201
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Wang Z, Yin ZT, Zhang F, Li XQ, Chen SR, Yang N, Porter TE, Hou Z. Dynamics of transcriptome changes during subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation in ducks. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:688. [PMID: 31477016 PMCID: PMC6720933 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pekin duck is an important animal model for its ability for fat synthesis and deposition. However, transcriptional dynamic regulation of adipose differentiation driven by complex signal cascades remains largely unexplored in this model. This study aimed to explore adipogenic transcriptional dynamics before (proliferation) and after (differentiation) initial preadipocyte differentiation in ducks. RESULTS Exogenous oleic acid alone successfully induced duck subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation. We explored 36 mRNA-seq libraries in order to study transcriptome dynamics during proliferation and differentiation processes at 6 time points. Using robust statistical analysis, we identified 845, 652, 359, 2401 and 1933 genes differentially expressed between -48 h and 0 h, 0 h and 12 h, 12 h and 24 h, 24 h and 48 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively (FDR < 0.05, FC > 1.5). At the proliferation stage, proliferation related pathways and basic cellular and metabolic processes were inhibited, while regulatory factors that initiate differentiation enter the ready-to-activate state, which provides a precondition for initiating adipose differentiation. According to weighted gene co-expression network analysis, pathways positively related to adipogenic differentiation are significantly activated at the differentiation stage, while WNT, FOXO and other pathways that inhibit preadipocyte differentiation are negatively regulated. Moreover, we identified and classified more than 100 transcription factors that showed significant changes during differentiation, and found novel transcription factors that were not reported to be related to preadipoctye differentiation. Finally, we manually assembled a proposed regulation network model of subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation base on the expression data, and suggested that E2F1 may serve as an important link between the processes of duck subcutaneous preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS For the first time we comprehensively analyzed the transcriptome dynamics of duck subcutaneous preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. The current study provides a solid basis for understanding the synthesis and deposition of subcutaneous fat in ducks. Furthermore, the information generated will allow future investigations of specific genes involved in particular stages of duck adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhong-Tao Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si-Rui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tom E Porter
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhuocheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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202
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Li C, Chen H, Chen X, Li Y, Hua P, Wei J, Song C, Gu Q, Zhou H, Zhang J, Xu J. Discovery of tissue selective liver X receptor agonists for the treatment of atherosclerosis without causing hepatic lipogenesis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111647. [PMID: 31499362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liver X Receptor (LXR) is a potential drug target for atherosclerosis. One of the major challenges in taking LXR modulators to the clinic is steatosis. It was reported that sterol LXR agonists selectively activate LXR in the intestine and macrophage cells rather than in the liver. We hypothesize that sterol LXR agonists may selectively inhibit atherosclerosis without causing hepatic lipogenesis. Thus, based on LXR structure, 12 sterol compounds were designed and tested in a dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment. It was confirmed that compounds 4 and 6 were LXR agonists. Further experiments demonstrated that compounds 4 and 6 inhibit the formation of macrophage foam cells without inducing triglyceride accumulation in either hepatocytes or adipocytes. In vivo studies demonstrated that compound 4 promotes reverse cholesterol transport without inducing hepatic lipogenesis. Thus, we report that these compounds with sterol scaffolds can be promising leads for the treatment of atherosclerosis without inducing steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinying Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanwen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pei Hua
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junkang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ching Song
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiong Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huihao Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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203
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Huang J, Wang S, Feng X, Liu X, Zhao J, Zheng Q, Wei X, Ma Y. miRNA transcriptome comparison between muscle and adipose tissues indicates potential miRNAs associated with intramuscular fat in Chinese swamp buffalo. Genome 2019; 62:729-738. [PMID: 31398299 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amount of intramuscular fat (IMF) affects the tenderness and juiciness of beef and is an important indicator of beef quality. A few miRNAs involved in IMF deposition have been identified in other livestock. However, in the buffalo, the association between miRNA and IMF has not been reported and the miRNA expression profile remains poorly understood. In this study, small RNA sequencing was performed to characterize the miRNA expression pattern in muscle and adipose tissues using the Illumina platform. A total of 108 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified, including 98 known miRNAs and 10 novel miRNAs. A qRT-PCR experiment confirmed the quality of the DE analysis. Eight DE miRNAs showed high expression in adipose tissue and a considerable expression level in muscle tissue. Functional enrichment indicated that bta-miR-148a, bta-miR-143, bta-miR-10b, bta-let-7i, bta-let-7f, bta-let-7b, bta-miR-30a-5p, and bta-miR-100 were significantly associated with adipogenesis, suggesting these as candidate regulators for IMF deposition in buffalo. However, further functional validation is required. This is the first characterization of the miRNA expression profile in the muscle and adipose tissues of buffalo. These results provide information for the identification of miRNAs with potential effects on IMF deposition in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Xue Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Qiuzhi Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Yun Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China.,School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
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204
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Liou CJ, Dai YW, Wang CL, Fang LW, Huang WC. Maslinic acid protects against obesity-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice through regulation of the Sirt1/AMPK signaling pathway. FASEB J 2019; 33:11791-11803. [PMID: 31361524 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900413rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is distributed in the peel of olives. Previous studies found that maslinic acid inhibited inflammatory response and antioxidant effects. We investigated whether maslinic acid ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity and evaluated the regulation of lipogenesis in hepatocytes. Male C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet or HFD (60% fat, w/w) were tested for 16 wk. After the fourth week, mice were injected intraperitoneally with maslinic acid for 12 wk. In another experiment, HepG2 cells were treated with oleic acid to induce lipid accumulation or maslinic acid to evaluate lipogenesis. Maslinic acid significantly reduced body weight compared with HFD-fed mice. Maslinic acid reduced liver weight and liver lipid accumulation and improved hepatocyte steatosis. Furthermore, serum glucose, leptin, and free fatty acid concentrations significantly reduced, but the serum adiponectin concentration was higher, in the maslinic acid group than in the HFD group. In liver tissue, maslinic acid suppressed transcription factors involved in lipogenesis and increased adipose triglyceride lipase. In vitro, maslinic acid decreased lipogenesis by activating AMPK. These findings suggest that maslinic acid acts against hepatic steatosis by regulating enzyme activity involved in lipogenesis, lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation in the liver.-Liou, C.-J., Dai, Y.-W., Wang, C.-L., Fang, L.-W., Huang, W.-C. Maslinic acid protects against obesity-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice through regulation of the Sirt1/AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian-Jiun Liou
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Dai
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Fang
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Huang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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205
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Fan Z, Li N, Xu Z, Wu J, Fan X, Xu Y. An interaction between MKL1, BRG1, and C/EBPβ mediates palmitate induced CRP transcription in hepatocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194412. [PMID: 31356989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most predominant disorders in metabolic syndrome. Induction of pro-inflammatory mediators in hepatocytes exposed to free fatty acids represents a hallmark event during NASH pathogenesis. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a prototypical pro-inflammatory mediator. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which megakaryocytic leukemia 1 (MKL1) mediates palmitate (PA) induced CRP transcription in hepatocytes. We report that over-expression of MKL1, but not MKL2, activated the CRP promoter whereas depletion or inhibition of MKL1 repressed the CRP promoter. MKL1 potentiated the induction of the CRP promoter activity by PA treatment. Importantly, MKL1 knockdown by siRNA or pharmaceutical inhibition by CCG-1423 attenuated the induction of endogenous CRP expression in hepatocytes. Similarly, primary hepatocytes isolated from wild type (WT) mice produced more CRP than those isolated from MKL1 deficient (KO) mice when stimulated with PA. Mechanistically, the sequence-specific transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ) interacted with MKL1 and recruited MKL1 to activate CRP transcription. Reciprocally, MKL1 modulated C/EBPβ activity by recruiting the chromatin remodeling protein BRG1 to the CRP promoter to alter histone modifications. In conclusion, our data delineate a novel epigenetic mechanism underlying augmented hepatic inflammation during NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangshan Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
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206
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Jiang T, Shi X, Yan Z, Wang X, Gun S. Isoimperatorin enhances 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation by regulating PPARγ and C/EBPα through the Akt signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2160-2166. [PMID: 31452707 PMCID: PMC6704585 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophic patients have an adipose tissue triglyceride storage defect that causes ectopic lipid accumulation, leading to severe insulin resistance. The present study investigated the potential role of isoimperatorin on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. mRNA and protein levels of differentiation- and lipid accumulation-associated genes, as well as the adipogenesis-related signaling pathway were analyzed in control and isoimperatorin-treated differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Results determined that isoimperatorin promoted 3T3-L1 fibroblast adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner compared with standard differentiation inducers. Isoimperatorin significantly increased mRNA and protein expression of the crucial adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα). mRNA expression of the downstream adipogenesis-related genes sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c, adipocyte protein 2, fatty acid synthase, adiponectin and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 were also significantly increased following isoimperatorin treatment. The underlying mechanism likely involved activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, the present findings indicated that isoimperatorin may alter PPARγ and C/EBPα expression via the Akt signaling pathway, resulting in promotion of adipogenesis. The results highlighted the potential use of isoimperatorin as a therapeutic agent for preventing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantuan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China.,Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China.,Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
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207
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Zhang X, Liu L, Dou C, Cheng P, Liu L, Liu H, Ren S, Wang C, Jia S, Chen L, Zhang H, Chen M. PPAR Gamma-Regulated MicroRNA 199a-5p Underlies Bone Marrow Adiposity in Aplastic Anemia. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:678-687. [PMID: 31400610 PMCID: PMC6700432 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased propensity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) toward adipogenic differentiation has been implicated in the fatty bone marrow and defective hematopoiesis of aplastic anemia (AA). However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be investigated. In this study, we found that microRNA 199a-5p (miR-199a-5p) exhibits significantly higher expression in AA BM-MSCs compared with the normal control and is demonstrated to facilitate adipogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs through lentivirus-mediated miR-199a overexpression. Mechanistic investigation reveals that miR-199a-5p could be regulated by PPAR gamma (PPARγ) in a transcription-independent manner and regulates adipogenic differentiation by targeting the expression of transforming growth factor beta induced (TGFBI), which is subsequently validated as a negative regulator of adipogenesis. Besides, the positive correlation between PPARγ and miR-199a-5p expression as well as the inverse relationship between miR-199a-5p and TGFBI expression in normal and AA BM-MSCs was observed. Altogether, our work demonstrates that PPARγ-regulated miR-199a-5p promotes adipogenesis of BM-MSCs by inhibiting TGFBI expression, which might be a novel mechanism underlying the bone marrow adiposity in AA, and provides promising therapeutic targets for AA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianning Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cuiyun Dou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Panpan Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haihui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Saisai Ren
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shu Jia
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Graduate School, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Mingtai Chen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China.
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208
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P311, a novel intrinsically disordered protein, regulates adipocyte development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:234-240. [PMID: 31146912 PMCID: PMC6561663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte development and adipose tissue expansion have many implications for human diseases, including obesity. Obesity is a debilitating disorder and a risk factor for metabolic disorders including insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, due in part to an overabundance of adipocytes and adipocyte dysfunction. In recent years, obesity has become a global pandemic with approximately one-third of US adults classified as obese. Adipose tissue has recently been identified as a major metabolic organ, classified into white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Other than lifestyle modifications and invasive surgeries, only a very limited number of drugs are available to treat obesity and overweight. P311 has been shown to play a key role in blood pressure regulation, vascular contractility and tissue remodeling. Here we present a role for P311 in adipogenesis using a 3T3-L1 cell culture model. P311 expression is initiated with the induction of adipogenesis and increased during adipogenesis. This increase correlates with an increase in the expression of the key adipogenic transcriptional factors PPARγ2 and C/EBPα. In addition, siRNA-mediated P311 knockdown inhibits adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Finally, P311 binds to the PPARγ2 promoter, implicating P311 mediates adipogenesis partly through PPARγ activation.
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209
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Huang J, Zhao J, Zheng Q, Wang S, Wei X, Li F, Shang J, Lei C, Ma Y. Characterization of Circular RNAs in Chinese Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) Adipose Tissue: A Focus on Circular RNAs Involved in Fat Deposition. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E403. [PMID: 31266200 PMCID: PMC6680660 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as a novel type of regulators involved in multiple biological processes. However, circRNAs with a potential function in fat deposition in buffalo are poorly understood. In this study, six RNA libraries of adipose tissue were constructed for three young and three adult Chinese buffaloes with paired-ends RNA sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq 3000 platform. A total of 5141 circRNAs were computationally identified. Among them, 252 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) between the young and adult buffaloes. Of these, 54 were upregulated and 198 were downregulated in the adult group. Eight DE circRNAs were further identified by quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Co-expression analysis revealed that 34 circRNAs demonstrated a strong correlation with fat deposition-associated genes (|r| > 0.980). Among these, expressional correlation between two circRNAs (19:45387150|45389986 and 21:6969877|69753491) and PR/SET domain 16 was further verified using qRT-PCR, and a strong correlation was revealed (1 > |r| > 0.8). These results strongly suggest that circRNAs 19:45387150|45389986 and 21:6969877|69753491 are potential regulators of buffalo fat deposition. In summary, this study characterized the circRNA profiles of adipose tissues at different stages for the first time and revealed two circRNAs strongly correlated with fat deposition-associated genes, which provided new candidate regulators for fat deposition in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Qiuzhi Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Fen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Jianghua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China.
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210
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Wang Z, Dai Z, Luo Z, Zuo C. Identification of Pyrvinium, an Anthelmintic Drug, as a Novel Anti-Adipogenic Compound Based on the Gene Expression Microarray and Connectivity Map. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132391. [PMID: 31261664 PMCID: PMC6650900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a serious health problem, while the current anti-obesity drugs are not very effective. The Connectivity Map (C-Map), an in-silico drug screening approach based on gene expression profiles, has recently been indicated as a promising strategy for drug repositioning. In this study, we performed mRNA expression profile analysis using microarray technology and identified 435 differentially expressed genes (DEG) during adipogenesis in both C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Then, DEG signature was uploaded into C-Map, and using pattern-matching methods we discovered that pyrvinium, a classical anthelminthic, is a novel anti-adipogenic differentiation agent. Pyrvinium suppressed adipogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by Oil Red O staining and the mRNA levels of adipogenic markers. Furthermore, we identified that the inhibitory effect of pyrvinium was resulted primarily from the early stage of adipogenesis. Molecular studies showed that pyrvinium downregulated the expression of key transcription factors C/EBPa and PPARγ. The mRNA levels of notch target genes Hes1 and Hey1 were obviously reduced after pyrvinium treatment. Taken together, this study identified many differentially expressed genes involved in adipogenesis and demonstrated for the first time that pyrvinium is a novel anti-adipogenic compound for obesity therapy. Meanwhile, we provided a new strategy to explore potential anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonggui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Dai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhicong Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Changqing Zuo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China.
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211
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Protective Effects of Licochalcone A Ameliorates Obesity and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Via Promotion of the Sirt-1/AMPK Pathway in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050447. [PMID: 31083505 PMCID: PMC6562591 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Licochalcone A is a chalcone isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. It showed anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties in mice with acute lung injuries and regulated lipid metabolism through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. However, the effects of licochalcone A on reducing weight gain and improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are unclear. Thus, the present study investigated whether licochalcone A ameliorated weight loss and lipid metabolism in the liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFD to induce obesity and NAFLD, and then were injected intraperitoneally with licochalcone A. In another experiment, a fatty liver cell model was established by incubating HepG2 hepatocytes with oleic acid and treating the cells with licochalcone A to evaluate lipid metabolism. Our results demonstrated that HFD-induced obese mice treated with licochalcone A had decreased body weight as well as inguinal and epididymal adipose tissue weights compared with HFD-treated mice. Licochalcone A also ameliorated hepatocyte steatosis and decreased liver tissue weight and lipid droplet accumulation in liver tissue. We also found that licochalcone A significantly regulated serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and free fatty acids, and decreased the fasting blood glucose value. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro, licochalcone A significantly decreased expression of the transcription factor of lipogenesis and fatty acid synthase. Licochalcone A activated the sirt-1/AMPK pathway to reduce fatty acid chain synthesis and increased lipolysis and β-oxidation in hepatocytes. Licochalcone A can potentially ameliorate obesity and NAFLD in mice via activation of the sirt1/AMPK pathway.
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212
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Xing Y, Zhang J, Wei H, Zhang H, Guan Y, Wang X, Tong X. Reduction of the PI3K/Akt related signaling activities in skeletal muscle tissues involves insulin resistance in intrauterine growth restriction rats with catch-up growth. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216665. [PMID: 31071176 PMCID: PMC6508867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) are prone to insulin resistance, whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated if the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in skeletal muscle tissues involves insulin resistance in IUGR offsprings, particularly ones with catch-up growth. An IUGR rat model was established by feeding rats an isocaloric (30.50 Kcal/g) diet containing 8% protein (low-protein diet) from day 1 of pregnancy until the birth of their pups. Glucometabolic parameters were measured and compared. Quantitative PCR and western blot were performed to assess mRNA and protein expression changes of the PI3K/Akt related signals in skeletal muscle tissues. Pearson analysis was used to assess the correlation of the PI3K/Akt signaling level and catch-up growth with the insulin resistance index (IRI). The values of fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin and IRI were significantly higher, whereas insulin sensitivity index was significantly lower in IUGR offsprings than those in the controls. The PI3K mRNA and protein levels as well as the phospho-AktSer473 levels were significantly lower in IUGR offsprings compared to the controls. Reductions of GLUT4 as well as increases of PTEN and nuclear fractional PPARγ were detected in IUGR offsprings. Catch-up growth IUGR rats were positively correlated with insulin resistance and underwent more remarkable alterations of the PI3K, PTEN and GLUT4 expressions. Our results demonstrated that rats born IUGR developed insulin resistance later in life, which was likely mediated by reductions of the PI3K/Akt related signaling activities, particularly in those with excess catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of pediatrics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Guan
- Department of Pulmonary, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (XT)
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (XT)
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213
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Wan Z, Chen X, Gao X, Dong Y, Zhao Y, Wei M, Fan W, Yang G, Liu L. Chronic myeloid leukemia-derived exosomes attenuate adipogenesis of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells via transporting miR-92a-3p. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21274-21283. [PMID: 31062357 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) has tremendous effects on the patient's tolerance to chemotherapy and the quality of life, especially in the advanced stages, such as the acute and terminal stages of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, the underlying mechanisms and mediators remain unclear. Here, we showed that mice injected with CML-derived exosomes had significant weight loss and great drop of body fat rate. In the meanwhile, we found that CML-derived exosomes could be taken up by adipose tissue, and, in turn, suppressed the adipogenic ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). By RNA sequencing, miR-92a-3p was found highly expressed in both CML cells and the derivative exosomes. Mechanistically, miR-92a-3p inhibited adipogenesis of ADSCs via posttranscriptionally decreasing C/EBPα expression when transferred into the ADSCs with the exosomes, and encapsulating miR-92a-3p inhibitor into CML exosomes blocked the antiadipogenic effects of CML exosomes. In addition, we also found that miR-92a-3p was highly expressed in exosomes from some other types of cancers that cause cachexia. These results demonstrate that adipogenesis inhibition by tumor-derived exosomes, mainly exosomal microRNAs like miR-92a-3p, are the main mediators for CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xutao Chen
- Department of Implantation, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Fan
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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214
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Li K, Wu Y, Yang H, Hong P, Fang X, Hu Y. H19/miR-30a/C8orf4 axis modulates the adipogenic differentiation process in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20925-20934. [PMID: 31026067 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adipogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) is a critical issue in many obesity-related disorders. Cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine (CCAAT) enhancer binding protein α (CEBP-α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ are two important lipogenic and adipogenic transcription factors and markers in adipogenic differentiation. Noncoding RNAs participate in adipogenic differentiation. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 is related to multiple cellular differentiation, including adipogenic differentiation; however, its function and precise molecular mechanism in human ADSCs (hADSCs) adipogenic differentiation are unclear. microRNAs that were differentially expressed in adipogenic differentiation and could be targeted by H19 were screened and selected; the regulation and interaction between H19 and miR-30a were verified. The interaction between miR-30a and predicted downstream target C8orf4 was validated. The dynamic effects of H19 and miR-30a on C8orf4 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and protein and adipogenic differentiation were evaluated. miR-30a negatively regulated H19 with each other through direct binding. As predicted by TargetScan and verified using luciferase reporter gene assays, miR-30a directly bound to the 3'-untranslated region of C8orf4 to inhibit its expression; H19 knockdown suppressed while miR-30a inhibition promoted the mRNA expression and the protein levels of C8orf4 and adipogenic differentiation; the effect of H19 knockdown could be partially reversed by miR-30a inhibition. The lncRNA H19 serves as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-30a to augment miR-30a downstream target C8orf4, therefore modulating adipogenic differentiation in hADSCs. From the perspective of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulation, we provided a novel regulatory mechanism of hADSCs adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengyu Hong
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaodan Fang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanjia Hu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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215
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Yu WG, He Y, Chen YF, Gao XY, Ning WE, Liu CY, Tang TF, Liu Q, Huang XC. Fumigaclavine C attenuates adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and ameliorates lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 23:161-169. [PMID: 31080347 PMCID: PMC6488706 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2019.23.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fumigaclavine C (FC), an active indole alkaloid, is obtained from endophytic Aspergillus terreus (strain No. FC118) by the root of Rhizophora stylosa (Rhizophoraceae). This study is designed to evaluate whether FC has anti-adipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and whether it ameliorates lipid accumulation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. FC notably increased the levels of glycerol in the culture supernatants and markedly reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FC differentially inhibited the expressions of adipogenesis-related genes, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor proteins, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. FC markedly reduced the expressions of lipid synthesis-related genes, such as the fatty acid binding protein, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid synthase. Furthermore, FC significantly increased the expressions of lipolysis-related genes, such as the hormone-sensitive lipase, Aquaporin-7, and adipose triglyceride lipase. In HFD-induced obese mice, intraperitoneal injections of FC decreased both the body weight and visceral adipose tissue weight. FC administration significantly reduced lipid accumulation. Moreover, FC could dose-dependently and differentially regulate the expressions of lipid metabolism-related transcription factors. All these data indicated that FC exhibited anti-obesity effects through modulating adipogenesis and lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Guo Yu
- Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Yun He
- Gastroenterology Department, Liuzhou General Hospital, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Yun-Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yao Gao
- Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Wan-E Ning
- Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Chun-You Liu
- Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting-Fan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Processing of Sugar Resources of Guangxi Higher Education Institutes, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
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216
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Gomes A, Soares R, Costa R, Marino F, Cosentino M, Malagon MM, Ribeiro L. High-fat diet promotes adrenaline production by visceral adipocytes. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1105-1114. [PMID: 31011795 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Catecholamines (CA) play a major role in metabolism and immune response. Recent reports showing adipose tissue can synthetize CA enlighten new roles for these amines in obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and CA content along preadipocytes differentiation, under normal and obesigenic conditions. METHODS 8-9 week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided in two groups: one fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and other with a standard diet (SD) for 20 weeks. Afterwards, both TH and PNMT expression, localization, and CA content in adipocytes, were evaluated. RESULTS qPCR results showed no changes for TH and PNMT expression during the differentiation process for visceral and subcutaneous preadipocytes from mice fed with SD. Comparing to SD, HFD increased TH gene expression of subcutaneous preadipocytes and PNMT gene expression of both visceral preadipocytes and adipocytes. HPLC-ED analyses revealed HFD increased visceral adipocytes noradrenaline intracellular content comparing with preadipocytes (p = 0.037). When compared with SD, HFD raised and decreased noradrenaline content, respectively, in visceral adipocytes (p = 0.004) and subcutaneous preadipocytes (p = 0.001). Along the differentiation process, HFD increased visceral adrenaline intracellular content comparing with SD (p < 0.001). HFD increased visceral comparing to subcutaneous adrenaline content for both preadipocytes (p = 0.004) and adipocytes (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS TH and PNMT expression in adipose tissue is differently modulated in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots, and seems to depend on diet. Differences observed in visceral adipose CA handling in HFD-fed mice might uncover novel pharmacological/nutritional strategies against obesity and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gomes
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varèse, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varèse, Italy
| | - Maria M Malagon
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menéndez Pidal, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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217
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MicroRNA-214-3p Targeting Ctnnb1 Promotes 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation by Interfering with the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081816. [PMID: 31013762 PMCID: PMC6515133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation from preadipocytes into mature adipocytes is a complex biological process in which miRNAs play an important role. Previous studies showed that miR-214-3p facilitates adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro. The detailed function and molecular mechanism of miR-214-3p in adipocyte development is unclear. In this study, the 3T3-L1 cell line was used to analyze the function of miR-214-3p in vitro. Using 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining and the CCK-8 assay, we observed that transfection with the miR-214-3p agomir visibly promoted proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by up-regulating the expression of cell cycle-related genes. Interestingly, overexpression of miR-214-3p promoted 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and up-regulated the expression of key genes for lipogenesis: PPARγ, FABP4, and Adiponectin. Conversely, inhibition of miR-214-3p repressed 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, and down-regulated the expression of cell cycle-related genes and adipogenic markers. Furthermore, we proved that miR-214-3p regulates 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation by directly targeting the 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTR) of Ctnnb1, which is an important transcriptional regulatory factor of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway. Taken together, the data indicate that miR-214-3p may positively regulate preadipocyte proliferation and enhance differentiation through the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway.
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218
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Mukohda M, Fang S, Wu J, Agbor LN, Nair AR, Ibeawuchi SRC, Hu C, Liu X, Lu KT, Guo DF, Davis DR, Keen HL, Quelle FW, Sigmund CD. RhoBTB1 protects against hypertension and arterial stiffness by restraining phosphodiesterase 5 activity. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2318-2332. [PMID: 30896450 DOI: 10.1172/jci123462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice selectively expressing PPARγ dominant negative mutation in vascular smooth muscle exhibit RhoBTB1-deficiency and hypertension. Our rationale was to employ genetic complementation to uncover the mechanism of action of RhoBTB1 in vascular smooth muscle. Inducible smooth muscle-specific restoration of RhoBTB1 fully corrected the hypertension and arterial stiffness by improving vasodilator function. Notably, the cardiovascular protection occurred despite preservation of increased agonist-mediated contraction and RhoA/Rho kinase activity, suggesting RhoBTB1 selectively controls vasodilation. RhoBTB1 augmented the cGMP response to nitric oxide by restraining the activity of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) by acting as a substrate adaptor delivering PDE5 to the Cullin-3 E3 Ring ubiquitin ligase complex for ubiquitination inhibiting PDE5. Angiotensin-II infusion also caused RhoBTB1-deficiency and hypertension which was prevented by smooth muscle specific RhoBTB1 restoration. We conclude that RhoBTB1 protected from hypertension, vascular smooth muscle dysfunction, and arterial stiffness in at least two models of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mukohda
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shi Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Larry N Agbor
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Anand R Nair
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stella-Rita C Ibeawuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ko-Ting Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Deng-Fu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Deborah R Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Henry L Keen
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Frederick W Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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219
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Li S, Xue T, He F, Liu Z, Ouyang S, Cao D, Wu J. A time-resolved proteomic analysis of transcription factors regulating adipogenesis of human adipose derived stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:855-861. [PMID: 30850164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is one of the key processes during obesity development. Better understanding of this process could advance our knowledge on obesity and its treatment. Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators during adipogenesis, however, a system-wide analysis of TFs dynamic proteome during adipogenesis is lacking. Here, we profiled 472 TFs and systematically elucidated their roles during the first 7 days of adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) on proteome scale. We identified two main and four sub-phases during adipogenesis. The commitment phase (0 h-8 h) mainly mediated stem cell proliferation, differentiation and chromatin remodeling, in which proteins of SWI/SNF family are the key centroid nodes. The determination phase (1D-7D) predominately regulated fat cell differentiation and response to lipid and oxygen, which could be associated with terminal differentiation of adipocyte and responsible for maturation. PPARγ, CREB1 and MYC are the centroid nodes of this phase. Remarkably, we identified and verified three TFs (BATF3, MAFF and MXD4) as novel regulators of adipogenesis, whose over-expression could inhibit adipogenesis of hADSCs in vitro. Overall, our study provided a valuable TFs resource to understand the complex process of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, NO. 2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Ting Xue
- Omicsolution Co, Ltd, Shanghai, 201101, China.
| | - Feng He
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, NO. 2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, NO. 2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Shengrong Ouyang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, NO. 2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Dingding Cao
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, NO. 2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, NO. 2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, NO. 2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Long non-coding RNA lnc-OAD is required for adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:753-758. [PMID: 30833079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have gained extensive attentions due to their significant roles in diverse biological process. However, the potential functions of lncRNAs participation in adipocyte differentiation have not been fully explored. Here we identified a long non-coding RNA called lnc-OAD (lncRNA associated with osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation, transcribed from 1700018A04Rik gene), which modulated 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Lnc-OAD was up-regulated expression during 3T3-L1 differentiation and stable knockdown of lnc-OAD inhibited adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Further mechanisms study revealed that silencing of lnc-OAD strongly elevated the protein expression of β-catenin, and then decreased expression of adipocyte master transcription factors PPAR-γ and C/EBPα. The addition of IWR-1 up-regulated the expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBPα and rescued the impairment of adipocyte differentiation caused by lnc-OAD knockdown. Meanwhile, we also found mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) during the early stage of adipocyte differentiation was inhibited in lnc-OAD-knockdown cells. Taken together, our study reveals a novel function of lnc-OAD in modulating adipogenesis via influencing mitotic clonal expansion and regulating WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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221
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Stachecka J, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Kolodziejski PA, Szczerbal I. The importance of the nuclear positioning of the PPARG gene for its expression during porcine in vitro adipogenesis. Chromosome Res 2019; 27:271-284. [PMID: 30656515 PMCID: PMC6733831 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-019-09604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Proper expression of the PPARG gene, which encodes a key transcription factor of adipogenesis, is indispensable in the formation of mature adipocytes. The positioning of a gene within the nuclear space has been implicated in gene regulation. We here report on the significance of the PPARG gene’s nuclear positioning for its activity during in vitro adipogenesis in the pig. We used an established system of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue into adipocytes. The differentiation process was carried out for 7 days, and the cells were examined using the 3D DNA/immuno-FISH and RNA/DNA-FISH approaches. PPARG transcript level was measured using real-time PCR, and PPARγ activity was detected with colorimetric assay. Changes in the nuclear location of the PPARG gene were observed when we compared undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells with mature adipocytes. The gene moved from the nuclear periphery to the nuclear center as its transcriptional activity increased. The RNA/DNA-FISH approach shows that differences in primary transcript production correlated with the allele’s nuclear positioning. Transcriptionally active alleles preferentially occupy the central part of the nucleus, while inactive alleles are found on the nuclear periphery. We also show that transcription of PPARG begins with one allele, but that both alleles are active in later stages of differentiation. Our results provide evidence that functionally distinct alleles of the PPARG gene are positioned in different parts of the cell nucleus. This confirms the importance of nuclear architecture to the regulation of PPARG gene transcription, and thus to the fate of the adipose cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stachecka
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel A Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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Liu H, Liu M, Jin Z, Yaqoob S, Zheng M, Cai D, Liu J, Guo S. Ginsenoside Rg2 inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and suppresses obesity in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice through the AMPK pathway. Food Funct 2019; 10:3603-3614. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rg2-induced activation of AMPK reduced the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, and regulated the lipogenic and lipolysis genes, thus inhibiting adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun
- China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Meihong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Zhibo Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Sanabil Yaqoob
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Dan Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
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223
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Kim HL, Park J, Jung Y, Ahn KS, Um JY. Platycodin D, a novel activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, attenuates obesity in db/db mice via regulation of adipogenesis and thermogenesis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 52:254-263. [PMID: 30599906 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platycodi Radix (root of Platycodon grandiflorum) and its active compound platycodin D (PD) has been previously shown to possess anti-obesity properties, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. PURPOSE The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-obese effect of PD and reveal its mechanism of action. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Genetically obese db/db mice were orally treated with PD for 4 weeks, and body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, serum parameters were measured. Then, assays on adipogenic factors, thermogenic factors, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway were performed in PD-treated 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs), and primary cultured brown adipocytes. RESULTS PD treatment attenuated body weight gain, suppressed white adipose tissue weight and improved obesity-related serum parameters in db/db mice. Two major adipogenic factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) were decreased by PD treatment in WAT of db/db mice, 3T3-L1 adipocytes and hAMSCs. In BAT of db/db mice and primary cultured brown adipocytes, PD treatment elevated the expressions of uncoupled protein 1 (UCP1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PCG1α), the key regulators of BAT-associated thermogenesis. In addition, PD activated AMPKα both in vivo and in vitro. However, when AMPK was inhibited by compound C, PD treatment failed to suppress adipogenic factors and increase thermogenic factors. CONCLUSIONS PD improved obesity in db/db mice by AMPK-associated decrease of adipogenic markers including PPARγ and C/EBPα. PD increased thermogenic factors such as UCP1 and PGC1α in db/db mice and primary cultured brown adipocytes. AMPK inhibition nullified the effects of PD, suggesting its anti-adipogenic and thermogenic actions were dependent on AMPK pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunu Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Trichur Khabeer S, Prashant A, Haravey Krishnan M. Dietary fatty acids from pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum) inhibit adipogenesis and impact the expression of the obesity-associated mRNA transcripts in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12739. [PMID: 31353555 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder that manifests into various forms. Recent studies have indicated that the pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil (PSO) has many biologically active components that help in controlling diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. However, its impact on the adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HADMSC) remains unclear. Here we have attempted to study the anti-obesity potential of SHAMstat3pg, a fatty acid composite extracted from PSO. It is composed of three dietary fatty acids: punicic acid [(9Z,11E,13Z)-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid], oleic acid [Cis-9-Octadecenoic acid], and linoleic acid [(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid]. In this study, we discuss the impact of the fatty acids on adipogenesis, inflammation, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial ATP production. The impact of SHAMstat3pg on the expression of various obesity-associated protein and mRNA transcripts in HADMSC was also analyzed. The results indicate that exposure to 10 µg/ml of SHAMstat3pg (24 hr) inhibited adipogenesis of HADMSC, ameliorated inflammation, attenuated ATP production, and glucose uptake. Also, the extract favorably regulated the mRNA expression of the studied obesity-associated gene transcripts. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: SHAMstat3pg has the potential to serve as a multi-targeted therapy for the management of obesity. This study demonstrated that the dietary fatty acids inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes. SHAMstat3pg has also shown to have a favorable impact on the expression of the obesity-linked proteins and genes in HADMSC that are associated with adipogenesis, inflammation, satiety, energy intake/expenditure (central and peripheral signaling molecules). The study gives an overview of the vast number of genes impacted by the treatment with SHAMstat3pg paving the way for future studies to demonstrate the exact mode of action of how dietary fatty acids can help manage obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsiya Trichur Khabeer
- Department of Food Protectants & Infestation Control, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR - CFTRI), Mysore, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Manonmani Haravey Krishnan
- Department of Food Protectants & Infestation Control, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR - CFTRI), Mysore, India
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225
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Xie YY, Mo CL, Cai YH, Wang WJ, Hong XX, Zhang KK, Liu QF, Liu YJ, Hong JJ, He T, Zheng ZZ, Mo W, Li BA. Pygo2 Regulates Adiposity and Glucose Homeostasis via β-Catenin-Axin2-GSK3β Signaling Pathway. Diabetes 2018; 67:2569-2584. [PMID: 30279163 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a key role in regulating adipogenesis through indirectly inhibiting the expression of C/EBPα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ); however, the detailed molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Moreover, the factor(s) that determines the Wnt/β-catenin output level during adipogenesis is also not completely defined. In this study, we showed that Pygo2 exhibited a declined expression pattern during adipocyte differentiation, resulting in an attenuated Wnt/β-catenin output level. The mechanism study indicated that Pygo2 inhibition led to the downregulation of Axin2, a constitutive Wnt target, in the cytoplasm. Consequently, Axin2-bound GSK3β was released and translocated into the nucleus to phosphorylate C/EBPβ and Snail, resulting in an increase in the DNA binding activity of C/EBPβ and decreased protein stability of Snail, which subsequently activated the expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ. Consistent with this, embryonic fibroblasts from Pygo2-/- mice exhibited spontaneous adipocyte differentiation, and adipocyte precursor-specific Pygo2-deficient mice exhibited increased adiposity with decreased energy expenditure. We further showed impaired glucose tolerance and decreased systemic insulin sensitivity in Pygo2-deficient mice. Our study revealed an association between Pygo2 function and obesity or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chun-Li Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yi-Huang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wen-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin-Xin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kun-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jing-Jing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhong-Zheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bo-An Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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226
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IL-1β- and IL-4-polarized macrophages have opposite effects on adipogenesis of intramuscular fibro-adipogenic progenitors in humans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17005. [PMID: 30451963 PMCID: PMC6242986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat deposition represents a negative prognostic factor for several myopathies, metabolic diseases and aging. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are considered as the main source of intramuscular adipocytes, but the mechanisms controlling their adipogenic potential are still not elucidated in humans. The aim of this study was to explore the regulation of human FAP adipogenesis by macrophages. We found that CD140a-expressing FAPs were located close to CD68 positive macrophages in muscles from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This strongly suggests a potential interaction between FAPs and macrophages in vivo. Isolated human primary FAPs were then differentiated in the presence of conditioned media obtained from primary blood monocyte-polarized macrophages. Molecules released by IL-1β-polarized macrophages (M(IL-1β)) drastically reduced FAP adipogenic potential as assessed by decreased cellular lipid accumulation and reduced gene expression of adipogenic markers. This was associated with an increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in FAPs. Conversely, factors secreted by IL-4-polarized macrophages (M(IL-4)) enhanced FAP adipogenesis. Finally, the inhibition of FAP adipocyte differentiation by M(IL-1β) macrophages requires the stimulation of Smad2 phosphorylation of FAPs. Our findings identify a novel potential crosstalk between FAPs and M(IL-1β) and M(IL-4) macrophages in the development of adipocyte accumulation in human skeletal muscles.
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227
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Pan Y, Jing J, Qiao L, Liu J, An L, Li B, Ren D, Liu W. MiRNA-seq reveals that miR-124-3p inhibits adipogenic differentiation of the stromal vascular fraction in sheep via targeting C/EBPα. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:17-23. [PMID: 29860204 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding 20-25 nt RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by posttranscriptional repression of messenger RNA. There have been few investigations on the profiles and functions of miRNAs in ovine subcutaneous fat; their roles in the metabolism and deposition of subcutaneous fat also remain unclear. In this study, small RNA libraries were constructed for 2 important Chinese local sheep breeds, Small-tailed Han Sheep, and Shanxi Meat Sheep Dam Line, and used for high-throughput sequencing. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, revealing the effect of miR-124-3p on adipogenic differentiation by targeting C/EBPα. Our results provide both a comprehensive understanding of miRNA expression patterns in sheep subcutaneous fat and an insight into the specific roles of miRNAs in adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - J Jing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - L Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - L An
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - B Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - D Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - W Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.
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228
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Yang SM, Park YK, Kim JI, Lee YH, Lee TY, Jang BC. LY3009120, a pan-Raf kinase inhibitor, inhibits adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells by controlling the expression and phosphorylation of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, STAT‑3, FAS, ACC, perilipin A, and AMPK. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3477-3484. [PMID: 30272260 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive preadipocyte differentiation/adipogenesis is closely linked to the development of obesity. LY3009120 is a pan‑Raf kinase inhibitor and is known for its anticancer activities. In the present study, the effect of LY3009120 on 3T3‑L1 cell adipogenesis was investigated. The differentiation of 3T3‑L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes was measured by Oil Red O staining and AdipoRed assay. Changes of cellular protein expression and phosphorylation levels in differentiating 3T3‑L1 preadipocytes in the absence or presence of LY3009120 were determined by western blotting analysis. Cell count assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of LY3009120 on 3T3‑L1 cells. At 0.3 µM, LY3009120 markedly inhibited lipid accumulation and decreased triglyceride content in differentiating 3T3‑L1 cells. However, it had minimal effect on the elevated expression and phosphorylation of three Raf kinase isoforms (C‑Raf, A‑Raf, and B‑Raf) observed in the cells. LY3009120 reduced not only the expression of CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein‑α (C/EBP‑α), peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ (PPAR‑γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), and perilipin A, but also reduced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription‑3 (STAT‑3) in differentiating 3T3‑L1 cells. LY3009120 also increased the phosphorylation of adenosine 3',5'‑cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)‑activated protein kinase (AMPK), but did not affect the phosphorylation or expression of liver kinase B1 in these cells. In summary, this is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, demonstrating that LY3009120 has an anti‑adipogenic effect on 3T3‑L1 cells, which may be mediated through control of the expression and phosphorylation of C/EBP‑α, PPAR‑γ, STAT‑3, FAS, ACC, perilipin A, and AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Han Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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229
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Zhang W, Xu J, Li J, Guo T, Jiang D, Feng X, Ma X, He L, Wu W, Yin M, Ge L, Wang Z, Ho MS, Zhao Y, Fei Z, Zhang L. The TEA domain family transcription factor TEAD4 represses murine adipogenesis by recruiting the cofactors VGLL4 and CtBP2 into a transcriptional complex. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17119-17134. [PMID: 30209132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is known to play an important role in multiple physiological processes, including adipogenesis. However, whether the downstream components of the Hippo pathway are involved in adipogenesis remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that the TEA domain family (TEAD) transcription factors are essential for adipogenesis in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Knockdown of TEAD1-4 stimulated adipogenesis and increased the expression of adipocyte markers in these cells. Interestingly, we found that the TEAD4 knockdown-mediated adipogenesis proceeded in a Yes-associated protein (YAP)/TAZ (Wwtr1)-independent manner and that adipogenesis suppression in WT cells involved formation of a ternary complex comprising TEAD4 and the transcriptional cofactors C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) and vestigial-like family member 4 (VGLL4). VGLL4 acted as an adaptor protein that enhanced the interaction between TEAD4 and CtBP2, and this TEAD4-VGLL4-CtBP2 ternary complex dynamically existed at the early stage of adipogenesis. Finally, we verified that TEAD4 directly targets the promoters of major adipogenesis transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and adiponectin, C1Q, and collagen domain-containing (Adipoq) during adipogenesis. These findings reveal critical insights into the role of the TEAD4-VGLL4-CtBP2 transcriptional repressor complex in suppression of adipogenesis in murine preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Jinjin Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Jinhui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Tong Guo
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Dan Jiang
- the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xue Feng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Xueyan Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Lingli He
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Wenqing Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Mengxin Yin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Ling Ge
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Margaret S Ho
- the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and.,the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhaoliang Fei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Lei Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and .,the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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230
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Liu Y, Wang Y, He X, Zhang S, Wang K, Wu H, Chen L. LncRNA TINCR/miR-31-5p/C/EBP-α feedback loop modulates the adipogenic differentiation process in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 32:35-42. [PMID: 30172905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) is a critical issue in many obesity-related disorders and it can be regulated by a crucial transcription factor, CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBP-α). Apart from, the involvement of non-coding RNAs in adipogenic differentiation has also been reported. As we know, Terminal differentiation-induced ncRNA (TINCR) is required in somatic tissue differentiation. Recently, we found that TINCR could modulate adipogenic differentiation in hADSCs. As predicted by JASPAR and further confirmed by luciferase reporter gene and ChIP assays, C/EBP-α could bind to the promoter region of lncRNA TINCR to activate its expression. Further, miR-31 was confirmed as a direct target of TINCR and could be negatively regulated by TINCR via competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism; miR-31 inhibition enhanced the adipogenic differentiation in hADSCs. More importantly, we found that miR-31 directly bound to the 3'-UTR of C/EBP-α to inhibit its expression. Taken together, in hADSCs, lncRNA TINCR, miR-31 and C/EBP-α formed a feedback loop to modulate the adipogenic differentiation process. From the perspective of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulation, we provided a novel regulatory mechanism of hADSCs adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Xifan He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Hanjiang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China.
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231
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Feller D, Kun J, Ruzsics I, Rapp J, Sarosi V, Kvell K, Helyes Z, Pongracz JE. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation Becomes Systemic by Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Containing Wnt5a and Inflammatory Cytokines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1724. [PMID: 30090106 PMCID: PMC6068321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating, irreversible pathology affecting millions of people worldwide. Clinical studies show that currently available therapies are insufficient, have no or little effect on elevated comorbidities and on systemic inflammation. To develop alternative therapeutic options, a better understanding of the molecular background of COPD is essential. In the present study, we show that non-canonical and pro-inflammatory Wnt5a is up-regulated by cigarette smoking with parallel up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both mouse and human model systems. Wnt5a is not only a pro-inflammatory Wnt ligand but can also inhibit the anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcription and affect M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Both Wnt5a and pro-inflammatory cytokines can be transported in lipid bilayer sealed extracellular vesicles that reach and deliver their contents to every organ measured in the blood of COPD patients, therefore, demonstrating a potential mechanism for the systemic nature of this crippling disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Feller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Kun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Istvan Ruzsics
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre and Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit Rapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Sarosi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre and Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit E Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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232
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Jia D, Li Z, Gao Y, Feng Y, Li W. A novel triazine ring compound (MD568) exerts in vivo and in vitro effects on lipid metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:790-799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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233
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Adams BD, Arem H, Hubal MJ, Cartmel B, Li F, Harrigan M, Sanft T, Cheng CJ, Pusztai L, Irwin ML. Exercise and weight loss interventions and miRNA expression in women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 170:55-67. [PMID: 29511965 PMCID: PMC6444907 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity and weight gain are associated with comorbidities including a higher risk of tumor recurrence and cancer-related deaths among breast cancer (BC) survivors; however, the underlying mechanisms linking obesity and cancer are poorly understood. Given the lack of clinically validated BC biomarkers, obesity and weight-loss studies utilize serum biomarkers as the intermediary outcomes of tumor recurrence. Studies have indicated microRNAs (miRNA)s are reliable biomarkers for cancer. We hypothesized that miRNA expression correlates with obesity and weight loss amongst BC survivors. This would yield insight into the biological pathways by which this association occurs, enabling more precise development of therapeutics. PATIENTS AND METHODS We correlated baseline body mass index (BMI) with serum miRNA expression in 121 BC survivors enrolled in the Hormones and Physical Exercise (HOPE) trial. We then analyzed expression of the 35 most abundant miRNAs from HOPE in a six-month randomized controlled weight-loss trial (Lifestyle, Exercise, and Nutrition; LEAN) in 100 BC survivors. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software was used to identify biological pathway targets of the BMI-associated and intervention-responsive miRNAs using predictive biomarkers. RESULTS Pearson correlations in HOPE identified eight miRNAs associated with BMI, including miR-191-5p (r = - 0.22, p = 0.016) and miR-122-5p (r = 0.25, p = 0.0048). In the LEAN validation study, levels of miR-191-5p significantly increased during the six-month intervention (p = 0.082). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified "Estrogen-mediated S-phase entry" (HOPE p = 0.003; LEAN p < 0.001) and "Molecular mechanisms of cancer" (HOPE p = 0.02; LEAN p < 0.001) as the top canonical pathways that significantly correlated with BMI-associated and intervention-responsive miRNAs and contain obesity and cancer-relevant genes including the E2F family of transcription factors and CCND1, which have been implicated in sporadic BC. CONCLUSION While the association between obesity and BC recurrence and mortality has been demonstrated in the literature, mechanisms underlying the link between weight gain and cancer are unclear. Using two independent clinical trials, we identified novel miRNAs associative to BMI and weight loss that contribute to the development of cancer. Predictive modeling of miRNA targets identified multiple canonical pathways associated with cancer, highlighting potential mechanisms explaining the link between BMI and increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Adams
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
- Investigative Medicine Program, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Hannah Arem
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute of Public Health George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute of Public Health George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | | | - Fangyong Li
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Tara Sanft
- Yale Medical Oncology, Smilow Cancer Center at Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christopher J Cheng
- Division of Nucleic Acid Technology, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, CT, 06410, USA
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Yale Medical Oncology, Smilow Cancer Center at Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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234
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Liu H, Wang J, Liu M, Zhao H, Yaqoob S, Zheng M, Cai D, Liu J. Antiobesity Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 on 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Mediated by AMPK. Nutrients 2018; 10:E830. [PMID: 29954059 PMCID: PMC6073290 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides Rg1 is one of the major pharmacologically active saponins in ginseng, which as an antioxidant reduces oxidative damage in the liver and can also be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. However, there is no research targeting the effect of lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mice. In this study, we evaluated the anti-obesity effects of Rg1 in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells and HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Administration of Rg1 to HFD-induced obese mice significantly decreased body weight, total cholesterol, and total triglyceride levels. In addition to effects in 3T3-L1 cells, Rg1 reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Rg1 exhibits an anti-adipogenic effect via regulation of the expression of the transcriptional factors and lipid metabolism-related genes in vivo and in vitro. We observed that Rg1 administration significantly increased the phosphorylation level of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in both epididymal white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 cells. These results indicated that Rg1 works both in an anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity manner through inducing AMPK activation, inhibiting lipogenesis, and decreasing intracellular lipid content, adipocyte size, and adipose weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Meihong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Chinese Medicine Science Academy of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Sanabil Yaqoob
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Dan Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
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235
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Toosendanin inhibits adipogenesis by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4626. [PMID: 29545541 PMCID: PMC5854628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid extracted from Melia toosendan, has been reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-arthritic activities. However, its anti-adipogenic effect remains unknown. Here, we found that TSN dose-dependently attenuated lipid accumulation in preadipocytes 3T3-L1 as evidenced by Oil Red O staining. TSN also significantly downregulated mRNA and protein levels of adipocytokines (adiponectin and leptin), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipocytes. To understand the mechanism, we observed that TSN effectively activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway, in which TSN increased low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 6, disheveled 2, β-catenin, and cyclin D1 expression levels, while it inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3β by enhancing its phosphorylation. Moreover, TSN reduced weight of gonadal white fat and serum triacylglycerol (TAG) content in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Interestingly, the in vivo studies also demonstrated that TSN promoted the expression of β-catenin, but accordingly repressed C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ expression in HFD-induced mice. Overall, TSN is capable of inhibiting the lipogenesis of adipocytes by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, suggesting potential application of TSN as a natural anti-obesity agent.
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236
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Zaiou M, El Amri H, Bakillah A. The clinical potential of adipogenesis and obesity-related microRNAs. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:91-111. [PMID: 29170059 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing health problem commonly associated with numerous metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and some forms of cancer. The burden of obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases are believed to arise through complex interplay between genetics and epigenetics predisposition, nutrition, environment, and lifestyle. However, the molecular basis and the repertoire of obesity-affecting factors are still unknown. Emerging evidence is connecting microRNAs (miRNAs) dysregulation with adipogenesis and obesity. Alteration in miRNAs expression could result in changes in the pattern of genes controlling a range of biological processes including inflammation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and adipogenesis. Hence, understanding exact roles of miRNAs as well as the degree of their contribution to the regulation of adipogenesis and fat cell development in obesity would provide new therapeutic targets for the development of novel and effective anti-obesity drugs. The objective of the current review is to: (i) discuss some of the latest development on relevant miRNAs dysregulation mainly in human adipogenesis and obesity, (ii) emphasize the role of circulating miRNAs as new promising therapeutics and attractive potential biomarkers for treating obesity and associated risk factor diseases, (iii) describe how dietary factors may influence obesity through modulation of miRNAs expression, (iv) highlight some of the actual limitations to the promise of miRNAs as novel therapeutics as well as to their translation for the benefit of patients, and finally (v) provide recommendations for future research on miRNA-based therapeutics that could lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of obesity and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaiou
- Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France.
| | - H El Amri
- Laboratoire de Génétique de la Gendarmerie Royale, Avenue Ibn Sina, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Bakillah
- State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
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237
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Han MH, Kim HJ, Jeong JW, Park C, Kim BW, Choi YH. Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation by Anthocyanins Isolated from the Fruit of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat is Associated with the Activation of AMPK Signaling Pathway. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:13-21. [PMID: 29371997 PMCID: PMC5776908 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.1.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring water-soluble polyphenolic pigments in plants that have been shown to protect against cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers, as well as other chronic human disorders. However, the anti-obesity effects of anthocyanins are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of anthocyanins isolated from the fruit of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Our data indicated that anthocyanins attenuated the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, as confirmed by a decrease in the number of lipid droplets, lipid content, and triglyceride production. During this process, anthocyanins effectively enhanced the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); however, this phenomenon was inhibited by the co-treatment of compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK. Anthocyanins also inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein a and b, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. In addition, anthocyanins were found to potently inhibit the expression of adipocyte-specific genes, including adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, leptin, and fatty acid synthase. These results indicate that anthocyanins have potent anti-obesity effects due to the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, and thus may have applications as a potential source for an anti-obesity functional food agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Han
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, Korea
| | - Hong Jae Kim
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
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238
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Huang Q, Ma C, Chen L, Luo D, Chen R, Liang F. Mechanistic Insights Into the Interaction Between Transcription Factors and Epigenetic Modifications and the Contribution to the Development of Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:370. [PMID: 30034368 PMCID: PMC6043677 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The development of obesity is inseparable from genetic and epigenetic factors, and transcription factors (TFs) play an essential role in these two mechanisms. This review analyzes the interaction of TFs with epigenetic modifications and the epigenetic mechanisms underlying peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, an important transcription factor, in the development of obesity. Methods: We describe the relationship between TFs and different epigenetic modifications and illustrate the several mechanisms described. Next, we summarize the epigenetic mechanisms of PPARs, an important class of transcription factors involved in obesity, that induce obesity with different triggering factors. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms of epigenetic modification of PPAR-related ligands in lipid metabolism and propose future avenues of research. Results: TFs participate in epigenetic modifications in different forms, causing changes in gene expression. The interactions between the different epigenetic modifications and PPARs are important biological developments that affect fat tissue differentiation, lipogenesis, and lipid metabolism, thereby inducing or inhibiting the development of obesity. We then highlight the need for more research to understand the role of epigenetic modifications and PPARs. Conclusions: Epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of PPARs may be excellent therapeutic targets for obesity treatment. However, there is a need for a deeper understanding of how PPARs and other obesity-related transcription factors interact with epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyang Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Chen
| | - Fengxia Liang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Fengxia Liang
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239
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Dias S, Paredes S, Ribeiro L. Drugs Involved in Dyslipidemia and Obesity Treatment: Focus on Adipose Tissue. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2637418. [PMID: 29593789 PMCID: PMC5822899 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2637418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome can be defined as a state of disturbed metabolic homeostasis characterized by visceral obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and insulin resistance. The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome will certainly contribute to the burden of cardiovascular disease. Obesity and dyslipidemia are main features of metabolic syndrome, and both can present with adipose tissue dysfunction, involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this syndrome. We revised the effects, and underlying mechanisms, of the current approved drugs for dyslipidemia and obesity (fibrates, statins, niacin, resins, ezetimibe, and orlistat; sibutramine; and diethylpropion, phentermine/topiramate, bupropion and naltrexone, and liraglutide) on adipose tissue. Specifically, we explored how these drugs can modulate the complex pathways involved in metabolism, inflammation, atherogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and adipogenesis. The clinical outcomes of adipose tissue modulation by these drugs, as well as differences of major importance for clinical practice between drugs of the same class, were identified. Whether solutions to these issues will be found in further adjustments and combinations between drugs already in use or necessarily in new advances in pharmacology is not known. To better understand the effect of drugs used in dyslipidemia and obesity on adipose tissue not only is challenging for physicians but could also be the next step to tackle cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dias
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Paredes
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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240
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Abstract
Obesity involves a contrasting expansion of the energy-storing white fat and loss of functionally competent brown fat, an energy-consuming thermogenic adipose. Leveraging our understanding of white and brown adipocyte recruitment and investigating factors that regulate these processes might reveal novel targets for counteracting obesity. In vitro differentiation of primary preadipocytes mimics many of the morphological and transcriptional events occurring during adipogenesis in vivo. Moreover, preadipocytes isolated from a specific depot maintain features of their originating niche. This makes in vitro adipogenesis a valuable model for identifying differential regulation patterns between brown and white adipogenesis. In this chapter, we describe step-by-step how to isolate brown and white preadipocytes from human tissue biopsies and how to culture and differentiate them in vitro. We discuss this process, what to consider, and how this in vitro system can be used to model in vivo adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Juhlin Larsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Zenius Jespersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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241
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Yesmin Simu S, Ahn S, Castro-Aceituno V, Yang DC. Ginsenoside Rg5: Rk1 Exerts an Anti-obesity Effect on 3T3-L1 Cell Line by the Downregulation of PPARγ and CEBPα. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:252-259. [PMID: 29845077 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Obesity, a global health problem and a chronic disease, is associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and coronary heart diseases. A wide variety of natural remedies have been explored for their obesity treatment potential. Objective: The anti-adipogenic effect of ginsenoside Rg5:Rk1 (Rg5:Rk1) on 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes was investigated. Materials and Methods: To elucidate the anti-obesity effect of Rg5:Rk1, a mixture of protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer in a 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In order to determine the anti-obesity effect of Rg5:Rk1, based on oil Red O Staining, triglyceride (TG) content in adipose cells was assessed. Furthermore, to elucidate the possible mechanism of Rg5:RK1 effect on lipid accumulation, mRNA and protein expression analyses of adipocyte markers such as STAT3, PPARγ, CBEPα and ap2 were carried out. Results: Rg5:Rk1 treatment showed an inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation and decrease of TG content. In addition, expression of STAT3, PPARγ, CEBPα and ap2 were decreased in a dose dependent manner. Similarly, the Rg5:Rk1 treatment reduced PPARγ and CEBPα protein expression. Conclusion: Rg5:Rk1 treatment exhibits anti-adipogenic activity by down-regulation of the STAT3/ PPARg/CEBPa signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakina Yesmin Simu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungeun Ahn
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Veronica Castro-Aceituno
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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242
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Pan Y, Zhao D, Yu N, An T, Miao J, Mo F, Gu Y, Zhang D, Gao S, Jiang G. Curcumin improves glycolipid metabolism through regulating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ signalling pathway in high-fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170917. [PMID: 29291086 PMCID: PMC5717660 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is an active component derived from Curcuma longa L. which is a traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used for treating metabolic diseases through regulating different molecular pathways. Here, in this study, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of curcumin on glycolipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro and then determine the underlying mechanism. Male C57BL/6 J obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for in vivo and in vitro study, respectively. Our results demonstrated that treatment with curcumin for eight weeks decreased body weight, fat mass and serum lipid profiles. Meanwhile, it lowered fasting blood glucose and increased the insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. In addition, curcumin stimulated lipolysis and improved glycolipid metabolism through upregulating the expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ/α (PPARγ/α) and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteinα (C/EBPα) in adipose tissue of the mice. In differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, curcumin reduced glycerol release and increased glucose uptake via upregulating PPARγ and C/EBPα. We concluded that curcumin has the potential to improve glycolipid metabolism disorders caused by obesity through regulating PPARγ signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Pan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian An
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Miao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Mo
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Gu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Sihua Gao e-mail:
| | - Guangjian Jiang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Guangjian Jiang e-mail:
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243
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Anti-obesity effect of a traditional Chinese dietary habit-blending lard with vegetable oil while cooking. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14689. [PMID: 29089626 PMCID: PMC5665938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, which is associated with dietary habits, has become a global social problem and causes many metabolic diseases. In China, both percentages of adult obesity and overweight are far lower compared to western countries. It was designed to increase the two levels of daily intake in human, namely 3.8% and 6.5%, which are recommendatory intake (25 g/d) and Chinese citizens’ practical intake (41.4 g/d), respectively. The mice were respectively fed with feeds added with soybean oil, lard or the oil blended by both for 12 weeks. In the mice fed with diet containing 3.8% of the three oils or 6.5% blended oil, their body weight, body fat rate, cross-sectional area of adipocytes, adipogenesis and lipogenesis in adipose were decreased, whereas hydrolysis of triglyserides in adipose was increased. This study demonstrated that the oil mixture containing lard and soybean oil had a remarkable anti-obesity effect. It suggests that the traditional Chinese dietary habits using oils blended with lard and soybean oil, might be one of the factors of lower percentages of overweight and obesity in China, and that the increasing of dietary oil intake and the changing of its component resulted in the increasing of obesity rate in China over the past decades.
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244
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Han MH, Jeong JS, Jeong JW, Choi SH, Kim SO, Hong SH, Park C, Kim BW, Choi YH. Ethanol extracts of Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda inhibit adipogenesis through the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Drug Discov Ther 2017; 11:281-287. [PMID: 29021504 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda have long been used as a traditional herb for treating disorders including coughs, asthma, and insect bites. According to recent studies, A. yomena leaf extracts have several pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-asthmatic activities. However, little information is available regarding their anti-obesity effect. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the ethanol extracts of A. yomena leaves (EEAY) on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. When 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with various concentrations of EEAY (ranging from non-toxic), the number of lipid droplets, lipid content, and triglyceride production, the typical characteristics of adipocytes, were suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner. During this process, EEAY significantly reduced the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and β, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. In addition, EEAY was also found to potently inhibit the expression of adipocyte-specific genes, including adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein and leptin. In particular, EEAY treatment effectively enhanced the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway; however, the co-treatment with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, significantly restored the EEAY-induced inhibition of pro-adipogenic transcription factors and adipocyte-specific genes. These results indicate that EEAY may exert an anti-obesity effect by controlling the AMPK signaling pathway, suggesting that the leaf extract of A. yomena may be a potential anti-obesity agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Han
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea
| | - Ji-Suk Jeong
- Gurye Wild Flower Institute and Gurye-gun Agricultural Center
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University.,Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine
| | | | - Sung Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Kyungsung University
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Open Laboratory for Muscular and Skeletal Disease, and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dongeui University
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University.,Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dongeui University
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245
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Liou CJ, Wu SJ, Chen LC, Yeh KW, Chen CY, Huang WC. Acacetin from Traditionally Used Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir. Suppressed Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Attenuated Lipid Accumulation in Obese Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:589. [PMID: 28900399 PMCID: PMC5581916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acacetin, a flavone that can be isolated from the Saussurea involucrata plant, has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties that ameliorate airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic mice. This study investigated whether acacetin has anti-adipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and whether it regulates the inflammatory response in adipocytes and macrophages. It also investigated whether acacetin ameliorates lipid accumulation in high-fat diet- (HFD) induced obese mice. Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were treated with acacetin. The glycerol levels in the culture medium were measured, and the expression of proteins and genes involved in adipogenesis and lipolysis were assayed by Western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Inflammatory cytokine signaling pathway activity was assessed in macrophages that were treated with acacetin and cultured with differentiated medium from 3T3-L1 cells. Intraperitoneal injections of acacetin were administered to HFD-induced obese mice twice a week for 10 weeks. Acacetin significantly increased the levels of glycerol in the culture medium and significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Acacetin reduced the expression of adipogenesis-related transcription factors, including the expression of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein; it also increased sirtuin 1 expression and AMPK phosphorylation in adipocytes. In macrophages cultured with differentiated media from 3T3-L1 adipocytes, acacetin reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators and the activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways. In obese mice, acacetin reduced both body weight and visceral adipose tissue weight. These results demonstrate that acacetin inhibited adipogenesis in adipocytes and in obese mice. Acacetin also reduced the inflammatory response of macrophages that were stimulated with differentiated media from 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian-Jiun Liou
- Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ju Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Chen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Yeh
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Huang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuan, Taiwan
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246
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Legeza B, Marcolongo P, Gamberucci A, Varga V, Bánhegyi G, Benedetti A, Odermatt A. Fructose, Glucocorticoids and Adipose Tissue: Implications for the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050426. [PMID: 28445389 PMCID: PMC5452156 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern Western society lifestyle is characterized by a hyperenergetic, high sugar containing food intake. Sugar intake increased dramatically during the last few decades, due to the excessive consumption of high-sugar drinks and high-fructose corn syrup. Current evidence suggests that high fructose intake when combined with overeating and adiposity promotes adverse metabolic health effects including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and inflammation. Similarly, elevated glucocorticoid levels, especially the enhanced generation of active glucocorticoids in the adipose tissue due to increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, have been associated with metabolic diseases. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that fructose stimulates the 11β-HSD1-mediated glucocorticoid activation by enhancing the availability of its cofactor NADPH. In adipocytes, fructose was found to stimulate 11β-HSD1 expression and activity, thereby promoting the adipogenic effects of glucocorticoids. This article aims to highlight the interconnections between overwhelmed fructose metabolism, intracellular glucocorticoid activation in adipose tissue, and their metabolic effects on the progression of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Legeza
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Viola Varga
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
- Pathobiochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
| | - Angiolo Benedetti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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