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Dragotto J, Palladino G, Canterini S, Caporali P, Patil R, Fiorenza MT, Erickson RP. Decreased neural stem cell proliferation and olfaction in mouse models of Niemann-Pick C1 disease and the response to hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. J Appl Genet 2019; 60:357-365. [PMID: 31485950 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-019-00517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Npc1nih/nih-null model and the Npc1nmf164/nmf164 hypomorph models of Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) disease show defects in olfaction. We have tested the effects of the life-prolonging treatment hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) on olfaction and neural stem cell numbers when delivered either systemically or by nasal inhalation. Using the paradigm of finding a hidden cube of food after overnight food deprivation, Npc1nih/nih homozygous mice showed a highly significant delay in finding the food compared with wild-type mice. Npc1nmf164/nmf164 homozygous mice showed an early loss of olfaction which was mildly corrected by somatic delivery of HPBCD which also increased the number of neural stem cells in the mutant but did not change the number in wild-type mice. In contrast, nasal delivery of this drug, at 1/5 the dosage used for somatic delivery, to Npc1nmf164/nmf164 mutant mice delayed loss of olfaction but the control of nasal delivered saline did so as well. The nasal delivery of HPBCD to wild-type mice caused loss of olfaction but nasal delivery of saline did not. Neural stem cell counts were not improved by nasal therapy with HPBCD. We credit the delay in olfaction found with the treatment, a delay which was also found for time of death, to a large amount of stimulation the mice received with handling during the nasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dragotto
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Palladino
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Canterini
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Caporali
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Rutaraj Patil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5073, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert P Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5073, USA.
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152
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Brain–Barrier Regulation, Metal (Cu, Fe) Dyshomeostasis, and Neurodegenerative Disorders in Man and Animals. INORGANICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics7090108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimers, Parkinsons, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntingtons) and the prion disorders, have in common a dysregulation of metalloprotein chemistry involving redox metals (Cu, Fe, Mn). The consequent oxidative stress is associated with protein plaques and neuronal cell death. An equilibrium exists between the functional requirement of the brain for Cu and Fe and their destructive potential with the production of reactive oxygen species. The importance of the brain barrier is highlighted in regulating the import of these metals. Upregulation of key transporters occurs in fetal and neonatal life when brain metal requirement is high, and is downregulated in adult life when need is minimal. North Ronaldsay sheep are introduced as an animal model in which a neonatal mode of CTR1 upregulation persists into adulthood and leads to the premise that metal regulation may return to this default setting in ageing, with implications for the neurodegenerative diseases.
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153
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Does Age Interfere With Gadolinium Toxicity and Presence in Brain and Bone Tissues?: A Comparative Gadoterate Versus Gadodiamide Study in Juvenile and Adult Rats. Invest Radiol 2019; 54:61-71. [PMID: 30394964 PMCID: PMC6310471 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of age on target tissue total gadolinium (Gd) retention after repeated administration of gadodiamide (linear) or gadoterate (macrocyclic) Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) in rats. The secondary objective was to assess the potential developmental and long-term consequences of GBCA administration during neonatal and juvenile periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 equivalent human clinical doses (cumulated dose, 12 mmol Gd/kg) of either gadoterate or gadodiamide were administered concurrently by the intravenous route to healthy adult and juvenile rats. Saline was administered to juvenile rats forming the control group. In juvenile rats, the doses were administered from postnatal day 12, that is, once the blood-brain barrier is functional as in humans after birth. The tests were conducted on 5 juvenile rats per sex and per group and on 3 adult animals per sex and per group. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the cerebellum was performed at 4.7 T during both the treatment and treatment-free periods. Behavioral tests were performed in juvenile rats. Rats were euthanatized at 11 to 12 weeks (ie, approximately 3 months) after the last administration. Total Gd concentrations were measured in plasma, skin, bone, and brain by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cerebellum samples from the juvenile rats were characterized by histopathological examination (including immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein or GFAP, and CD68). Lipofuscin pigments were also studied by fluorescence microscopy. All tests were performed blindly on randomized animals. RESULTS Transient skin lesions were observed in juvenile rats (5/5 females and 2/4 males) and not in adult rats having received gadodiamide. Persisting (up to completion of the study) T1 hyperintensity in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCNs) was observed only in gadodiamide-treated rats. Quantitatively, a slightly higher progressive increase in the DCN/brain stem ratio was observed in adult rats compared with juvenile rats, whereas no difference was noted visually. In all tissues, total Gd concentrations were higher (10- to 30-fold higher) in the gadodiamide-treated groups than in the gadoterate groups. No age-related differences were observed except in bone marrow where total Gd concentrations in gadodiamide-treated juvenile rats were higher than those measured in adults and similar to those measured in cortical bone tissue. No significant treatment-related effects were observed in histopathological findings or in development, behavior, and biochemistry parameters. However, in the elevated plus maze test, a trend toward an anxiogenic effect was observed in the gadodiamide group compared with other groups (nonsignificant). Moreover, in the balance beam test, a high number of trials were excluded in the gadodiamide group because rats (mainly males) did not completely cross the beam, which may also reflect an anxiogenic effect. CONCLUSIONS No T1 hyperintensity was observed in the DCN after administration of the macrocyclic GBCA gadoterate regardless of age as opposed to administration of the linear GBCA gadodiamide. Repeated administration of gadodiamide in neonatal and juvenile rats resulted in similar total Gd retention in the skin, brain, and bone to that in adult rats with sex having no effect, whereas Gd distribution in bone marrow was influenced by age. Further studies are required to assess the form of the retained Gd and to investigate the potential risks associated with Gd retention in bone marrow in juvenile animals treated with gadodiamide. Regardless of age, total Gd concentration in the brain and bone was 10- to 30-fold higher after administration of gadodiamide compared with gadoterate.
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154
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Nam SM, Seo JS, Go TH, Nahm SS, Chang BJ. Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Prevents the Detrimental Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Lead Exposure on the Purkinje Cell and Related Proteins in the Cerebellum of Developing Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:446-456. [PMID: 30488169 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid co-administration on rat cerebellar development. Prior to mating, rats were randomly divided into control, Pb, and Pb plus ascorbic acid (PA) groups. Pregnant rats were administered Pb in drinking water (0.3% Pb acetate), and ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) via oral intubation until the end of the experiment. Offspring were sacrificed at postnatal day 21, the age at which the morphology of the cerebellar cortex in developing pups is similar to that of the adult brain. In the cerebellum, Pb exposure significantly reduced Purkinje cells and ascorbic acid prevented their reduction. Along with the change of the Purkinje cells, long-term Pb exposure significantly reduced the expression of the synaptic marker (synaptophysin), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme (glutamic acid decarboxylase 67), and axonal myelin basic protein while ascorbic acid co-treatment attenuated Pb-mediated reduction of these proteins in the cerebellum of pups. However, glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 1 (NMDAR1), anchoring postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and antioxidant superoxide dismutases (SODs) were adversely changed; Pb exposure increased the expression of NMDAR1, PSD95, and SODs while ascorbic acid co-administration attenuated Pb-mediated induction. Although further studies are required about the neurotoxicity of the Pb exposure, the results presented here suggest that developmental Pb exposure disrupted normal development of Purkinje cells by increasing glutamatergic and oxidative stress in the cerebellum. Additionally, ascorbic acid co-treatment is beneficial in attenuating prenatal and postnatal Pb exposure-induced maldevelopment of Purkinje cells in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Go
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea.
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea.
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155
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Bustamante FA, Miró MP, VelÁsquez ZD, Molina L, Ehrenfeld P, Rivera FJ, BÁtiz LF. Role of adherens junctions and apical-basal polarity of neural stem/progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: a novel perspective on congenital Zika syndrome. Transl Res 2019; 210:57-79. [PMID: 30904442 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that give rise to most of neurons and glial cells that constitute the adult central nervous system. A hallmark of RGCs is their polarization along the apical-basal axis. They extend a long basal process that contacts the pial surface and a short apical process to the ventricular surface. Adherens junctions (AJs) are organized as belt-like structures at the most-apical lateral plasma membrane of the apical processes. These junctional complexes anchor RGCs to each other and allow the recruitment of cytoplasmic proteins that act as apical-basal determinants. It has been proposed that disruption of AJs underlies the onset of different neurodevelopmental disorders. In fact, studies performed in different animal models indicate that loss of function of AJs-related proteins in NSPCs can disrupt cell polarity, imbalance proliferation and/or differentiation rates and increase cell death, which, in turn, lead to disruption of the cytoarchitecture of the ventricular zone, protrusion of non-polarized cells into the ventricles, cortical thinning, and ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, among other neuropathological findings. Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and the high comorbidity of ZIKV infection with congenital neurodevelopmental defects have led to the World Health Organization to declare a public emergency of international concern. Thus, noteworthy advances have been made in clinical and experimental ZIKV research. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the function of AJs in normal and pathological corticogenesis and focuses on the neuropathological and cellular mechanisms involved in congenital ZIKV syndrome, highlighting the potential role of cell-to-cell junctions between NSPCs in the etiopathogenesis of such syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Bustamante
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile
| | - MarÍa Paz Miró
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile
| | - Zahady D VelÁsquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Institute für Parasitologie, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Justus Liebig Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Luis Molina
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luis Federico BÁtiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
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156
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The Effects of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents on the Cerebellum: from Basic Research to Neurological Practice and from Pregnancy to Adulthood. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:247-251. [PMID: 29196974 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to increase the diagnostic yield. Current reports using animal models or human subjects have shown that GBCAs may be deposited in brain including the cerebellum. Although further studies may be required to clarify the toxicity of GBCAs, we should be more cautious to use these agents particularly in patients who more likely to have repeated enhanced MRI along their lifespan. In this editorial, current studies to clarify the toxicity of GBCAs in the cerebellum are introduced.
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157
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A Mathematical Model Relating Pitocin Use during Labor with Offspring Autism Development in terms of Oxytocin Receptor Desensitization in the Fetal Brain. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8276715. [PMID: 31379974 PMCID: PMC6657633 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8276715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper develops a mathematical model describing the potential buildup of high oxytocin concentrations in the maternal circulation during labor in terms of continuous Pitocin infusion rate, half-life, and maternal weight. Oxytocin override of the degradation of oxytocin by placental oxytocinase is introduced to model the potential transfer of oxytocin from the maternal circulation across the placenta into the fetal circulation and from there into the brain of the fetus. The desensitization unit D equal to 1.8E6 (pg·min)/ml is employed to establish a desensitization threshold and by extension, a downregulation threshold as a function of oxytocin override concentration and continuous Pitocin infusion time, that could be a factor in the subsequent development of autism among offspring. Epidemiological studies by Duke University [1], Yale University [2], and Harvard University [3] are discussed regarding Pitocin use and offspring autism development for an explanation of the weak correlations they identified. The findings of the Harvard epidemiological study are reinterpreted regarding Pitocin use and its conclusion questioned. Further evaluations of the findings of these three epidemiological studies are called for to incorporate medical information on quantity of Pitocin used, continuous Pitocin infusion rate, length of labor, and maternal weight to determine if a correlation can be established with offspring autism development above an empirically determined desensitization threshold for Pitocin use. Suggestions for research are discussed, including an alternative to continuous Pitocin infusion, pulsatile infusion of Pitocin during labor induction, which may mitigate possible offspring autism development.
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158
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Ichikawa G, Kuribayashi R, Ikenaka Y, Ichise T, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M, Taira K, Fujioka K, Sairenchi T, Kobashi G, Bonmatin JM, Yoshihara S. LC-ESI/MS/MS analysis of neonicotinoids in urine of very low birth weight infants at birth. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219208. [PMID: 31260498 PMCID: PMC6602294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used systemic pesticides with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist activity that are a concern as environmental pollutants. Neonicotinoids in humans and the environment have been widely reported, but few studies have examined their presence in fetuses and newborns. The objective of this study is to determine exposure to neonicotinoids and metabolites in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS An analytical method for seven neonicotinoids and one neonicotinoid metabolite, N-desmethylacetamiprid (DMAP), in human urine using LC-ESI/MS/MS was developed. This method was used for analysis of 57 urine samples collected within 48 hours after birth from VLBW infants of gestational age 23-34 weeks (male/female = 36/21, small for gestational age (SGA)/appropriate gestational age (AGA) = 6/51) who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Dokkyo Hospital from January 2009 to December 2010. Sixty-five samples collected on postnatal day 14 (M/F = 37/22, SGA/AGA = 7/52) were also analyzed. RESULTS DMAP, a metabolite of acetamiprid, was detected in 14 urine samples collected at birth (24.6%, median level 0.048 ppb) and in 7 samples collected on postnatal day 14 (11.9%, median level 0.09 ppb). The urinary DMAP detection rate and level were higher in SGA than in AGA infants (both p<0.05). There were no correlations between the DMAP level and infant physique indexes (length, height, and head circumference SD scores). CONCLUSION These results provide the first evidence worldwide of neonicotinoid exposure in newborn babies in the early phase after birth. The findings suggest a need to examine potential neurodevelopmental toxicity of neonicotinoids and metabolites in human fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryota Kuribayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa
| | - Takahiro Ichise
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shouta M. M. Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kumiko Taira
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujioka
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Toshimi Sairenchi
- Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Gen Kobashi
- Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Biophysique moléculaire, Orléans, France
| | - Shigemi Yoshihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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159
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Raciti M, Salma J, Spulber S, Gaudenzi G, Khalajzeyqami Z, Conti M, Anderlid BM, Falk A, Hermanson O, Ceccatelli S. NRXN1 Deletion and Exposure to Methylmercury Increase Astrocyte Differentiation by Different Notch-Dependent Transcriptional Mechanisms. Front Genet 2019; 10:593. [PMID: 31316548 PMCID: PMC6610538 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Controversial evidence points to a possible involvement of methylmercury (MeHg) in the etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In the present study, we used human neuroepithelial stem cells from healthy donors and from an autistic patient bearing a bi-allelic deletion in the gene encoding for NRXN1 to evaluate whether MeHg would induce cellular changes comparable to those seen in cells derived from the ASD patient. In healthy cells, a subcytotoxic concentration of MeHg enhanced astroglial differentiation similarly to what observed in the diseased cells (N1), as shown by the number of GFAP positive cells and immunofluorescence signal intensity. In both healthy MeHg-treated and N1 untreated cells, aberrations in Notch pathway activity seemed to play a critical role in promoting the differentiation toward glia. Accordingly, treatment with the established Notch inhibitor DAPT reversed the altered differentiation. Although our data are not conclusive since only one of the genes involved in ASD is considered, the results provide novel evidence suggesting that developmental exposure to MeHg, even at subcytotoxic concentrations, induces alterations in astroglial differentiation similar to those observed in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Raciti
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jahan Salma
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Spulber
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Gaudenzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mirko Conti
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Hermanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Ceccatelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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160
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Fiorenza MT, Moro E, Erickson RP. The pathogenesis of lysosomal storage disorders: beyond the engorgement of lysosomes to abnormal development and neuroinflammation. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:R119-R129. [PMID: 29718288 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the complex clinical manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are not fully explained by the engorgement of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system. In this review, we explore current knowledge of common pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the early onset of tissue abnormalities of two LSDs, Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII) and Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) diseases. In particular, perturbations of the homeostasis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and cholesterol (Chol) in MPSII and NPC diseases, respectively, affect key biological processes, including morphogen signaling. Both GAGs and Chol finely regulate the release, reception and tissue distribution of Shh. Hence, not surprisingly, developmental processes depending on correct Shh signaling have been found altered in both diseases. Besides abnormal signaling, exaggerated activation of microglia and impairment of autophagy and mitophagy occur in both diseases, largely before the appearance of typical pathological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Moro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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161
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Nguyen EH, Dombroe MJ, Fisk DL, Daly WT, Sorenson CM, Murphy WL, Sheibani N. Neurovascular Organotypic Culture Models Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Assess Adverse Chemical Exposure Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:92-110. [PMID: 32292797 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a promising cell source for the construction of organotypic culture models for chemical toxicity screening and characterization. Materials and Methods: To characterize the effects of chemical exposure on the human neurovasculature, we constructed neurovascular unit (NVU) models consisting of endothelial cells (ECs) and astrocytes (ACs) derived from human-iPSCs, as well as human brain-derived pericytes (PCs). The cells were cocultured on synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels that guided the self-assembly of capillary-like vascular networks. High-content epifluorescence microscopy evaluated dose-dependent changes to multiple aspects of NVU morphology. Results: Cultured vascular networks underwent quantifiable morphological changes when incubated with vascular disrupting chemicals. The activity of predicted vascular disrupting chemicals from a panel of 38 compounds (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) was ranked based on morphological features detected in the NVU model. In addition, unique morphological neurovascular disruption signatures were detected per chemical. A comparison of PEG-based NVU and Matrigel™-based NVU models found greater sensitivity and consistency in chemical detection by the PEG-based NVU models. Discussion: We suspect that specific morphological changes may be used for discerning adverse outcome pathways initiated by chemical exposure and rapid mechanistic characterization of chemical exposure to neurovascular function. Conclusion: The use of human stem cell-derived vascular tissue and PEG hydrogels in the construction of NVU models leads to rapid detection of adverse chemical effects on neurovascular stability. The use of multiple cell types in coculture elucidates potential mechanisms of action by chemicals applied to the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Nguyen
- Human Models for Analysis of Pathways Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Micah J Dombroe
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Debra L Fisk
- Human Models for Analysis of Pathways Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William T Daly
- Human Models for Analysis of Pathways Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, and University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William L Murphy
- Human Models for Analysis of Pathways Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Human Models for Analysis of Pathways Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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162
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Triarico S, Maurizi P, Mastrangelo S, Attinà G, Capozza MA, Ruggiero A. Improving the Brain Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Childhood Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060824. [PMID: 31200562 PMCID: PMC6627959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) may be considered as a sanctuary site, protected from systemic chemotherapy by the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Consequently, parenchymal and CSF exposure of most antineoplastic agents following intravenous (IV) administration is lower than systemic exposure. In this review, we describe the different strategies developed to improve delivery of antineoplastic agents into the brain in primary and metastatic CNS tumors. We observed that several methods, such as BBB disruption (BBBD), intra-arterial (IA) and intracavitary chemotherapy, are not routinely used because of their invasiveness and potentially serious adverse effects. Conversely, intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy has been safely and widely practiced in the treatment of pediatric primary and metastatic tumors, replacing the neurotoxic cranial irradiation for the treatment of childhood lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). IT chemotherapy may be achieved through lumbar puncture (LP) or across the Ommaya intraventricular reservoir, which are both described in this review. Additionally, we overviewed pharmacokinetics and toxic aspects of the main IT antineoplastic drugs employed for primary or metastatic childhood CNS tumors (such as methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, hydrocortisone), with a concise focus on new and less used IT antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Triarico
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Palma Maurizi
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mastrangelo
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Attinà
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Antonio Capozza
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ruggiero
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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163
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Tauty A, Noblet V, Paillard C, Fornecker LM, Namer IJ, Bund C. Evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy on brain glucose metabolism in children with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:564-569. [PMID: 31087250 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemobrain is a recently proposed pathological entity. 18F-FDG PET/CT can show objective abnormalities to explain brain disorders caused by chemotherapy, although no study has investigated these phenomena in children to date. The main objective of the present study was to examine quantitatively the effects of chemotherapy on brain metabolism in a homogeneous population of children treated for Hodgkin's lymphoma using 18F-FDG PET/CT. METHODS In this retrospective study, we included 20 children, newly diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma, who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT at initial staging and at least one PET/CT in follow-up. The SPM12 software provided t-maps to show the difference in metabolism between these PET/CTs. The statistical maps were analyzed with xjView software to identify the brain regions associated with the clusters detected. RESULTS Altered glucose metabolism was found in the frontal, cingular, and temporoinsular regions after two cycles of chemotherapy. Results in children were compared to a group of 35 adults. For the same statistical threshold, the extent and depth of the metabolic alterations were less in the adult group than in children. CONCLUSIONS 18F-FDG PET/CT is useful in providing objective data to explain brain disorders caused by chemotherapy. This could lead to better care and should be compared to neuropsychological test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Tauty
- Service de Biophysique Et de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 1, Avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg Cedex 09, France
| | - Vincent Noblet
- ICube Université de Strasbourg/CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Paillard
- Service D'Onco-hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc-Matthieu Fornecker
- Service d'Onco-hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izzie Jacques Namer
- Service de Biophysique Et de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 1, Avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg Cedex 09, France.,ICube Université de Strasbourg/CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Bund
- Service de Biophysique Et de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 1, Avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg Cedex 09, France. .,ICube Université de Strasbourg/CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France.
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164
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Lauranzano E, Campo E, Rasile M, Molteni R, Pizzocri M, Passoni L, Bello L, Pozzi D, Pardi R, Matteoli M, Ruiz-Moreno A. A Microfluidic Human Model of Blood-Brain Barrier Employing Primary Human Astrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800335. [PMID: 32648668 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is the most important biological barrier between vascular districts and central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, which maintains brain homeostasis, protects the CNS from pathogens penetration, and mediates neuroimmune communication. T lymphocytes migration across the blood-brain barrier is heavily affected in different brain diseases, representing a major target for novel drug development. In vitro models of NVU could represent a primary tool to investigate the molecular events occurring at this interface. To move toward the establishment of personalized therapies, a patient-related NVU-model is set, incorporating human primary astrocytes integrated into a microfluidic platform. The model is morphologically and functionally characterized, proving to be an advantageous tool to investigate human T lymphocytes transmigration and thus the efficacy of potential novel drugs affecting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Lauranzano
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Elena Campo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Marco Rasile
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Leukocyte Biology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzocri
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Lorena Passoni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bello
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Leukocyte Biology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Ana Ruiz-Moreno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
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165
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Kharod SC, Kang SK, Kadam SD. Off-Label Use of Bumetanide for Brain Disorders: An Overview. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:310. [PMID: 31068771 PMCID: PMC6491514 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bumetanide (BTN or BUM) is a FDA-approved potent loop diuretic (LD) that acts by antagonizing sodium-potassium-chloride (Na-K-Cl) cotransporters, NKCC1 (SLc12a2) and NKCC2. While NKCC1 is expressed both in the CNS and in systemic organs, NKCC2 is kidney-specific. The off-label use of BTN to modulate neuronal transmembrane Cl− gradients by blocking NKCC1 in the CNS has now been tested as an anti-seizure agent and as an intervention for neurological disorders in pre-clinical studies with varying results. BTN safety and efficacy for its off-label use has also been tested in several clinical trials for neonates, children, adolescents, and adults. It failed to meet efficacy criteria for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) neonatal seizures. In contrast, positive outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), autism, and schizophrenia trials have been attributed to BTN in studies evaluating its off-label use. NKCC1 is an electroneutral neuronal Cl− importer and the dominance of NKCC1 function has been proposed as the common pathology for HIE seizures, TLE, autism, and schizophrenia. Therefore, the use of BTN to antagonize neuronal NKCC1 with the goal to lower internal Cl− levels and promote GABAergic mediated hyperpolarization has been proposed. In this review, we summarize the data and results for pre-clinical and clinical studies that have tested off-label BTN interventions and report variable outcomes. We also compare the data underlying the developmental expression profile of NKCC1 and KCC2, highlight the limitations of BTN’s brain-availability and consider its actions on non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani C Kharod
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seok Kyu Kang
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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166
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Munk AS, Wang W, Bèchet NB, Eltanahy AM, Cheng AX, Sigurdsson B, Benraiss A, Mäe MA, Kress BT, Kelley DH, Betsholtz C, Møllgård K, Meissner A, Nedergaard M, Lundgaard I. PDGF-B Is Required for Development of the Glymphatic System. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2955-2969.e3. [PMID: 30865886 PMCID: PMC6447074 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a highly polarized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport system that facilitates the clearance of neurotoxic molecules through a brain-wide network of perivascular pathways. Herein we have mapped the development of the glymphatic system in mice. Perivascular CSF transport first emerges in hippocampus in newborn mice, and a mature glymphatic system is established in the cortex at 2 weeks of age. Formation of astrocytic endfeet and polarized expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) consistently coincided with the appearance of perivascular CSF transport. Deficiency of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) function in the PDGF retention motif knockout mouse line Pdgfbret/ret suppressed the development of the glymphatic system, whose functions remained suppressed in adulthood compared with wild-type mice. These experiments map the natural development of the glymphatic system in mice and define a critical role of PDGF-B in the development of perivascular CSF transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sofie Munk
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Nicholas Burdon Bèchet
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ahmed M Eltanahy
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Mansoura University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Anne Xiaoan Cheng
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Björn Sigurdsson
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdellatif Benraiss
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maarja A Mäe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Travis Kress
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Douglas H Kelley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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167
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Schubert JJ, Veronese M, Marchitelli L, Bodini B, Tonietto M, Stankoff B, Brooks DJ, Bertoldo A, Edison P, Turkheimer FE. Dynamic 11C-PiB PET Shows Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Alterations in Alzheimer Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1452-1460. [PMID: 30850505 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.223834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an important role in solute clearance and maintenance of brain homeostasis. 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET was recently proposed as a tool for detection of CSF clearance alterations in Alzheimer disease. The current study investigates the magnitude of 11C-PiB PET signal in the lateral ventricles of an independent group of Alzheimer and mild cognitive impairment subjects. We have also evaluated multiple sclerosis as a model of disease with CSF clearance alterations without amyloid-β tissue accumulation. Methods: A set of 11 Alzheimer and 12 mild cognitive impairment subjects and a set of 20 multiple sclerosis subjects with matched controls underwent MRI and dynamic 11C-PiB PET. Lateral ventricle regions of interest were generated manually from MRI data. PET data were analyzed using cerebellum or a supervised reference region for the Alzheimer and multiple sclerosis data sets, respectively. The magnitude of 11C-PiB signal in the lateral ventricles was calculated as area under the curve from 35 to 80 min and SUV ratio (SUVR) from 50 to 70 min. Compartmental modeling analysis was performed on a separate data set containing 11 Alzheimer and matched control subjects; this analysis included an arterial input function, to further understand the kinetics of the lateral ventricular 11C-PiB signal. Results: ANOVA revealed significant group differences in lateral ventricular SUVR across the Alzheimer, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy control groups (P = 0.004). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly lower lateral ventricular SUVR in Alzheimer subjects than in healthy controls (P < 0.001) or mild cognitive impairment subjects (P = 0.029). Lateral ventricular SUVR was significantly lower in multiple sclerosis subjects than in healthy controls (P = 0.008). Compartmental modeling analysis revealed significantly lower uptake rates of 11C-PiB signal from blood (P = 0.005) and brain tissue (P = 0.004) to the lateral ventricles and significantly lower 11C-PiB signal clearance out of the lateral ventricles (P = 0.002) in Alzheimer subjects than in healthy controls. Conclusion: These results indicate that dynamic 11C-PiB PET can be used to observe pathologic changes in CSF dynamics. We have replicated previous work demonstrating CSF clearance deficits in Alzheimer disease associated with amyloid-β deposits and have extended the observations to include ventricular CSF clearance deficits in mild cognitive impairment and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Schubert
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Livia Marchitelli
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Tonietto
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Paul Edison
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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168
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Waldau B. Using miniature brain implants in rodents for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:379-386. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1577816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Waldau
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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169
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Gres V, Kolter J, Erny D, Henneke P. The role of CNS macrophages in streptococcal meningoencephalitis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:209-218. [PMID: 30762892 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr1118-419r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the healthy brain, microglia and other CNS macrophages are the most abundant immune cell type. Thus, they form the natural immune cell interface with streptococci, which are the leading cause of bacterial meningitis and encephalitis in infants and young children. In homeostasis, the blood-brain barrier allows for very limited access of immune cells circulating in the periphery. During bacterial meningoencephalitis, however, origin and fate of CNS macrophages are massively altered. This review summarizes the emerging knowledge on the sequence of reciprocal events between streptococci and CNS macrophages leading to host resistance, acute inflammation, changes in resident innate immune cells of the brain, and long-term neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitka Gres
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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170
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Jones KL, Van de Water J. Maternal autoantibody related autism: mechanisms and pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:252-265. [PMID: 29934547 PMCID: PMC6784837 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) now affects 1 in 59 children in the United States. Although the cause(s) of ASD remain largely unknown, it is becoming increasingly apparent that ASD can no longer be defined simply as a behavioral disorder, but is in effect a rather complex and highly heterogeneous biological disorder. Up until recently the brain was thought to be "immune privileged." However, it is now known that the immune system plays critical roles in the development and functioning of the brain throughout life. Recent evidence from multiple investigators has illustrated the deleterious role that dysregulation of the maternal immune system during gestation can play in the manifestation of changes in neurodevelopment, resulting in the development of neurobehavioral disorders such as ASD. One potential etiologic pathway through which the maternal immune system can interfere with neurodevelopment is through maternal autoantibodies that recognize proteins in the developing fetal brain. This mechanism of pathogenesis is now thought to lead to a subphenotype of ASD that has been termed maternal autoantibody related (MAR) ASD. This review provides an overview of the current research implicating the presence of brain-reactive maternal autoantibodies as a risk factor for MAR ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Jones
- Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510 GBSF, Davis, CA 95616, USA,The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510 GBSF, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,NIEHS Center for Children's Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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171
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Wu J, Yang J, Lu X, Jin C, Wu S, Zhang L, Hu X, Ma H, Cai Y. Lanthanum Chloride Impairs the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by Reduction of Junctional Proteins and Upregulation of MMP-9 in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:482-491. [PMID: 29876795 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum could cause cognitive impairment in children and rodent animals. The normal blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is essential for protecting the brain from systemic toxins and maintaining the homeostasis for proper neuronal function. BBB dysfunction has been implicated as a potential mechanism of heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity. The present study was aimed to investigate effects of lanthanum on BBB integrity and endothelial junctional complexes in the cerebral cortex of young rats. Animals were exposed to lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) through drinking water under 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% concentrations from postnatal day 0 until 30 days after weaning. LaCl3-exposure increased BBB permeability, caused ultrastructure changes in cerebral capillaries, and reduced protein expression of claudin-5, occludin, and VE-cadherin. Due to the critical role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in BBB integrity, we further examined alterations in MMPs activity and expression. Enhanced gelatinase activity and upregulated MMP-9 expression were observed after LaCl3-exposure, concurrently with decreased expression of endogenous inhibitor tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. Taken together, this study demonstrated that postnatal lanthanum exposure caused leakage of BBB in young rats, partially attributed to upregulation of MMP-9 and reduction of junctional proteins expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, #40 Section Three Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, #40 Section Three Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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172
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Khalifa D, Shahin O, Salem D, Raafat O. Serum glutamate was elevated in children aged 3-10 years with autism spectrum disorders when they were compared with controls. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:295-299. [PMID: 29949195 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to see whether measuring serum glutamate in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could provide a biological marker that could allow early intervention. METHODS Serum glutamate was measured in 30 patients aged 3-10 years presenting with ASD to the Abou El Reesh Hospitals, Cairo University, Egypt and 30 matched controls without ASD in 2015. The Vineland Social Maturity Scale was applied to assess social competence, self- help skills and adaptive behaviour in both groups. The severity of autism was measured with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale test. RESULTS The patients' group showed higher mean values of serum glutamate (5.888) than the control group (2.521) and the statistical difference was significant (p = 0.00021). There was no significant difference (p = 0.151) in the serum level of glutamate between patients receiving 1-2 mg of risperidone (6.519 ± 2.851) and those who were free from any medication for at least six weeks (5.157 ± 2.184). CONCLUSION We found higher levels of serum glutamate in subjects with ASD and this might reflect altered glutamatergic neurotransmission which may aid early ASD detection. Further investigations are needed with a large number of participants to further clarify the possibility of using glutamate as a biomarker for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Khalifa
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - O Shahin
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - D Salem
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Cairo University; New Giza University; Cairo Egypt
| | - O Raafat
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
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173
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van der Wijk AE, Wisniewska-Kruk J, Vogels IMC, van Veen HA, Ip WF, van der Wel NN, van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO, Klaassen I. Expression patterns of endothelial permeability pathways in the development of the blood-retinal barrier in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:5320-5333. [PMID: 30698992 PMCID: PMC6436651 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801499rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insight into the molecular and cellular processes in blood-retinal barrier (BRB) development, including the contribution of paracellular and transcellular pathways, is still incomplete but may help to understand the inverse process of BRB loss in pathologic eye conditions. In this comprehensive observational study, we describe in detail the formation of the BRB at the molecular level in physiologic conditions, using mice from postnatal day (P)3 to P25. Our data indicate that immature blood vessels already have tight junctions at P5, before the formation of a functional BRB. Expression of the endothelial cell-specific protein plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP), which is known to be involved in transcellular transport and associated with BRB permeability, decreased during development and was absent when a functional barrier was formed. Moreover, we show that PLVAP deficiency causes a transient delay in retinal vascular development and changes in mRNA expression levels of endothelial permeability pathway proteins.-Van der Wijk, A.-E., Wisniewska-Kruk, J., Vogels, I. M. C., van Veen, H. A., Ip, W. F., van der Wel, N. N., van Noorden, C. J. F., Schlingemann, R. O., Klaassen, I. Expression patterns of endothelial permeability pathways in the development of the blood-retinal barrier in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Eva van der Wijk
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Wisniewska-Kruk
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse M C Vogels
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A van Veen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wing Fung Ip
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Cellular Imaging Core Facility, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetic Toxicology and Tumor Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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174
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Gussenhoven R, Klein L, Ophelders DRMG, Habets DHJ, Giebel B, Kramer BW, Schurgers LJ, Reutelingsperger CPM, Wolfs TGAM. Annexin A1 as Neuroprotective Determinant for Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020137. [PMID: 30682787 PMCID: PMC6406389 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is associated with hypoxia-ischemia (HI) induced brain injury and life-long neurological pathologies. Treatment options are limited. Recently, we found that mesenchymal stem/stromal cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) protected the brain in ovine fetuses exposed to HI. We hypothesized that Annexin A1 (ANXA1), present in MSC-EVs, contributed to their therapeutic potential by targeting the ANXA1/Formyl peptide receptor (FPR), thereby preventing loss of the BBB integrity. Cerebral ANXA1 expression and leakage of albumin into the fetal ovine brain parenchyma after HI were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. For mechanistic insights, barrier integrity of primary fetal endothelial cells was assessed after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by treatment with MSC-EVs or human recombinant ANXA1 in the presence or absence of FPR inhibitors. Our study revealed that BBB integrity was compromised after HI which was improved by MSC-EVs containing ANXA1. Treatment with these MSC-EVs or ANXA1 improved BBB integrity after OGD, an effect abolished by FPR inhibitors. Furthermore, endogenous ANXA1 was depleted within 24 h after induction of HI in cerebovasculature and ependyma and upregulated 72 h after HI in microglia. Targeting ANXA1/FPR with ANXA1 in the immature brain has great potential in preventing BBB loss and concomitant brain injury following HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gussenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Luise Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Daan R M G Ophelders
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Denise H J Habets
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Chris P M Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BMT), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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175
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Evans Blue-Albumin as a Marker to Evaluate Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Neonatal and Adult Rodents. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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176
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Cao R, Li J, Zhang C, Zuo Z, Hu S. Photoacoustic microscopy of obesity-induced cerebrovascular alterations. Neuroimage 2018; 188:369-379. [PMID: 30553918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease has been linked to cognitive, psychiatric and physical disabilities, especially in the elderly. However, the underlying pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, largely due to the limited accessibility of these small vessels in the live brain. Here, we report an intravital imaging and analysis platform for high-resolution, quantitative and comprehensive characterization of pathological alterations in the mouse cerebral microvasculature. By exploiting multi-parametric photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), microvascular structure, blood perfusion, oxygenation and flow were imaged in the awake brain. With the aid of vessel segmentation, these structural and functional parameters were extracted at the single-microvessel level, from which vascular density, tortuosity, wall shear stress, resistance and associated cerebral oxygen extraction fraction and metabolism were also quantified. With the use of vasodilatory stimulus, multifaceted cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) was characterized in vivo. By extending the classic Evans blue assay to in vivo, permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was dynamically evaluated. The utility of this enabling technique was examined by studying cerebrovascular alterations in an established mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Our results revealed increased vascular density, reduced arterial flow, enhanced oxygen extraction, impaired BBB integrity, and increased multifaceted CVR in the obese brain. Interestingly, the 'counterintuitive' increase of CVR was supported by the elevated active endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the obese mouse. Providing comprehensive and quantitative insights into cerebral microvessels and their responses under pathological conditions, this technique opens a new door to mechanistic studies of the cerebral small vessel disease and its implications in neurodegeneration and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Chenchu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
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177
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Habgood MD. Physiology and molecular biology of barrier mechanisms in the fetal and neonatal brain. J Physiol 2018; 596:5723-5756. [PMID: 29774535 PMCID: PMC6265560 DOI: 10.1113/jp275376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Properties of the local internal environment of the adult brain are tightly controlled providing a stable milieu essential for its normal function. The mechanisms involved in this complex control are structural, molecular and physiological (influx and efflux transporters) frequently referred to as the 'blood-brain barrier'. These mechanisms include regulation of ion levels in brain interstitial fluid essential for normal neuronal function, supply of nutrients, removal of metabolic products, and prevention of entry or elimination of toxic agents. A key feature is cerebrospinal fluid secretion and turnover. This is much less during development, allowing greater accumulation of permeating molecules. The overall effect of these mechanisms is to tightly control the exchange of molecules into and out of the brain. This review presents experimental evidence currently available on the status of these mechanisms in developing brain. It has been frequently stated for over nearly a century that the blood-brain barrier is not present or at least is functionally deficient in the embryo, fetus and newborn. We suggest the alternative hypothesis that the barrier mechanisms in developing brain are likely to be appropriately matched to each stage of its development. The contributions of different barrier mechanisms, such as changes in constituents of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to specific features of brain development, for example neurogenesis, are only beginning to be studied. The evidence on this previously neglected aspect of brain barrier function is outlined. We also suggest future directions this field could follow with special emphasis on potential applications in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R. Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Katarzyna M. Dziegielewska
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mark D. Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3CopenhagenDenmark
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178
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Brain-Specific Ultrastructure of Capillary Endothelial Glycocalyx and Its Possible Contribution for Blood Brain Barrier. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17523. [PMID: 30504908 PMCID: PMC6269538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial glycocalyx coats healthy vascular endothelium and plays an important role in vascular homeostasis. Although cerebral capillaries are categorized as continuous, as are those in the heart and lung, they likely have specific features related to their function in the blood brain barrier. To test that idea, brains, hearts and lungs from C57BL6 mice were processed with lanthanum-containing alkaline fixative, which preserves the structure of glycocalyx, and examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We found that endothelial glycocalyx is present over the entire luminal surface of cerebral capillaries. The percent area physically covered by glycocalyx within the lumen of cerebral capillaries was 40.1 ± 4.5%, which is significantly more than in cardiac and pulmonary capillaries (15.1 ± 3.7% and 3.7 ± 0.3%, respectively). Upon lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular injury, the endothelial glycocalyx was reduced within cerebral capillaries, but substantial amounts remained. By contrast, cardiac and pulmonary capillaries became nearly devoid of glycocalyx. These findings suggest the denser structure of glycocalyx in the brain is associated with endothelial protection and may be an important component of the blood brain barrier.
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179
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Stayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann Kane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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180
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Edlow AG, Glass RM, Smith CJ, Tran PK, James K, Bilbo S. Placental Macrophages: A Window Into Fetal Microglial Function in Maternal Obesity. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 77:60-68. [PMID: 30465871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal placental macrophages and microglia (resident brain macrophages) have a common origin in the fetal yolk sac. Yolk-sac-derived macrophages comprise the permanent pool of brain microglia throughout an individual's lifetime. Inappropriate fetal microglial priming may therefore have lifelong neurodevelopmental consequences, but direct evaluation of microglial function in a living fetus or neonate is impossible. We sought to test the hypothesis that maternal obesity would prime both placental macrophages and fetal brain microglia to overrespond to an immune challenge, thus providing a window into microglial function using placental cells. Obesity was induced in C57BL/6 J mice using a 60% high-fat diet. On embryonic day 17.5, fetal brain microglia and corresponding CD11b + placental cells were isolated from fresh tissue. Cells were treated with media or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production by stimulated and unstimulated cells was quantified via ELISA. We demonstrate for the first time that the proinflammatory cytokine production of CD11b + placental cells is strongly correlated with that of brain microglia (Spearman's ρ = 0.73, p = 0.002) in the setting of maternal obesity. Maternal obesity-exposed CD11b + cells had an exaggerated response to LPS compared to controls, with a 5.1-fold increase in TNF-α production in placentas (p = 0.003) and 3.8-fold increase in TNF-α production in brains (p = 0.002). In sex-stratified analyses, only male obesity-exposed brains and placentas had significant increase in TNF-α production in response to LPS. Taken together, these data suggest that maternal obesity primes both placental macrophages and fetal brain microglia to overproduce a proinflammatory cytokine in response to immune challenge. Male brain and placental immune response is more marked than female in this setting. Given that fetal microglial priming may impact neuroimmune function throughout the lifespan, these data could provide insight into the male predominance of certain neurodevelopmental morbidities linked to maternal obesity, including cognitive dysfunction, autism spectrum disorder, and ADHD. Placental CD11b+ macrophages may have the potential to serve as an accessible biomarker of aberrant fetal brain immune activation in maternal obesity. This finding may have broader implications for assaying the impact of other maternal exposures on fetal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Edlow
- Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology
| | - Ruthy M Glass
- Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology
| | - Caroline J Smith
- Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Lurie Center for Autism, MassGeneral Hospital for Children
| | - Phuong Kim Tran
- Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Lurie Center for Autism, MassGeneral Hospital for Children
| | - Kaitlyn James
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Deborah Kelly Center for Outcomes Research
| | - Staci Bilbo
- Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Lurie Center for Autism, MassGeneral Hospital for Children
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181
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Oxytocin improves animal behaviors and ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation in autistic mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:262-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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182
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Eser Ocak P, Ocak U, Sherchan P, Zhang JH, Tang J. Insights into major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein-2a (Mfsd2a) in physiology and pathophysiology. What do we know so far? J Neurosci Res 2018; 98:29-41. [PMID: 30345547 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein-2a (Mfsd2a) which was considered as an orphan transporter has recently gained attention for its regulatory role in the maintenance of proper functioning of the blood-brain barrier. Besides the major role of Mfsd2a in maintaining the barrier function, increasing evidence has emerged with regard to the contributions of Mfsd2a to various biological processes such as transport, cell fusion, cell cycle, inflammation and regeneration, managing tumor growth, functioning of other organs with barrier functions or responses to injury. The purpose of this article is to review the different roles of Mfsd2a and its involvement in the physiological and pathophysiological processes primarily in the central nervous system and throughout the mammalian body under the lights of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Eser Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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183
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Sharif Y, Jumah F, Coplan L, Krosser A, Sharif K, Tubbs RS. Blood brain barrier: A review of its anatomy and physiology in health and disease. Clin Anat 2018; 31:812-823. [PMID: 29637627 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the principal regulator of transport of molecules and cells into and out of the central nervous system (CNS). It comprises endothelial cells, pericytes, immune cells, astrocytes, and basement membrane, collectively known as the neurovascular unit. The development of the barrier involves many complex pathways from all the progenitors of the neurovascular unit, but the timing of its formation is not entirely known. The coordinated activities of all the components of the neurovascular unit and other tissues ensure that materials required for growth and maintenance are allowed into the CNS while extraneous ones are excluded. This review summarizes current knowledge of the anatomy, development, and physiology of the BBB, and alterations that occur in disease conditions. Clin. Anat. 31:812-823, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra Sharif
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Fareed Jumah
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Louis Coplan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alec Krosser
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kassem Sharif
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada.,Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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184
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McMaster ME, Ashley-Sing C, Dos Santos Tavares AA, Corral CA, McGill K, McNeil D, Jansen MA, Simpson AHRW. The inhalation effects of by-products from chlorination of heated indoor swimming pools on spinal development in pup mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:668-676. [PMID: 30015251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been postulated that swimming in heated indoor swimming pools in the first year of life is associated with the development of spinal deformity in children. We explored in pup mice whether exposure to certain disinfection by-products resulting from chlorination of heated pools would affect the future development of the spinal column. METHODS Mice, from birth and for 28 consecutive days, were exposed to chemicals known to be created by disinfection by-products of indoor heated swimming pools. The study made use of a body fluid analogue and a chlorine source to recreate the conditions found in municipal pools. A cohort of 51 wild-type C57B6 mice, male and female, were divided into two groups: experimental (n = 29) and controls (n = 22). 24 mice were observed for 8 months (32 weeks), with 27 culled at 4 months (16 weeks). Serial CT scanning was used to assess the spines. RESULTS Exposure to disinfection by-products resulted in an increase in the normal thoracic kyphotic spinal angle of the mice when compared with their controls at 10 weeks; experimental mice kyphosis range 35-82° versus 29-38° in controls. At 14 weeks the kyphosis of the experimental mice had reduced in size but never to that of the control group. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the ability to influence spinal development in pup mice through environmental factors and shown that the developmental deformity became evident only after a significant latent period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Alcaide Corral
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Katie McGill
- Central Bioresearch Services, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Duncan McNeil
- Central Bioresearch Services, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Maurits A Jansen
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - A H R W Simpson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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185
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The "Frail" Brain Blood Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Early Disruption of Endothelial Cell-to-Cell Connections. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092693. [PMID: 30201915 PMCID: PMC6164949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main neurovascular unit of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) consists of a cellular component, which includes endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neurons, and oligodendrocytes as well as a non-cellular component resulting from the extracellular matrix. The endothelial cells are the major vital components of the BBB able to preserve the brain homeostasis. These cells are situated along the demarcation line between the bloodstream and the brain. Therefore, an alteration or the progressive disruption of the endothelial layer may clearly impair the brain homeostasis. The proper functioning of the brain endothelial cells is generally ensured by two elements: (1) the presence of junction proteins and (2) the preservation of a specific polarity involving an apical-luminal and a basolateral-abluminal membrane. This review intends to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying BBB function and their changes occurring in early stages of neurodegenerative processes in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies aimed to counteract neurodegenerative disorders.
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186
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Habgood MD. Recent Developments in Understanding Barrier Mechanisms in the Developing Brain: Drugs and Drug Transporters in Pregnancy, Susceptibility or Protection in the Fetal Brain? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 59:487-505. [PMID: 30183506 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efflux mechanisms situated in various brain barrier interfaces control drug entry into the adult brain; this review considers the effectiveness of these protective mechanisms in the embryo, fetus, and newborn brain. The longstanding belief that the blood-brain barrier is absent or immature in the fetus and newborn has led to many misleading statements with potential clinical implications. The immature brain is undoubtedly more vulnerable to damage by drugs and toxins; as is reviewed here, some developmentally regulated normal brain barrier mechanisms probably contribute to this vulnerability. We propose that the functional status of brain barrier efflux mechanisms should be investigated at different stages of brain development to provide a rational basis for the use of drugs in pregnancy and in newborns, especially in those prematurely born, where protection usually provided by the placenta is no longer present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Katarzyna M Dziegielewska
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
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187
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Manigrasso M, Vitali M, Protano C, Avino P. Ultrafine particles in domestic environments: Regional doses deposited in the human respiratory system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 118:134-145. [PMID: 29870914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Research Area, via Roberto Ferruzzi 38/40, I-00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy; Institute of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Sciences, In-700156 Kolkata, India.
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188
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Cipriani G, Danti S, Carlesi C, Borin G. Danger in the Air: Air Pollution and Cognitive Dysfunction. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2018; 33:333-341. [PMID: 29874918 PMCID: PMC10852418 DOI: 10.1177/1533317518777859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clean air is considered to be a basic requirement for human health and well-being. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between cognitive performance and ambient pollution exposure. METHODS Studies were identified through a systematic search of online scientific databases, in addition to a manual search of the reference lists from the identified papers. RESULTS Air pollution is a multifaceted toxic chemical mixture capable of assaulting the central nervous system. Despite being a relatively new area of investigation, overall, there is mounting evidence implicating adverse effects of air pollution on cognitive function in both adults and children. CONCLUSIONS Consistent evidence showed that exposure to air pollution, specifically exposure to particulate matter, caused poor age-related cognitive performance. Living in areas with high levels of air pollution has been linked to markers of neuroinflammation and neuropathology that are associated with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease-like brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cipriani
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Viareggio, Lido di Camaiore, Lucca, Italy
| | - Sabrina Danti
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Viareggio, Lido di Camaiore, Lucca, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carlesi
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Viareggio, Lido di Camaiore, Lucca, Italy
| | - Gemma Borin
- Department of Sociology, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Toscana, Italy
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189
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Gratton R, Tricarico PM, Guimaraes RL, Celsi F, Crovella S. Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment Induces Oxidative Stress and Caspaseindependent Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma U-87 MG Cell Line. Curr HIV Res 2018; 16:106-112. [DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180528100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:Lopinavir and Ritonavir (LPV/r) treatment is widely used to prevent HIV mother-to-child transmission. Nevertheless, studies related to the impact of these compounds on patients, in particular in the foetus and newborns, are strictly required due to the controversial findings reported in the literature concerning possible neurologic side effects following the administration of these drugs.Objectives:In our study, we evaluated the impact of LPV/r treatment on the human glioblastoma U- 87 MG cell line.Methods:In order to evaluate the influence of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in terms of oxidative stress (ROS production), mitochondrial morphology and apoptotic cell death, the latter either in the presence or in the absence of caspase-3 and -9 inhibitors, we treated U-87 MG with increasing doses (0.1-1-10-25-50 µM) of Lopinavir and Ritonavir for 24h, either in single formulation or in combination. ROS production was measured by flow cytometry using H2DCFDA dye, mitochondrial morphology was evaluated using MitoRed dye and apoptotic cell death was monitored by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC and Propidium Iodide.Results:We observed that co-treatment with Lopinavir and Ritonavir (25 and 50 µM) promoted a significant increase in ROS production, caused mitochondrial network damage and induced apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner.Conclusion:Based on our findings, concordant with others reported in the literature, we hypothesize that LPV/r treatment could not be entirely free from side effects, being aware of the need of validation in in vivo models, necessary to confirm our results.
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190
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Eshraghi RS, Deth RC, Mittal R, Aranke M, Kay SIS, Moshiree B, Eshraghi AA. Early Disruption of the Microbiome Leading to Decreased Antioxidant Capacity and Epigenetic Changes: Implications for the Rise in Autism. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:256. [PMID: 30158857 PMCID: PMC6104136 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, 1 out of every 59 children in the United States is diagnosed with autism. While initial research to find the possible causes for autism were mostly focused on the genome, more recent studies indicate a significant role for epigenetic regulation of gene expression and the microbiome. In this review article, we examine the connections between early disruption of the developing microbiome and gastrointestinal tract function, with particular regard to susceptibility to autism. The biological mechanisms that accompany individuals with autism are reviewed in this manuscript including immune system dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic and methylation abnormalities as well as gastrointestinal distress. We propose that these autism-associated biological mechanisms may be caused and/or sustained by dysbiosis, an alteration to the composition of resident commensal communities relative to the community found in healthy individuals and its redox and epigenetic consequences, changes that in part can be due to early use and over-use of antibiotics across generations. Further studies are warranted to clarify the contribution of oxidative stress and gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of autism. A better understanding of the microbiome and gastrointestinal tract in relation to autism will provide promising new opportunities to develop novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Eshraghi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Richard C. Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mayank Aranke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sae-In S. Kay
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Baharak Moshiree
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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191
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Saili KS, Zurlinden TJ, Schwab AJ, Silvin A, Baker NC, Hunter ES, Ginhoux F, Knudsen TB. Blood-brain barrier development: Systems modeling and predictive toxicology. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1680-1710. [PMID: 29251840 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a gateway for passage of drugs, chemicals, nutrients, metabolites, and hormones between vascular and neural compartments in the brain. Here, we review BBB development with regard to the microphysiology of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the impact of BBB disruption on brain development. Our focus is on modeling these complex systems. Extant in silico models are available as tools to predict the probability of drug/chemical passage across the BBB; in vitro platforms for high-throughput screening and high-content imaging provide novel data streams for profiling chemical-biological interactions; and engineered human cell-based microphysiological systems provide empirical models with which to investigate the dynamics of NVU function. Computational models are needed that bring together kinetic and dynamic aspects of NVU function across gestation and under various physiological and toxicological scenarios. This integration will inform adverse outcome pathways to reduce uncertainty in translating in vitro data and in silico models for use in risk assessments that aim to protect neurodevelopmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerine S Saili
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Todd J Zurlinden
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Andrew J Schwab
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Nancy C Baker
- Leidos, contractor to NCCT, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - E Sidney Hunter
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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192
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Blood-brain barrier regulation in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Lett 2018; 726:133664. [PMID: 29966749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface between the peripheral blood supply and the cerebral parenchyma, controlling the transport of material to and from the brain. Tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the cerebral microvasculature limit the passage of large, negatively charged molecules via paracellular diffusion whereas transcellular transportation across the endothelial cell is controlled by a number of mechanisms including transporter proteins, endocytosis, and diffusion. Here, we review the evidence that perturbation of these processes may underlie the development of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and affective disorders. Increased permeability of the BBB appears to be a common factor in these disorders, leading to increased infiltration of peripheral material into the brain culminating in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. However, although there is no common mechanism underpinning BBB dysfunction even within each particular disorder, the tight junction protein claudin-5 may be a clinically relevant target given that both clinical and pre-clinical research has linked it to schizophrenia, ASD, and depression. Additionally, we discuss the clinical significance of the BBB in diagnosis (genetic markers, dynamic contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging, and blood biomarkers) and in treatment (drug delivery).
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193
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Sri Charitha G, Sudhakar K, Reddy KP. Protective Effects of Selenium Against Sodium Fluoride Induced Behavioral, Anti-Oxidant and Neurohistological Alterations in Wistar Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride naturally occurs in the earth’s crust and ground water and it causes fluorosis when it is consumed in high levels. The fluorosis also affects soft tissues like liver, kidney, heart, brain etc., in addition to skeletal and dental systems. The present study reports the protective effects of selenium against sodium fluoride induced neurotoxic effects. Three months old (around 250 – 280 g weight) wistar rats were randomly categorized into four groups viz. Group I (control) which received normal tap water, Group II (sodium fluoride, NaF) treated with 20 ppm of fluoride through IP, Group III treated with (NaF 20 ppm) + Selenium (5 mgkg-1 body wt./day/rat) and Group IV treated with Selenium (5 mgkg-1 body wt./day/rat) alone. The doses were continued for a period of 15 days and after that they were used for recording behavioral (rota rod, hot plate), anti-oxidant (LPO, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) and histological (Golgi cox staining) observations. The rats treated with NaF showed the decreased motor coordination, thermal pain response, decreased CAT and SOD activity and increased LPO levels and GSH-Px activity with compared to control group. Moreover, NaF received rats also showed the decreased number of dendrites, synaptic connections and neural networks. These all alterations were reversed on administration of selenium towards fluoride toxicity and the results were significant (p<0.01). The results of selenium alone treated group of rats is comparable to control group. Based on these observed results, the present study evidenced the protective role of selenium against fluoride induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorantla Sri Charitha
- Department of Zoology, University college of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad -500007, Telangana, India
| | - Kurmeti Sudhakar
- Department of Zoology, University college of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad -500007, Telangana, India
| | - K. Pratap Reddy
- Department of Zoology, University college of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad -500007, Telangana, India
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194
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Abstract
This review by O'Brown et al. discusses the cellular nature of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the conservation and variation of BBB function across taxa. It compares the BBB across organisms in order to provide insight into the human BBB both under normal physiological conditions and in neurological diseases. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) restricts free access of molecules between the blood and the brain and is essential for regulating the neural microenvironment. Here, we describe how the BBB was initially characterized and how the current field evaluates barrier properties. We next detail the cellular nature of the BBB and discuss both the conservation and variation of BBB function across taxa. Finally, we examine our current understanding of mouse and zebrafish model systems, as we expect that comparison of the BBB across organisms will provide insight into the human BBB under normal physiological conditions and in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M O'Brown
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sarah J Pfau
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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195
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Marungruang N, Arévalo Sureda E, Lefrançoise A, Weström B, Nyman M, Prykhodko O, Fåk Hållenius F. Impact of dietary induced precocious gut maturation on cecal microbiota and its relation to the blood-brain barrier during the postnatal period in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13285. [PMID: 29327435 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precocious maturation of the gastrointestinal barrier (GIB) in newborn mammals can be induced by dietary provocation, but how this affects the gut microbiota and the gut-brain axis remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of induced GIB maturation on gut microbiota composition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. METHODS Suckling rats were studied at 72 h after gavage with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or microbial protease (PT) to induce maturation of GIB. For comparison, untreated suckling and weaned rats were included (n = 10). Human serum albumin (HSA) was administered orally and analyzed in blood to assess permeability of the GIB, while intraperitoneally injected bovine serum albumin (BSA) was measured in the brain tissue for BBB permeability. The cecal microbial composition, plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels and short-chain fatty acids in serum and brain were analyzed. KEY RESULTS Cessation of HSA passage to blood after PHA or PT treatment was similar to that seen in weaned rats. Interestingly, concomitant increases in cecal Bacteroidetes and plasma LBP levels were observed after both PHA and PT treatments. The BBB passage of BSA was surprisingly elevated after weaning, coinciding with lower plasma LBP levels and specific microbial taxa and increased acetate uptake into the brain. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This study provides evidence that the gut microbiota alteration following induced precocious GIB maturation may induce low-grade systemic inflammation and alter SCFAs utilization in the brain which may also play a potential role in GIB-BBB dysfunction disorders in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Marungruang
- Food for Health Science Center, Lund University Kemicentrum, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - A Lefrançoise
- Food for Health Science Center, Lund University Kemicentrum, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Weström
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Nyman
- Food for Health Science Center, Lund University Kemicentrum, Lund, Sweden
| | - O Prykhodko
- Food for Health Science Center, Lund University Kemicentrum, Lund, Sweden
| | - F Fåk Hållenius
- Food for Health Science Center, Lund University Kemicentrum, Lund, Sweden
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196
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Wilkins AL, Steer AC, Cranswick N, Gwee A. Question 1: Is it safe to use ivermectin in children less than five years of age and weighing less than 15 kg? Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:514-519. [PMID: 29463522 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Wilkins
- Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Noel Cranswick
- Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Gwee
- Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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197
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Andrews AM, Lutton EM, Cannella LA, Reichenbach N, Razmpour R, Seasock MJ, Kaspin SJ, Merkel SF, Langford D, Persidsky Y, Ramirez SH. Characterization of human fetal brain endothelial cells reveals barrier properties suitable for in vitro modeling of the BBB with syngenic co-cultures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:888-903. [PMID: 28534661 PMCID: PMC5987936 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17708690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the basis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a physical barrier that selectively restricts transport into the brain. In vitro models can provide significant insight into BBB physiology, mechanisms of human disease pathology, toxicology, and drug delivery. Given the limited availability of primary human adult brain microvascular ECs ( aBMVECs), human fetal tissue offers a plausible alternative source for multiple donors and the opportunity to build syngenic tri-cultures from the same host. Previous efforts to culture fetal brain microvascular ECs ( fBMVECs) have not been successful in establishing mature barrier properties. Using optimal gestational age for isolation and flow cytometry cell sorting, we show for the first time that fBMVECs demonstrate mature barrier properties. fBMVECs exhibited similar functional phenotypes when compared to aBMVECs for barrier integrity, endothelial activation, and gene/protein expression of tight junction proteins and transporters. Importantly, we show that tissue used to culture fBMVECs can also be used to generate a syngenic co-culture, creating a microfluidic BBB on a chip. The findings presented provide a means to overcome previous challenges that limited successful barrier formation by fBMVECs. Furthermore, the source is advantageous for autologous reconstitution of the neurovascular unit for next generation in vitro BBB modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Andrews
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evan M Lutton
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lee A Cannella
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Reichenbach
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roshanak Razmpour
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew J Seasock
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven J Kaspin
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven F Merkel
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dianne Langford
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 The Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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198
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaopin Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Du
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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199
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Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Transport of Nanobodies Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2018-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier presents animmense challenge for effective delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system. Many potential drugs, which are effective at their site of action, have failed due to the lack of distribution in sufficient quantity to the central nervous system (CNS). In consequence, many diseases of the central nervous system remain undertreated. Antibodies, IgG for example, are difficult to deliver to the CNS due to their size (~155 kDa), physico-chemical properties and the presence of Fc receptor on the blood-brain barrier. Smaller antibodies, like the recently developed nanobodies, may overcome the obstacle of the BBB and enter into the CNS. The nanobodies are the smallest available antigen-binding fragments harbouring the full antigenbinding capacity of conventional antibodies. They represent a new generation of therapeutics with exceptional properties, such as: recognition of unique epitopes, target specificity, high affinity, high solubility, high stability and high expression yields in cost-effective recombinant production. Their ability to permeate across the BBBmakes thema promising alternative for central nervous system disease therapeutics. In this review, we have systematically presented different aspects of the BBB, drug delivery mechanisms employed to cross the BBB, and finally nanobodies — a potential therapeutic molecule against neuroinfections.
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200
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Hutchison SM, Mâsse LC, Pawluski JL, Oberlander TF. Perinatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) effects on body weight at birth and beyond: A review of animal and human studies. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 77:109-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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