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Fornalé S, Rencoret J, Garcia-Calvo L, Capellades M, Encina A, Santiago R, Rigau J, Gutiérrez A, Del Río JC, Caparros-Ruiz D. Cell wall modifications triggered by the down-regulation of Coumarate 3-hydroxylase-1 in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:272-82. [PMID: 26025540 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) catalyzes a key step of the synthesis of the two main lignin subunits, guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) in dicotyledonous species. As no functional data are available in regards to this enzyme in monocotyledonous species, we generated C3H1 knock-down maize plants. The results obtained indicate that C3H1 participates in lignin biosynthesis as its down-regulation redirects the phenylpropanoid flux: as a result, increased amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units, lignin-associated ferulates and the flavone tricin were detected in transgenic stems cell walls. Altogether, these changes make stem cell walls more degradable in the most C3H1-repressed plants, despite their unaltered polysaccharide content. The increase in H monomers is moderate compared to C3H deficient Arabidopsis and alfalfa plants. This could be due to the existence of a second maize C3H protein (C3H2) that can compensate the reduced levels of C3H1 in these C3H1-RNAi maize plants. The reduced expression of C3H1 alters the macroscopic phenotype of the plants, whose growth is inhibited proportionally to the extent of C3H1 repression. Finally, the down-regulation of C3H1 also increases the synthesis of flavonoids, leading to the accumulation of anthocyanins in transgenic leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fornalé
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Montserrat Capellades
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Rogelio Santiago
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO) (unidad asociada a la Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC), Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Joan Rigau
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | - José-Carlos Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | - David Caparros-Ruiz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
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152
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Rivero J, Gamir J, Aroca R, Pozo MJ, Flors V. Metabolic transition in mycorrhizal tomato roots. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:598. [PMID: 26157423 PMCID: PMC4477175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial plant-microorganism interactions are widespread in nature. Among them, the symbiosis between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is of major importance, commonly improving host nutrition and tolerance against environmental and biotic challenges. Metabolic changes were observed in a well-established symbiosis between tomato and two common AMF: Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae. Principal component analysis of metabolites, determined by non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, showed a strong metabolic rearrangement in mycorrhizal roots. There was generally a negative impact of mycorrhizal symbiosis on amino acid content, mainly on those involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. On the other hand, many intermediaries in amino acid and sugar metabolism and the oxylipin pathway were among the compounds accumulating more in mycorrhizal roots. The metabolic reprogramming also affected other pathways in the secondary metabolism, mainly phenyl alcohols (lignins and lignans) and vitamins. The results showed that source metabolites of these pathways decreased in mycorrhizal roots, whilst the products derived from α-linolenic and amino acids presented higher concentrations in AMF-colonized roots. Mycorrhization therefore increased the flux into those pathways. Venn-diagram analysis showed that there are many induced signals shared by both mycorrhizal interactions, pointing to general mycorrhiza-associated changes in the tomato metabolome. Moreover, fungus-specific fingerprints were also found, suggesting that specific molecular alterations may underlie the reported functional diversity of the symbiosis. Since most positively regulated pathways were related to stress response mechanisms, their potential contribution to improved host stress tolerance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Associated Unit UJI-CSIC, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
- Unit of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Associated Unit UJI-CSIC, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain
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153
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Activation of defence pathways in Scots pine bark after feeding by pine weevil (Hylobius abietis). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:352. [PMID: 25943104 PMCID: PMC4422480 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During their lifetime, conifer trees are exposed to numerous herbivorous insects. To protect themselves against pests, trees have developed a broad repertoire of protective mechanisms. Many of the plant's defence reactions are activated upon an insect attack, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not entirely understood yet, in particular in conifer trees. Here, we present the results of our studies on the transcriptional response and the volatile compounds production of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) upon the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) feeding. RESULTS Transcriptional response of Scots pine to the weevil attack was investigated using a novel customised 36.4 K Pinus taeda microarray. The weevil feeding caused large-scale changes in the pine transcriptome. In total, 774 genes were significantly up-regulated more than 4-fold (p≤0.05), whereas 64 genes were significantly down-regulated more than 4-fold. Among the up-regulated genes, we could identify genes involved in signal perception, signalling pathways, transcriptional regulation, plant hormone homeostasis, secondary metabolism and defence responses. The weevil feeding on stem bark of pine significantly increased the total emission of volatile organic compounds from the undamaged stem bark area. The emission levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were also increased. Interestingly, we could not observe any correlation between the increased production of the terpenoid compounds and expression levels of the terpene synthase-encoding genes. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data provide an important insight into the transcriptional response of conifer trees to insect herbivory and illustrate the massive changes in the host transcriptome upon insect attacks. Moreover, many of the induced pathways are common between conifers and angiosperms. The presented results are the first ones obtained by the use of a microarray platform with an extended coverage of pine transcriptome (36.4 K cDNA elements). The platform will further facilitate the identification of resistance markers with the direct relevance for conifer tree breeding.
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154
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Chateigner-Boutin AL, Suliman M, Bouchet B, Alvarado C, Lollier V, Rogniaux H, Guillon F, Larré C. Endomembrane proteomics reveals putative enzymes involved in cell wall metabolism in wheat grain outer layers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2649-58. [PMID: 25769308 PMCID: PMC4986875 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grain outer layers fulfil essential functions for the developing seed such as supplying energy and providing protection. In the food industry, the grain outer layers called 'the bran' is valuable since it is rich in dietary fibre and other beneficial nutriments. The outer layers comprise several tissues with a high content in cell wall material. The cell wall composition of the grain peripheral tissues was investigated with specific probes at a stage of active cell wall synthesis. Considerable wall diversity between cell types was revealed. To identify the cellular machinery involved in cell wall synthesis, a subcellular proteomic approach was used targeting the Golgi apparatus where most cell wall polysaccharides are synthesized. The tissues were dissected into outer pericarp and intermediate layers where 822 and 1304 proteins were identified respectively. Many carbohydrate-active enzymes were revealed: some in the two peripheral grain fractions, others only in one tissue. Several protein families specific to one fraction and with characterized homologs in other species might be related to the specific detection of a polysaccharide in a particular cell layer. This report provides new information on grain cell walls and its biosynthesis in the valuable outer tissues, which are poorly studied so far. A better understanding of the mechanisms controlling cell wall composition could help to improve several quality traits of cereal products (e.g. dietary fibre content, biomass conversion to biofuel).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhtadi Suliman
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Camille Alvarado
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Lollier
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Colette Larré
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
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155
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A versatile click-compatible monolignol probe to study lignin deposition in plant cell walls. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121334. [PMID: 25884205 PMCID: PMC4401456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin plays important structural and functional roles in plants by forming a hydrophobic matrix in secondary cell walls that enhances mechanical strength and resists microbial decay. While the importance of the lignin matrix is well documented and the biosynthetic pathways for monolignols are known, the process by which lignin precursors or monolignols are transported and polymerized to form this matrix remains a subject of considerable debate. In this study, we have synthesized and tested an analog of coniferyl alcohol that has been modified to contain an ethynyl group at the C-3 position. This modification enables fluorescent tagging and imaging of this molecule after its incorporation into plant tissue by click chemistry-assisted covalent labeling with a fluorescent azide dye, and confers a distinct Raman signature that could be used for Raman imaging. We found that this monolignol analog is incorporated into in vitro-polymerized dehydrogenation polymer (DHP) lignin and into root epidermal cell walls of 4-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings. Incorporation of the analog in stem sections of 6-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants and labeling with an Alexa-594 azide dye revealed the precise locations of new lignin polymerization. Results from this study indicate that this molecule can provide high-resolution localization of lignification during plant cell wall maturation and lignin matrix assembly.
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156
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Shigeto J, Itoh Y, Hirao S, Ohira K, Fujita K, Tsutsumi Y. Simultaneously disrupting AtPrx2, AtPrx25 and AtPrx71 alters lignin content and structure in Arabidopsis stem. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:349-56. [PMID: 25644691 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant class III heme peroxidases catalyze lignin polymerization. Previous reports have shown that at least three Arabidopsis thaliana peroxidases, AtPrx2, AtPrx25 and AtPrx71, are involved in stem lignification using T-DNA insertion mutants, atprx2, atprx25, and atprx71. Here, we generated three double mutants, atprx2/atprx25, atprx2/atprx71, and atprx25/atprx71, and investigated the impact of the simultaneous deficiency of these peroxidases on lignins and plant growth. Stem tissue analysis using the acetyl bromide method and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage revealed improved lignin characteristics, such as lowered lignin content and increased arylglycerol-β-aryl (β-O-4) linkage type, especially β-O-4 linked syringyl units, in lignin, supporting the roles of these genes in lignin polymerization. In addition, none of the double mutants exhibited severe growth defects, such as shorter plant stature, dwarfing, or sterility, and their stems had improved cell wall degradability. This study will contribute to progress in lignin bioengineering to improve lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shigeto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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157
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Dima O, Morreel K, Vanholme B, Kim H, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Small glycosylated lignin oligomers are stored in Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:695-710. [PMID: 25700483 PMCID: PMC4558659 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic polymer derived from the combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals in the cell wall. Recently, various glycosylated lignin oligomers have been revealed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Given that monolignol oxidation and monolignol radical coupling are known to occur in the apoplast, and glycosylation in the cytoplasm, it raises questions about the subcellular localization of glycosylated lignin oligomer biosynthesis and their storage. By metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis leaf vacuoles, we show that the leaf vacuole stores a large number of these small glycosylated lignin oligomers. Their structural variety and the incorporation of alternative monomers, as observed in Arabidopsis mutants with altered monolignol biosynthesis, indicate that they are all formed by combinatorial radical coupling. In contrast to the common believe that combinatorial coupling is restricted to the apoplast, we hypothesized that the aglycones of these compounds are made within the cell. To investigate this, leaf protoplast cultures were cofed with 13C6-labeled coniferyl alcohol and a 13C4-labeled dimer of coniferyl alcohol. Metabolite profiling of the cofed protoplasts provided strong support for the occurrence of intracellular monolignol coupling. We therefore propose a metabolic pathway involving intracellular combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals, followed by oligomer glycosylation and vacuolar import, which shares characteristics with both lignin and lignan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Dima
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hoon Kim
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering, and the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - John Ralph
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering, and the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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158
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Chakraborty A, Sarkar D, Satya P, Karmakar PG, Singh NK. Pathways associated with lignin biosynthesis in lignomaniac jute fibres. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1523-42. [PMID: 25724692 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We generated the bast transcriptomes of a deficient lignified phloem fibre mutant and its wild-type jute (Corchorus capsularis) using Illumina paired-end sequencing. A total of 34,163 wild-type and 29,463 mutant unigenes, with average lengths of 1442 and 1136 bp, respectively, were assembled de novo, ~77-79 % of which were functionally annotated. These annotated unigenes were assigned to COG (~37-40 %) and GO (~22-28 %) classifications and mapped to 189 KEGG pathways (~19-21 %). We discovered 38 and 43 isoforms of 16 and 10 genes of the upstream shikimate-aromatic amino acid and downstream monolignol biosynthetic pathways, respectively, rendered their sequence similarities, confirmed the identities of 22 of these candidate gene families by phylogenetic analyses and reconstructed the pathway leading to lignin biosynthesis in jute fibres. We also identified major genes and bast-related transcription factors involved in secondary cell wall (SCW) formation. The quantitative RT-PCRs revealed that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1 (CcPAL1) was co-down-regulated with several genes of the upstream shikimate pathway in mutant bast tissues at an early growth stage, although its expression relapsed to the normal level at the later growth stage. However, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (CcCAD7) was strongly down-regulated in mutant bast tissues irrespective of growth stages. CcCAD7 disruption at an early growth stage was accompanied by co-up-regulation of SCW-specific genes cellulose synthase A7 (CcCesA7) and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan 6 (CcFLA6), which was predicted to be involved in coordinating the S-layers' deposition in the xylan-type jute fibres. Our results identified CAD as a promising target for developing low-lignin jute fibres using genomics-assisted molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrajit Chakraborty
- Biotechnology Unit, Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF), Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
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159
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Le Gall H, Philippe F, Domon JM, Gillet F, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Cell Wall Metabolism in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:112-66. [PMID: 27135320 PMCID: PMC4844334 DOI: 10.3390/plants4010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the responses of the plant cell wall to several abiotic stresses including drought, flooding, heat, cold, salt, heavy metals, light, and air pollutants. The effects of stress on cell wall metabolism are discussed at the physiological (morphogenic), transcriptomic, proteomic and biochemical levels. The analysis of a large set of data shows that the plant response is highly complex. The overall effects of most abiotic stress are often dependent on the plant species, the genotype, the age of the plant, the timing of the stress application, and the intensity of this stress. This shows the difficulty of identifying a common pattern of stress response in cell wall architecture that could enable adaptation and/or resistance to abiotic stress. However, in most cases, two main mechanisms can be highlighted: (i) an increased level in xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and expansin proteins, associated with an increase in the degree of rhamnogalacturonan I branching that maintains cell wall plasticity and (ii) an increased cell wall thickening by reinforcement of the secondary wall with hemicellulose and lignin deposition. Taken together, these results show the need to undertake large-scale analyses, using multidisciplinary approaches, to unravel the consequences of stress on the cell wall. This will help identify the key components that could be targeted to improve biomass production under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyacinthe Le Gall
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Florian Philippe
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Françoise Gillet
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Catherine Rayon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
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160
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Ménard D, Pesquet E. Cellular interactions during tracheary elements formation and function. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:109-15. [PMID: 25545993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The survival of higher plant species on land depends on the development and function of an efficient vascular system distributing water and minerals absorbed by roots to all aerial organs. This conduction and distribution of plant sap relies on specialized cells named tracheary elements (TEs). In contrast to many other cell types in plants, TEs are functionalized by cell death that hollows the cell protoplast to make way for the sap. To maintain a stable conducting function during plant development, recovery from vascular damages as well as to adapt to environmental changes, TEs are completely dependent on direct cellular interactions with neighboring xylem parenchyma cells (XPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ménard
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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161
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Hamann T. The plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism-concepts for organization and mode of action. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:215-23. [PMID: 25416836 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the main differences between plant and animal cells are the walls surrounding plant cells providing structural support during development and protection like an adaptive armor against biotic and abiotic stress. During recent years it has become widely accepted that plant cells use a dedicated system to monitor and maintain the functional integrity of their walls. Maintenance of integrity is achieved by modifying the cell wall and cellular metabolism in order to permit tightly controlled changes in wall composition and structure. While a substantial amount of evidence supporting the existence of the mechanism has been reported, knowledge regarding its precise mode of action is still limited. The currently available evidence suggests similarities of the plant mechanism with respect to both design principles and molecular components involved to the very well characterized system active in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There the system has been implicated in cell morphogenesis as well as response to abiotic stresses such as osmotic challenges. Here the currently available knowledge on the yeast system will be reviewed initially to provide a framework for the subsequent discussion of the plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism. The review will then end with a discussion on possible design principles for the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and the function of the plant turgor pressure in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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162
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Roepke J, Bozzo GG. Arabidopsis thaliana β-glucosidase BGLU15 attacks flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnosides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 109:14-24. [PMID: 25468534 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside (K3G7R and Q3G7R, respectively) are major flavonol bisglycosides accumulating in Arabidopsis thaliana with synergistic abiotic stresses (i.e., nitrogen deficiency and low temperature, NDLT). However, these molecules disappear rapidly during recovery from NDLT. Typically, catabolism of related chemicals relies on β-glucosidase (BGLU) action. Evidence for flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside BGLU activity is provided here. Major losses of Q3G7R and K3G7R coincided with an approximate 250% induction in flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside BGLU activity within 2days of NDLT recovery relative to plants cultured under nitrogen sufficiency and high temperature (NSHT, control). QTOF-MS/MS established the product of Q3G7R hydrolysis in the presence of Arabidopsis cell free extracts was quercetin 7-O-α-rhamnoside. A phylogenetic analysis of the Arabidopsis glycoside hydrolase family 1 identified BGLU15 (At2g44450) and five other members that cluster with Fabaceae hydrolases known to attack isoflavones and isoflavonoids, which are structurally somewhat related to flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnosides. Real time quantitative PCR analysis established a 300% higher expression of BGLU15 within 1day of the recovery from NDLT relative to control plants; lower or negligible changes in expression were evident for the remaining BGLUs. Recombinant thioredoxin-His6-tagged mature BGLU15 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. A comparison of a wide spectrum of β-glucosides showed that recombinant BGLU15 preferentially hydrolyses the 3-O-β-glucosides of flavonols, but does not attack quercetin 3-O-α-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-β-galactoside and rutin. BGLU15 displayed the highest catalytic efficiency for Q3G7R and K3G7R yielding their respective 7-O-rhamnosides as products; flavonol 3-O-glucosides were also attacked, albeit with lower efficiency. Together, it appears the loss of flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnosides in Arabidopsis is dependent upon the enzyme-mediated cleavage of the 3-O-β linked glucose moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Roepke
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gale G Bozzo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada.
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163
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Miyazaki Y, Yamamoto K, Aoki J, Ikeda T, Inokuchi Y, Ehara M, Ebata T. Experimental and theoretical study on the excited-state dynamics of ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxy methylcinnamate. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:244313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4904268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kanji Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Jun Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science and Research Center for Computational Science, 38 Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Elements Strategy for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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164
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Sui Y, Droby S, Zhang D, Wang W, Liu Y. Reduction of Fusarium rot and maintenance of fruit quality in melon using eco-friendly hot water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13956-13963. [PMID: 25030787 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Significant losses in harvested fruit can be directly attributable to decay fungi and quality deterioration. Hot water treatment (HWT) has been demonstrated to be an effective and economic environment-friendly approach for managing postharvest decay and maintaining fruit quality. In this study, the effects of HWT (45 °C for 10, 15, 20, and 25 min) on in vitro growth of Fusarium oxysporum, in vivo Fusarium rot, and natural decay of melon were investigated. HWT inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of F. oxysporum. Protein impairment and ATP consumption triggered by HWT contributed to the inhibitory effect. Results of in vivo studies showed that HWT effectively controlled Fusarium rot and natural decay of melon. Correspondingly, HWT induced a significant increase in content of total phenolic compounds and lignin of melon. These findings indicate that the effects of HWT on Fusarium rot may be associated with the direct fungal inhibition and the elicitation of defense responses in fruit. Importantly, HWT used in this study had beneficial effects on fruit quality as well. HWT may represent an effective non-chemical approach for management of postharvest Fusarium rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sui
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
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165
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Araújo P, Cesarino I, Mayer JLS, Ferrari IF, Kiyota E, Sawaya ACHF, Paes Leme AF, Mazzafera P. A model system to study the lignification process in Eucalyptus globulus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:17-31. [PMID: 24444279 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recalcitrance of plant biomass is closely related to the presence of the phenolic heteropolymer lignin in secondary cell walls, which has a negative effect on forage digestibility, biomass-to-biofuels conversion and chemical pulping. The genus Eucalyptus is the main source of wood for pulp and paper industry. However, when compared to model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and poplar, relatively little is known about lignin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus and only a few genes were functionally characterized. An efficient, fast and inexpensive in vitro system was developed to study lignification in Eucalyptus globulus and to evaluate the potential role of candidate genes in this biological process. Seedlings were grown in four different conditions, in the presence or absence of light and with or without sucrose in the growth medium, and several aspects of lignin metabolism were evaluated. Our results showed that light and, to a lesser extent, sucrose induced lignin biosynthesis, which was followed by changes in S/G ratio, lignin oligomers accumulation and gene expression. In addition, higher total peroxidase activity and differential isoperoxidase profile were observed when seedlings were grown in the presence of light and sucrose. Peptide sequencing allowed the identification of differentially expressed peroxidases, which can be considered potential candidate class III peroxidases involved in lignin polymerization in E. globulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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166
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Kim WC, Kim JY, Ko JH, Kang H, Han KH. Identification of direct targets of transcription factor MYB46 provides insights into the transcriptional regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:589-99. [PMID: 24879533 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary wall formation requires coordinated transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the components of secondary wall. Transcription factor (TF) MYB46 (At5g12870) has been shown to function as a central regulator for secondary wall formation in Arabidopsis thaliana, activating biosynthetic genes as well as the TFs involved in the pathways. Recently, we reported that MYB46 directly regulates secondary wall-associated cellulose synthase (CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8) and a mannan synthase (CSLA9) genes. However, it is not known whether MYB46 directly activates the biosynthetic genes for hemicellulose and lignin, which are the other two major components of secondary wall. Based on the observations that the promoter regions of many of the secondary wall biosynthetic genes contain MYB46-binding cis-regulatory motif(s), we hypothesized that MYB46 directly regulates the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary wall components. In this report, we describe several lines of experimental evidence in support of the hypothesis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that MYB46 directly binds to the promoters of 13 genes involved in lignin and xylan biosynthesis. We then used steroid receptor-based inducible activation system to confirm that MYB46 directly activates the transcription of the xylan and lignin biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, ectopic up-regulation of MYB46 resulted in a significant increase in xylose and a small increase in lignin content based on acetyl bromide soluble lignin measurements in Arabidopsis. Taken together, we conclude that MYB46 function as a central and direct regulator of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of all three major secondary wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Chan Kim
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, 126 Natural Resources, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1222, USA
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167
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König S, Feussner K, Kaever A, Landesfeind M, Thurow C, Karlovsky P, Gatz C, Polle A, Feussner I. Soluble phenylpropanoids are involved in the defense response of Arabidopsis against Verticillium longisporum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:823-837. [PMID: 24483326 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne vascular pathogen causing economic loss in rape. Using the model plant Arabidopsis this study analyzed metabolic changes upon fungal infection in order to identify possible defense strategies of Brassicaceae against this fungus. Metabolite fingerprinting identified infection-induced metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Targeted analysis confirmed the accumulation of sinapoyl glucosides, coniferin, syringin and lignans in leaves from early stages of infection on. At later stages, the amounts of amino acids increased. To test the contribution of the phenylpropanoid pathway, mutants in the pathway were analyzed. The sinapate-deficient mutant fah1-2 showed stronger infection symptoms than wild-type plants, which is most likely due to the lack of sinapoyl esters. Moreover, the coniferin accumulating transgenic plant UGT72E2-OE was less susceptible. Consistently, sinapoyl glucose, coniferyl alcohol and coniferin inhibited fungal growth and melanization in vitro, whereas sinapyl alcohol and syringin did not. The amount of lignin was not significantly altered supporting the notion that soluble derivatives of the phenylpropanoid pathway contribute to defense. These data show that soluble phenylpropanoids are important for the defense response of Arabidopsis against V. longisporum and that metabolite fingerprinting is a valuable tool to identify infection-relevant metabolic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie König
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kaever
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Landesfeind
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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168
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Preisner M, Kulma A, Zebrowski J, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Arendt M, Starzycki M, Szopa J. Manipulating cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) expression in flax affects fibre composition and properties. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:50. [PMID: 24552628 PMCID: PMC3945063 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades cultivation of flax and its application have dramatically decreased. One of the reasons for this is unpredictable quality and properties of flax fibre, because they depend on environmental factors, retting duration and growing conditions. These factors have contribution to the fibre composition, which consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin. By far, it is largely established that in flax, lignin reduces an accessibility of enzymes either to pectin, hemicelluloses or cellulose (during retting or in biofuel synthesis and paper production).Therefore, in this study we evaluated composition and properties of flax fibre from plants with silenced CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) gene, which is key in the lignin biosynthesis. There is evidence that CAD is a useful tool to improve lignin digestibility and/or to lower the lignin levels in plants. RESULTS Two studied lines responded differentially to the introduced modification due to the efficiency of the CAD silencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that flax CAD belongs to the "bona-fide" CAD family. CAD down-regulation had an effect in the reduced lignin amount in the flax fibre cell wall and as FT-IR results suggests, disturbed lignin composition and structure. Moreover introduced modification activated a compensatory mechanism which was manifested in the accumulation of cellulose and/or pectin. These changes had putative correlation with observed improved fiber's tensile strength. Moreover, CAD down-regulation did not disturb at all or has only slight effect on flax plants' development in vivo, however, the resistance against flax major pathogen Fusarium oxysporum decreased slightly. The modification positively affected fibre possessing; it resulted in more uniform retting. CONCLUSION The major finding of our paper is that the modification targeted directly to block lignin synthesis caused not only reduced lignin level in fibre, but also affected amount and organization of cellulose and pectin. However, to conclude that all observed changes are trustworthy and correlated exclusively to CAD repression, further analysis of the modified plants genome is necessary. Secondly, this is one of the first studies on the crop from the low-lignin plants from the field trail which demonstrates that such plants could be successfully cultivated in a field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Preisner
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw 51-148, Poland
- Wroclaw Research Center EIT +, Stabłowicka 147/149, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw 51-148, Poland
- Wroclaw Research Center EIT +, Stabłowicka 147/149, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology, Rzeszow University, Aleja Rejtana 16, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Wroclaw University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, Wroclaw 50-345, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Wroclaw University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, Wroclaw 50-345, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperatures and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, Wrocław 50-422, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Arendt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw 51-148, Poland
| | - Michal Starzycki
- The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR) - National Research Institute, Research Division Poznan, ul. Strzeszynska 36, Poznan 60-479, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw 51-148, Poland
- Wroclaw Research Center EIT +, Stabłowicka 147/149, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland
- Linum Foundation, Stabłowicka 147/149, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland
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169
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Rocha S, Monjardino P, Mendonça D, da Câmara Machado A, Fernandes R, Sampaio P, Salema R. Lignification of developing maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm transfer cells and starchy endosperm cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:102. [PMID: 24688487 PMCID: PMC3960489 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm transfer cells in maize have extensive cell wall ingrowths that play a key role in kernel development. Although the incorporation of lignin would support this process, its presence in these structures has not been reported in previous studies. We used potassium permanganate staining combined with transmission electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry as well as acriflavine staining combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine whether the most basal endosperm transfer cells (MBETCs) contain lignified cell walls, using starchy endosperm cells for comparison. We investigated the lignin content of ultrathin sections of MBETCs treated with hydrogen peroxide. The lignin content of transfer and starchy cell walls was also determined by the acetyl bromide method. Finally, the relationship between cell wall lignification and MBETC growth/flange ingrowth orientation was evaluated. MBETC walls and ingrowths contained lignin throughout the period of cell growth we monitored. The same was true of the starchy cells, but those underwent an even more extensive growth period than the transfer cells. Both the reticulate and flange ingrowths were also lignified early in development. The significance of the lignification of maize endosperm cell walls is discussed in terms of its impact on cell growth and flange ingrowth orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocha
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia - Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Universidade dos AçoresAngra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Paulo Monjardino
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia - Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Universidade dos AçoresAngra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Paulo Monjardino, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia - Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João de Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal e-mail:
| | - Duarte Mendonça
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia - Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Universidade dos AçoresAngra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Artur da Câmara Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia - Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Universidade dos AçoresAngra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Rui Fernandes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Roberto Salema
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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170
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Bosch M, Hazen SP. Lignocellulosic feedstocks: research progress and challenges in optimizing biomass quality and yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:474. [PMID: 24312113 PMCID: PMC3836025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Samuel P. Hazen
- Biology Department, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
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