151
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Papageorgiou M, Biver E. Interactions of the microbiome with pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for the management of ageing-related musculoskeletal diseases. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2021; 13:1759720X211009018. [PMID: 34104230 PMCID: PMC8172340 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x211009018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology and therapeutic options for common ageing-related musculoskeletal conditions (i.e. osteoporosis and associated fractures, sarcopenia and osteoarthritis), there is still a considerable proportion of patients who respond sub optimally to available treatments or experience adverse effects. Emerging microbiome research suggests that perturbations in microbial composition, functional and metabolic capacity (i.e. dysbiosis) are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders including musculoskeletal diseases. Besides its contributions to disease pathogenesis, the role of the microbiome is further extended to shaping individuals' responses to disease therapeutics (i.e. pharmacomicrobiomics). In this review, we focus on the reciprocal interactions between the microbiome and therapeutics for osteoporosis, sarcopenia and osteoarthritis. Specifically, we identify the effects of therapeutics on microbiome's configurations, functions and metabolic output, intestinal integrity and immune function, but also the effects of the microbiome on the metabolism of these therapeutics, which in turn, may influence their bioavailability, efficacy and side-effect profile contributing to variable treatment responses in clinical practice. We further discuss emerging strategies for microbiota manipulation as preventive or therapeutic (alone or complementary to available treatments) approaches for improving outcomes of musculoskeletal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papageorgiou
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Biver
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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152
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Rocks T, West M, Hockey M, Aslam H, Lane M, Loughman A, Jacka FN, Ruusunen A. Possible use of fermented foods in rehabilitation of anorexia nervosa: the gut microbiota as a modulator. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110201. [PMID: 33307114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychiatric disorder with high morbidity and mortality rate. Evidence for the optimal psychopharmacological approach to managing the disorder remains limited, with nutritional treatment, focused on weight restoration through the consumption of high energy diet, regarded as one of the fundamental steps in treatment. The human gut microbiome is increasingly recognised for its proposed role in gastrointestinal, metabolic, immune and mental health, all of which may be compromised in individuals with anorexia nervosa. Dietary intake plays an important role in shaping gut microbiota composition, whilst the use of fermented foods, foods with potential psychobiotic properties that deliver live bacteria, bacterial metabolites, prebiotics and energy, have been discussed to a lesser extent. However, fermented foods are of increasing interest due to their potential capacity to affect gut microbiota composition, provide beneficial bacterial metabolites, and confer beneficial outcomes to host health. This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbiota in relation to the disease pathology in anorexia nervosa and especially focuses on the therapeutic potential of fermented foods, proposed here as a recommended addition to the current nutritional treatment protocols warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Rocks
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Madeline West
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Meghan Hockey
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Hajara Aslam
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Melissa Lane
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Amy Loughman
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Black Dog Institute, NSW, Australia; James Cook University, QLD; Australia
| | - Anu Ruusunen
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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153
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Raba G, Adamberg S, Adamberg K. Acidic pH enhances butyrate production from pectin by faecal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6232156. [PMID: 33864456 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pH and gut transit rate are the key factors determining the dynamics of colonic microbiota. In this study, the effect of changing pH on the composition and metabolism of pooled faecal microbiota was elucidated at physiologically relevant dilution rates Dhigh = 0.2 and Dlow = 0.05 1/h. The results showed the best adaptability of Bacteroides ovatus within the pH range 6.0-8.0 at both dilution rates. The butyrate producing Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus comes were extremely sensitive to pH > 7.5, while the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila increased significantly at pH >7 at Dhigh, causing a pH-dependant shift in the dynamics of mucin degrading species. Increased gas formation was observed at pH < 6.5. Substantially more CO2 was produced at Dlow than at Dhigh (18-29 vs 12-23 mmol per L medium, respectively). Methane was produced only at Dlow and pH > 7, consistent with the simultaneous increased abundance of Methanobrevibacter smithii. Our study confirmed the importance of pH in the development of faecal microbiota in pectin-supplemented medium. Fermentation of other dietary fibres can be studied using the same approach. The significance of pH should be more emphasized in gut research and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grete Raba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Signe Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kaarel Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn, Estonia.,Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, Tallinn, Estonia
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154
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Scapaticci S, D’Adamo E, Mohn A, Chiarelli F, Giannini C. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Youth With Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:639548. [PMID: 33889132 PMCID: PMC8056131 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.639548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents worldwide. Simultaneously to the epidemic spreading of childhood obesity, the rate of affected young has dramatically increased in the last decades with an estimated prevalence of NAFLD of 3%-10% in pediatric subjects in the world. The continuous improvement in NAFLD knowledge has significantly defined several risk factors associated to the natural history of this complex liver alteration. Among them, Insulin Resistance (IR) is certainly one of the main features. As well, not surprisingly, abnormal glucose tolerance (prediabetes and diabetes) is highly prevalent among children/adolescents with biopsy-proven NAFLD. In addition, other factors such as genetic, ethnicity, gender, age, puberty and lifestyle might affect the development and progression of hepatic alterations. However, available data are still lacking to confirm whether IR is a risk factor or a consequence of hepatic steatosis. There is also evidence that NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). In fact, NAFLD often coexist with central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which represent the main features of MetS. In this Review, main aspects of the natural history and risk factors of the disease are summarized in children and adolescents. In addition, the most relevant scientific evidence about the association between NAFLD and metabolic dysregulation, focusing on clinical, pathogenetic, and histological implication will be provided with some focuses on the main treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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155
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Liu JCW, Gorbovskaya I, Hahn MK, Müller DJ. The Gut Microbiome in Schizophrenia and the Potential Benefits of Prebiotic and Probiotic Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041152. [PMID: 33807241 PMCID: PMC8065775 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome (GMB) plays an important role in developmental processes and has been implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. However, the relationship between GMB and schizophrenia remains unclear. In this article, we review the existing evidence surrounding the gut microbiome in schizophrenia and the potential for antipsychotics to cause adverse metabolic events by altering the gut microbiome. We also evaluate the current evidence for the clinical use of probiotic and prebiotic treatment in schizophrenia. The current data on microbiome alteration in schizophrenia remain conflicting. Longitudinal and larger studies will help elucidate the confounding effect on the microbiome. Current studies help lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of the GMB in the development, presentation, progression and potential treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. W. Liu
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (J.C.W.L.); (I.G.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ilona Gorbovskaya
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (J.C.W.L.); (I.G.); (M.K.H.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (J.C.W.L.); (I.G.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (J.C.W.L.); (I.G.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Correspondence:
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156
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Dietary restrictions modulate the gut microbiota: Implications for health and disease. Nutr Res 2021; 89:10-22. [PMID: 33878569 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits of carefully restricting the energy intake in a strategic manner whilst avoiding malnutrition are widely discussed. In the recent years, the great impact of the gut microbiota on its host has been clarified more and more. Since the gut microbiota produces a number of metabolites and molecules that can affect host metabolism, modulating it with dietary restriction can influence the health and the progression of disease of its host on various levels. This review comprises 15 studies investigating the effect of different variants of fasting and caloric restriction on the gastrointestinal microbiome and its metabolites. The data suggest that changing the gut microbiota composition by dietary restriction has the potential to positively influence the progression of several diseases such as obesity, diabetes, neurological diseases or inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, the relevance of the findings for clinical practice is evaluated and approaches for future research are proposed.
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157
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Cai J, Chen Z, Wu W, Lin Q, Liang Y. High animal protein diet and gut microbiota in human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6225-6237. [PMID: 33724115 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1898336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the intestinal flora in health and disease has become a research hotspot. Compared with carbohydrates and fats, proteins are metabolized primarily by microbial fermentation in the intestine. The production of protein fermentation products and metabolites depends on the composition, diversity, and metabolism of the gut microbiota. Several protein fermentation products, including indoles, phenols, polyamines, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), amines, and carnitine, are toxic. This study analyzes the relationship between high-protein diets (HPDs), the intestinal microbiota, and human health and disease. Long-term HPDs increase the risk of intestinal diseases, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obesity, central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) by producing toxic metabolites in the colon, including amines, H2S, and ammonia. Short-term HPDs have little effect on the metabolism of healthy individuals under 65 years old. However, meeting the protein requirements of individuals over 65 years old using HPDs is more challenging. The adverse effects of HPDs on athletes are minimal. Natural compounds (plant extracts, whose main constituents are polysaccharides and polyphenols), prebiotics, probiotics, and regular physical exercise improve gut dysbiosis and reduce disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongxu Chen
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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158
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Becattini S, Sorbara MT, Kim SG, Littmann EL, Dong Q, Walsh G, Wright R, Amoretti L, Fontana E, Hohl TM, Pamer EG. Rapid transcriptional and metabolic adaptation of intestinal microbes to host immune activation. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:378-393.e5. [PMID: 33539766 PMCID: PMC7954923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota produces metabolites that regulate host immunity, thereby impacting disease resistance and susceptibility. The extent to which commensal bacteria reciprocally respond to immune activation, however, remains largely unexplored. Herein, we colonized mice with four anaerobic symbionts and show that acute immune responses result in dramatic transcriptional reprogramming of these commensals with minimal changes in their relative abundance. Transcriptomic changes include induction of stress-response mediators and downregulation of carbohydrate-degrading factors such as polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs). Flagellin and anti-CD3 antibody, two distinct immune stimuli, induced similar transcriptional profiles, suggesting that commensal bacteria detect common effectors or activate shared pathways when facing different host responses. Immune activation altered the intestinal metabolome within 6 hours, decreasing luminal short-chain fatty acid and increasing aromatic metabolite concentrations. Thus, intestinal bacteria, prior to detectable shifts in community composition, respond to acute host immune activation by rapidly changing gene transcription and immunomodulatory metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Becattini
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Matthew T Sorbara
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sohn G Kim
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric L Littmann
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qiwen Dong
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gavin Walsh
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roberta Wright
- Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luigi Amoretti
- Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily Fontana
- Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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159
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Ashaolu TJ, Ashaolu JO. Prebiotic peptides, their formation, fermentation in the gut, and health implications. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3142. [PMID: 33666376 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotics can be synthesized from sources other than dietary fibers, such as proteins. The proteins, when processed into peptides have healthful or deleterious effects on the host. Outside living systems, prebiotic peptides (PP) are formed via preformation of amino acids or related monomeric building blocks, resulting in nonenzymatic polymerization/ligation to produce peptides. Whereas, inside living systems like the human gut, many metabolic pathways are involved in PP production, and mostly involve host-microbiota interactions. The interplay is responsible for PP activities and their implications on host amino acid balance and metabolism. Similar to carbohydrates fermentation, PP will yield short chain fatty acids (SCFA), but also branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs), phenols, indole, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and ammonia, capable of biologically mediating molecular signals. This holistic review considers a brief description of prebiotics, and tracks down prebiotic peptides formation processes, interactions with gut microbes, and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.,Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Joseph O Ashaolu
- International Health Programme, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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160
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Mohamed A, Menon H, Chulkina M, Yee NS, Pinchuk IV. Drug-Microbiota Interaction in Colon Cancer Therapy: Impact of Antibiotics. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030259. [PMID: 33807878 PMCID: PMC7999677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma is one of the most common malignancies, and it is highly lethal. Chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of colon cancer at various stages of the disease. The gut microbiome has emerged as a key player in colon cancer development and progression, and it can also alter the therapeutic agent's efficacy and toxicities. Antibiotics can directly and/or indirectly affect the balance of the gut microbiome and, therefore, the clinical outcomes. In this article, we provided an overview of the composition of the gut microbiome under homeostasis and the mechanistic links between gut microbiota and colon cancer. The relationship between the use of oral antibiotics and colon cancer, as well as the impact of the gut microbiome on the efficacy and toxicities of chemotherapy in colon cancer, are discussed. Potential interventions to modulate microbiota and improve chemotherapy outcomes are discussed. Further studies are indicated to address these key gaps in the field and provide a scientific basis for the design of novel microbiota-based approaches for prevention/use as adjuvant therapeutics for patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Harry Menon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Marina Chulkina
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Nelson S. Yee
- Next-Generation Therapies Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: (N.S.Y.); (I.V.P.); Tel.: +1-717-531-8678 (N.S.Y.); +1-713-301-8025 (I.V.P.)
| | - Irina V. Pinchuk
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.S.Y.); (I.V.P.); Tel.: +1-717-531-8678 (N.S.Y.); +1-713-301-8025 (I.V.P.)
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161
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Bacteria in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention: A Review Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.107956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Context: Although conventional therapies improve the conditions of patients with cancer, adverse side effects, and resistance to different therapies have convinced scientists to use alternative methods to overcome these problems. One of the most promising research directions is the application of specific types of bacteria and their components to prevent and treat different cancers. Apart from the ability of bacteria to modulate immune responses, various particular properties such as toxin production and anaerobic lifestyle, have made them one of the potential candidates to help cancer therapy. Evidence Acquisition: In this review, the latest information on the role of bacteria in carcinogenesis and cancer prevention in PubMed, Google scholar, and Science Direct databases in 2020 were considered using a combination of keywords “bacteria”, “carcinogenesis”, “cancer” and “prevention”. Results: Bacteria-cancer interactions can be studied in 2 areas of bacteria and carcinogenesis and the other bacteria and cancer treatment or prevention. In this review, bacterial carcinogenicity has been mentioned with 3 main mechanisms: bacterial toxin, bacterial metabolites, and chronic inflammation caused by bacteria. Bacterial-mediated tumor therapy (BMTT) is briefly discussed in 8 mechanisms including tumor-targeting bacterial therapy, gene therapy and vectors, bacterial products, arginine metabolism, magnetotactic bacteria, combination bacteriolytic therapy (COBALT), immunomodulation of bacteria in cancer, and immune survival. Conclusions: The importance of bacteria in terms of diversity in their interaction with humans, as well as their components that can affect homeostasis and the immune system, has made them a powerful factor in describing the human condition in health and disease. These important elements can be used in the prevention and treatment of many complex diseases with different origins like cancer. The present study can provide an overview of the role of bacteria in cancer development or prevention and potential approaches for bacteria in cancer therapy.
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162
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Xie Y, Zhao P, Han Z, Li W, Shi D, Xu L, Yi Q. Supplement of High Protein-Enriched Diet Modulates the Diversity of Gut Microbiota in WT or PD-1H-Depleted Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:207-216. [PMID: 33144548 PMCID: PMC9705843 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2008.08003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplement of high-protein food plays an important role in improving the symptoms of malnutrition and the immune capacity of the body, but the association of high-protein diet and gut microbiota remained unaddressed. Here, we systematically analyzed the internal organs and gut microbiota in C57(WT) or PD-1H-depleted (KO) mice (T cells were activated) fed with pupae or feed for six weeks. We observed that the body weight gain in the mice fed with pupae increased less significantly than that of the feed group, while the villi and small intestine lengths in the pupa group were reduced compared with that of mice given feed. However, the average body weight of the KO mice increased compared with that of the WT mice fed with pupae or feed. Pupae increased the concentration of blood glucose in WT, but not in KO mice. Moreover, in the feed group, there was no difference in the weight of the internal organs between the WT and KO mice, but in the pupae-fed group, liver weight was decreased and spleen weight was increased compared with that of KO mice. The amounts/plural/amounts of Melainabacteria, Chloroflexi, and Armatimonadetes were specifically upregulated by pupae, and this upregulation was weakened or eliminated by PD-1H depletion. Some bacteria with high abundance in the feed-fed KO mice, such as Deferribacteres, Melainabacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia, were decreased in pupae-fed KO mice, and Proteobacteria and Deinococcus were specifically enriched in pupae-fed KO mice. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Akkermansia were associated with weight loss in the pupaefed group while Lachnospiraceae and Anaerobiospirillum were related glucose metabolism and energy consumption. Based on high-throughput sequencing, we discovered that some gut bacteria specifically regulated the metabolism of a high-protein diet, and PD-1H deficiency improved life quality and sustained blood glucose. Moreover, PD-1H responses to high-protein diet through modulating the type and quantity of gut bacteria. These findings provide evidence about the association among gut microbiota, T cell activation (for PD-1H depletion) and high-protein diet metabolism, have important theoretical significance for nutrition and health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Xie
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Dan Shi
- Fever Clinic, Dianjiang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Chongqing, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Qiying Yi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +8602363316775 Fax: +023-68486187 E-mail:
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Deehan EC, Colin-Ramirez E, Triador L, Madsen KL, Prado CM, Field CJ, Ball GDC, Tan Q, Orsso C, Dinu I, Pakseresht M, Rubin D, Sharma AM, Tun H, Walter J, Newgard CB, Freemark M, Wine E, Haqq AM. Efficacy of metformin and fermentable fiber combination therapy in adolescents with severe obesity and insulin resistance: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:148. [PMID: 33596993 PMCID: PMC7890810 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that the metabolic effects of metformin and fermentable fibers are mediated, in part, through diverging or overlapping effects on the composition and metabolic functions of the gut microbiome. Pre-clinical animal models have established that the addition of fiber to metformin monotherapy improves glucose tolerance. However, possible synergistic effects of combination therapy (metformin plus fiber) have not been investigated in humans. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of synergy have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to compare in adolescents with obesity the metabolic effects of metformin and fermentable fibers in combination with those of metformin or fiber alone. We will also determine if therapeutic responses correlate with compositional and functional features of the gut microbiome. Methods This is a parallel three-armed, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Adolescents (aged 12–18 years) with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) will receive either metformin (850 mg p.o. twice/day), fermentable fibers (35 g/day), or a combination of metformin plus fiber for 12 months. Participants will be seen at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, with a phone follow-up at 1 and 9 months. Primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome is change in IR estimated by homeostatic model assessment of IR; key secondary outcomes include changes in the Matsuda index, oral disposition index, body mass index z-score, and fat mass to fat-free mass ratio. To gain mechanistic insight, endpoints that reflect host-microbiota interactions will also be assessed: obesity-related immune, metabolic, and satiety markers; humoral metabolites; and fecal microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids. Discussion This study will compare the potential metabolic benefits of fiber with those of metformin in adolescents with obesity, determine if metformin and fiber act synergistically to improve IR, and elucidate whether the metabolic benefits of metformin and fiber associate with changes in fecal microbiota composition and the output of health-related metabolites. This study will provide insight into the potential role of the gut microbiome as a target for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of emerging treatments for T2DM prevention. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04578652. Registered on 8 October 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05060-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | | | - Lucila Triador
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2C2, AB, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Geoff D C Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Qiming Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Camila Orsso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Irina Dinu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammadreza Pakseresht
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Daniela Rubin
- California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, USA
| | - Arya M Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2C2, AB, Canada
| | - Hein Tun
- University of Hong Kong School of Public Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jens Walter
- DNational University of Ireland University College Cork, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Michael Freemark
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, BA, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada.
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164
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Coppola S, Avagliano C, Calignano A, Berni Canani R. The Protective Role of Butyrate against Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030682. [PMID: 33525625 PMCID: PMC7865491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide obesity is a public health concern that has reached pandemic levels. Obesity is the major predisposing factor to comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The common forms of obesity are multifactorial and derive from a complex interplay of environmental changes and the individual genetic predisposition. Increasing evidence suggest a pivotal role played by alterations of gut microbiota (GM) that could represent the causative link between environmental factors and onset of obesity. The beneficial effects of GM are mainly mediated by the secretion of various metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate and butyrate are small organic metabolites produced by fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch with vast beneficial effects in energy metabolism, intestinal homeostasis and immune responses regulation. An aberrant production of SCFAs has emerged in obesity and metabolic diseases. Among SCFAs, butyrate emerged because it might have a potential in alleviating obesity and related comorbidities. Here we reviewed the preclinical and clinical data that contribute to explain the role of butyrate in this context, highlighting its crucial contribute in the diet-GM-host health axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- ImmunoNutriton Lab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- ImmunoNutriton Lab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7462680
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165
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Mori G, Pasca MR. Gut Microbial Signatures in Sporadic and Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031312. [PMID: 33525662 PMCID: PMC7865401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death and the third most common cancer in the world. Depending on the origin of the mutation, colorectal carcinomas are classified as sporadic or hereditary. Cancers derived from mutations appearing during life, affecting individual cells and their descendants, are called sporadic and account for almost 95% of the CRCs. Less than 5% of CRC cases result from constitutional mutations conferring a very high risk of developing cancer. Screening for hereditary-related cancers is offered to individuals at risk for hereditary CRC, who have either not undergone genetic evaluation or have uncertain genetic test results. In this review, we briefly summarize the main findings on the correlation between sporadic CRC and the gut microbiota, and we specifically focus on the few evidences about the role that gut microorganisms have on the development of CRC hereditary syndromes. The characterization of a gut microbiota associated with an increased risk of developing CRC could have a profound impact for prevention purposes. We also discuss the potential role of the gut microbiota as therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Mori
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (M.R.P.); Tel.: +61-4-66344648 (G.M.); +39-0382-985576 (M.R.P.)
| | - Maria Rosalia Pasca
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (M.R.P.); Tel.: +61-4-66344648 (G.M.); +39-0382-985576 (M.R.P.)
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166
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Burz SD, Monnoye M, Philippe C, Farin W, Ratziu V, Strozzi F, Paillarse JM, Chêne L, Blottière HM, Gérard P. Fecal Microbiota Transplant from Human to Mice Gives Insights into the Role of the Gut Microbiota in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010199. [PMID: 33477939 PMCID: PMC7833443 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are associated with changes in the composition and metabolic activities of the gut microbiota. However, the causal role played by the gut microbiota in individual susceptibility to NAFLD and particularly at its early stage is still unclear. In this context, we transplanted the microbiota from a patient with fatty liver (NAFL) and from a healthy individual to two groups of mice. We first showed that the microbiota composition in recipient mice resembled the microbiota composition of their respective human donor. Following administration of a high-fructose, high-fat diet, mice that received the human NAFL microbiota (NAFLR) gained more weight and had a higher liver triglycerides level and higher plasma LDL cholesterol than mice that received the human healthy microbiota (HR). Metabolomic analyses revealed that it was associated with lower and higher plasma levels of glycine and 3-Indolepropionic acid in NAFLR mice, respectively. Moreover, several bacterial genera and OTUs were identified as differently represented in the NAFLR and HR microbiota and therefore potentially responsible for the different phenotypes observed. Altogether, our results confirm that the gut bacteria play a role in obesity and steatosis development and that targeting the gut microbiota may be a preventive or therapeutic strategy in NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D. Burz
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (S.D.B.); (M.M.); (C.P.); (H.M.B.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (S.D.B.); (M.M.); (C.P.); (H.M.B.)
| | - Catherine Philippe
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (S.D.B.); (M.M.); (C.P.); (H.M.B.)
| | - William Farin
- Enterome, 75011 Paris, France; (W.F.); (F.S.); (J.-M.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Vlad Ratziu
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne-Université, 75006 Paris, France;
| | | | | | - Laurent Chêne
- Enterome, 75011 Paris, France; (W.F.); (F.S.); (J.-M.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Hervé M. Blottière
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (S.D.B.); (M.M.); (C.P.); (H.M.B.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (S.D.B.); (M.M.); (C.P.); (H.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-134652428
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Fu SC, Lee CH, Wang H. Exploring the Association of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Constipation through Analysis of the Gut Microbiome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020667. [PMID: 33466802 PMCID: PMC7830459 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research into the role of the gut microbiome in regulating the central nervous system has rapidly increased. Several neurodevelopmental diseases have been linked to the unbalance of gut microbiota, including autism. Children on the autism spectrum often suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms, including constipation, which is four times more prevalent than it is in children without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although studies in animals have shown the crucial role of the microbiota in key aspects of neurodevelopment, there is currently no consensus on how the alteration of microbial composition affects the pathogenesis of ASD, let alone how it exerts an impact on the following comorbidities. In our study, we were able to control the effects of constipation on gut dysbiosis and distinguish neuropathological-related and gastrointestinal-related bacteria in ASD patients separately. By analyzing published data, eight additional bacteria significantly altered in autistic individuals were identified in our study. All of them had a decreased relative abundance in ASD patients, except Lactobacillaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae. Eighteen and eleven bacteria were significantly correlated with ASD symptoms and constipation, respectively. Among those, six bacteria were overlapped between the groups. We have found another six bacteria highly associated with constipation status in ASD patients only. By conducting Welch’s t-test, we were able to demonstrate the critical roles of microbes in ASD core and gastrointestinal symptoms and raised the hypotheses of their confounding and mediating effects on the relationship between the two symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hsiuying Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-571-2121 (ext. 56813)
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Rondanelli M, Gasparri C, Peroni G, Faliva MA, Naso M, Perna S, Bazire P, Sajoux I, Maugeri R, Rigon C. The Potential Roles of Very Low Calorie, Very Low Calorie Ketogenic Diets and Very Low Carbohydrate Diets on the Gut Microbiota Composition. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:662591. [PMID: 34054731 PMCID: PMC8162111 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.662591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have described a strong correlation between diet, weight loss, and gut microbiota composition. The aim of this review was to evaluate the potential effects of energy-restricted diets, namely very low calorie diets (VLCDs), very low calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKDs), and very low carbohydrate diets (VLCarbDs), on the composition of the gut microbiota in humans. We performed a literature search using the following terms (with their abbreviations or acronyms): "very low calorie diet", "very low calorie ketogenic diet", "very low carbohydrate diet", and "gut microbiota". Our search strategy retrieved nine eligible studies. Overall, VLCDs and VLCarbDs affected the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio in obese patients, leading to a reduction in short-chain fatty acid production by fecal microbiota associated with Clostridial cluster XIVa. This reduction particularly affected Roseburia and Eubacterium rectale, the two most abundant butyrate-producing bacteria in human feces. VLCKDs preserved the core fecal microbiome, but altered the composition of fecal microbial populations in relation to the plasma metabolome and fecal bile acid composition. In particular, VLCKD-induced weight loss resulted in a reduction in E. rectale and Roseburia, an increase in Christensenellaceae and Akkermansia while not all studies show a decrease in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Although very few studies have analyzed the effects of VLCarbDs and VLCDs on gut microbiota, significant diet-induced changes in fecal microbiota composition have been observed. Further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clara Gasparri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona “Istituto Santa Margherita”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Peroni
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona “Istituto Santa Margherita”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gabriella Peroni,
| | - Milena Anna Faliva
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona “Istituto Santa Margherita”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Naso
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona “Istituto Santa Margherita”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Rigon
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona “Istituto Santa Margherita”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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169
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Volkmann ER, Hoffmann-Vold AM, Chang YL, Lagishetty V, Clements PJ, Midtvedt Ø, Molberg Ø, Braun J, Jacobs JP. Longitudinal Characterisation of the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome in Systemic Sclerosis. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL (CHELMSFORD, ENGLAND) 2020; 7:110-118. [PMID: 36711108 PMCID: PMC9881192 DOI: 10.33590/emj/20-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate changes in microbial composition and the evolution of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptoms in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods Adult SSc patients provided stool specimens every 3 months over the course of 1 year. Participants completed the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) GIT 2.0 questionnaire to assess GIT symptom severity at each stool collection. The microbiota from these samples were determined by Illumina HiSeq 2500 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, California, USA). Mixed effect models evaluated changes in GIT symptoms and microbial composition over time. Results Among 19 patients with SSc (female; 89.5%; median age: 51.3 years), the median disease duration was 7 years and the baseline total GIT 2.0 score was 0.7 (standard deviation: 0.6). The majority of participants (63%) provided at least four stool samples over the course of the 12-month study. Patients with longer disease durations had increased GIT symptoms over the course of the study. There was no difference in the course of GIT symptoms over time between patients with limited versus diffuse cutaneous disease. The relative abundances of specific genera did not change over time within individual subjects. After controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, disease duration, and SSc subtype (i.e., limited versus diffuse), low abundance of Bacteroides was associated with increased GIT symptoms over time. Conclusion This study is the first to have longitudinally characterised the lower GIT microbiome in SSc patients and demonstrated relative stability of genera abundance over the course of 1 year. The findings provide additional evidence that specific genera are associated with SSc-GIT symptoms and warrant further evaluation in larger SSc studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Volkmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, David
Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA,Correspondence to
| | | | - Yu-Ling Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive
Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Philip J. Clements
- University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Øyvind Midtvedt
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital,
Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Molberg
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital,
Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive
Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Parenteral
Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California,
USA
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170
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Jiang N, Zhang C, Feng H, Yuan J, Ding L, Fang W, Gu A, Huang J, Li N, Gu L, Ni Z, Mou S. Clinical characteristics associated with the properties of gut microbiota in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2020; 41:298-306. [PMID: 33272119 DOI: 10.1177/0896860820976983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota alters in patients with end-stage renal disease, which contributes to inflammation, atherosclerosis, and results in increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The present study investigated the potential clinical factors, which influence the gut microbial structure and function in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study performed in 81 prevalent PD patients. Gut microbiota was assessed by high throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene in fecal samples. Gas chromatography was conducted to measure stool short-chain fat acid (SCFA) concentrations. Demographic parameters and clinical characteristics, including dialysis regimen, residual renal function, nutrition, and inflammation, were retrieved and related to the properties of gut microbiota. RESULTS PD duration, peritoneal glucose exposure, and estimated glomerulus filtration rate (eGFR) were identified to be associated with microbial variations. Significant separation of microbial composition was shown between patients with short or long PD duration (p = 0.015) and marginal differences were found between patients grouped by different levels of peritoneal glucose exposure (p = 0.056) or residual renal function (p = 0.063). A couple of gut bacteria showed different abundance at amplicon sequencing variant level between these patient groups (p < 0.05). In addition, stool isobutyric and isovaleric acid concentrations were significantly reduced in patients with longer dialysis duration, higher peritoneal glucose exposure, or declined eGFR (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrated that long dialysis duration, high peritoneal glucose exposure, and loss of residual renal function were associated with gut microbiota alteration and reduced branched-chain SCFA production in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangzi Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Gu
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Huang
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Leyi Gu
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Mou
- Department of Nephrology, 71140Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Yao Y, Cai X, Fei W, Ye Y, Zhao M, Zheng C. The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1-12. [PMID: 33261516 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1854675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are carboxylic acids with carbon atom numbers less than 6, which are important metabolites of gut microbiome. Existing research shows that SCFAs play a vital role in the health and disease of the host. First, SCFAs are the key energy source for colon and ileum cells, and affect the intestinal epithelial barrier and defense functions by regulating related gene expression. Second, SCFAs regulate the function of innate immune cells to participate in the immune system, such as macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Third, SCFAs can also regulate the differentiation of T cells and B cells and the antigen-specific adaptive immunity mediated by them. Besides, SCFAs are raw materials for sugar and lipid synthesis, which provides a theoretical basis for studying the potential role of SCFAs in regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism. There are also studies showing that SCFAs inhibit tumor cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. In this article, we summarized in detail the role of SCFAs in immunity, inflammation and metabolism, and briefly introduced the role of SCFAs in tumor cell survival. It provides a systematic theoretical basis for the study of SCFAs as potential drugs to promote human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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172
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Mohseni AH, Taghinezhad-S S, Fu X. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites and colorectal cancer: New insights and updates. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Thambi M, Nathan J, Radhakrishnan K. Can change in gut microbiota composition be used as a surrogate marker of treatment efficacy of ketogenic diet in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav 2020; 113:107444. [PMID: 33091747 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To answer the question posed in the title of the manuscript, we critically examined the connection between ketogenic diet (KD), gut microbiota (GM), and epilepsy. We conclude that although the evidence for a KD-GM-epilepsy link is fairly robust in rodent epilepsy models, it is very hard to draw meaningful conclusions in humans. The limitations of human studies that have investigated the KD-microbiota-epilepsy relationship include small sample size, a heterogeneous patient population with regard to age and epilepsy type, failure to account for the effect of dietary habits, antiseizure drugs (ASDs) and comedications on GM composition, variability in the KD administered and in the duration of the intervention, and different approaches used in sequencing the microbiome. Although alteration in the GM composition may be a potential indicator of responsiveness/resistance to a KD, we need well-designed randomized case-control and cohort studies involving a large number of a fairly homogenous population of patients with epilepsy adjusted to their habitual dietary habits and region of residence before labeling it as a surrogate marker. Research in this direction may also help us to unravel the mysteries of GM-brain axis not only concerning epilepsy but also in other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magith Thambi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Janak Nathan
- Sanjeev Clinic, Mahim, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400016, India
| | - Kurupath Radhakrishnan
- Department of Neurosciences, Avitis Institute of Medical Sciences, Palakkad, Kerala 678508, India.
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174
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Swann JR, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Salonen A, Sakwinska O, Gill C, Meynier A, Fança-Berthon P, Schelkle B, Segata N, Shortt C, Tuohy K, Hasselwander O. Considerations for the design and conduct of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3347-3368. [PMID: 32246263 PMCID: PMC7669793 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the growing appreciation for the influence of the intestinal microbiota on human health, there is increasing motivation to design and refine interventions to promote favorable shifts in the microbiota and their interactions with the host. Technological advances have improved our understanding and ability to measure this indigenous population and the impact of such interventions. However, the rapid growth and evolution of the field, as well as the diversity of methods used, parameters measured and populations studied, make it difficult to interpret the significance of the findings and translate their outcomes to the wider population. This can prevent comparisons across studies and hinder the drawing of appropriate conclusions. This review outlines considerations to facilitate the design, implementation and interpretation of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods based upon our current understanding of the intestinal microbiota, its functionality and interactions with the human host. This includes parameters associated with study design, eligibility criteria, statistical considerations, characterization of products and the measurement of compliance. Methodologies and markers to assess compositional and functional changes in the microbiota, following interventions are discussed in addition to approaches to assess changes in microbiota-host interactions and host responses. Last, EU legislative aspects in relation to foods and health claims are presented. While it is appreciated that the field of gastrointestinal microbiology is rapidly evolving, such guidance will assist in the design and interpretation of human gut microbiota interventional studies relating to foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M. Rajilic-Stojanovic
- Department for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A. Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O. Sakwinska
- Société Des Produits Nestlé S.A, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ulster University, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | - N. Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - C. Shortt
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Services EAME Ltd., Foundation Park, Maidenhead, UK
| | - K. Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - O. Hasselwander
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, c/o Danisco (UK) Limited, Reigate, UK
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175
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Ford AL, Nagulesapillai V, Piano A, Auger J, Girard SA, Christman M, Tompkins TA, Dahl WJ. Microbiota Stability and Gastrointestinal Tolerance in Response to a High-Protein Diet with and without a Prebiotic, Probiotic, and Synbiotic: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Older Women. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 120:500-516.e10. [PMID: 32199523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher protein intakes may help reduce sarcopenia and facilitate recovery from illness and injury in older adults. However, high-protein diets (HPDs) including animal-sourced foods may negatively perturb the microbiota, and provision of probiotics and prebiotics may mitigate these effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effects of HPD, with and without a probiotic and/or prebiotic, on gut microbiota and wellness in older women. DESIGN We conducted an 18-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Participants were healthy, older women (mean age±standard deviation=73.7±5.6 years; n=26) recruited from Florida. INTERVENTION Participants received a weight-maintenance HPD for 2-week periods and the following, in random order: HPD alone (1.5 to 2.2 g/kg/day protein); HPD plus multistrain probiotic formulation (1.54×109Bifidobacterium bifidum HA-132, 4.62×109Bifidobacterium breve HA-129, 4.62×109Bifidobacterium longum HA-135, 4.62×109Lactobacillus acidophilus HA-122, and 4.62×109Lactobacillus plantarum HA-119), HPD plus prebiotic (5.6 g inulin), and HPD plus synbiotic (probiotic plus inulin), separated by 2-week washouts. Stools were collected per period for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (strain recovery) and 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing analyses (microbiota profile). Measures of gastrointestinal and general wellness were assessed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Microbiota composition and probiotic strain recovery were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Microbiota composition was analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and t test. Secondary outcomes were analyzing using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS The microbiota profile demonstrated relative stability with the HPD; representation of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus were enhanced, whereas butyrate producers, Roseburia and Anaerostipes, were suppressed. Lactococcus was suppressed with synbiotic vs other HPD periods. Recovery was confirmed for all probiotic strains. Indicators of wellness were unchanged, with the exception of a minimal increase in gastrointestinal distress with inulin. Fat-free mass increased from baseline to study end. CONCLUSIONS An HPD adhering to the recommended acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges maintains wellness in healthy older women and exerts minor perturbations to the microbiome profile, a group that may benefit from a higher protein intake. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT #02445560.
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176
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Rackerby B, Kim HJ, Dallas DC, Park SH. Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1463-1474. [PMID: 33088595 PMCID: PMC7561657 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00811-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is the complex microbial ecosystem found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. It plays a vital role in host development, physiology and metabolism, and has been implicated as a factor in brain function, behavior, mental health, and many disease states. While many factors, including host genetics and environmental factors, contribute to the composition of the gut microbiome, diet plays a large role. Microorganisms differ in their nutrient requirements, and alterations in host dietary composition can have strong impacts on the microbial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract. The health implications of these dietary and microbial changes are relevant as various global populations consume diets comprised of different macronutrient ratios, and many diets promote alterations to recommended macronutrient ratios to promote health. This review will outline the ways in which specific macro- and micronutrients impact the gut microbiome and host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna Rackerby
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365 South Korea
| | - David C. Dallas
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Nutrition, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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177
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Mou D, Li S, Yan C, Zhang Q, Li J, Wu Q, Qiu P, He Y, Li Y, Liu H, Jiang X, Zhao X, Zhuo Y, Feng B, Lin Y, Fang Z, Xu S, Li J, Che L, Wu D. Dietary fiber sources for gestation sows: Evaluations based on combined in vitro and in vivo methodology. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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178
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Nutraceuticals and probiotics in the management of psychiatric and neurological disorders: A focus on microbiota-gut-brain-immune axis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:403-419. [PMID: 32889082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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179
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Zhou J, Wang Y, Zeng X, Zhang T, Li P, Yao B, Wang L, Qiao S, Zeng X. Effect of antibiotic-free, low-protein diets with specific amino acid compositions on growth and intestinal flora in weaned pigs. Food Funct 2020; 11:493-507. [PMID: 31833513 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02724f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of modulation of the amino acid profile on growth performance and gut health in weaned pigs fed an antibiotic-free, low-protein diet. In experiment 1, 5 treatments were included: a control diet with antibiotics; a low-protein diet with antibiotics; a low-protein diet without antibiotics (LP); a LP diet with 10% more dietary essential amino acids (LP110); and an LP110 diet with 12% more dietary Met + Cys, Thr and Trp. The intestinal digestive enzyme activity and morphology were improved with the increase in dietary essential amino acid levels, while the growth performance was decreased, indicating that the dietary amino acid level was too high. In experiment 2, all 5 treatments of experiment 1 were included, plus a LP diet with 5% more dietary essential amino acids (LP105) and an LP105 diet with 6% more dietary Met + Cys, Thr and Trp. The LP105 treatment showed optimal feed efficiency, a reduced plasma endotoxin concentration, and an increased fecal lactate concentration and increased abundances of Prevotellaceae and Roseburia bacteria. Our results demonstrate that the optimal amino acid profile in an antibiotic-free, low-protein diet can efficiently improve growth performance and gut health and modulate the fecal microbial structure in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR. China.
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180
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Comparison of meat versus soya based high-protein diets on faecal microbiota and microbial metabolites. Proc Nutr Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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181
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Marttinen M, Ala-Jaakkola R, Laitila A, Lehtinen MJ. Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Physical Performance in Athletes and Physically Active Individuals. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102936. [PMID: 32992765 PMCID: PMC7599951 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among athletes, nutrition plays a key role, supporting training, performance, and post-exercise recovery. Research has primarily focused on the effects of diet in support of an athletic physique; however, the role played by intestinal microbiota has been much neglected. Emerging evidence has shown an association between the intestinal microbiota composition and physical activity, suggesting that modifications in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to physical performance of the host. Probiotics represent a potential means for beneficially influencing the gut microbiota composition/function but can also impact the overall health of the host. In this review, we provide an overview of the existing studies that have examined the reciprocal interactions between physical activity and gut microbiota. We further evaluate the clinical evidence that supports the effects of probiotics on physical performance, post-exercise recovery, and cognitive outcomes among athletes. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms of action through which probiotics affect exercise outcomes. In summary, beneficial microbes, including probiotics, may promote health in athletes and enhance physical performance and exercise capacity. Furthermore, high-quality clinical studies, with adequate power, remain necessary to uncover the roles that are played by gut microbiota populations and probiotics in physical performance and the modes of action behind their potential benefits.
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182
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Bielik V, Hric I, Baláž V, Penesová A, Vávrová S, Grones J, Bokor B, Budiš J, Bohmer M, Minárik G, Augustovičová D, Šoltys K. Gut Microbiota Diversity in Lean Athletes Is Associated with Positive Energy Balance. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020; 76:242-250. [PMID: 32894839 DOI: 10.1159/000509833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In contrast to obesity, little is known about the human lean phenotype associated with gut microbiota composition. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether the bacterial composition of lean athletes with a positive energy balance differs from the equal-calorie food group. METHODS Twenty-four male participants were included in this cross-sectional study: lean athletes with a positive energy balance (LA, n 12) and control group athletes (CTRLs, n 12). Nutritional data, resting and total energy expenditure, and body composition were determined. DNA was extracted from stool samples and subjected to 16S rRNA gene analysis. RESULTS We found 7 differentially abundant bacterial taxa between the LA and CTRL groups. Of those, 5 were significantly less abundant and 2 were enriched in the LA group. The following categories significantly associated with the community structure were identified: body fat parameters, BMI, energy intake and expenditure, oxygen consumption, and respiratory exchange ratio. CONCLUSIONS Although we are far from a detailed interpretation of lean human body maintenance, the primary findings of our study suggest that gut microbial composition may be a factor influencing the regulation of weight gain in lean athletes with a positive energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Bielik
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia ,
| | - Ivan Hric
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Baláž
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adela Penesová
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research Biomedical Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Vávrová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Grones
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Budiš
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Geneton Ltd., Bratislava, Slovakia.,Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Bohmer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Dušana Augustovičová
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Šoltys
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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183
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Bai J, Bruner DW, Fedirko V, Beitler JJ, Zhou C, Gu J, Zhao H, Lin IH, Chico CE, Higgins KA, Shin DM, Saba NF, Miller AH, Xiao C. Gut Microbiome Associated with the Psychoneurological Symptom Cluster in Patients with Head and Neck Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092531. [PMID: 32899975 PMCID: PMC7563252 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients experience a cluster of co-occurring psychoneurological symptoms (PNS) related to cancer treatments. The gut microbiome may affect severity of the PNS via neural, immune, and endocrine signaling pathways. However, the link between the gut microbiome and PNS has not been well investigated in cancer patients, including those with head and neck cancers (HNCs). This pilot study enrolled 13 patients with HNCs, who reported PNS using the Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAEs). Stool specimens were collected to analyze patients' gut microbiome. All data were collected pre- and post-radiation therapy (RT). Associations between the bacterial abundances and the PNS clusters were analyzed using the linear discriminant analysis effect size; functional pathway analyses of 16S rRNA V3-V4 bacterial communities were conducted using Tax4fun. The high PNS cluster had a greater decrease in microbial evenness than the low PNS cluster from pre- to post-RT. The high and low PNS clusters showed significant differences using weighted UniFrac distance. Those individuals with the high PNS cluster were more likely to have higher abundances in phylum Bacteroidetes, order Bacteroidales, class Bacteroidia, and four genera (Ruminiclostridium9, Tyzzerella, Eubacterium_fissicatena, and DTU089), while the low PNS cluster had higher abundances in family Acidaminococcaceae and three genera (Lactococcus, Phascolarctobacterium, and Desulfovibrio). Both glycan metabolism (Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis) and vitamin metabolism (folate biosynthesis and lipoic acid metabolism) were significantly different between the high and low PNS clusters pre- and post-RT. Our preliminary data suggest that the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiome play a potential role in developing PNS among cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbing Bai
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-727-2466
| | | | - Veronika Fedirko
- Rollins School of Public Health, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Jonathan J. Beitler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.J.B.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.Z.); (J.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jianlei Gu
- Department Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.Z.); (J.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.Z.); (J.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - I-Hsin Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10017, USA;
| | - Cynthia E. Chico
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.E.C.); (A.H.M.)
| | - Kristin A. Higgins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.J.B.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Dong M. Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.M.S.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Nabil F. Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.M.S.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Andrew H. Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.E.C.); (A.H.M.)
| | - Canhua Xiao
- School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06477, USA;
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184
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Pisanu S, Palmas V, Madau V, Casula E, Deledda A, Cusano R, Uva P, Vascellari S, Boi F, Loviselli A, Manzin A, Velluzzi F. Impact of a Moderately Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet on the Gut Microbiota Composition of Italian Obese Patients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092707. [PMID: 32899756 PMCID: PMC7551852 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that the gut microbiota (GM) can be modulated by diet, the efficacy of specific dietary interventions in determining its composition and diversity in obese patients remains to be ascertained. The present work aims to evaluate the impact of a moderately hypocaloric Mediterranean diet on the GM of obese and overweight patients (OB). The GM of 23 OB patients (F/M = 20/3) was compared before (T0) and after 3 months (T3) of nutritional intervention (NI). Fecal samples were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. At baseline, GM characterization confirmed typical obesity-associated dysbiosis. After 3 months of NI, patients presented a statistically significant reduction in body weight and fat mass, along with changes in the relative abundance of many microbial patterns. In fact, an increase in the abundance of several Bacteroidetes taxa (i.e., Sphingobacteriaceae, Sphingobacterium, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella stercorea) and a depletion of many Firmicutes taxa (i.e., Lachnospiraceae members, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus, Veillonellaceae, Catenibacterium, Megamonas) were observed. In addition, the phylum Proteobacteria showed an increased abundance, while the genus Sutterella, within the same phylum, decreased after the intervention. Metabolic pathways, predicted by bioinformatic analyses, showed a decrease in membrane transport and cell motility after NI. The present study extends our knowledge of the GM profiles in OB, highlighting the potential benefit of moderate caloric restriction in counteracting the gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (V.P.); (V.M.); (E.C.); (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Vanessa Palmas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (V.P.); (V.M.); (E.C.); (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Veronica Madau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (V.P.); (V.M.); (E.C.); (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Emanuela Casula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (V.P.); (V.M.); (E.C.); (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Deledda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.D.); (F.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Roberto Cusano
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, 09010 Cagliari, Italy; (R.C.); (P.U.)
| | - Paolo Uva
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Piscina Manna, Pula, 09010 Cagliari, Italy; (R.C.); (P.U.)
| | - Sarah Vascellari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (V.P.); (V.M.); (E.C.); (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesco Boi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.D.); (F.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Andrea Loviselli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.D.); (F.B.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-675-4268
| | - Aldo Manzin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.P.); (V.P.); (V.M.); (E.C.); (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Fernanda Velluzzi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.D.); (F.B.); (F.V.)
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185
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Delzenne NM, Rodriguez J, Olivares M, Neyrinck AM. Microbiome response to diet: focus on obesity and related diseases. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:369-380. [PMID: 32691288 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies in humans and animal models describe disturbances of the gut microbial ecosystem associated with adiposity and hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome, including hepatic and cardiovascular diseases. The manipulation of the microbiome, which is largely influenced by the diet, appears as an innovative therapeutic tool to prevent or control obesity and related diseases. This review describes the impact of nutrients on the gut microbiota composition and/or function and when available, the consequences on host physiology. A special emphasis is made on the contribution of bacterial-derived metabolites in the regulation of key gut functions that may explain their systemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julie Rodriguez
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marta Olivares
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Fart F, Rajan SK, Wall R, Rangel I, Ganda-Mall JP, Tingö L, Brummer RJ, Repsilber D, Schoultz I, Lindqvist CM. Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition between Senior Orienteering Athletes and Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092610. [PMID: 32867153 PMCID: PMC7551621 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) health is an important aspect of general health. Gastrointestinal symptoms are of specific importance for the elderly, an increasing group globally. Hence, promoting the elderly’s health and especially gastrointestinal health is important. Gut microbiota can influence gastrointestinal health by modulation of the immune system and the gut–brain axis. Diverse gut microbiota have been shown to be beneficial; however, for the elderly, the gut microbiota is often less diverse. Nutrition and physical activity, in particular, are two components that have been suggested to influence composition or diversity. Materials and Methods: In this study, we compared gut microbiota between two groups of elderly individuals: community-dwelling older adults and physically active senior orienteering athletes, where the latter group has less gastrointestinal symptoms and a reported better well-being. With this approach, we explored if certain gut microbiota were related to healthy ageing. The participant data and faecal samples were collected from these two groups and the microbiota was whole-genome sequenced and taxonomically classified with MetaPhlAn. Results: The physically active senior orienteers had a more homogeneous microbiota within the group and a higher abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii compared to the community-dwelling older adults. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has previously shown to have beneficial properties. Senior orienteers also had a lower abundance of Parasutterella excrementihominis and Bilophila unclassified, which have been associated with impaired GI health. We could not observe any difference between the groups in terms of Shannon diversity index. Interestingly, a subgroup of community-dwelling older adults showed an atypical microbiota profile as well as the parameters for gastrointestinal symptoms and well-being closer to senior orienteers. Conclusions: Our results suggest specific composition characteristics of healthy microbiota in the elderly, and show that certain components of nutrition as well as psychological distress are not as tightly connected with composition or diversity variation in faecal microbiota samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Fart
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Sukithar Kochappi Rajan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Rebecca Wall
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Ignacio Rangel
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - John Peter Ganda-Mall
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
- Laboratory of Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Tingö
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Robert J. Brummer
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Dirk Repsilber
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Ida Schoultz
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Carl Mårten Lindqvist
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.K.R.); (R.W.); (I.R.); (J.P.G.-M.); (L.T.); (R.J.B.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
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187
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Cyclophosphamide Increases Lactobacillus in the Intestinal Microbiota in Chickens. mSystems 2020; 5:5/4/e00080-20. [PMID: 32817382 PMCID: PMC7438020 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00080-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is a very intensive industry. Due to the substantial number of animals being raised by any one producer, even small variations in productivity lead to important economical outcomes. The intestinal microbiota of birds is under intense scrutiny by the immune system. Therefore, it is a factor that can influence the states of health and disease of the host. The body of knowledge on the interactions between these systems is gradually bringing practical guidance for poultry production. Recent data in humans indicate that immunosuppression is correlated with shifts in the intestinal microbiota. However, the relationship between immunosuppression and intestinal microbiota has not been studied in chickens. Thus, we investigated the correlations between immune cells and intestinal microbiota by massive parallel sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene in chickens immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. The results showed correlations between peripheral immune cells and intestinal microbiota. Surprisingly, an increase in the abundance of intestinal Lactobacillus in the immunosuppressed chickens was observed. These birds also had low intestinal IgA antibody levels among other alterations in the microbiota. These shifts indicate a role of the immunity system in controlling the microbiota of birds. IMPORTANCE Poultry production is a very intensive industry. Due to the substantial number of animals being raised by any one producer, even small variations in productivity lead to important economical outcomes. The intestinal microbiota of birds is under intense scrutiny by the immune system. Therefore, it is a factor that can influence the states of health and disease of the host. The body of knowledge on the interactions between these systems is gradually bringing practical guidance for poultry production.
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188
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Kraeuter AK, Phillips R, Sarnyai Z. The Gut Microbiome in Psychosis From Mice to Men: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:799. [PMID: 32903683 PMCID: PMC7438757 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is rapidly becoming the focus of interest as a possible factor involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia emphasizes the role of systemic components, including immune/inflammatory and metabolic processes, which are influenced by and interacting with the gut microbiome. Here we systematically review the current literature on the gut microbiome in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and in their animal models. We found that the gut microbiome is altered in psychosis compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, we identified potential factors related to psychosis, which may contribute to the gut microbiome alterations. However, further research is needed to establish the disease-specificity and potential causal relationships between changes of the microbiome and disease pathophysiology. This can open up the possibility of. manipulating the gut microbiome for improved symptom control and for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Kraeuter
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Riana Phillips
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Zoltán Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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189
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Genoni A, Christophersen CT, Lo J, Coghlan M, Boyce MC, Bird AR, Lyons-Wall P, Devine A. Long-term Paleolithic diet is associated with lower resistant starch intake, different gut microbiota composition and increased serum TMAO concentrations. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:1845-1858. [PMID: 31273523 PMCID: PMC7351840 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Paleolithic diet is promoted worldwide for improved gut health. However, there is little evidence available to support these claims, with existing literature examining anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between dietary intake, markers of colonic health, microbiota, and serum trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite associated with cardiovascular disease. DESIGN In a cross-sectional design, long-term (n = 44, > 1 year) self-reported followers of a Paleolithic diet (PD) and controls (n = 47) consuming a diet typical of national recommendations were recruited. Diets were assessed via 3-day weighed diet records; 48-h stool for short chain fatty acids using GC/MS, microbial composition via 16S rRNA sequencing of the V4 region using Illumina MiSeq. TMAO was quantified using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Participants were grouped according to PD adherence; namely excluding grains and dairy products. Strict Paleolithic (SP) (n = 22) and Pseudo-Paleolithic (PP) (n = 22) groups were formed. General linear modelling with age, gender, energy intake and body fat percentage as covariates assessed differences between groups. Intake of resistant starch was lower in both Paleolithic groups, compared to controls [2.62, 1.26 vs 4.48 g/day (P < 0.05)]; PERMANOVA analysis showed differences in microbiota composition (P < 0.05), with higher abundance of TMA-producer Hungatella in both Paleolithic groups (P < 0.001). TMAO was higher in SP compared to PP and control (P < 0.01), and inversely associated with whole grain intake (r = - 0.34, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Although the PD is promoted for improved gut health, results indicate long-term adherence is associated with different gut microbiota and increased TMAO. A variety of fiber components, including whole grain sources may be required to maintain gut and cardiovascular health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTRN12616001703493).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Genoni
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Claus T. Christophersen
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Johnny Lo
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Megan Coghlan
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia
- Forensic Biology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Mary C. Boyce
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Anthony R. Bird
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Philippa Lyons-Wall
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Amanda Devine
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
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Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082285. [PMID: 32751533 PMCID: PMC7468805 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous population increase of older adults with metabolic diseases may contribute to increased prevalence of sarcopenia and obesity and requires advocacy of optimal nutrition treatments to combat their deleterious outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity, characterized by age-induced skeletal-muscle atrophy and increased adiposity, may accelerate functional decline and increase the risk of disability and mortality. In this review, we explore the influence of dietary protein on the gut microbiome and its impact on sarcopenia and obesity. Given the associations between red meat proteins and altered gut microbiota, a combination of plant and animal-based proteins are deemed favorable for gut microbiota eubiosis and muscle-protein synthesis. Additionally, high-protein diets with elevated essential amino-acid concentrations, alongside increased dietary fiber intake, may promote gut microbiota eubiosis, given the metabolic effects derived from short-chain fatty-acid and branched-chain fatty-acid production. In conclusion, a greater abundance of specific gut bacteria associated with increased satiation, protein synthesis, and overall metabolic health may be driven by protein and fiber consumption. This could counteract the development of sarcopenia and obesity and, therefore, represent a novel approach for dietary recommendations based on the gut microbiota profile. However, more human trials utilizing advanced metabolomic techniques to investigate the microbiome and its relationship with macronutrient intake, especially protein, are warranted.
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191
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Altered Metabolome of Lipids and Amino Acids Species: A Source of Early Signature Biomarkers of T2DM. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072257. [PMID: 32708684 PMCID: PMC7409008 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a disease of modern civilization, is considered the major mainstay of mortalities around the globe. A great number of biochemical changes have been proposed to occur at metabolic levels between perturbed glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism to finally diagnoe diabetes mellitus. This window period, which varies from person to person, provides us with a unique opportunity for early detection, delaying, deferral and even prevention of diabetes. The early detection of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia is based upon the detection and identification of biomarkers originating from perturbed glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. The emerging “OMICS” technologies, such as metabolomics coupled with statistical and bioinformatics tools, proved to be quite useful to study changes in physiological and biochemical processes at the metabolic level prior to an eventual diagnosis of DM. Approximately 300–400 such metabolites have been reported in the literature and are considered as predicting or risk factor-reporting metabolic biomarkers for this metabolic disorder. Most of these metabolites belong to major classes of lipids, amino acids and glucose. Therefore, this review represents a snapshot of these perturbed plasma/serum/urinary metabolic biomarkers showing a significant correlation with the future onset of diabetes and providing a foundation for novel early diagnosis and monitoring the progress of metabolic syndrome at early symptomatic stages. As most metabolites also find their origin from gut microflora, metabolism and composition of gut microflora also vary between healthy and diabetic persons, so we also summarize the early changes in the gut microbiome which can be used for the early diagnosis of diabetes.
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192
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Fruit-Based Beverages Contain a Wide Range of Phytochemicals and Intervention Targets Should Account for the Individual Compounds Present and Their Availability. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070891. [PMID: 32645879 PMCID: PMC7404635 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits from micronutrients within fruit juice and smoothies are well documented, but fewer studies research the role of phytochemicals. Well-controlled human studies are essential to evaluate their impact, particularly on glucose and lipid regulation but also gastrointestinal health. Planning these studies requires data on the potential molecular targets. Here we report a comprehensive metabolomic (LC-MS) analysis of the phytochemical composition of four commonly consumed beverages, including data on whether they are free to be absorbed early in the gastrointestinal tract or bound to other plant components. Smoothies contained a wide range of phenolics (free and bound), whereas the fruit juices contained higher amounts of fewer compounds. Orange juice was rich in bound hesperidin (1.97 ± 0.39 mg/100 mL) and hydroxycinnamic acids, likely to be delivered to the colon with the potential to have an impact on gut health. Apple juice contained free chlorogenic acid (3.11 ± 1.03 mg/100 mL), phloridzin (0.40 ± 0.03 mg/100 mL), catechin (0.090 ± 0.005 mg/100 mL), and epicatechin (0.38 ± 0.02 mg/100 mL), suggesting potential roles in glucose uptake reduction or positive effects on systemic blood flow. Redox screening established that differences in chemical composition impacted on bioactivity, highlighting the importance of availability from the matrix. This suggests that fruit-based beverage interventions should target specific mechanisms depending on the fruits from which they are comprised and in particular, the availability of the individual constituents.
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A period of 10 weeks of increased protein consumption does not alter faecal microbiota or volatile metabolites in healthy older men: a randomised controlled trial. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e25. [PMID: 32742642 PMCID: PMC7372166 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet has a major influence on the composition and metabolic output of the gut microbiome. Higher-protein diets are often recommended for older consumers; however, the effect of high-protein diets on the gut microbiota and faecal volatile organic compounds (VOC) of elderly participants is unknown. The purpose of the study was to establish if the faecal microbiota composition and VOC in older men are different after a diet containing the recommended dietary intake (RDA) of protein compared with a diet containing twice the RDA (2RDA). Healthy males (74⋅2 (sd 3⋅6) years; n 28) were randomised to consume the RDA of protein (0⋅8 g protein/kg body weight per d) or 2RDA, for 10 weeks. Dietary protein was provided via whole foods rather than supplementation or fortification. The diets were matched for dietary fibre from fruit and vegetables. Faecal samples were collected pre- and post-intervention for microbiota profiling by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing and VOC analysis by head space/solid-phase microextraction/GC-MS. After correcting for multiple comparisons, no significant differences in the abundance of faecal microbiota or VOC associated with protein fermentation were evident between the RDA and 2RDA diets. Therefore, in the present study, a twofold difference in dietary protein intake did not alter gut microbiota or VOC indicative of altered protein fermentation.
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194
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Johnstone AM, Kelly J, Ryan S, Romero-Gonzalez R, McKinnon H, Fyfe C, Naslund E, Lopez-Nicolas R, Bosscher D, Bonnema A, Frontela-Saseta C, Ros-Berruezo G, Horgan G, Ze X, Harrold J, Halford J, Gratz SW, Duncan SH, Shirazi-Beechey S, Flint HJ. Nondigestible Carbohydrates Affect Metabolic Health and Gut Microbiota in Overweight Adults after Weight Loss. J Nutr 2020; 150:1859-1870. [PMID: 32510158 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of diets consumed following weight loss (WL) can have a significant impact on satiety and metabolic health. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to test the effects of including a nondigestible carbohydrate to achieve weight maintenance (WM) following a period of WL. METHODS Nineteen volunteers [11 females and 8 males, aged 20-62 y; BMI (kg/m2): 27-42] consumed a 3-d maintenance diet (15%:30%:55%), followed by a 21-d WL diet (WL; 30%:30%:40%), followed by 2 randomized 10-d WM diets (20%:30%:50% of energy from protein:fat:carbohydrate) containing either resistant starch type 3 (RS-WM; 22 or 26 g/d for females and males, respectively) or no RS (C-WM) in a within-subject crossover design without washout periods. The primary outcome, WM after WL, was analyzed by body weight. Secondary outcomes of fecal microbiota composition and microbial metabolite concentrations and gut hormones were analyzed in fecal samples and blood plasma, respectively. All outcomes were assessed at the end of each dietary period. RESULTS Body weight was similar after the RS-WM and C-WM diets (90.7 and 90.8 kg, respectively), with no difference in subjectively rated appetite. During the WL diet period plasma ghrelin increased by 36% (P < 0.001), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) decreased by 33% (P < 0.001), and insulin decreased by 46% (P < 0.001), but no significant differences were observed during the RS-WM and C-WM diet periods. Fasting blood glucose was lower after the RS-WM diet (5.59 ± 0.31 mmol/L) than after the C-WM diet [5.75 ± 0.49 mmol/L; P = 0.015; standard error of the difference between the means (SED): 0.09]. Dietary treatments influenced the fecal microbiota composition (R2 = 0.054, P = 0.031) but not diversity. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic benefits, for overweight adults, from WL were maintained through a subsequent WM diet with higher total carbohydrate intake. Inclusion of resistant starch in the WM diet altered gut microbiota composition positively and resulted in lower fasting glucose compared with the control, with no apparent change in appetite. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01724411.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Ryan
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hannah McKinnon
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Fyfe
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruben Lopez-Nicolas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Frontela-Saseta
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gaspar Ros-Berruezo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Graham Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Harrold
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Halford
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia W Gratz
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia H Duncan
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Soraya Shirazi-Beechey
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Harry J Flint
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
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Starke R, Oliphant K, Jehmlich N, Schäpe SS, Sachsenberg T, Kohlbacher O, Allen-Vercoe E, von Bergen M. Tracing incorporation of heavy water into proteins for species-specific metabolic activity in complex communities. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103791. [PMID: 32335296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope probing (SIP) approaches are a suitable tool to identify active organisms in bacterial communities, but adding isotopically labeled substrate can alter both the structure and the functionality of the community. Here, we validated and demonstrated a substrate-independent protein-SIP protocol using isotopically labeled water that captures the entire microbial activity of a community. We found that 18O yielded a higher incorporation rate into peptides and thus comprised a higher sensitivity. We then applied the method to an in vitro model of a human distal gut microbial ecosystem grown in two medium formulations, to evaluate changes in microbial activity between a high-fiber and high-protein diet. We showed that only little changes are seen in the community structure but the functionality varied between the diets. In conclusion, our approach can detect species-specific metabolic activity in complex bacterial communities and more specifically to quantify the amount of amino acid synthesis. Heavy water makes possible to analyze the activity of bacterial communities for which adding an isotopically labeled energy and nutrient sources is not easily feasible. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy stable isotopes allow for the detection of active key players in complex ecosystems where many organisms are thought to be dormant. Opposed to the labelling with energy or nutrient sources, heavy water could be a suitable replacement to trace activity, which has been shown for DNA and RNA. Here we validate, quantify and compare the incorporation of heavy water either labeled with deuterium or 18‑oxygen into proteins of Escherichia coli K12 and of an in vitro model of a human gut microbial ecosystem. The significance of our research is in providing a freely available pipeline to analyze the incorporation of deuterium and 18‑oxygen into proteins together with the validation of the applicability of tracing heavy water as a proxy for activity. Our approach unveils the relative functional contribution of microbiota in complex ecosystems, which will improve our understanding of both animal- and environment-associated microbiomes and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Starke
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kaitlyn Oliphant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Serena Schäpe
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Timo Sachsenberg
- Applied Bioinformatics, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kohlbacher
- Applied Bioinformatics, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Germany; Biomolecular Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Translational Bioinformatics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Shah BR, Li B, Al Sabbah H, Xu W, Mráz J. Effects of prebiotic dietary fibers and probiotics on human health: With special focus on recent advancement in their encapsulated formulations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 102:178-192. [PMID: 32834500 PMCID: PMC7309926 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Dietary fibers (DFs) are known as potential formulations in human health due to their beneficial effects in control of life-threatening chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, obesity and cancer. In recent decades scientists around the globe have shown tremendous interest to evaluate the interplay between DFs and gastrointestinal (GIT) microbiota. Evidences from various epidemiological and clinical trials have revealed that DFs modulate formation and metabolic activities of the microbial communities residing in the human GIT which in turn play significant roles in maintaining health and well-being. Furthermore, interestingly, a rapidly growing literature indicates success of DFs being prebiotics in immunomodulation, namely the stimulation of innate, cellular and humoral immune response, which could also be linked with their significant roles in modulation of the probiotics (live beneficial microorganisms). Scope and approach The main focus of the current review is to expressively highlight the importance of DFs being prebiotics in human health in association with their influence on gut microbiota. Now in order to significantly achieve the promising health benefits from these prebiotics, it is aimed to develop novel formulations to enhance and scale up their efficacy. Therefore, finally, herein unlike previously published articles, we highlighted different kinds of prebiotic and probiotic formulations which are being regarded as hot research topics among the scientific community now a days. Conclusion The information in this article will specifically provide a platform for the development of novel functional foods the demands for which has risen drastically in recent years.
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Key Words
- CS, chitosan
- Dietary fiber
- Encapsulation
- FOS, Fructooligosaccharide
- Formulations
- GIT, Gastro intestinal tract
- GO, gum odina
- Gut micro-biota
- Human health
- In, Inulin
- MD, maltodextrin
- OL, oligofructose
- OSA, octenyl-succinic anhydride
- PS, potato starch
- PSY, plantago psyllium
- Prebiotics
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakht Ramin Shah
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, Na Sádkách 1780, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haleama Al Sabbah
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jan Mráz
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, Na Sádkách 1780, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Increasing the Hindgut Carbohydrate/Protein Ratio by Cecal Infusion of Corn Starch or Casein Hydrolysate Drives Gut Microbiota-Related Bile Acid Metabolism To Stimulate Colonic Barrier Function. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00176-20. [PMID: 32487741 PMCID: PMC8534727 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00176-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary high protein and low carbohydrate levels compromise colonic microbiota and bile acid metabolism, which underlies a detrimental gut environment. However, it remains unclear if the diet-induced changes in colonic health are due to a change in hindgut nutrient availability and what key intermediates link the microbe-epithelium dialogue. To specifically alter the hindgut nutrient substrate availability, here we used a cecally cannulated pig model to infuse corn starch and casein hydrolysate directly into the cecum to generate a stepwise change of carbohydrate/nitrogenous compound (C/N) ratio. Pigs were cecally infused daily with either saline (Control), corn starch (Starch), or casein hydrolysate (Casein) (n = 8 per group), respectively, for 19 days. After infusion, C/N ratios in colonic digesta were 16.33, 12.56, and 8.54 for the starch, control, and casein groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Relative to the control group, casein infusion showed greater abundance of the bacteria (Eubacterium) capable of bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation (baiJ), higher levels of expression of bacterial genes encoding the baiJ enzyme, and higher levels of secondary bile acid (deoxycholic acid [DCA] and lithocholic acid [LCA]), while the starch infusion showed the opposite effect. Correspondingly, casein infusion downregulated expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and OCLD) and upregulated expression of genes encoding epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The ratio of C/N was linearly related with the concentrations of DCA and LCA and gene expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, and EGFR. Caco-2 cell experiments further showed that DCA and LCA downregulated expression of genes involved in barrier function (ZO-1 and OCLD) and upregulated the gene expression of EGFR and Src. Inhibition of EGFR and Src could abolish DCA- and LCA-induced downregulation of ZO-1, indicating that DCA and LCA impair gut barrier function via enhancing the EGFR-Src pathway. These results suggest that the ratio of C/N in the large intestine is an important determinant of microbial metabolism and gut barrier function in the colon. The findings provide evidence that microbe-related secondary bile acid metabolism may mediate the interplay between microbes and gut barrier function. IMPORTANCE High-fiber or high-protein diets could alter gut microbiota and health in the large intestine, but factors involved in the effects remain unclear. The present study for the first time demonstrates that the starch- and casein-induced C/N ratio in the hindgut is an important factor. Using the cannulated pig model, we found that the distinct C/N ratio induced by cecal infusion of corn starch or casein hydrolysate was linearly correlated with microbial metabolites (secondary bile acids) and tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and OCLD). Cell culture study further demonstrates that the gut microbial metabolites (DCA and LCA) could impair the intestinal barrier function via the EGFR-Src pathway. These suggest that DCA and LCA were key metabolites mediating microbe-epithelium dialogue when the hindgut C/N ratios were altered by cecal infusion of corn starch or casein hydrolysate. These findings provide new insight into the impact of C/N ratio in the large intestine on colonic health and provide a new framework for therapeutic strategy in gut health through targeted manipulation of hindgut microbiota by increasing the carbohydrate level in the large intestine.
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198
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Spiro
- British Nutrition Foundation London UK
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199
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San-Cristobal R, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez-González MÁ, Ordovas JM, Martínez JA. Contribution of macronutrients to obesity: implications for precision nutrition. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:305-320. [PMID: 32235875 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The specific metabolic contribution of consuming different energy-yielding macronutrients (namely, carbohydrates, protein and lipids) to obesity is a matter of active debate. In this Review, we summarize the current research concerning associations between the intake of different macronutrients and weight gain and adiposity. We discuss insights into possible differential mechanistic pathways where macronutrients might act on either appetite or adipogenesis to cause weight gain. We also explore the role of dietary macronutrient distribution on thermogenesis or energy expenditure for weight loss and maintenance. On the basis of the data discussed, we describe a novel way to manage excessive body weight; namely, prescribing personalized diets with different macronutrient compositions according to the individual's genotype and/or enterotype. In this context, the interplay of macronutrient consumption with obesity incidence involves mechanisms that affect appetite, thermogenesis and metabolism, and the outcomes of these mechanisms are altered by an individual's genotype and microbiota. Indeed, the interactions of the genetic make-up and/or microbiota features of a person with specific macronutrient intakes or dietary pattern consumption help to explain individualized responses to macronutrients and food patterns, which might represent key factors for comprehensive precision nutrition recommendations and personalized obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo San-Cristobal
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain.
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José María Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Nutritional Genomics of Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity Fundation IMDEA Food, Campus of International Excellence, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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Dietary Fibres Differentially Impact on the Production of Phenolic Acids from Rutin in an In Vitro Fermentation Model of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061577. [PMID: 32481553 PMCID: PMC7352394 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are often ingested alongside dietary fibres. They are both catabolised by, and may influence, the intestinal microbiota; yet, interactions between them and the impact on their resultant microbial products are poorly understood. Dietary fibres (inulin, pectin, psyllium, pyrodextrin, wheat bran, cellulose—three doses) were fermented in vitro with human faeces (n = 10) with and without rutin (20 µg/mL), a common dietary flavonol glycoside. Twenty-eight phenolic metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured over 24 h. Several phenolic metabolites were produced during fibre fermentation, without rutin. With rutin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4diOHPAA), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3OHPAA), 3-(3 hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3OHPPA) and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3,4diOHPPA; DOPAC) were produced, with 3,4diOHPAA the most abundant, confirmed by fermentation of 13C labelled quercetin. The addition of inulin, wheat bran or pyrodextrin increased 3,4diOHPAA 2 2.5-fold over 24 h (p < 0.05). Rutin affected SCFA production, but this depended on fibre, fibre concentration and timepoint. With inulin, rutin increased pH at 6 h from 4.9 to 5.6 (p = 0.01) but increased propionic, butyric and isovaleric acid (1.9, 1.6 and 5-fold, p < 0.05 at 24 h). Interactions between fibre and phenolics modify production of phenolic acids and SCFA and may be key in enhancing health benefits.
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