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Couto PG, Bastos-Rodrigues L, Carneiro JG, Guieiro F, Bicalho MA, Leidenz FB, Bicalho AJ, Friedman E, De Marco L. DNA Base-Excision Repair Genes OGG1 and NTH1 in Brazilian Lung Cancer Patients. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 19:389-95. [PMID: 26400813 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the leading global cause of cancer-related mortality and is associated with poor prognosis. To improve survival rates of lung cancer patients, better understanding of tumorigenic mechanisms is necessary, which may lead to development of new therapeutic strategies. The hOGG1 and NTH1 genes act in the DNA BER repair pathway and their involvement in lung cancer pathogenesis has been analyzed in several populations. METHODS We analyzed targeted regions of the hOGG1 and NTH1 genes in 96 Brazilian patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 89 cancer-free, ethnically matched controls. RESULTS The NTH1 c.98G>T polymorphism rs2302172 (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02 for allele and genotype frequency between cases and controls, respectively) and the 140-17C> T variant (rs2233518) (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02 for allele and genotype frequency between cases and controls, respectively) were detected in four lung cancer cases (4 %) while the NTH1 Q131K (C391A) polymorphism was found in seven lung cancer cases (7 %) (p = 0.001 and p = 0.008, for allele and genotype frequency between cases and controls, respectively). None of these sequence variants were detected in controls. The Ser326Cys (C1245G, rs1052133) polymorphism in the OGG1 gene was detected in 42 % of analyzed NSCLC patients and in 34 % of the controls (p = 0.11 and p = 0.25 for allele and genotype frequency between cases and controls, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides preliminary evidence that polymorphisms in OGG1 do not contribute to development of NSCLC in Brazilian patients and that NTH1 polymorphisms may be associated with NSCLC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Couto
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Room 114, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Luciana Bastos-Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana G Carneiro
- Faculty of Medical Science, Centro de Ensino Superior e Desenvolvimento, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Guieiro
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Room 114, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele B Leidenz
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Room 114, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Ana J Bicalho
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Room 114, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Luiz De Marco
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Room 114, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil.
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202
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Haussmann HJ, Fariss MW. Comprehensive review of epidemiological and animal studies on the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotine per se. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:701-34. [PMID: 27278157 PMCID: PMC5020336 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1182116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term use of nicotine per se on cancer risk, in the absence of tobacco extract or smoke, are not clearly understood. This review evaluates the strength of published scientific evidence, in both epidemiological and animal studies, for the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotine per se; that is to act as a complete carcinogen or as a modulator of carcinogenesis. For human studies, there appears to be inadequate evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and the presence of or lack of a carcinogenic effect due to the limited information available. In animal studies, limited evidence suggests an association between long-term nicotine exposure and a lack of a complete carcinogenic effect. Conclusive studies using current bioassay guidelines, however, are missing. In studies using chemical/physical carcinogens or transgenic models, there appears to be inadequate evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and the presence of or lack of a modulating (stimulating) effect on carcinogenesis. This is primarily due to the large number of conflicting studies. In contrast, a majority of studies provides sufficient evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and enhanced carcinogenesis of cancer cells inoculated in mice. This modulating effect was especially prominent in immunocompromized mice. Overall, taking the human and animal studies into consideration, there appears to be inadequate evidence to conclude that nicotine per se does or does not cause or modulate carcinogenesis in humans. This conclusion is in agreement with the recent US Surgeon General's 2014 report on the health consequences of nicotine exposure.
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203
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Aizawa K, Liu C, Tang S, Veeramachaneni S, Hu KQ, Smith DE, Wang XD. Tobacco carcinogen induces both lung cancer and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinomas in ferrets which can be attenuated by lycopene supplementation. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1171-81. [PMID: 27116542 PMCID: PMC5085066 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Early epidemiologic studies have reported that tobacco smoking, which is causally associated with liver cancer, is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). Lycopene from tomatoes has been shown to be a potential preventive agent against NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we investigated whether the tobacco carcinogen 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) induces lesions in both lungs and livers of ferrets with or without lycopene intervention. Male ferrets (6 groups, n = 8-10) were treated either with NNK (50 mg/kg BW, i.p., once a month for four consecutive months) or saline with or without dietary lycopene supplementation (2.2 and 6.6 mg/kg BW/day, respectively) for 26 weeks. Results demonstrate that NNK exposure results in higher incidences of lung tumors, HCC and steatohepatitis (which is characterized by severe inflammatory cell infiltration with concurrent fat accumulation in liver, hepatocellular ballooning degeneration and increased NF-κB expression), as well as elevations in bilirubin and AST levels in ferrets. Lycopene supplementation at two doses prevented NNK-induced expressions of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the lung and NF-κB and CYP2E1 in the liver and attenuated the NNK-induced mortality and pathological lesions in both the lungs and livers of ferrets. The present study provided strong experimental evidence that the tobacco carcinogen NNK can induce both HCC and steatohepatitis in the ferrets and can be a useful model for studying tobacco carcinogen-associated NAFLD and liver cancer. Furthermore, lycopene could provide potential benefits against smoke carcinogen-induced pulmonary and hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Aizawa
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Nature & Wellness Research Department, Research & Development Division, Kagome Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chun Liu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanyuan Tang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudipta Veeramachaneni
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kang-Quan Hu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald E. Smith
- Comparative Biology Unit, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Precision medicine relies on validated biomarkers with which to better classify patients by their probable disease risk, prognosis and/or response to treatment. Although affordable 'omics'-based technology has enabled faster identification of putative biomarkers, the validation of biomarkers is still stymied by low statistical power and poor reproducibility of results. This Review summarizes the successes and challenges of using different types of molecule as biomarkers, using lung cancer as a key illustrative example. Efforts at the national level of several countries to tie molecular measurement of samples to patient data via electronic medical records are the future of precision medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Vargas
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Room 3068A, MSC 425, 837 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, USA
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Room 3068A, MSC 425, 837 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, USA
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205
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Zhang J, Chang L, Jin H, Xia Y, Wang L, He W, Li W, Chen H. Benzopyrene promotes lung cancer A549 cell migration and invasion through up-regulating cytokine IL8 and chemokines CCL2 and CCL3 expression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1516-23. [PMID: 27075927 PMCID: PMC4994904 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216644530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco-sourced carcinogen including benzopyrene (B[a]P) in lung cancer metastasis has not been fully reported. In this study, lung carcinoma A549 cell line was used to investigate the potential roles of tobacco-sourced B[a]P on cell metastasis and invasion and to assess its underlying mechanism. Effects of tobacco-sourced carcinogen on A549 cell proliferation, metastasis, and invasion were analyzed using MTT assay, Transwell assay, and scratch method, respectively. The effects of tobacco-sourced carcinogen on cytokines and chemokines secretion were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, correlation between inflammatory factor expression and cancer cell migration and invasion was assessed using siRNA-mediated gene silencing. Data showed that both B[a]P and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone either at high or low dose performed no significant difference on A549 cell proliferation with time increasing. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone performed no significant difference on A549 cell migration and invasion while B[a]P significantly increased A549 cell migration and invasion compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Consequently, except for IL-6, IL-8, CCL-2, and CCL-3, secretions were significantly increased by B[a]P treatment compared to the control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when CCL-2 and CCL-3 were silenced, the migrated and invasive A549 cells were significantly decreased compared to the control, respectively (P < 0.05), while silenced IL-8 drastically decreased the migrated and invasive cells compared to the control (P < 0.01). Taken together, this study illustrated that there may be significant correlation between smoking and lung cancer metastasis. B[a]P maybe an excellent contributor for lung cancer metastasis through up-regulating IL-8, CCL-2, and CCL-3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Hanyu Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yaoxiong Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Wenjie He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650032, China
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206
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Levine ME, Hosgood HD, Chen B, Absher D, Assimes T, Horvath S. DNA methylation age of blood predicts future onset of lung cancer in the women's health initiative. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:690-700. [PMID: 26411804 PMCID: PMC4600626 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered an age-associated disease, whose progression is in part due to accumulation of genomic instability as well as age-related decline in system integrity and function. Thus even among individuals exposed to high levels of genotoxic carcinogens, such as those found in cigarette smoke, lung cancer susceptibility may vary as a function of individual differences in the rate of biological aging. We recently developed a highly accurate candidate biomarker of aging based on DNA methylation (DNAm) levels, which may prove useful in assessing risk of aging-related diseases, such as lung cancer. Using data on 2,029 females from the Women's Health Initiative, we examined whether baseline measures of “intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration” (IEAA) predicted subsequent lung cancer incidence. We observed 43 lung cancer cases over the nearly twenty years of follow-up. Results showed that standardized measures of IEAA were significantly associated with lung cancer incidence (HR: 1.50, P = 3.4×10−3). Furthermore, stratified Cox proportional hazard models suggested that the association may be even stronger among older individuals (70 years or above) or those who are current smokers. Overall, our results suggest that IEAA may be a useful biomarker for evaluating lung cancer susceptibility from a biological aging perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Levine
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California LA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Brian Chen
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Themistocles Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California LA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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207
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Holcomb N, Goswami M, Han SG, Clark S, Orren DK, Gairola CG, Mellon I. Exposure of Human Lung Cells to Tobacco Smoke Condensate Inhibits the Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158858. [PMID: 27391141 PMCID: PMC4938567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. Although the DNA damaging properties of tobacco smoke have been well documented, relatively few studies have examined its effect on DNA repair pathways. This is especially true for the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway which recognizes and removes many structurally diverse DNA lesions, including those introduced by chemical carcinogens present in tobacco smoke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of tobacco smoke on NER in human lung cells. We studied the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), a surrogate for tobacco smoke, on the NER pathway in two different human lung cell lines; IMR-90 lung fibroblasts and BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. To measure NER, we employed a slot-blot assay to quantify the introduction and removal of UV light-induced 6–4 photoproducts and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. We find a dose-dependent inhibition of 6–4 photoproduct repair in both cell lines treated with CSC. Additionally, the impact of CSC on the abundance of various NER proteins and their respective RNAs was investigated. The abundance of XPC protein, which is required for functional NER, is significantly reduced by treatment with CSC while the abundance of XPA protein, also required for NER, is unaffected. Both XPC and XPA RNA levels are modestly reduced by CSC treatment. Finally, treatment of cells with MG-132 abrogates the reduction in the abundance of XPC protein produced by treatment with CSC, suggesting that CSC enhances proteasome-dependent turnover of the protein that is mediated by ubiquitination. Together, these findings indicate that tobacco smoke can inhibit the same DNA repair pathway that is also essential for the removal of some of the carcinogenic DNA damage introduced by smoke itself, increasing the DNA damage burden of cells exposed to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Holcomb
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Mamta Goswami
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuel Clark
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David K. Orren
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - C. Gary Gairola
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Isabel Mellon
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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208
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Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Gibbons CF, Fritz JM, Portier CJ, Rusyn I, DeMarini DM, Caldwell JC, Kavlock RJ, Lambert PF, Hecht SS, Bucher JR, Stewart BW, Baan RA, Cogliano VJ, Straif K. Key Characteristics of Carcinogens as a Basis for Organizing Data on Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:713-21. [PMID: 26600562 PMCID: PMC4892922 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent review by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) updated the assessments of the > 100 agents classified as Group 1, carcinogenic to humans (IARC Monographs Volume 100, parts A-F). This exercise was complicated by the absence of a broadly accepted, systematic method for evaluating mechanistic data to support conclusions regarding human hazard from exposure to carcinogens. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS IARC therefore convened two workshops in which an international Working Group of experts identified 10 key characteristics, one or more of which are commonly exhibited by established human carcinogens. DISCUSSION These characteristics provide the basis for an objective approach to identifying and organizing results from pertinent mechanistic studies. The 10 characteristics are the abilities of an agent to 1) act as an electrophile either directly or after metabolic activation; 2) be genotoxic; 3) alter DNA repair or cause genomic instability; 4) induce epigenetic alterations; 5) induce oxidative stress; 6) induce chronic inflammation; 7) be immunosuppressive; 8) modulate receptor-mediated effects; 9) cause immortalization; and 10) alter cell proliferation, cell death, or nutrient supply. CONCLUSION We describe the use of the 10 key characteristics to conduct a systematic literature search focused on relevant end points and construct a graphical representation of the identified mechanistic information. Next, we use benzene and polychlorinated biphenyls as examples to illustrate how this approach may work in practice. The approach described is similar in many respects to those currently being implemented by the U.S. EPA's Integrated Risk Information System Program and the U.S. National Toxicology Program. CITATION Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Gibbons CF, Fritz JM, Portier CJ, Rusyn I, DeMarini DM, Caldwell JC, Kavlock RJ, Lambert P, Hecht SS, Bucher JR, Stewart BW, Baan R, Cogliano VJ, Straif K. 2016. Key characteristics of carcinogens as a basis for organizing data on mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 124:713-721; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Catherine F. Gibbons
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason M. Fritz
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jane C. Caldwell
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert J. Kavlock
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John R. Bucher
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bernard W. Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert A. Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent J. Cogliano
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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209
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Akre MK, Starrett GJ, Quist JS, Temiz NA, Carpenter MA, Tutt ANJ, Grigoriadis A, Harris RS. Mutation Processes in 293-Based Clones Overexpressing the DNA Cytosine Deaminase APOBEC3B. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155391. [PMID: 27163364 PMCID: PMC4862684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular, cellular, and clinical studies have combined to demonstrate a contribution from the DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) to the overall mutation load in breast, head/neck, lung, bladder, cervical, ovarian, and other cancer types. However, the complete landscape of mutations attributable to this enzyme has yet to be determined in a controlled human cell system. We report a conditional and isogenic system for A3B induction, genomic DNA deamination, and mutagenesis. Human 293-derived cells were engineered to express doxycycline-inducible A3B-eGFP or eGFP constructs. Cells were subjected to 10 rounds of A3B-eGFP exposure that each caused 80–90% cell death. Control pools were subjected to parallel rounds of non-toxic eGFP exposure, and dilutions were done each round to mimic A3B-eGFP induced population fluctuations. Targeted sequencing of portions of TP53 and MYC demonstrated greater mutation accumulation in the A3B-eGFP exposed pools. Clones were generated and microarray analyses were used to identify those with the greatest number of SNP alterations for whole genome sequencing. A3B-eGFP exposed clones showed global increases in C-to-T transition mutations, enrichments for cytosine mutations within A3B-preferred trinucleotide motifs, and more copy number aberrations. Surprisingly, both control and A3B-eGFP clones also elicited strong mutator phenotypes characteristic of defective mismatch repair. Despite this additional mutational process, the 293-based system characterized here still yielded a genome-wide view of A3B-catalyzed mutagenesis in human cells and a system for additional studies on the compounded effects of simultaneous mutation mechanisms in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K. Akre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Gabriel J. Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Jelmar S. Quist
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuri A. Temiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. J. Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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210
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Wang K, Wang Y, Qi Q, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Liu G, Luan Y, Zhao Z, Cai J, Cao J, Li S. Inhibitory effects of S -allylmercaptocysteine against benzo(a)pyrene-induced precancerous carcinogenesis in human lung cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 34:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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211
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Mercincavage M, Souprountchouk V, Tang KZ, Dumont RL, Wileyto EP, Carmella SG, Hecht SS, Strasser AA. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Smoking Behaviors, Biomarkers of Exposure, and Subjective Ratings. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1125-33. [PMID: 27197288 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. FDA has the authority to reduce cigarette nicotine content if found to benefit public health. Reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarette use does not appear to increase harm exposure, but studies have not rigorously assessed smoking behavior or used a comprehensive panel of biomarkers. This study examined the effects of progressively decreasing RNC cigarettes on smoking behaviors, biomarkers of exposure, and subjective ratings. METHODS One hundred and fifty-eight daily, non-treatment-seeking smokers participated in a 35-day randomized, unblinded, parallel study. After a 5-day baseline period, participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 80) that smoked progressively decreasing RNC cigarettes during three 10-day periods, or control group (n = 78) that smoked their own brand throughout the study. RESULTS Daily cigarette consumption significantly increased for the intermediate RNCs (P's < 0.001) but approached baseline rate for the lowest RNC (P = 0.686); in contrast, puffing behavior significantly decreased at intermediate levels and increased for the lowest RNC (P's < 0.001). Cotinine and NNAL significantly decreased by RNC period (P's ≤ 0.001-0.02), whereas CO boost initially increased (P's = 0.001-0.005). 1-HOP did not change by period (P = 0.109). CONCLUSIONS Smoking behaviors changed by RNC period via CPD and puffing behavior. Biomarkers of exposure generally decreased with nicotine content. IMPACT Findings suggest that RNC use does not ubiquitously reduce smoking behaviors or biomarkers, yet the lowest RNC level tested may reduce harm exposure. This emphasizes the importance of using multiple behavioral and biologic measures to address the impact of RNC cigarette smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(7); 1125-33. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mercincavage
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Valentina Souprountchouk
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Z Tang
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel L Dumont
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - E Paul Wileyto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Is a Price Increase Policy Enough for Adolescent Smokers?: Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Increasing Cigarette Prices Among Korean Adolescent Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:2013-9. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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213
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Jin B, Chu T, Dong X, Yang H, Wu D, Lou Y, Zhang X, Wang H, Han B. Efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors for non-adenocarcinoma lung cancer patients harboring EGFR-sensitizing mutations in China. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:1325-30. [PMID: 26942444 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been established as standard therapy for EGFR-mutated adenocarcinomas; for non-adenocarcinoma non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, this therapy remains debatable. METHODS Stage IIIB/IV patients with non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC who underwent EGFR testing were identified at the Shanghai Chest Hospital from January 2009 to September 2014. RESULTS A total of 51 patients with EGFR-sensitizing mutations [26 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 15 patients with adenosquamous cell carcinoma (ASC), and 10 patients with large cell lung carcinoma (LCLC)] were available for analysis of EGFR TKI treatment efficacy. The progression-free survival (PFS) for the 51 patients harboring EGFR-sensitizing mutations was 4.93 months (95 % CI 3.93-5.93). The PFS for the SCC, ASC, and LCLC patients was 3.98 months (95 % CI 3.32-4.63), 8.08 months (95 % CI 4.17-12.00), and 4.40 months (95 % CI 1.56-7.24), respectively. Among the 51 non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC patients, the PFS of the non-smokers and smokers was 5.49 months (95 % CI 3.28-7.70) and 3.78 months (95 % CI 2.61-4.95), respectively (P = 0.036). The PFS for the patients with a deletion in exon 19 and for those with an exon 21 L858R mutation was 5.16 months (95 % CI 4.21-6.11) and 4.04 months (95 % CI 2.35-5.73), respectively (P = 0.414). CONCLUSIONS EGFR TKIs could be an option for the treatment of EGFR-mutated non-adenocarcinoma NSCLC, especially for patients with adenosquamous histology and non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqing Chu
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Lou
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai West Road No. 241, Shanghai, China.
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Torres OV, O'Dell LE. Stress is a principal factor that promotes tobacco use in females. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:260-8. [PMID: 25912856 PMCID: PMC4618274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major economic and health problem. It is particularly concerning that women consume more tobacco products, have a more difficult time quitting smoking, and are less likely to benefit from smoking cessation therapy than men. As a result, women are at higher risk of developing tobacco-related diseases. Clinical evidence suggests that women are more susceptible to anxiety disorders, and are more likely to smoke in order to cope with stress than men. During smoking abstinence, women experience more intense anxiety than men and report that the anxiety-reducing effects of smoking are the main reason for their continued tobacco use and relapse. Consistent with this, pre-clinical studies using rodent models suggest that females display more intense stress during nicotine withdrawal than males. This review posits that in women, stress is a principal factor that promotes the initiation of tobacco use and relapse behavior during abstinence. Studies are reviewed at both the clinical and pre-clinical levels to provide support for our hypothesis that stress plays a central role in promoting tobacco use vulnerability in females. The clinical implications of this work are also considered with regard to treatment approaches and the need for more research to help reduce health disparities produced by tobacco use in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar V Torres
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA.
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215
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Huang QM, Zeng YM, Zhang HP, Lv LC, Yang DY, Lin HH. 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide effects human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells by regulating the expression of POLD4. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:345-348. [PMID: 26998273 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the expression of POLD4 in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells under 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) stimulation to investigate the role of POLD4 in smoking-induced lung cancer. The lung cancer A549 cell line was treated with 4NQO, with or without MG132 (an inhibitor of proteasome activity), and subsequently the POLD4 level was determined by western blot analysis. Secondly, the cell sensitivity to 4NQO and Taxol was determined when the POLD4 expression level was downregulated by siRNA. The POLD4 protein levels in the A549 cells decreased following treatment with 4NQO; however, MG132 could reverse this phenotype. Downregulation of the POLD4 expression by siRNA enhanced A549 cell sensitivity to 4NQO, but not to Taxol. In conclusion, 4NQO affects human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells by regulating the expression of POLD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Miao Huang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Chao Lv
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Huang Lin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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216
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Rodriguez-Canales J, Parra-Cuentas E, Wistuba II. Diagnosis and Molecular Classification of Lung Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2016; 170:25-46. [PMID: 27535388 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a complex disease composed of diverse histological and molecular types with clinical relevance. The advent of large-scale molecular profiling has been helpful to identify novel molecular targets that can be applied to the treatment of particular lung cancer patients and has helped to reshape the pathological classification of lung cancer. Novel directions include the immunotherapy revolution, which has opened the door for new opportunities for cancer therapy and is also redefining the classification of multiple tumors, including lung cancer. In the present chapter, we will review the main current basis of the pathological diagnosis and classification of lung cancer incorporating the histopathological and molecular dimensions of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Edwin Parra-Cuentas
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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217
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De Flora S, Ganchev G, Iltcheva M, La Maestra S, Micale RT, Steele VE, Balansky R. Pharmacological Modulation of Lung Carcinogenesis in Smokers: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:120-142. [PMID: 26726119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs in common use possess pleiotropic properties that make them capable of interfering with carcinogenesis mechanisms. We discuss here the ability of pharmacological agents to mitigate the pulmonary carcinogenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke. The evaluated agents include anti-inflammatory drugs (budesonide, celecoxib, aspirin, naproxen, licofelone), antidiabetic drugs (metformin, pioglitazone), antineoplastic agents (lapatinib, bexarotene, vorinostat), and other drugs and supplements (phenethyl isothiocyanate, myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, berry extracts). These drugs have been evaluated in mouse models mimicking interventions either in current smokers or in ex-smokers, or in prenatal chemoprevention. They display a broad spectrum of activities by attenuating either smoke-induced preneoplastic lesions or benign tumors and/or malignant tumors. Together with epidemiological data, these findings provide useful information to predict the potential effects of pharmacological agents in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Rosanna T Micale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roumen Balansky
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria
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218
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Merlos A, Rodríguez P, Bárcena-Uribarri I, Winterhalter M, Benz R, Vinuesa T, Moya JA, Viñas M. Toxins Secreted by Bacillus Isolated from Lung Adenocarcinomas Favor the Penetration of Toxic Substances. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1301. [PMID: 26635767 PMCID: PMC4655230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to explore the eventual role of bacteria in the induction of lung cancer by smoking habits. Viable bacteria closely related to the genus Bacillus were detected at high frequencies in lung-cancer biopsies. Similar, if not identical, microbes were isolated from cigarettes and in smog. Bacteria present in cigarettes could be transferred to a physiological solution via a "smoker" device that mimicked their potential transfer during smoking those bacteria produce exotoxins able to open transmembrane pores. These channels can be used as a way to penetrate cells of benzopyrenes and other toxic substances present in tobacco products. We hypothesize that Bacillaceae present in tobacco play a key role in the development of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Merlos
- Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotics, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Rodríguez
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, University of Barcelona-IDIBELL-HUB Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Vinuesa
- Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotics, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan A Moya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, University of Barcelona-IDIBELL-HUB Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Viñas
- Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotics, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, IINFACTS Gandra, Portugal
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219
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Yoneyama R, Aoshiba K, Furukawa K, Saito M, Kataba H, Nakamura H, Ikeda N. Nicotine enhances hepatocyte growth factor-mediated lung cancer cell migration by activating the α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor and phosphoinositide kinase-3-dependent pathway. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:673-677. [PMID: 26870265 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking not only promotes lung carcinogenesis, but it has also been demonstrated to promote the progression of lung cancer. Despite nicotine being a major component of cigarette smoke, it is not carcinogenic when acting alone. Instead, it is believed to function as a tumor promoter. Due to the fatal consequences of lung cancer being primarily associated with the processes of invasion and metastasis, the present study aimed to determine the effect of nicotine on the migratory activity of lung cancer cells. The effect of nicotine on the migration of lung cancer A549 cells was evaluated by a wound healing assay. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was used as a pro-migratory stimulus. During several of the experiments, specific inhibitors of α7-nicotine acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAchR), phosphoinositide kinase-3 (PI3K) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2 were included. The phosphorylation levels of Akt and ERK1/2 were examined using a cell-based protein phosphorylation assay. It was observed that nicotine did not induce cell migration by itself, but that it instead promoted HGF-induced cell migration. The effects of nicotine were inhibited by the pretreatment of the cells with the α7-nAchR inhibitor, methyllycaconitine, and the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. The mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase kinase inhibitor exerted modest, but non-significant inhibitory activity on the effect of nicotine. Nicotine did not induce Akt phosphorylation by itself, but instead promoted the HGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt. It was also observed that nicotine had no effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The results from the present study indicate that nicotine, when alone, does not have a pro-migratory function, but instead enhances responsiveness to the pro-migratory stimulus emitted by HGF. The current study provides an insight into the mechanism of tumor promotion by demonstrating that nicotine and α7-nAchRs act in synergy with the HGF-induced PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, increasing the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to HGF, and thereby promoting cell migration, a vital step in invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Yoneyama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; Department of Chest Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Kinya Furukawa
- Department of Chest Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Saito
- Department of Chest Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataba
- Department of Chest Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Norihiko Ikeda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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220
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Wang GZ, Cheng X, Zhou B, Wen ZS, Huang YC, Chen HB, Li GF, Huang ZL, Zhou YC, Feng L, Wei MM, Qu LW, Cao Y, Zhou GB. The chemokine CXCL13 in lung cancers associated with environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution. eLife 2015; 4:e09419. [PMID: 26565418 PMCID: PMC4764582 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 90% of lung cancers are caused by cigarette smoke and air pollution, with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as key carcinogens. In Xuanwei City of Yunnan Province, the lung cancer incidence is among the highest in China, attributed to smoky coal combustion-generated PAH pollution. Here, we screened for abnormal inflammatory factors in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) from Xuanwei and control regions (CR) where smoky coal was not used, and found that a chemokine CXCL13 was overexpressed in 63/70 (90%) of Xuanwei NSCLCs and 44/71 (62%) of smoker and 27/60 (45%) of non-smoker CR patients. CXCL13 overexpression was associated with the region Xuanwei and cigarette smoke. The key carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced CXCL13 production in lung epithelial cells and in mice prior to development of detectable lung cancer. Deficiency in Cxcl13 or its receptor, Cxcr5, significantly attenuated BaP-induced lung cancer in mice, demonstrating CXCL13's critical role in PAH-induced lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Chao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao-Bin Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of Qu Jing City, Qu Jing, China
| | - Gao-Feng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Chun Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Wei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Pathology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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221
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Pampel FC, Boardman JD, Daw J, Stallings MC, Smolen A, Haberstick BC, Widaman KF, Neppl TK, Conger RD. Life events, genetic susceptibility, and smoking among adolescents. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 54:221-32. [PMID: 26463545 PMCID: PMC4607932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although stressful life events during adolescence are associated with the adoption of unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, both social circumstances and physical traits can moderate the relationship. This study builds on the stress paradigm and gene-environment approach to social behavior by examining how a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR moderates the effect of life events on adolescent smoking. Tests of interaction hypotheses use data from the Family Transitions Project, a longitudinal study of 7th graders followed for 5years. A sibling-pair design with separate models for the gender composition of pairs (brothers, sisters, or brother/sister) controls for unmeasured family background. The results show that negative life events are significantly and positively associated with smoking. Among brother pairs but not other pairs, the results provide evidence of gene-environment interaction by showing that life events more strongly influence smoking behavior for those with more copies of the 5-HTTLPR S allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Pampel
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States.
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Jonathan Daw
- Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Brett C Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Keith F Widaman
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, United States
| | - Tricia K Neppl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Rand D Conger
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California Davis, United States
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222
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Liu Y, Wang B, Liu X, Lu L, Luo F, Lu X, Shi L, Xu W, Liu Q. Epigenetic silencing of p21 by long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is involved in the cell cycle disorder induced by cigarette smoke extract. Toxicol Lett 2015; 240:60-7. [PMID: 26506537 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are epigenetic regulators, are involved in human malignancies. Little is known, however, about the molecular mechanisms for lncRNA regulation of genes induced by cigarette smoke. We recently found that, in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, the lncRNA, Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), is associated with changes in the cell cycle caused by cigarette smoke extract (CSE). In the present study, we report that increased expression of HOTAIR and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and tri-methylation of Lys 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3), affect cell cycle progression during CSE-induced transformation of HBE cells. Inhibition of HOTAIR and EZH2 by siRNAs attenuated CSE-induced decreases of p21 levels. Further, ChIP assays verified that HOTAIR and EZH2 were needed to maintain the interaction of H3K27me3 with the promoter regions of p21; combined use of a HOTAIR plasmid and EZH2 siRNA supported this observation. Thus, HOTAIR epigenetic silencing of p21 via EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation contributes to changes in the cell cycle induced by CSE. These observations provide further understanding of the regulation of CSE-induced lung carcinogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Bairu Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Le Shi
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Wenchao Xu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
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Baeza-Loya S, Viswanath H, Carter A, Molfese DL, Velasquez KM, Baldwin PR, Thompson-Lake DGY, Sharp C, Fowler JC, De La Garza R, Salas R. Perceptions about e-cigarette safety may lead to e-smoking during pregnancy. Bull Menninger Clin 2015; 78:243-52. [PMID: 25247743 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2014.78.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are nicotine-delivery devices that are increasingly used, especially by young people. Because e-cigarettes lack many of the substances found in regular tobacco, they are often perceived as a safer smoking alternative, especially in high-risk situations such as pregnancy. However, studies suggest that it is exposure to nicotine that is most detrimental to prenatal development. The authors studied perceptions of tobacco and e-cigarette health risks using a multiple-choice survey. To study the perceived safety of e-cigarettes versus tobacco cigarettes, 184 modified Global Health Youth Surveys (WHO, http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/gyts/en/ ) were completed electronically or on paper. Age range, smoking status, and perceptions about tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes were studied. The results verified that younger people use e-cigarettes more than older people. Tobacco cigarettes were perceived as more harmful than e-cigarettes to health in general, including lung cancer and pregnancy. Although more research is necessary, the authors postulate that the perception that e-cigarettes are safer during pregnancy may induce pregnant women to use these devices more freely. Given that nicotine is known to cause fetal harm, pregnant mothers who smoke e-cigarettes could cause even greater harm to the fetus because e-cigarettes are perceived as being safer than tobacco cigarettes. Until more data about the effects of nicotine during pregnancy are available, the authors advocate for labeling of e-cigarettes as potentially harmful, at least during pregnancy.
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224
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Pan HL, Wen ZS, Huang YC, Cheng X, Wang GZ, Zhou YC, Wang ZY, Guo YQ, Cao Y, Zhou GB. Down-regulation of microRNA-144 in air pollution-related lung cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14331. [PMID: 26395400 PMCID: PMC4585805 DOI: 10.1038/srep14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has been classified as a group 1 carcinogen in humans, but the underlying tumourigenic mechanisms remain unclear. In Xuanwei city of Yunnan Province, the lung cancer incidence is among the highest in China, owing to severe air pollution generated by the combustion of smoky coal, providing a unique opportunity to dissect lung carcinogenesis. To identify abnormal miRNAs critical for air pollution-related tumourigenesis, we performed microRNA microarray analysis in 6 Xuanwei non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and 4 NSCLCs from control regions where smoky coal was not used. We found 13 down-regulated and 2 up-regulated miRNAs in Xuanwei NSCLCs. Among them, miR-144 was one of the most significantly down-regulated miRNAs. The expanded experiments showed that miR-144 was down-regulated in 45/51 (88.2%) Xuanwei NSCLCs and 34/54 (63%) control region NSCLCs (p = 0.016). MiR-144 interacted with the oncogene Zeb1 at 2 sites in its 3' untranslated region, and a decrease in miR-144 resulted in increased Zeb1 expression and an epithelial mesenchymal transition phenotype. Ectopic expression of miR-144 suppressed NSCLCs in vitro and in vivo by targeting Zeb1. These results indicate that down-regulation of miR-144 is critical for air pollution-related lung cancer, and the miR-144-Zeb1 signalling pathway could represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Cancer Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060
| | - Yun-Chao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming 650106, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Yong-Chun Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Tumor Hospital), Kunming 650106, China
| | - Zai-Yong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029
| | - Yong-Qing Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029
| | - Yi Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Pathology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
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Jennen DGJ, van Leeuwen DM, Hendrickx DM, Gottschalk RWH, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS. Bayesian Network Inference Enables Unbiased Phenotypic Anchoring of Transcriptomic Responses to Cigarette Smoke in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1936-48. [PMID: 26360787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microarray-based transcriptomic analysis has been demonstrated to hold the opportunity to study the effects of human exposure to, e.g., chemical carcinogens at the whole genome level, thus yielding broad-ranging molecular information on possible carcinogenic effects. Since genes do not operate individually but rather through concerted interactions, analyzing and visualizing networks of genes should provide important mechanistic information, especially upon connecting them to functional parameters, such as those derived from measurements of biomarkers for exposure and carcinogenic risk. Conventional methods such as hierarchical clustering and correlation analyses are frequently used to address these complex interactions but are limited as they do not provide directional causal dependence relationships. Therefore, our aim was to apply Bayesian network inference with the purpose of phenotypic anchoring of modified gene expressions. We investigated a use case on transcriptomic responses to cigarette smoking in humans, in association with plasma cotinine levels as biomarkers of exposure and aromatic DNA-adducts in blood cells as biomarkers of carcinogenic risk. Many of the genes that appear in the Bayesian networks surrounding plasma cotinine, and to a lesser extent around aromatic DNA-adducts, hold biologically relevant functions in inducing severe adverse effects of smoking. In conclusion, this study shows that Bayesian network inference enables unbiased phenotypic anchoring of transcriptomics responses. Furthermore, in all inferred Bayesian networks several dependencies are found which point to known but also to new relationships between the expression of specific genes, cigarette smoke exposure, DNA damaging-effects, and smoking-related diseases, in particular associated with apoptosis, DNA repair, and tumor suppression, as well as with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danitsja M van Leeuwen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana M Hendrickx
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph W H Gottschalk
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H M van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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226
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Combes RD, Balls M. A critical assessment of the scientific basis, and implementation, of regulations for the safety assessment and marketing of innovative tobacco-related products. Altern Lab Anim 2015; 43:251-90. [PMID: 26375889 DOI: 10.1177/026119291504300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our scientific, logistical, ethical and animal welfare-related concerns about the latest US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for existing and so-called 'new' tobacco products, aimed at reducing harmful exposures, are explained. Such claims for sales in the USA now have to be based on a wide range of information, a key part of which will increasingly be data on safety and risk. One of the pathways to achieve marketing authorisation is to demonstrate substantial equivalence (SE) with benchmark products, called predicates. However, the regulations are insufficiently transparent with regard to: a) a rationale for the cut-off date for 'old' and 'new' products, and for exempting the former from regulation; b) the scientific validity and operation of SE; c) options for product labelling to circumvent SE; d) the experimental data required to support, and criteria to judge, a claim; and e) a strategy for risk assessment/management. Scientific problems related to the traditional animal methods used in respiratory disease and inhalation toxicology, and the use of quantitative comparators of toxicity, such as the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, are discussed. We review the advantages of relevant in vitro, mechanism-based, target tissue-oriented technologies, which an advisory report of the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences largely overlooked. These benefits include: a) the availability, for every major site in the respiratory tract, of organotypic human cell-based tissue culture systems, many of which are already being used by the industry; b) the accurate determination of concentrations of test materials received by target cells; c) methods for exposure to particulate and vapour phases of smoke, separately or combined; d) the ability to study tissue-specific biotransformation; and e) the use of modern, human-focused methodologies, unaffected by species differences. How data extrapolation, for risk assessment, from tissue culture to the whole animal, could be addressed, is also discussed. A cost (to animal welfare)-benefit (to society, including industry and consumers) analysis was conducted, taking into account the above information; the potential for animal suffering; the extensive data already available; the existence of other, less hazardous forms of nicotine delivery; the fact that much data will be generated solely for benchmarking; and that many smokers (especially nicotine-dependents) ignore health warnings. It is concluded that, in common with policies of several tobacco companies and countries, the use of laboratory animals for tobacco testing is very difficult, if not impossible, to justify. Instead, we propose and argue for an integrated testing scheme, starting with extensive chemical analysis of the ingredients and by-products associated with the use of tobacco products and their toxicity, followed by use of in vitro systems and early clinical studies (involving specific biomarkers) with weight-of-evidence assessments at each stage. Appropriate adjustment factors could be developed to enable concentration-response data obtained in vitro, with the other information generated by the strategy, to enable the FDA to meet its objectives. It is hoped that our intentionally provocative ideas will stimulate further debate on this contentious area of regulatory testing and public safety.
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227
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Yan X, Yang M, Liu J, Gao R, Hu J, Li J, Zhang L, Shi Y, Guo H, Cheng J, Razi M, Pang S, Yu X, Hu S. Discovery and validation of potential bacterial biomarkers for lung cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:3111-3122. [PMID: 26693063 PMCID: PMC4656734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are residents in a number of body sites, including the oral and nasal cavities, which are connected to the lung via the pharynx. The associations between oral diseases and increased risk of lung cancer have been reported in previous prospective studies. In this study, we measured variations of salivary microbiota and evaluated their potential association with lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). A three-phase study was performed: First, we investigated the salivary microbiota from 20 lung cancer patients (10 SCC and 10 AC) and control subjects (n=10) using a deep sequencing analysis. Salivary Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas, Veillonella and Neisseria were found to be significantly altered in patients with SCC and AC when compared to that in control subjects. Second, we confirmed the significant changes of Capnocytophaga, Veillonella and Neisseria in the same lung cancer patients using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Finally, these bacterial species were further validated on new patient/control cohorts (n=56) with qPCR. The combination of two bacterial biomarkers, Capnocytophaga and Veillonella, yielded a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) value of 0.86 with an 84.6% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity in distinguishing patients with SCC from control subjects and a ROC value of 0.80 with a 78.6% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity in distinguishing patients with AC from control subjects. In conclusion, we have for the first time demonstrated the association of saliva microbiota with lung cancer. Particularly, the combination of the 16S sequencing discovery with qPCR validation studies revealed that the levels of Capnocytophaga and Veillonella were significantly higher in the saliva from lung cancer patients, which may serve as potential biomarkers for the disease detection/classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Yan
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Mingxia Yang
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Ruichen Gao
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jihong Hu
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jiong Li
- School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yujia Shi
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Hongrong Guo
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jinluo Cheng
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Miriam Razi
- School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen Pang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityChangzhou, 213003, China
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Igawa S, Sasaki J, Otani S, Ishihara M, Takakura A, Katagiri M, Masuda N. Impact of Smoking History on the Efficacy of Gefitinib in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Activating Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations. Oncology 2015; 89:275-80. [PMID: 26335629 DOI: 10.1159/000438703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gefitinib treatment has come to be recognized as the standard therapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. However, resistance to gefitinib has been observed in certain subpopulations of these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of smoking status on the efficacy of gefitinib in patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations. METHODS The records of NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations who were treated with gefitinib at Kitasato University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed, and the treatment outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS In 153 patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations, the overall response rate and progression-free survival (PFS) were 66.7% and 9.0 months, respectively. PFS differed significantly among the current smokers and never-smokers/former light smokers (10.7 vs. 5.4 months, p=0.0002), and the response rate was significantly higher in the never-smokers/former light smokers than in the current smokers (72.3 vs. 55.8%, p=0.04). Multivariate analysis identified smoking status as an independent predictor of PFS. CONCLUSION The clinical data obtained in this study provide a valuable rationale for considering smoking status as a predictor of the efficacy of gefitinib in patients with NSCLC harboring activating EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Igawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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229
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Sanner T, Grimsrud TK. Nicotine: Carcinogenicity and Effects on Response to Cancer Treatment - A Review. Front Oncol 2015; 5:196. [PMID: 26380225 PMCID: PMC4553893 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is considered the single most important man-made cause of cancer that can be avoided. The evidence that nicotine is involved in cancer development is reviewed and discussed in this paper. Both tobacco smoke and tobacco products for oral use contain a number of carcinogenic substances, such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA), which undoubtedly contribute to tobacco related cancer. Recent studies have shown that nicotine can affect several important steps in the development of cancer, and suggest that it may cause aggravation and recurrence of the disease. TSNA may be formed from nicotine in the body. The role of nicotine as the major addictive component of tobacco products may have distracted our attention from toxicological effects on cell growth, angiogenesis, and tumor malignancy. Effects on cancer disease are important aspects in the evaluation of possible long-term effects from sources of nicotine, such as e-cigarettes and products for nicotine replacement therapy, which both have a potential for life-long use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Sanner
- Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom K. Grimsrud
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
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230
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Chen H, Liao K, Cui-Zhao L, Qiang-Wen F, Feng-Zeng X, Ping-Wu F, Liang-Guo S, Juan-Chen Y. Cigarette smoke extract induces apoptosis of rat alveolar Type II cells via the PLTP/TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:707-14. [PMID: 26258626 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) may play a role in apoptosis. In the present study, the effect of the novel function of PLTP in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells and the possible mechanism were examined. Male Wistar rats were exposed to air and cigarette smoke (n=10/exposure) for 6h/day on 3 consecutive days, then the lungs were sectioned and examined. To investigate effects on alveolar epithelial cells, rat alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) were treated with different concentrations of CSE for various times. siRNA for PLTP was transfected into cells and an inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) type I receptor was administered prior to CSE exposure. Apoptosis was measured, and mRNA expression of PLTP and TGF-β1 and protein levels of PLTP, TGF-β1, p-Smad2 and cleaved caspase-3 were analyzed. The results showed that apoptosis, as well as expression of PLTP, TGF-β1, p-Smad2 and cleaved caspase-3 were all significantly increased after CSE stimulation (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad2 and cleaved caspase-3 induced by CSE could be partly abrogated by knockdown of PLTP. The expression of PLTP showed no significant change as a result of TGF-β1 receptor inhibition, while cleaved caspase-3 showed a remarkable reduction. PLTP may act as an upstream signal molecule of the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway and is likely to be involved in CSE-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ke Liao
- Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Respiratory Department, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lv Cui-Zhao
- Drug Engineering Research Center of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Fu Qiang-Wen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xue Feng-Zeng
- Respiratory Department, The Third People's Hospital of Cheng Du, Cheng Du, China.
| | - Feng Ping-Wu
- Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Shu Liang-Guo
- Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ya Juan-Chen
- Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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231
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The Role of nAChR and Calcium Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer Initiation and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1447-71. [PMID: 26264026 PMCID: PMC4586778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer shows a strong correlation with smoking and the current therapeutic strategies have been relatively ineffective in improving the survival of patients. Efforts have been made over the past many years to understand the molecular events that drive the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer, especially in the context of smoking. It has become clear that components of tobacco smoke not only initiate these cancers, especially pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) through their mutagenic properties, but can also promote the growth and metastasis of these tumors by stimulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Studies in cell culture systems, animal models and human samples have shown that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activation enhances these tumor-promoting events by channeling signaling through multiple pathways. In this context, signaling through calcium channels appear to facilitate pancreatic cancer growth by itself or downstream of nAChRs. This review article highlights the role of nAChR downstream signaling events and calcium signaling in the growth, metastasis as well as drug resistance of pancreatic cancer.
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232
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Pei N, Cao L, Liu Y, Wu J, Song Q, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Zhang X. XAB2 tagSNPs contribute to non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility in Chinese population. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:560. [PMID: 26228655 PMCID: PMC4520281 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background XPA-binding protein 2 (XAB2) interacts with Cockayne syndrome complementation group A (CSA), group B (CSB) and RNA polymerase II to initiate nucleotide excision repair. This study aims to evaluate the association of XAB2 genetic variants with the risk of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a tagging approach. Methods A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in 470 patients with NSCLC and 470 controls in Chinese population. Totally, 5 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XAB2 gene were selected by Haploview software using Hapmap database. Genotyping was performed using iPlex Gold Genotyping Asssy and Sequenom MassArray. Unconditional logistic regression was conducted to estimate odd ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Results Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that the XAB2 genotype with rs794078 AA or at least one rs4134816 C allele were associated with the decreased risk of NSCLC with OR (95 % CI) of 0.12 (0.03–0.54) and 0.46 (0.26–0.84). When stratified by gender, we found that the subjects carrying rs4134816 CC or CT genotype had a decreased risk for developing NSCLC among males with OR (95 % CI) of 0.39 (0.18–0.82), but not among females. In age stratification analysis, we found that younger subjects (age ≤ 60) with at least one C allele had a decreased risk of NSCLC with OR (95 % CI) of 0.35 (0.17–0.74), but older subjects didn’t. We didn’t find that XAB2 4134816 C > T variant effect on the risk of NSCLC when stratified by smoking status. The environmental factors, such as age, sex and smoking had no effect on the risk of NSCLC related to XAB2 genotypes at other polymorphic sites. Conclusions The XAB2 tagSNPs (rs794078 and rs4134816) were significantly associated with the risk of NSCLC in Chinese population, which supports the XAB2 plays a significant role in the development of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Pei
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063000, China. .,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Lei Cao
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Yingwen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063000, China. .,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Qinqin Song
- Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China.
| | - Juxiang Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, 063000, China.
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Ibuki Y, Shikata M, Toyooka T. γ-H2AX is a sensitive marker of DNA damage induced by metabolically activated 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1831-8. [PMID: 26231820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a nicotine-derived nitrosamine, is a potent pulmonary carcinogen present in tobacco smoke. DNA adducts induced by metabolically activated NNK cause carcinogenesis; however, the DNA adducts are difficult to detect in cultured cells because of low intrinsic metabolic enzyme activity. In this study, we indirectly detected NNK-induced DNA adducts via the phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells. NNK treatment dose-dependently induced γ-H2AX. This γ-H2AX induction was suppressed by ataxia telangiectasia mutated inhibitors, suggesting that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed during replication and repair of DNA adducts; however, DSBs could not be directly detected by biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (BSFGE). CYP2A13-overexpressing cells showed prolonged γ-H2AX induction compared with control cells, and DSBs could be detected by BSFGE in CYP2A13-overexpressing cells as a clear migration of double-stranded DNA. These findings suggest that γ-H2AX is a sensitive marker of DNA adducts and provides a possible system for genotoxicity screening of chemicals such as NNK, which need metabolic activation to induce DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Mariko Shikata
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toyooka
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan; National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mutational patterns of cancer genomes allow conclusions or generation of hypotheses as to what mechanisms or environmental, dietary or occupational exposures might have created the mutations and therefore will have contributed to the formation of the cancer. The arguments for cancer causation are particularly convincing when epidemiological evidence can support the theory that a particular exposure is linked to the cancer and when the mutational process can be recapitulated in experimental systems. In this review, I will summarize recent evidence from cancer genome sequencing studies to exemplify how the environment can modulate tumor genomes. RECENT FINDINGS Mutation data from cancer genomes clearly implicate the ultraviolet B component of sunlight in melanoma skin cancers, tobacco carcinogen-induced DNA damage in lung cancers and aristolochic acid, a chemical compound found in certain herbal medicines, in urothelial carcinomas of exposed populations. However, large-scale sequencing is beginning to unveil other unique mutational spectra in particular cancers, such as A-to-C mutations at 5'AA dinucleotides in esophageal adenocarcinomas and complex mutational patterns in liver cancer. These datasets can form the basis for future studies aimed at identifying the carcinogens at work. SUMMARY The findings have substantial implications for our understanding of cancer causation and cancer prevention.
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235
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Luzzatto
- From the Istituto Toscano Tumori and University of Firenze, Florence, Italy (L.L.); and the Cancer Research Institute and Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (P.P.P.)
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236
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Cheng Z, Tan Q, Tan W, Zhang LI. Cigarette smoke induces the expression of Notch3, not Notch1, protein in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:641-646. [PMID: 26622547 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of cigarette smoke on the expression of Notch proteins in lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). Protein expression levels of Notch1 and Notch3 were analyzed using immunohistochemistry in 102 human LAC specimens. Of these, 52 were obtained from smokers and 50 from non-smokers. In addition, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) at varying concentrations (1, 2.5 and 5%) was administered to A549 cells. The expression of Notch1 and Notch3 protein was then detected by western blot analysis at different time points (0, 8, 24 and 48 h). Of the 102 LAC specimens, 42 (41.2%) were positive for Notch1 and 63 (61.8%) were positive for Notch3. There was no significant difference in the level of Notch1 expression between smokers and non-smokers with LAC (P>0.05). The positive rate and staining intensity of Notch3 expression were increased in the smokers compared with the non-smokers (P<0.05). The expression of Notch3 protein in A549 cells increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner following treatment with CSE, whilst the expression of Notch1 protein appeared stable. The results suggested that cigarette smoke was able to induce the expression of Notch3, not Notch1, protein in LAC. The data revealed an upregulation of Notch3 in LAC following cigarette smoke exposure. Such findings may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of LAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshun Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyue Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - L I Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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237
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Hu Z, Brooks SA, Dormoy V, Hsu CW, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Massfelder T, Rathmell WK, Xia M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Prudhomme KR, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Lowe L, Jensen L, Bisson WH, Kleinstreuer N. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: focus on the cancer hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S184-202. [PMID: 26106137 PMCID: PMC4492067 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important 'hallmarks' of cancer is angiogenesis, which is the process of formation of new blood vessels that are necessary for tumor expansion, invasion and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, angiogenesis is well balanced and controlled by endogenous proangiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors. However, factors produced by cancer cells, cancer stem cells and other cell types in the tumor stroma can disrupt the balance so that the tumor microenvironment favors tumor angiogenesis. These factors include vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial tissue factor and other membrane bound receptors that mediate multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Though environmental exposures to certain chemicals have been found to initiate and promote tumor development, the role of these exposures (particularly to low doses of multiple substances), is largely unknown in relation to tumor angiogenesis. This review summarizes the evidence of the role of environmental chemical bioactivity and exposure in tumor angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. We identify a number of ubiquitous (prototypical) chemicals with disruptive potential that may warrant further investigation given their selectivity for high-throughput screening assay targets associated with proangiogenic pathways. We also consider the cross-hallmark relationships of a number of important angiogenic pathway targets with other cancer hallmarks and we make recommendations for future research. Understanding of the role of low-dose exposure of chemicals with disruptive potential could help us refine our approach to cancer risk assessment, and may ultimately aid in preventing cancer by reducing or eliminating exposures to synergistic mixtures of chemicals with carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 614 685 4606; Fax: +1-614-247-7205;
| | - Samira A. Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kalan R. Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roslida A. Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate
, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - A. Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advance Research), King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K. Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden and
| | - William H. Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, NIEHS, MD K2-16, RTP, NC 27709, USA
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238
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Yu XJ, Yang MJ, Zhou B, Wang GZ, Huang YC, Wu LC, Cheng X, Wen ZS, Huang JY, Zhang YD, Gao XH, Li GF, He SW, Gu ZH, Ma L, Pan CM, Wang P, Chen HB, Hong ZP, Wang XL, Mao WJ, Jin XL, Kang H, Chen ST, Zhu YQ, Gu WY, Liu Z, Dong H, Tian LW, Chen SJ, Cao Y, Wang SY, Zhou GB. Characterization of Somatic Mutations in Air Pollution-Related Lung Cancer. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:583-90. [PMID: 26288819 PMCID: PMC4534757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has been classified as Group 1 carcinogenic to humans, but the underlying tumorigenesis remains unclear. In Xuanwei City of Yunnan Province, the lung cancer incidence is among the highest in China attributed to severe air pollution generated by combustion of smoky coal, providing a unique opportunity to dissect lung carcinogenesis of air pollution. Here we analyzed the somatic mutations of 164 non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) from Xuanwei and control regions (CR) where smoky coal was not used. Whole genome sequencing revealed a mean of 289 somatic exonic mutations per tumor and the frequent C:G → A:T nucleotide substitutions in Xuanwei NSCLCs. Exome sequencing of 2010 genes showed that Xuanwei and CR NSCLCs had a mean of 68 and 22 mutated genes per tumor, respectively (p < 0.0001). We found 167 genes (including TP53, RYR2, KRAS, CACNA1E) which had significantly higher mutation frequencies in Xuanwei than CR patients, and mutations in most genes in Xuanwei NSCLCs differed from those in CR cases. The mutation rates of 70 genes (e.g., RYR2, MYH3, GPR144, CACNA1E) were associated with patients' lifetime benzo(a)pyrene exposure. This study uncovers the mutation spectrum of air pollution-related lung cancers, and provides evidence for pollution exposure-genomic mutation relationship at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Min-Jun Yang
- The Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun-Chao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Li-Chuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Cancer Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jin-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yun-Dong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Pathology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gao-Feng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Shui-Wang He
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Pathology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chun-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Hao-Bin Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Qu Jing City, Qu Jing 655000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Hong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Jing Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Long Jin
- Department of Pathology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to SJTU School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui Kang
- The Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu-Ting Chen
- The Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Zhu
- The Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wen-Yi Gu
- The Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Dong
- The Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin-Wei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Pathology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Sheng-Yue Wang
- The Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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239
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M Clement J, Duan F, Srivastava PK. Smoking-induced immune deviation contributes to progression of bladder and other cancers. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1019199. [PMID: 26405591 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1019199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose here that cigarette smoke (CS), in addition to its established genotoxic effects, elicits chronic albeit sub-clinical immune suppression, which is a major contributor to cancer progression. This hypothesis, presented here primarily in the context of bladder cancers (BCs), is applicable to other cancers, including those without a confirmed link to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Clement
- Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Fei Duan
- Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Pramod K Srivastava
- Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Connecticut School of Medicine ; Farmington, CT, USA
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240
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Ahmad D, Bakairy AK, Katheri AM, Tamimi W. MDM2 (RS769412) G>A Polymorphism in Cigarette Smokers: a Clue for the Susceptibility to Smoking and Lung Cancer Risk. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:4057-60. [PMID: 25987086 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains oxidants and free radicals which are carcinogens that can induce mutations in humans. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent genetic alterations found in the human genome. In the present study, we have examined the ability of the murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) (rs769412) A>G polymorphism in cigarette smokers to predict risk of cancers. Our results showed that of smokers, 87% were found with AA genotype, 10% with heterozygous AG genotype, and 3% with GG genotype. The heterozygous AG genotype was observed in a lower percentage of smokers (10%) as compared to non-smokers (18%), whereas, homozygous AA genotype was observed in lower percentage of non-smokers (81%) as compared to the smokers (87%). The results from present study support the association with an allele and AG genotype in non-smokers. However, further studies are required to establish the role of Mdm2 (rs769412) C>T in cigarettes smokers and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad Ahmad
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia E-mail :
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241
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Nguyen AH, Berim IG, Agrawal DK. Chronic inflammation and cancer: emerging roles of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:849-57. [PMID: 25954917 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1043893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is tightly regulated by a vast system that is intricately interconnected with innate immunity. Aberrations in expression or signaling, such as in innate immune receptors, can create excessive inflammation and, when chronic, often promote oncogenesis. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells receptor family has been characterized as a major player in the amplification and signaling of the inflammatory response. In a number of chronic inflammatory conditions and malignancies, the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells has been implicated in disease severity and progression. In this article, the current understanding of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells function in pre-malignant, malignant and chronic inflammatory conditions is critically reviewed. The potential for therapeutic application is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Huy Nguyen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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242
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Sung YH, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Kondo DG, Shi XF, Lundberg KJ, Hellem TL, Huber RS, McGlade EC, Jeong EK, Renshaw PF. Gender differences in the effect of tobacco use on brain phosphocreatine levels in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2015; 41:281-9. [PMID: 25871447 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1019673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high prevalence of tobacco smoking has been observed in methamphetamine users, but there have been no in vivo brain neurochemistry studies addressing gender effects of tobacco smoking in methamphetamine users. Methamphetamine addiction is associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety in females. There is increasing evidence that selective analogues of nicotine, a principal active component of tobacco smoking, may ease depression and improve cognitive performance in animals and humans. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of tobacco smoking and gender on brain phosphocreatine (PCr) levels, a marker of brain energy metabolism reported to be reduced in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. METHODS Thirty female and 27 male methamphetamine-dependent subjects were evaluated with phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) to measure PCr levels within the pregenual anterior cingulate, which has been implicated in methamphetamine neurotoxicity. RESULTS Analysis of covariance revealed that there were statistically significant slope (PCr versus lifetime amount of tobacco smoking) differences between female and male methamphetamine-dependent subjects (p = 0.03). In females, there was also a statistically significant interaction between lifetime amounts of tobacco smoking and methamphetamine in regard to PCr levels (p = 0.01), which suggests that tobacco smoking may have a more significant positive impact on brain PCr levels in heavy, as opposed to light to moderate, methamphetamine-dependent females. CONCLUSION These results indicate that tobacco smoking has gender-specific effects in terms of increased anterior cingulate high energy PCr levels in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Cigarette smoking in methamphetamine-dependent women, particularly those with heavy methamphetamine use, may have a potentially protective effect upon neuronal metabolism.
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243
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Wang GZ, Cheng X, Li XC, Liu YQ, Wang XQ, Shi X, Wang ZY, Guo YQ, Wen ZS, Huang YC, Zhou GB. Tobacco smoke induces production of chemokine CCL20 to promote lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 363:60-70. [PMID: 25864589 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year, and 90% of the annual 1.59 million lung cancer deaths worldwide are caused by cigarette smoke. Clinically, a long latency is required for individuals to develop lung cancer since they were first exposed to smoking. In this study, we aimed to identify clinical relevant inflammatory factors that are critical for carcinogenesis by treating normal human lung epithelial cells with tobacco carcinogen nicotine-derived nitrosaminoketone (NNK) for a long period (60 days) and systematic screening in 84 cytokines/chemokines. We found that a chemokine CCL20 was significantly up-regulated by NNK, and in 78/173 (45.1%) patients the expression of CCL20 was higher in tumor samples than their adjacent normal lung tissues. Interestingly, CCL20 was up-regulated in 48/92 (52.2%) smoker and 29/78 (37.2%) nonsmoker patients (p = 0.05), and high CCL20 was associated with poor prognosis. NNK induced the production of CCL20, which promoted lung cancer cell proliferation and migration. In addition, an anti-inflammation drug, dexamethasone, inhibited NNK-induced CCL20 production and suppressed lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that CCL20 is crucial for tobacco smoke-caused lung cancer, and anti-CCL20 could be a rational approach to fight against this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xian-Quan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jing Wu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xu Shi
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Zai-Yong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Qing Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Cancer Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yun-Chao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Graduate School of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Qian X, Khammanivong A, Song JM, Teferi F, Upadhyaya P, Dickerson E, Kassie F. RNA-sequencing studies identify genes differentially regulated during inflammation-driven lung tumorigenesis and targeted by chemopreventive agents. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:343-61. [PMID: 25795230 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic pulmonary inflammation has been consistently shown to increase the risk of lung cancer. Therefore, assessing the molecular links between the two diseases and identification of chemopreventive agents that inhibit inflammation-driven lung tumorigenesis is indispensable. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female A/J mice were treated with the tobacco smoke carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inflammatory agent and constituent of tobacco smoke, and maintained on control diet or diet supplemented with the chemopreventive agents indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and/or silibinin (Sil). At the end of the study, mice were sacrificed and tumors on the surface of the lung were counted and gene expression levels in lung tissues were determined by RNA sequencing. RESULTS The mean number of lung tumors induced by NNK and NNK + LPS was 5 and 15 tumors/mouse, respectively. Dietary supplementation with the combination of I3C and Sil significantly reduced the size and multiplicity (by 50 %) of NNK + LPS-induced lung tumors. Also, we found that 330, 2957, and 1143 genes were differentially regulated in mice treated with NNK, LPS, and NNK + LPS, respectively. The inflammatory response of lung tumors to LPS, as determined by the number of proinflammatory genes with altered gene expression or the level of alteration, was markedly less than that of normal lungs. Among 1143 genes differentially regulated in the NNK + LPS group, the expression of 162 genes and associated signaling pathways was significantly modulated by I3C and/or Sil + I3C. These genes include cytokines, chemokines, putative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and Ros1, AREG, EREG, Cyp1a1, Arntl, and Npas2. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report that provides insight into genes that are differentially expressed during inflammation-driven lung tumorigenesis and the modulation of these genes by chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Qian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Comprehensive DNA adduct analysis reveals pulmonary inflammatory response contributes to genotoxic action of magnetite nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3474-92. [PMID: 25658799 PMCID: PMC4346908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosized-magnetite (MGT) is widely utilized in medicinal and industrial fields; however, its toxicological properties are not well documented. In our previous report, MGT showed genotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo assay systems, and it was suggested that inflammatory responses exist behind the genotoxicity. To further clarify mechanisms underlying the genotoxicity, a comprehensive DNA adduct (DNA adductome) analysis was conducted using DNA samples derived from the lungs of mice exposed to MGT. In total, 30 and 42 types of DNA adducts were detected in the vehicle control and MGT-treated groups, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) against a subset of DNA adducts was applied and several adducts, which are deduced to be formed by inflammation or oxidative stress, as the case of etheno-deoxycytidine (εdC), revealed higher contributions to MGT exposure. By quantitative-LC-MS/MS analysis, εdC levels were significantly higher in MGT-treated mice than those of the vehicle control. Taken together with our previous data, it is suggested that inflammatory responses might be involved in the genotoxicity induced by MGT in the lungs of mice.
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246
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Abstract
Cancer genomic DNA sequences enable identification of all mutations and suggest targets for precision medicine. The identities and patterns of the mutations themselves also provide critical information for deducing the originating DNA damaging agents, causal molecular mechanisms, and thus additional therapeutic targets. A classic example is ultraviolet light, which crosslinks adjacent pyrimidines and leads to C-to-T transitions. A new example is the DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B, which was identified recently as a source of DNA damage and mutagenesis in breast, head/neck, cervix, bladder, lung, ovary, and to lesser extents additional cancer types. This enzyme is normally an effector protein in the innate immune response to virus infection but upregulation in these cancer types causes elevated levels of genomic C-to-U deamination events, which manifest as C-to-T transitions and C-to-G transversions within distinct DNA trinucleotide contexts (preferentially 5’-TCA and 5’-TCG). Genomic C-to-U deamination events within the same trinucleotide contexts also lead to cytosine mutation clusters (kataegis), and may precipitate visible chromosomal aberrations such as translocations. Clinical studies indicate that APOBEC3B upregulation correlates with poorer outcomes for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients, including shorter durations of disease-free survival and overall survival after surgery. APOBEC3B may therefore have both diagnostic and prognostic potential. APOBEC3B may also be a candidate for therapeutic targeting because inhibition of this non-essential enzyme is predicted to decrease tumor mutation rates and diminish the likelihood of undesirable mutation-dependent outcomes such as recurrence, metastasis, and the development of therapy resistant tumors.
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Arlt VM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Stiborová M, Phillips DH. The Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN™) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models as suitable tools to study metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity of environmental pollutants. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the applicability of the Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models to study carcinogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - David H. Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
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248
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Sayols-Baixeras S, Lluís-Ganella C, Subirana I, Salas LA, Vilahur N, Corella D, Muñoz D, Segura A, Jimenez-Conde J, Moran S, Soriano-Tárraga C, Roquer J, Lopez-Farré A, Marrugat J, Fitó M, Elosua R. Identification of a new locus and validation of previously reported loci showing differential methylation associated with smoking. The REGICOR study. Epigenetics 2015; 10:1156-65. [PMID: 26829059 PMCID: PMC4844221 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1115175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking increases the risk of many diseases and could act through changes in DNA methylation patterns. The aims of this study were to determine the association between smoking and DNA methylation throughout the genome at cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) site level and genomic regions. A discovery cross-sectional epigenome-wide association study nested in the follow-up of the REGICOR cohort was designed and included 645 individuals. Blood DNA methylation was assessed using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Smoking status was self-reported using a standardized questionnaire. We identified 66 differentially methylated CpG sites associated with smoking, located in 38 genes. In most of these CpG sites, we observed a trend among those quitting smoking to recover methylation levels typical of never smokers. A CpG site located in a novel smoking-associated gene (cg06394460 in LNX2) was hypomethylated in current smokers. Moreover, we validated two previously reported CpG sites (cg05886626 in THBS1, and cg24838345 in MTSS1) for their potential relation to atherosclerosis and cancer diseases, using several different approaches: CpG site methylation, gene expression, and plasma protein level determinations. Smoking was also associated with higher THBS1 gene expression but with lower levels of thrombospondin-1 in plasma. Finally, we identified differential methylation regions in 13 genes and in four non-coding RNAs. In summary, this study replicated previous findings and identified and validated a new CpG site located in LNX2 associated with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Lluís-Ganella
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health; 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lucas A Salas
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health; 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nadia Vilahur
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Preventive Medicine Department; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit; University of Valencia; 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition; 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Dani Muñoz
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura
- Health Sciences Institute; 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jordi Jimenez-Conde
- Department of Neurology; Neurovascular Research Group; IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Moran
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC); Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); 08908 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carolina Soriano-Tárraga
- Department of Neurology; Neurovascular Research Group; IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Roquer
- Department of Neurology; Neurovascular Research Group; IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jaume Marrugat
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Fitó
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition; 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Benowitz NL, Gan Q, Goniewicz ML, Lu W, Xu J, Li X, Jacob P, Glantz S. Different profiles of carcinogen exposure in Chinese compared with US cigarette smokers. Tob Control 2014; 24:e258-63. [PMID: 25535294 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in carcinogen exposure from different cigarette products could contribute to differences in smoking-associated cancer incidence among Chinese compared with US smokers. METHODS Urine concentrations of metabolites of nicotine, the tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (PAHs) were compared in 238 Chinese and 203 US daily smokers. RESULTS Comparing Chinese versus US smokers, daily nicotine intake and nicotine intake per cigarette smoked were found to be similar. When normalised for cigarettes per day, urine NNAL excretion was fourfold higher in US smokers, while the excretion of urine metabolites of the PAHs fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene metabolites was 50% to fourfold higher in Chinese smokers (all, p<0.0001). Similar results were seen when NNAL and PAHs excretion was normalised for daily nicotine intake. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of carcinogen exposure differ, with lower exposure to TSNA and higher exposure to PAHs in Chinese compared with US smokers. These results most likely reflect country differences in cigarette tobacco blends and manufacturing processes, as well as different environmental exposures. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00264342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, Departments of Medicine, and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Quan Gan
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiying Xu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, Departments of Medicine, and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stanton Glantz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Vincent MD. Promising targets and current clinical trials in metastatic squamous cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:320. [PMID: 25538887 PMCID: PMC4260675 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cancer of the lung (SQCC), although no longer the premier variant of non-small cell lung cancer, continues to impose a heavy world-wide burden. Advanced SQCC has enjoyed little of the recent progress benefiting patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung, but that has now begun to change. This article reviews the underlying molecular pathology of SQCC, as well as potential new targets and the corresponding novel targeted agents; included are some of which may soon be approvable in this notoriously hard-to-treat indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Vincent
- London Regional Cancer Program, Department of Medical Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre , London, ON , Canada
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