, Correia RG, Cruz AF, Martins JM, Rodrigues MS, Gomes CA, Ambrósio AF, Baptista FI. Sex differences in offspring neurodevelopment, cognitive performance and microglia morphology associated with maternal diabetes: Putative targets for insulin therapy. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 5:100075. [PMID: 34589855 PMCID: PMC8474564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes during pregnancy has been shown to affect the central nervous system (CNS) of the offspring, resulting in short- and long-term adverse effects. Children of diabetic mothers are more likely to develop cognitive impairment, also having increased susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. Microglia, the immune cells of the CNS, work as sensors of environmental changes, namely metabolic challenges, as early as the intrauterine period. During this period, microglia is actively involved in processes of neurogenesis, synaptic pruning and detection of any environmental alteration that may impact brain development. The remarkable sex dimorphism in neurodevelopment, as well as sex differences in the morphology and immune function of microglia during development, led us to clarify if maternal diabetes affects specific behavioral traits and microglia morphology during infancy in a sex-specific manner. Another important goal of this study was to clarify if insulin, the gold standard treatment of diabetes during gestation, could prevent maternal diabetes-induced behavioral changes, as well as microglia morphology, also considering sex specificities. Other molecular and cellular players potentially involved in the link between changes in metabolism and behavior were also analyzed in the hippocampus, a brain region implicated in cognition and other behavioral outcomes. Diabetes during pregnancy globally delayed female and male offspring development and was associated with impairments in recognition memory, but only in female offspring. In line with these results, at early and late infancy, some molecular and cellular markers were altered in offspring hippocampus in a sex-specific manner. The strict control of glycemia by insulin during pregnancy prevented most of the negative effects induced by uncontrolled hyperglycemia. Notably, insulin administration to diabetic dams may also modulate offspring development in a way that differs from what is observed in physiological conditions, since it promoted the expedited acquisition of developmental milestones and of discrimination ability at memory test, also inducing a hyper-ramification of male and female hippocampal microglia. Importantly, this study highlights the importance of analyzing the impact of maternal diabetes and insulin therapy, taking into account sex differences, since male and female present different vulnerabilities to hyperglycemia in this critical period of life.
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Key Words
- CA, cornu ammonis
- CTRL, offspring of control dams
- EPM, elevated plus maze
- GD, gestational day
- Insulin therapy
- Maternal diabetes
- Microglia
- NOR, novel object recognition
- Neurodevelopment
- OPF, open field
- P, postnatal day
- Recognition memory
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- STZ, offspring of streptozotocin-induced diabetic dams
- STZ + INS, offspring of insulin treated-diabetic dams
- Sex differences
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio J Sousa
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel G Correia
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra F Cruz
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana M Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matilde S Rodrigues
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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168
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Simon R, Wiegreffe C, Britsch S. Bcl11 Transcription Factors Regulate Cortical Development and Function. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:51. [PMID: 32322190 PMCID: PMC7158892 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors regulate multiple processes during brain development and in the adult brain, from brain patterning to differentiation and maturation of highly specialized neurons as well as establishing and maintaining the functional neuronal connectivity. The members of the zinc-finger transcription factor family Bcl11 are mainly expressed in the hematopoietic and central nervous systems regulating the expression of numerous genes involved in a wide range of pathways. In the brain Bcl11 proteins are required to regulate progenitor cell proliferation as well as differentiation, migration, and functional integration of neural cells. Mutations of the human Bcl11 genes lead to anomalies in multiple systems including neurodevelopmental impairments like intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Simon
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Germany
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169
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Communication, Cross Talk, and Signal Integration in the Adult Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche. Neuron 2020; 105:220-235. [PMID: 31972145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia-like neural stem cells (RGLs) in the dentate gyrus subregion of the hippocampus give rise to dentate granule cells (DGCs) and astrocytes throughout life, a process referred to as adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sensitive to experiences, suggesting that it may represent an adaptive mechanism by which hippocampal circuitry is modified in response to environmental demands. Experiential information is conveyed to RGLs, progenitors, and adult-born DGCs via the neurogenic niche that is composed of diverse cell types, extracellular matrix, and afferents. Understanding how the niche performs its functions may guide strategies to maintain its health span and provide a permissive milieu for neurogenesis. Here, we first discuss representative contributions of niche cell types to regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) homeostasis and maturation of adult-born DGCs. We then consider mechanisms by which the activity of multiple niche cell types may be coordinated to communicate signals to NSCs. Finally, we speculate how NSCs integrate niche-derived signals to govern their regulation.
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170
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Ottoboni L, von Wunster B, Martino G. Therapeutic Plasticity of Neural Stem Cells. Front Neurol 2020; 11:148. [PMID: 32265815 PMCID: PMC7100551 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have garnered significant scientific and commercial interest in the last 15 years. Given their plasticity, defined as the ability to develop into different phenotypes inside and outside of the nervous system, with a capacity of almost unlimited self-renewal, of releasing trophic and immunomodulatory factors, and of exploiting temporal and spatial dynamics, NSCs have been proposed for (i) neurotoxicity testing; (ii) cellular therapies to treat CNS diseases; (iii) neural tissue engineering and repair; (iv) drug target validation and testing; (v) personalized medicine. Moreover, given the growing interest in developing cell-based therapies to target neurodegenerative diseases, recent progress in developing NSCs from human-induced pluripotent stem cells has produced an analog of endogenous NSCs. Herein, we will review the current understanding on emerging conceptual and technological topics in the neural stem cell field, such as deep characterization of the human compartment, single-cell spatial-temporal dynamics, reprogramming from somatic cells, and NSC manipulation and monitoring. Together, these aspects contribute to further disentangling NSC plasticity to better exploit the potential of those cells, which, in the future, might offer new strategies for brain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ottoboni
- Neurology and Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianvito Martino
- Neurology and Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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171
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Keshavarzi M, Khoshnoud MJ, Ghaffarian Bahraman A, Mohammadi-Bardbori A. An Endogenous Ligand of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]Carbazole (FICZ) Is a Signaling Molecule in Neurogenesis of Adult Hippocampal Neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:806-817. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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172
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Ahmad SAI, Anam MB, Istiaq A, Ito N, Ohta K. Tsukushi is essential for proper maintenance and terminal differentiation of mouse hippocampal neural stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:108-117. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shah Adil Ishtiyaq Ahmad
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Badrul Anam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- HIGO Program Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Arif Istiaq
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- HIGO Program Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Naofumi Ito
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- HIGO Program Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- AMED Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED‐CREST) Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) Tokyo Japan
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173
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Schoof M, Hellwig M, Harrison L, Holdhof D, Lauffer MC, Niesen J, Virdi S, Indenbirken D, Schüller U. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TCF4 impacts brain architecture as well as neuronal morphology and differentiation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:2219-2235. [PMID: 31919899 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 4 (TCF4) cause the Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a developmental disorder with severe intellectual disability. Here, we report findings from a new mouse model with a central nervous system-specific truncation of Tcf4 leading to severe phenotypic abnormalities. Furthermore, it allows the study of a complete TCF4 knockout in adult mice, circumventing early postnatal lethality of previously published mouse models. Our data suggest that a TCF4 truncation results in an impaired hippocampal architecture affecting both the dentate gyrus as well as the cornu ammonis. In the cerebral cortex, loss of TCF4 generates a severe differentiation delay of neural precursors. Furthermore, neuronal morphology was critically affected with shortened apical dendrites and significantly increased branching of dendrites. Our data provide novel information about the role of Tcf4 in brain development and may help to understand the mechanisms leading to intellectual deficits observed in patients suffering from PTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Hellwig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luke Harrison
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlen C Lauffer
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sanamjeet Virdi
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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174
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Wegleiter T, Buthey K, Gonzalez-Bohorquez D, Hruzova M, Bin Imtiaz MK, Abegg A, Mebert I, Molteni A, Kollegger D, Pelczar P, Jessberger S. Palmitoylation of BMPR1a regulates neural stem cell fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25688-25696. [PMID: 31772009 PMCID: PMC6926058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912671116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neurons and glial cells throughout embryonic and postnatal brain development. The role of S-palmitoylation (also referred to as S-acylation), a reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins, in regulating the fate and activity of NSCs remains largely unknown. We used an unbiased screening approach to identify proteins that are S-acylated in mouse NSCs and showed that bone morphogenic protein receptor 1a (BMPR1a), a core mediator of BMP signaling, is palmitoylated. Genetic manipulation of S-acylated sites affects the localization and trafficking of BMPR1a and leads to altered BMP signaling. Strikingly, defective palmitoylation of BMPR1a modulates NSC function within the mouse brain, resulting in enhanced oligodendrogenesis. Thus, we identified a mechanism regulating the behavior of NSCs and provided the framework to characterize dynamic posttranslational lipid modifications of proteins in the context of NSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wegleiter
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kilian Buthey
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Bohorquez
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Hruzova
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Khadeesh Bin Imtiaz
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrin Abegg
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iliana Mebert
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Molteni
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Kollegger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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175
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Static Magnetic Field Exposure In Vivo Enhances the Generation of New Doublecortin-expressing Cells in the Sub-ventricular Zone and Neocortex of Adult Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 425:217-234. [PMID: 31809729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Static magnetic field (SMF) is gaining interest as a potential technique for modulating CNS neuronal activity. Previous studies have shown a pro-neurogenic effect of short periods of extremely low frequency pulsatile magnetic fields (PMF) in vivo and pro-survival effect of low intensity SMF in cultured neurons in vitro, but little is known about the in vivo effects of low to moderate intensity SMF on brain functions. We investigated the effect of continuously-applied SMF on subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis and immature doublecortin (DCX)-expressing cells in the neocortex of young adult rats and in primary cultures of cortical neurons in vitro. A small (3 mm diameter) magnetic disc was implanted on the skull of rats at bregma, producing an average field strength of 4.3 mT at SVZ and 12.9 mT at inner neocortex. Levels of proliferation of SVZ stem cells were determined by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labelling, and early neuronal phenotype development was determined by expression of doublecortin (DCX). To determine the effect of SMF on neurogenesis in vitro, permanent magnets were placed beneath the culture dishes. We found that low intensity SMF exposure enhances cell proliferation in SVZ and new DCX-expressing cells in neocortical regions of young adult rats. In primary cortical neuronal cultures, SMF exposure increased the expression of newly generated cells co-labelled with EdU and DCX or the mature neuronal marker NeuN, while activating a set of pro neuronal bHLH genes. SMF exposure has potential for treatment of neurodegenerative disease and conditions such as CNS trauma and affective disorders in which increased neurogenesis is desirable.
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176
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González-Maciel A, Romero-Velázquez RM, Alfaro-Rodríguez A, Sanchez Aparicio P, Reynoso-Robles R. Prenatal exposure to oxcarbazepine increases hippocampal apoptosis in rat offspring. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 103:101729. [PMID: 31794794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed apoptosis in the offspring of rats exposed to oxcarbazepine (OXC) from day 7 to 15 of gestation. Three groups of pregnant Wistar rats were used: 1) Control, treated with saline solution; 2) treated with 100 mg/kg OXC; 3) treated with 100 mg/kg of carbamazepine (CBZ, as a positive control for apoptosis); the route of administration was intragastric. Apoptosis was detected at three postnatal ages using the TUNEL technique in the CA1, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus and in the dentate gyrus (DG); neurogenesis was assessed in the DG using an antibody against doublecortin. The litter characteristics were recorded. OXC increased apoptosis in all regions (p < 0.01) at the three ages evaluated. Lamination disruption occurred in CA1 and CA3 due to the neuron absence and to ectopic neurons; there were also malformations in the dorsal lamina of the DG in 38% and 25% of the pups born from rats treated with OXC and CBZ respectively. CBZ also increased apoptosis. No clear effect on neurogenesis in the DG was observed. The size of the litter was smaller (p < 0.01) in the experimental groups. Nineteen-day OXC fetuses had low weight (p < 0.01), but 21 and 30 postnatal days old CBZ and OXC pups were overweight (p < 0.01). The results demonstrate that OXC administered during gestation is pro-apoptotic, alters the cytoarchitecture of the hippocampus, reduces litter size, and probably influences postnatal weight. We provide evidence of the proapoptotic effect of CBZ when administered early in gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Maciel
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico City, C. P. 04530, Mexico.
| | - R M Romero-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico City, C. P. 04530, Mexico.
| | - A Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaría de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico City, C.P. 14389, Mexico.
| | - P Sanchez Aparicio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico
| | - R Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico City, C. P. 04530, Mexico.
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177
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Kobayashi T, Piao W, Takamura T, Kori H, Miyachi H, Kitano S, Iwamoto Y, Yamada M, Imayoshi I, Shioda S, Ballabio A, Kageyama R. Enhanced lysosomal degradation maintains the quiescent state of neural stem cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5446. [PMID: 31784517 PMCID: PMC6884460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Quiescence is important for sustaining neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain over the lifespan. Lysosomes are digestive organelles that degrade membrane receptors after they undergo endolysosomal membrane trafficking. Enlarged lysosomes are present in quiescent NSCs (qNSCs) in the subventricular zone of the mouse brain, but it remains largely unknown how lysosomal function is involved in the quiescence. Here we show that qNSCs exhibit higher lysosomal activity and degrade activated EGF receptor by endolysosomal degradation more rapidly than proliferating NSCs. Chemical inhibition of lysosomal degradation in qNSCs prevents degradation of signaling receptors resulting in exit from quiescence. Furthermore, conditional knockout of TFEB, a lysosomal master regulator, delays NSCs quiescence in vitro and increases NSC proliferation in the dentate gyrus of mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that enhanced lysosomal degradation is an important regulator of qNSC maintenance. It remains unclear why quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) in the subventricular zone of the mouse brain have enlarged lysosomes. Here, authors demonstrate that qNSCs exhibit higher lysosomal activity and degrade activated EGF receptor by endolysosomal degradation more rapidly than proliferating NSCs, which prevents the NSC exit from quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Kobayashi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Wenhui Piao
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiya Takamura
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kori
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yumiko Iwamoto
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamada
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Peptide Drug Innovation, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science (GRIL), Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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178
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Lukmanto D, Khanh VC, Shirota S, Kato T, Takasaki MM, Ohneda O. Dynamic Changes of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells Under In Vitro Prolonged Culture and Hypoxic Conditions. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1434-1450. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donny Lukmanto
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Vuong Cat Khanh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Saori Shirota
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kato
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuo Takasaki
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohneda
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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179
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Lei H, Montessuit S, Herzig S, Martinou JC. Feasibility of neurochemically profiling mouse embryonic brain and its development in utero using 1 H MRS at 14.1 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4163. [PMID: 31424145 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of neurochemical profiling of embryonic mouse brain developments in utero and to seek potential in vivo evidence of an energy shift in a mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1) deficient mouse model. C57BL/6 embryonic mouse brains were studied in utero by anatomical MRI and short echo localized proton (1 H) MRS at 14.1 T. Two embryonic stages were studied, the energy shift (e.g., embryonic day 12.5-13, E12.5-13) and close to the birth (E17.5-18). In addition, embryonic brains devoid of MPC1 were studied at E12.5-13. The MRI provided sufficient anatomical contrasts for visualization of embryonic brain. Localized 1 H MRS offered abundant metabolites through the embryonic development from E12.5 and close to the birth, e.g., E17.5 and beyond. The abundant neurochemical information at E12.5 provided metabolic status and processes relating to cellular development at this stage, i.e., the energy shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, evidenced by accumulation of lactate in E12.5-13 embryonic brain devoid of MPC1. The further evolution of the neurochemical profile of embryonic brains at E17.5-18 is consistent with cellular and metabolic processes towards the birth. Localized 1 H MRS study of embryonic brain development in utero is feasible, and longitudinal neurochemical profiling of embryonic brains offers valuable insight into early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Lei
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), EcolePolytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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180
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Xu ML, Zheng ZY, Xia YJ, Liu EYL, Chan SKH, Hu WH, Duan R, Dong TTX, Zhan CS, Shang XH, Tsim KWK. Shexiang Baoxin Pill, a Formulated Chinese Herbal Mixture, Induces Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells: A Signaling Triggered by Activation of Protein Kinase A. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1130. [PMID: 31649530 PMCID: PMC6794430 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SBP) is a well-known composite formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which is commonly used today in treating cardiovascular diseases. SBP consists of seven materials thereof, including Moschus, extract of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Bovis Calculus Artifactus, Cinnamomi Cortex, Styrax, Bufonis Venenum, and Borneolum Syntheticum. Here, we are investigating the potential roles of SBP in inducing neuron differentiation, i.e., seeking possible application in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: Water and ethanol extracts of SBP, denoted as SBPwater and SBPEtOH, respectively, as well as its individual herbal materials, were standardized and applied onto cultured rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. The potential effect of SBP extracts in neuronal differentiation was suggested by following parameters: (i) induction of neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, (ii) increase of neurofilament expression, and (iii) activation of transcription of neurofilament. Results: The treatments of SBPwater and SBPEtOH, or extracts from individual herbal materials, with or without low concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF), could potentiate the differentiation of cultured PC12 cells. The differentiation was indicated by increase of neurite outgrowth, as well as expression of neurofilaments. In addition, application of H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, suppressed the SBP-induced neurofilament expressions, as well as the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) in cultures. Conclusion: SBP is proposed to possess trophic activity in modulating neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells, and this induction is shown to be mediated partly by a cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. These results indicate the neurite-promoting SBP could be useful in developing potential drug in treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Li Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Yu Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Jie Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Etta Yun-Le Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Stanley Ka-Ho Chan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Hui Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ran Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tina Ting-Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chang-Sen Zhan
- Shanghai Hutchison Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Innovation of Solid Preparation of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Shang
- Shanghai Hutchison Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Innovation of Solid Preparation of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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181
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Yang G, Shcheglovitov A. Probing disrupted neurodevelopment in autism using human stem cell-derived neurons and organoids: An outlook into future diagnostics and drug development. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:6-33. [PMID: 31398277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction, repetitive or restrictive behaviors, and problems with speech. According to a recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in 68 children in the US is diagnosed with ASDs. Although ASD-related diagnostics and the knowledge of ASD-associated genetic abnormalities have improved in recent years, our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways disrupted in ASD remains very limited. As a result, no specific therapies or medications are available for individuals with ASDs. In this review, we describe the neurodevelopmental processes that are likely affected in the brains of individuals with ASDs and discuss how patient-specific stem cell-derived neurons and organoids can be used for investigating these processes at the cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we propose a discovery pipeline to be used in the future for identifying the cellular and molecular deficits and developing novel personalized therapies for individuals with idiopathic ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alex Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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182
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Kozareva DA, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Born this way: Hippocampal neurogenesis across the lifespan. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13007. [PMID: 31298475 PMCID: PMC6718573 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of the mammalian brain to generate new neurons through the lifespan has gained much attention for the promise of new therapeutic possibilities especially for the aging brain. One of the brain regions that maintains a neurogenesis-permissive environment is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Here, new neurons are generated from a pool of multipotent neural progenitor cells to become fully functional neurons that are integrated into the brain circuitry. A growing body of evidence points to the fact that neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is necessary for certain memory processes, and in mood regulation, while alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis have been associated with a myriad of neurological and psychiatric disorders. More recently, evidence has come to light that new neurons may differ in their vulnerability to environmental and disease-related influences depending on the time during the life course at which they are exposed. Thus, it has been the topic of intense research in recent years. In this review, we will discuss the complex process and associated functional relevance of hippocampal neurogenesis during the embryonic/postnatal period and in adulthood. We consider the implications of hippocampal neurogenesis during the developmentally critical periods of adolescence and older age. We will further consider the literature surrounding hippocampal neurogenesis and its functional role during these critical periods with a view to providing insight into the potential of harnessing neurogenesis for health and therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka A. Kozareva
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Yvonne M. Nolan
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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183
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Wang X. Stem cells in tissues, organoids, and cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4043-4070. [PMID: 31317205 PMCID: PMC6785598 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells give rise to all cells and build the tissue structures in our body, and heterogeneity and plasticity are the hallmarks of stem cells. Epigenetic modification, which is associated with niche signals, determines stem cell differentiation and somatic cell reprogramming. Stem cells play a critical role in the development of tumors and are capable of generating 3D organoids. Understanding the properties of stem cells will improve our capacity to maintain tissue homeostasis. Dissecting epigenetic regulation could be helpful for achieving efficient cell reprograming and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. Stem cell-derived organoids open up new avenues for modeling human diseases and for regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, in addition to the achievements in stem cell research, many challenges still need to be overcome for stem cells to have versatile application in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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184
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Li L, Jin J, Yang XJ. Histone Deacetylase 3 Governs Perinatal Cerebral Development via Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells. iScience 2019; 20:148-167. [PMID: 31569049 PMCID: PMC6823663 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that cerebrum-specific inactivation of the histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) gene causes striking developmental defects in the neocortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum; post-weaning lethality; and abnormal behaviors, including hyperactivity and anxiety. The defects are due to rapid loss of embryonic neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs). Premature neurogenesis and abnormal neuronal migration in the mutant brain alter NSPC homeostasis. Mutant cerebral cortices also display augmented DNA damage responses, apoptosis, and histone hyperacetylation. Moreover, mutant NSPCs are impaired in forming neurospheres in vitro, and treatment with the HDAC3-specific inhibitor RGFP966 abolishes neurosphere formation. Transcriptomic analyses of neonatal cerebral cortices and cultured neurospheres support that HDAC3 regulates transcriptional programs through interaction with different transcription factors, including NFIB. These findings establish HDAC3 as a major deacetylase critical for perinatal development of the mouse cerebrum and NSPCs, thereby suggesting a direct link of this enzymatic epigenetic regulator to human cerebral and intellectual development. HDAC3 inactivation causes developmental defects in the neocortex and hippocampus HDAC3 loss leads to depletion of embryonic neural stem and progenitor cells HDAC3 inhibition abolishes neurosphere formation in vitro HDAC3 interacts with NFIB and other transcription factors in cerebral development
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine and McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Jianliang Jin
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine and McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
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185
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Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid Is a Mediator of Fate-Decision of Adult Neural Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174240. [PMID: 31480215 PMCID: PMC6747551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is enriched with lipids that serve as energy catalyzers or secondary messengers of essential signaling pathways. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid synthesized de novo at low levels in humans, an endogenous supply from its precursors, and is mainly incorporated from nutrition, an exogeneous supply. Decreased levels of DHA have been reported in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Preventing this decrease or supplementing the brain with DHA has been considered as a therapy for the DHA brain deficiency that could be linked with neuronal death or neurodegeneration. The mammalian brain has, however, a mechanism of compensation for loss of neurons in the brain: neurogenesis, the birth of neurons from neural stem cells. In adulthood, neurogenesis is still present, although at a slower rate and with low efficiency, where most of the newly born neurons die. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) have been shown to require lipids for proper metabolism for proliferation maintenance and neurogenesis induction. Recent studies have focused on the effects of these essential lipids on the neurobiology of NSPCs. This review aimed to introduce the possible use of DHA to impact NSPC fate-decision as a therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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186
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DNA damage accumulation during fractionated low-dose radiation compromises hippocampal neurogenesis. Radiother Oncol 2019; 137:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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187
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Okazaki T, Gotoh Y. An Unexpected Calm: Mfge8 Controls Stem Cell Quiescence and Maintenance. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 23:311-312. [PMID: 30193126 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia-like neural stem cells (RGLs) in the mouse hippocampus generate neurons throughout life, but RGL maintenance mechanisms remain unclear. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Zhou et al. (2018) identified Mfge8, a well-known mediator of the "eat-me" signal, as a factor that reinforces quiescence and protects the RGL niche from depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Okazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IRCN, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IRCN, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST-AMED, JST, Japan.
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188
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Lalioti ME, Kaplani K, Lokka G, Georgomanolis T, Kyrousi C, Dong W, Dunbar A, Parlapani E, Damianidou E, Spassky N, Kahle KT, Papantonis A, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. GemC1 is a critical switch for neural stem cell generation in the postnatal brain. Glia 2019; 67:2360-2373. [PMID: 31328313 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of two main niches where neurogenesis persists during adulthood, as it retains neural stem cells (NSCs) with self-renewal capacity and multi-lineage potency. Another critical cellular component of the niche is the population of postmitotic multiciliated ependymal cells. Both cell types are derived from radial glial cells that become specified to each lineage during embryogenesis. We show here that GemC1, encoding Geminin coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1, is associated with congenital hydrocephalus in humans and mice. Our results show that GemC1 deficiency drives cells toward a NSC phenotype, at the expense of multiciliated ependymal cell generation. The increased number of NSCs is accompanied by increased levels of proliferation and neurogenesis in the postnatal SVZ. Finally, GemC1-knockout cells display altered chromatin organization at multiple loci, further supporting a NSC identity. Together, these findings suggest that GemC1 regulates the balance between NSC generation and ependymal cell differentiation, with implications for the pathogenesis of human congenital hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kaplani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia Lokka
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Weilai Dong
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ashley Dunbar
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Evangelia Parlapani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Damianidou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Cilia biology and neurogenesis, Institut de biologie de l' Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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189
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Harris L, Guillemot F. HES1, two programs: promoting the quiescence and proliferation of adult neural stem cells. Genes Dev 2019; 33:479-481. [PMID: 31043492 PMCID: PMC6499324 DOI: 10.1101/gad.325761.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells are mostly quiescent and only rarely enter the cell cycle to self-renew and generate neuronal or glial progenies. The Notch signaling pathway is essential for both the quiescent and proliferative states of neural stem cells. However, these are mutually exclusive cellular states; thus, how Notch promotes both of these programs within adult neural stem cells has remained unclear. In this issue of Genes & Development, Sueda and colleagues (pp. 511-523) use an extensive repertoire of mouse genetic tools and techniques to demonstrate that it is the levels and dynamic expression of the Notch transcriptional effector Hairy and Enhancer of Split 1 that enables this dual role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Harris
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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190
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Shparberg RA, Glover HJ, Morris MB. Modeling Mammalian Commitment to the Neural Lineage Using Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31354503 PMCID: PMC6637848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early mammalian embryogenesis relies on a large range of cellular and molecular mechanisms to guide cell fate. In this highly complex interacting system, molecular circuitry tightly controls emergent properties, including cell differentiation, proliferation, morphology, migration, and communication. These molecular circuits include those responsible for the control of gene and protein expression, as well as metabolism and epigenetics. Due to the complexity of this circuitry and the relative inaccessibility of the mammalian embryo in utero, mammalian neural commitment remains one of the most challenging and poorly understood areas of developmental biology. In order to generate the nervous system, the embryo first produces two pluripotent populations, the inner cell mass and then the primitive ectoderm. The latter is the cellular substrate for gastrulation from which the three multipotent germ layers form. The germ layer definitive ectoderm, in turn, is the substrate for multipotent neurectoderm (neural plate and neural tube) formation, representing the first morphological signs of nervous system development. Subsequent patterning of the neural tube is then responsible for the formation of most of the central and peripheral nervous systems. While a large number of studies have assessed how a competent neurectoderm produces mature neural cells, less is known about the molecular signatures of definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm and the key molecular mechanisms driving their formation. Using pluripotent stem cells as a model, we will discuss the current understanding of how the pluripotent inner cell mass transitions to pluripotent primitive ectoderm and sequentially to the multipotent definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm. We will focus on the integration of cell signaling, gene activation, and epigenetic control that govern these developmental steps, and provide insight into the novel growth factor-like role that specific amino acids, such as L-proline, play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael B. Morris
- Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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191
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Lukaszewicz AI, Nguyen C, Melendez E, Lin DP, Teo JL, Lai KKY, Huttner WB, Shi SH, Kahn M. The Mode of Stem Cell Division Is Dependent on the Differential Interaction of β-Catenin with the Kat3 Coactivators CBP or p300. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070962. [PMID: 31324005 PMCID: PMC6678591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal long-term repopulating somatic stem cells (SSCs) preferentially divide asymmetrically, with one daughter cell remaining in the niche and the other going on to be a transient amplifying cell required for generating new tissue in homeostatic maintenance and repair processes, whereas cancer stem cells (CSCs) favor symmetric divisions. We have previously proposed that differential β-catenin modulation of transcriptional activity via selective interaction with either the Kat3 coactivator CBP or its closely related paralog p300, regulates symmetric versus asymmetric division in SSCs and CSCs. We have previously demonstrated that SSCs that divide asymmetrically per force retain one of the dividing daughter cells in the stem cell niche, even when treated with specific CBP/β-catenin antagonists, whereas CSCs can be removed from their niche via forced stochastic symmetric differentiative divisions. We now demonstrate that loss of p73 in early corticogenesis biases β-catenin Kat3 coactivator usage and enhances β-catenin/CBP transcription at the expense of β-catenin/p300 transcription. Biased β-catenin coactivator usage has dramatic consequences on the mode of division of neural stem cells (NSCs), but not neurogenic progenitors. The observed increase in symmetric divisions due to enhanced β-catenin/CBP interaction and transcription leads to an immediate increase in NSC symmetric differentiative divisions. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the complex phenotype caused by the loss of p73 can be rescued in utero by treatment with the small-molecule-specific CBP/β-catenin antagonist ICG-001. Taken together, our results demonstrate the causal relationship between the choice of β-catenin Kat3 coactivator and the mode of stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes I Lukaszewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Elizabeth Melendez
- Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David P Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jia-Ling Teo
- Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Keane K Y Lai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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192
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Duchatel RJ, Shannon Weickert C, Tooney PA. White matter neuron biology and neuropathology in schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2019; 5:10. [PMID: 31285426 PMCID: PMC6614474 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-019-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder as it often manifests before full brain maturation and is also a cerebral cortical disorder where deficits in GABAergic interneurons are prominent. Whilst most neurons are located in cortical and subcortical grey matter regions, a smaller population of neurons reside in white matter tracts of the primate and to a lesser extent, the rodent brain, subjacent to the cortex. These interstitial white matter neurons (IWMNs) have been identified with general markers for neurons [e.g., neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)] and with specific markers for neuronal subtypes such as GABAergic neurons. Studies of IWMNs in schizophrenia have primarily focused on their density underneath cortical areas known to be affected in schizophrenia such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Most of these studies of postmortem brains have identified increased NeuN+ and GABAergic IWMN density in people with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Whether IWMNs are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia or if they are increased because of the cortical pathology in schizophrenia is unknown. We also do not understand how increased IWMN might contribute to brain dysfunction in the disorder. Here we review the literature on IWMN pathology in schizophrenia. We provide insight into the postulated functional significance of these neurons including how they may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Duchatel
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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193
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Lee W, Cho JH, Lee Y, Lee S, Kim DH, Ha S, Kondo Y, Ishigami A, Chung HY, Lee J. Dibutyl phthalate impairs neural progenitor cell proliferation and hippocampal neurogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:239-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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194
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Olfactory neuroepithelium alterations and cognitive correlates in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2019; 61:23-32. [PMID: 31260908 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated alterations of olfactory neuroepithelium (ONE) as a biomarker of schizophrenia, and none its association with cognitive functioning. METHOD Fresh ONE cells from twelve patients with schizophrenia and thirteen healthy controls were collected by nasal brushing, cultured in proper media and passed twelve times. Markers of cell proliferation (BrdU incorporation, Cyclin-D1 and p21 protein level) were quantified.Cognitive function was measured using Brief Neuropsychological Examination-2. PRIMARY OUTCOME proliferation of ONE cells from schizophrenic patients at passage 3. Secondary outcome: association between alteration of cell proliferation and cognitive function. RESULTS Fresh ONE cells from patients showed a faster cell proliferation than those from healthy controls at passage 3. An opposite trend was observed at passage 9, ONE cells of patients with schizophrenia showing slower cell proliferation as compared to healthy controls. In schizophrenia, overall cognitive function (Spearman's rho -0.657, p < 0.01), verbal memory - immediate recall, with interference at 10 s and 30 s (Spearman's rho from -0.676 to 0.697, all p < 0.01) were inversely associated with cell proliferation at passage 3. CONCLUSION Fresh ONE cells collected by nasal brushing might eventually represent a tool for diagnosing schizophrenia based upon markers of cell proliferation, which can be easily implemented as single-layer culture. Cell proliferation at passage 3 can be regarded as a promising proxy of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Future studies should replicate these findings, and may assess whether ONE alterations are there before onset of psychosis, serving as an early sign in patients with at risk mental state.
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195
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Ghosh HS. Adult Neurogenesis and the Promise of Adult Neural Stem Cells. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519856876. [PMID: 31285654 PMCID: PMC6600486 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519856876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult brain, even though largely postmitotic, is now known to have dividing
cells that can make both glia and neurons. Of these, the precursor cells that
have the potential to make new neurons in the adult brain have attracted great
attention from researchers, anticipating their therapeutic potential for
neurodegenerative conditions. In this review, I will focus on adult
neurogenesis, from the perspective of the overall neurogenic potential in the
adult brain, current understanding of the ‘adult neural stem cell’, and the
importance of niche as a decisive factor for neurogenesis under
homeostasis and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiyaa S Ghosh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
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196
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Nemirovich-Danchenko NM, Khodanovich MY. New Neurons in the Post-ischemic and Injured Brain: Migrating or Resident? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:588. [PMID: 31275097 PMCID: PMC6591486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous potential of adult neurogenesis is of particular interest for the development of new strategies for recovery after stroke and traumatic brain injury. These pathological conditions affect endogenous neurogenesis in two aspects. On the one hand, injury usually initiates the migration of neuronal precursors (NPCs) to the lesion area from the already existing, in physiological conditions, neurogenic niche - the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) near the lateral ventricles. On the other hand, recent studies have convincingly demonstrated the local generation of new neurons near lesion areas in different brain locations. The striatum, cortex, and hippocampal CA1 region are considered to be locations of such new neurogenic zones in the damaged brain. This review focuses on the relative contribution of two types of NPCs of different origin, resident population in new neurogenic zones and cells migrating from the lateral ventricles, to post-stroke or post-traumatic enhancement of neurogenesis. The migratory pathways of NPCs have also been considered. In addition, the review highlights the advantages and limitations of different methodological approaches to the definition of NPC location and tracking of new neurons. In general, we suggest that despite the considerable number of studies, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of neurogenesis in the damaged brain. We believe that the advancement of methods for in vivo visualization and longitudinal observation of neurogenesis in the brain could fundamentally change the current situation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Yu. Khodanovich
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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197
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Morales AV, Mira H. Adult Neural Stem Cells: Born to Last. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:96. [PMID: 31214589 PMCID: PMC6557982 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons is a lifelong process in many vertebrate species that provides an extra level of plasticity to several brain circuits. Frequently, neurogenesis in the adult brain is considered a continuation of earlier developmental processes as it relies in the persistence of neural stem cells, similar to radial glia, known as radial glia-like cells (RGLs). However, adult RGLs are not just leftovers of progenitors that remain in hidden niches in the brain after development has finished. Rather, they seem to be specified and set aside at specific times and places during embryonic and postnatal development. The adult RGLs present several cellular and molecular properties that differ from those observed in developmental radial glial cells such as an extended cell cycle length, acquisition of a quiescence state, a more restricted multipotency and distinct transcriptomic programs underlying those cellular processes. In this minireview, we will discuss the recent attempts to determine how, when and where are the adult RGLs specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixa V Morales
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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198
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Sex steroid hormone modulation of neural stem cells: a critical review. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 31146782 PMCID: PMC6543604 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous in vivo experiments have sought to explore the effects of sex chromosome composition and sex steroid hormones on cellular proliferation and differentiation within the mammalian brain, far fewer studies as reviewed here, have explored these factors using a direct in vitro approach. Generally speaking, in vivo studies provide the gold standard to demonstrate applicable findings in regards to the role hormones play in development. However, in the case of neural stem cell (NSC) biology, there remain many unknown factors that likely contribute to observations made within the developed brain, specifically in regions where there are abundant sex steroid hormone receptors. For these reasons, using a NSC in vitro model may provide a more controlled and refined system to explore the direct effects of sex and hormone response, limiting the vast array of other influences on NSCs occurring during development and within adult cellular niches. These specific cellular models may have the ability to greatly improve the mechanistic understanding of changes occurring within the developing brain during the hormonal organization process, in addition to other modifications that may contribute to neuro-psychiatric sex-biased diseases.
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199
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Pons-Espinal M, Gasperini C, Marzi MJ, Braccia C, Armirotti A, Pötzsch A, Walker TL, Fabel K, Nicassio F, Kempermann G, De Pietri Tonelli D. MiR-135a-5p Is Critical for Exercise-Induced Adult Neurogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1298-1312. [PMID: 31130358 PMCID: PMC6565832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and is considered a relevant strategy for preventing age-related cognitive decline in humans. The underlying mechanisms remains controversial. Here, we show that exercise increases proliferation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) of the mouse dentate gyrus (DG) via downregulation of microRNA 135a-5p (miR-135a). MiR-135a inhibition stimulates NPC proliferation leading to increased neurogenesis, but not astrogliogenesis, in DG of resting mice, and intriguingly it re-activates NPC proliferation in aged mice. We identify 17 proteins (11 putative targets) modulated by miR-135 in NPCs. Of note, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor 1 and inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I are among the modulated proteins, suggesting that IP3 signaling may act downstream miR-135. miR-135 is the first noncoding RNA essential modulator of the brain's response to physical exercise. Prospectively, the miR-135-IP3 axis might represent a novel target of therapeutic intervention to prevent pathological brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Gasperini
- Neurobiology of miRNA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo J Marzi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Clarissa Braccia
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Alexandra Pötzsch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Fabel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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200
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La Rosa C, Ghibaudi M, Bonfanti L. Newly Generated and Non-Newly Generated "Immature" Neurons in the Mammalian Brain: A Possible Reservoir of Young Cells to Prevent Brain Aging and Disease? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050685. [PMID: 31096632 PMCID: PMC6571946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is important for translational purposes since most neurological disorders and brain aging problems remain substantially incurable. In the mammalian nervous system, neurons are mostly not renewed throughout life and cannot be replaced. In humans, the increasing life expectancy explains the increase in brain health problems, also producing heavy social and economic burden. An exception to the “static” brain is represented by stem cell niches leading to the production of new neurons. Such adult neurogenesis is dramatically reduced from fish to mammals, and in large-brained mammals with respect to rodents. Some examples of neurogenesis occurring outside the neurogenic niches have been reported, yet these new neurons actually do not integrate in the mature nervous tissue. Non-newly generated, “immature” neurons (nng-INs) are also present: Prenatally generated cells continuing to express molecules of immaturity (mostly shared with the newly born neurons). Of interest, nng-INs seem to show an inverse phylogenetic trend across mammals, being abundant in higher-order brain regions not served by neurogenesis and providing structural plasticity in rather stable areas. Both newly generated and nng-INs represent a potential reservoir of young cells (a “brain reserve”) that might be exploited for preventing the damage of aging and/or delay the onset/reduce the impact of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Ghibaudi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy.
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