201
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Yuan O, Lin C, Wagner J, Archard JA, Deng P, Halmai J, Bauer G, Fink KD, Fury B, Perotti NH, Walker JE, Pollock K, Apperson M, Butters J, Belafsky P, Farwell DG, Kuhn M, Nolta J, Anderson JD. Exosomes Derived from Human Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Mitosis and Potentiate Growth Factor Secretion. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:398-409. [PMID: 30638129 PMCID: PMC6441283 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) facilitate functional recovery in numerous animal models of inflammatory and ischemic tissue-related diseases with a growing body of research suggesting that exosomes mediate many of these therapeutic effects. It remains unclear, however, which types of proteins are packaged into exosomes compared with the cells from which they are derived. In this study, using comprehensive proteomic analysis, we demonstrated that human primed MSCs secrete exosomes (pMEX) that are packaged with markedly higher fractions of specific protein subclasses compared with their cells of origin, indicating regulation of their contents. Notably, we found that pMEX are also packaged with substantially elevated levels of extracellular-associated proteins. Fibronectin was the most abundant protein detected, and data established that fibronectin mediates the mitogenic properties of pMEX. In addition, treatment of SHSY5Y cells with pMEX induced the secretion of growth factors known to possess mitogenic and neurotrophic properties. Taken together, our comprehensive analysis indicates that pMEX are packaged with specific protein subtypes, which may provide a molecular basis for their distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Clayton Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joseph Wagner
- Drug Discovery Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joehleen A. Archard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Peter Deng
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Julian Halmai
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Good Manufacturing Practice Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kyle D. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Brian Fury
- Good Manufacturing Practice Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nicholas H. Perotti
- Good Manufacturing Practice Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jon E. Walker
- Stem Cell Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kari Pollock
- Stem Cell Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michelle Apperson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Janelle Butters
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Peter Belafsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - D. Gregory Farwell
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Maggie Kuhn
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jan Nolta
- Stem Cell Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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202
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Li X, Corbett AL, Taatizadeh E, Tasnim N, Little JP, Garnis C, Daugaard M, Guns E, Hoorfar M, Li ITS. Challenges and opportunities in exosome research-Perspectives from biology, engineering, and cancer therapy. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:011503. [PMID: 31069333 PMCID: PMC6481742 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small (∼30-140 nm) lipid bilayer-enclosed particles of endosomal origin. They are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most cell types. There has been growing interest in exosome research in the last decade due to their emerging role as intercellular messengers and their potential in disease diagnosis. Indeed, exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and RNAs that are specific to their cell origin and could deliver cargo to both nearby and distant cells. As a result, investigation of exosome cargo contents could offer opportunities for disease detection and treatment. Moreover, exosomes have been explored as natural drug delivery vehicles since they can travel safely in extracellular fluids and deliver cargo to destined cells with high specificity and efficiency. Despite significant efforts made in this relatively new field of research, progress has been held back by challenges such as inefficient separation methods, difficulties in characterization, and lack of specific biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in exosome biogenesis, their roles in disease progression, and therapeutic applications and opportunities in bioengineering. Furthermore, we highlight the established and emerging technological developments in exosome isolation and characterization. We aim to consider critical challenges in exosome research and provide directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Alexander L. Corbett
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Cathie Garnis
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada, and Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada, and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Emma Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada, and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Isaac T. S. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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203
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Rocha S, Carvalho J, Oliveira P, Voglstaetter M, Schvartz D, Thomsen AR, Walter N, Khanduri R, Sanchez J, Keller A, Oliveira C, Nazarenko I. 3D Cellular Architecture Affects MicroRNA and Protein Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1800948. [PMID: 30828519 PMCID: PMC6382357 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The success of malignant tumors is conditioned by the intercellular communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) acting as main mediators. While the value of 3D conditions to study tumor cells is well established, the impact of cellular architecture on EV content and function is not investigated yet. Here, a recently developed 3D cell culture microwell array is adapted for EV production and a comprehensive comparative analysis of biochemical features, RNA and proteomic profiles of EVs secreted by 2D vs 3D cultures of gastric cancer cells, is performed. 3D cultures are significantly more efficient in producing EVs than 2D cultures. Global upregulation of microRNAs and downregulation of proteins in 3D are observed, indicating their dynamic coregulation in response to cellular architecture, with the ADP-ribosylation factor 6 signaling pathway significantly downregulated in 3D EVs. The data strengthen the biological relevance of cellular architecture for production and cargo of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocha
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen 2084200‐135PortoPortugal
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 454200‐135PortoPortugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversidade do PortoR. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 2284050‐313PortoPortugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen 2084200‐135PortoPortugal
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 454200‐135PortoPortugal
| | - Patrícia Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen 2084200‐135PortoPortugal
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 454200‐135PortoPortugal
| | - Maren Voglstaetter
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital EpidemiologyMedical Center—University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgBreisacherstr. 115b79106FreiburgGermany
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Department of Human Protein SciencesCentre Médical UniversitaireRue Michel‐Servet 1CH1211GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Andreas R. Thomsen
- Department of Radiation OncologyMedical Center—University of FreiburgHugstaetterstr 55Freiburg79106Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nadia Walter
- Department of Human Protein SciencesCentre Médical UniversitaireRue Michel‐Servet 1CH1211GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Richa Khanduri
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital EpidemiologyMedical Center—University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgBreisacherstr. 115b79106FreiburgGermany
| | - Jean‐Charles Sanchez
- Department of Human Protein SciencesCentre Médical UniversitaireRue Michel‐Servet 1CH1211GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Keller
- Clinical BioinformaticsUniversity HospitalSaarland UniversityKirrberger Straße, Building E2.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoRua Alfredo Allen 2084200‐135PortoPortugal
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of PortoRua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 454200‐135PortoPortugal
- Department Pathology and OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoAlameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro4200‐319PortoPortugal
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital EpidemiologyMedical Center—University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgBreisacherstr. 115b79106FreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
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204
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Malloci M, Perdomo L, Veerasamy M, Andriantsitohaina R, Simard G, Martínez MC. Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms in Human Health and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:813-856. [PMID: 29634347 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now considered veritable entities for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. These structures are able to interact with target cells and modify their phenotype and function. Recent Advances: Since composition of EVs depends on the cell type of origin and the stimulation that leads to their release, the analysis of EV content remains an important input to understand the potential effects of EVs on target cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we review recent data related to the mechanisms involved in the formation of EVs and the methods allowing specific EV isolation and identification. Also, we analyze the potential use of EVs as biomarkers in different pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Besides, their role in these diseases is discussed. Finally, we consider EVs enriched in microRNA or drugs as potential therapeutic cargo able to deliver desirable information to target cells/tissues. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We underline the importance of the homogenization of the parameters of isolation of EVs and their characterization, which allow considering EVs as excellent biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Malloci
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Liliana Perdomo
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Maëva Veerasamy
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France.,2 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Gilles Simard
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France.,2 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - M Carmen Martínez
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France.,2 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
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205
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Jalalian SH, Ramezani M, Jalalian SA, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. Exosomes, new biomarkers in early cancer detection. Anal Biochem 2019; 571:1-13. [PMID: 30776327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal-derived vesicles, playing a major role in cell-to-cell communication. Multiple cells secret these vesicles to induce and inhibit different cellular and molecular pathways. Cancer-derived exosomes have been shown to affect development of cancer in different stages and contribute to the recruitment and reprogramming of both proximal and distal tissues. The growing interest in defining the clinical relevance of these nano-sized particles in cancers, has led to the identification of either tissue- or disease-specific exosomal contents, such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids as a source of new biomarkers which propose the diagnostic potentials of exosomes in early detection of cancers. In this review, we have discussed some aspects of exosomes including their contents, applications and isolation techniques in the field of early cancer detection. Although, exosomes are considered as ideal biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, due to their unique characteristics, there is still a long way in the development of exosome-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Jalalian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Students Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Jalalian
- Students Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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206
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Tang WH. Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:19. [PMID: 30815248 PMCID: PMC6377728 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1073] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released into surrounding body fluids upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. They were shown to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, and genetic materials, and can be selectively taken up by neighboring or distant cells far from their release, reprogramming the recipient cells upon their bioactive compounds. Therefore, the regulated formation of exosomes, specific makeup of their cargo, cell-targeting specificity are of immense biological interest considering extremely high potential of exosomes as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic nanocarriers. In present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, the molecular composition of exosomes, and technologies used in exosome research. Furthermore, we focus on the potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cell-lineage and state-specific contents, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Exosome research is now in its infancy, in-depth understanding of subcellular components and mechanisms involved in exosome formation and specific cell-targeting will bring light on their physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- 1Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- 2Clinical Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Haiying Liu
- 2Clinical Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- 1Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
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207
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Plasma lipidome reveals critical illness and recovery from human Ebola virus disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3919-3928. [PMID: 30808769 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815356116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) often leads to severe and fatal outcomes in humans with early supportive care increasing the chances of survival. Profiling the human plasma lipidome provides insight into critical illness as well as diseased states, as lipids have essential roles as membrane structural components, signaling molecules, and energy sources. Here we show that the plasma lipidomes of EVD survivors and fatalities from Sierra Leone, infected during the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak, were profoundly altered. Focusing on how lipids are associated in human plasma, while factoring in the state of critical illness, we found that lipidome changes were related to EVD outcome and could identify states of disease and recovery. Specific changes in the lipidome suggested contributions from extracellular vesicles, viremia, liver dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, and general critical illness, and we identified possible targets for therapies enhancing EVD survival.
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208
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Cauvi DM, Hawisher D, Dores-Silva PR, Lizardo RE, De Maio A. Macrophage reprogramming by negatively charged membrane phospholipids controls infection. FASEB J 2019; 33:2995-3009. [PMID: 30325674 PMCID: PMC6338646 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801579r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) are heterogeneous membrane-enclosed structures containing proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that participate in intercellular communication by transferring their contents to recipient cells. Although most of the attention has been directed at the biologic effect of proteins and microRNA, the contribution of phospholipids present in ECVs on cellular activation has not been extensively addressed. We investigated the biologic effect of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), 2 phospholipids highly abundant in ECVs. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that ∼4700 genes were specifically modified by exposing peritoneal macrophages to PS or PC liposomes in vivo. Among them, the expression of several chemokines and cytokines was highly upregulated by PS liposome treatment, translating into a massive neutrophil infiltration of the peritoneum capable of neutralizing a septic polymicrobial insult. Both the l and d stereoisomers of PS induced the same response, suggesting that the effect was related to the negative charge of the phospholipid head. We concluded that an increase in the internal negative charge of the cell triggers a signaling cascade activating an innate immune response capable of controlling infection.-Cauvi, D. M., Hawisher, D., Dores-Silva, P. R., Lizardo, R. E., De Maio, A. Macrophage reprogramming by negatively charged membrane phospholipids controls infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; and
| | - Dennis Hawisher
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; and
| | - Paulo R. Dores-Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; and
| | - Radhames E. Lizardo
- Department of Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; and
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209
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Jan AT, Rahman S, Khan S, Tasduq SA, Choi I. Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020099. [PMID: 30699987 PMCID: PMC6406279 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed entities of endocytic origin, which are generated during the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and plasma membranes. Exosomes are released into the extracellular milieu or body fluids; this process was reported for mesenchymal, epithelial, endothelial, and different immune cells (B-cells and dendritic cells), and was reported to be correlated with normal physiological processes. The compositions and abundances of exosomes depend on their tissue origins and cell types. Exosomes range in size between 30 and 100 nm, and shuttle nucleic acids (DNA, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs), proteins, and lipids between donor and target cells. Pathogenic microorganisms also secrete exosomes that modulate the host immune system and influence the fate of infections. Such immune-modulatory effect of exosomes can serve as a diagnostic biomarker of disease. On the other hand, the antigen-presenting and immune-stimulatory properties of exosomes enable them to trigger anti-tumor responses, and exosome release from cancerous cells suggests they contribute to the recruitment and reconstitution of components of tumor microenvironments. Furthermore, their modulation of physiological and pathological processes suggests they contribute to the developmental program, infections, and human diseases. Despite significant advances, our understanding of exosomes is far from complete, particularly regarding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that subserve exosome formation, cargo packaging, and exosome release in different cellular backgrounds. The present study presents diverse biological aspects of exosomes, and highlights their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185236, India.
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar 251001, India.
| | | | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
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210
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Paardekooper LM, Vos W, van den Bogaart G. Oxygen in the tumor microenvironment: effects on dendritic cell function. Oncotarget 2019; 10:883-896. [PMID: 30783517 PMCID: PMC6368231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors grow at a high speed leading to insufficient blood supply to tumor cells. This makes the tumor hypoxic, resulting in the Warburg effect and an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hypoxia and ROS affect immune cells in the tumor micro-environment, thereby affecting their immune function. Here, we review the known effects of hypoxia and ROS on the function and physiology of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs can (cross-)present tumor antigen to activate naive T cells, which play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity. ROS might enter DCs via aquaporins in the plasma membrane, diffusion across the plasma membrane or via extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by tumor cells. Hypoxia and ROS exert complex effects on DCs, and can both inhibit and activate maturation of immature DCs. Furthermore, ROS transferred by EVs and/or produced by the DC can both promote antigen (cross-)presentation through phagosomal alkalinization, which preserves antigens by inhibiting proteases, and by direct oxidative modification of proteases. Hypoxia leads to a more migratory and inflammatory DC phenotype. Lastly, hypoxia alters DCs to shift the T- cell response towards a tumor suppressive Th17 phenotype. From numerous studies, the concept is emerging that hypoxia and ROS are mutually dependent effectors on DC function in the tumor micro-environment. Understanding their precise roles and interplay is important given that an adaptive immune response is required to clear tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Paardekooper
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Vos
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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211
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Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:9-17. [PMID: 30602770 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2207] [Impact Index Per Article: 441.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of exosomes to transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells, thereby triggering phenotypic changes in the latter, has generated substantial interest in the scientific community. However, the extent to which exosomes differ from other extracellular vesicles in terms of their biogenesis and functions remains ill-defined. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the specificities of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles, and their roles as important agents of cell-to-cell communication.
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212
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by many cells, including cancer cells. Extensive research has been carried out to validate potential applications of exosomes and to evaluate their efficiency in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. The current knowledge on the origin, biogenesis and composition of exosomes is described. This review then focuses on the use of exosomes in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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213
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Mathieu M, Martin-Jaular L, Lavieu G, Théry C. Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat Cell Biol 2019. [PMID: 30602770 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0250-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of exosomes to transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells, thereby triggering phenotypic changes in the latter, has generated substantial interest in the scientific community. However, the extent to which exosomes differ from other extracellular vesicles in terms of their biogenesis and functions remains ill-defined. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the specificities of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles, and their roles as important agents of cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Mathieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Grégory Lavieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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214
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Dendritic cell extracellular vesicles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:213-249. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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215
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Navarro-Tableros V, Gomez Y, Camussi G, Brizzi MF. Extracellular Vesicles: New Players in Lymphomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E41. [PMID: 30583481 PMCID: PMC6337615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are heterogeneous diseases, and the term includes a number of histological subtypes that are characterized by different clinical behavior and molecular phenotypes. Valuable information on the presence of lymphoma cell-derived extracellular vesicles (LCEVs) in the bloodstream of patients suffering from this hematological cancer has recently been provided. In particular, it has been reported that the number and phenotype of LCEVs can both change as the disease progresses, as well as after treatment. Moreover, the role that LCEVs play in driving tumor immune escape has been reported. This makes LCEVs potential novel clinical tools for diagnosis, disease progression, and chemoresistance. LCEVs express surface markers and convey specific molecules in accordance with their cell of origin, which can be used as targets and thus lead to the development of specific therapeutics. This may be particularly relevant since circulating LCEVs are known to save lymphoma cells from anti-cluster of differentiation (CD)20-induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Therefore, effort should be directed toward investigating the feasibility of using LCEVs as predictive biomarkers of disease progression and/or response to treatment that can be translated to clinical use. The use of liquid biopsies in combination with serum EV quantification and cargo analysis have been also considered as potential approaches that can be pursued in the future. Upcoming research will also focus on the identification of specific molecular targets in order to generate vaccines and/or antibodies against LCEVs. Finally, the removal of circulating LCEVs has been proposed as a simple and non-invasive treatment approach. We herein provide an overview of the role of LCEVs in lymphoma diagnosis, immune tolerance, and drug resistance. In addition, alternative protocols that utilize LCEVs as therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Navarro-Tableros
- 2i3T Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico Scarl, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
| | - Yonathan Gomez
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
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216
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Das CK, Jena BC, Banerjee I, Das S, Parekh A, Bhutia SK, Mandal M. Exosome as a Novel Shuttle for Delivery of Therapeutics across Biological Barriers. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:24-40. [PMID: 30513203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effective delivery of target-specific siRNA to the brain by exploiting the exosomes derived from dendritic cells renders the paradigm shift for the prospective use of nanosized exosomes as a delivery system. Although the in vivo targeting strategies by other nanovesicles like liposomes exist, still this novel exosome-based delivery approach holds an inclusive dominance of in vivo security and reduced immunogenicity. Achieving promising exosome-based delivery strategies warrants more desirable exploration of their biology. Over the years, the invention of novel production, characterization, targeting strategies, and cargo loading techniques of exosome improved its ability to reach clinics. Essentially, exosome-based delivery of therapeutics assures to conquer the major hurdles, like delivery of cargos across impermeable biological barriers, like the blood-brain barrier, biocompatibility, increased solubility, metabolic stability, improved circulation time, target specific delivery, and pharmacokinetics, and thereby enhanced the efficacy of loaded therapeutic agents. In this article, we cover the current status of exosome as a delivery vehicle for therapeutics and the challenges that need to be overcome, and we also discuss future perspectives of this exciting field of research to transform it from bench to clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kanta Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Bikash Chandra Jena
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Subhayan Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Aditya Parekh
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
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217
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Zhang C, Ji Q, Yang Y, Li Q, Wang Z. Exosome: Function and Role in Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018; 17:1533033818763450. [PMID: 29681222 PMCID: PMC5949932 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818763450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a kind of nanometric lipidic vesicles, exosomes have been presumed to play a leading role in the regulation of tumor microenvironment through exosomes-mediated transfer of proteins and genetic materials. Tumor-derived exosomes are recognized as a critical determinant of the tumor progression. Intriguingly, some current observations have identified that exosomes are essential for several intercellular exchanges of proteins, messenger RNAs, noncoding RNAs (including long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs) as well as to the process of cancer metastasis and drug resistance. Herein, we review the role of exosomes and their molecular cargos in cancer invasion and metastasis, summarize how they interact with antitumor agents, and highlight their translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Ji
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Yang
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqi Wang
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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218
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Fan TWM, Zhang X, Wang C, Yang Y, Kang WY, Arnold S, Higashi RM, Liu J, Lane AN. Exosomal lipids for classifying early and late stage non-small cell lung cancer. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:256-264. [PMID: 30292300 PMCID: PMC6582997 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Patients with early stage lung cancer have the best prognosis with surgical removal of the tumor, but the disease is often asymptomatic until advanced disease develops, and there are no effective blood-based screening methods for early detection of lung cancer in at-risk populations. We have explored the lipid profiles of blood plasma exosomes using ultra high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (UHR-FTMS) for early detection of the prevalent non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Exosomes are nanovehicles released by various cells and tumor tissues to elicit important biofunctions such as immune modulation and tumor development. Plasma exosomal lipid profiles were acquired from 39 normal and 91 NSCLC subjects (44 early stage and 47 late stage). We have applied two multivariate statistical methods, Random Forest (RF) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) to classify the data. For the RF method, the Gini importance of the assigned lipids was calculated to select 16 lipids with top importance. Using the LASSO method, 7 features were selected based on a grouped LASSO penalty. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for early and late stage cancer versus normal subjects using the selected lipid features was 0.85 and 0.88 for RF and 0.79 and 0.77 for LASSO, respectively. These results show the value of RF and LASSO for metabolomics data-based biomarker development, which provide robust an independent classifiers with sparse data sets. Application of LASSO and Random Forests identifies lipid features that successfully distinguish early stage lung cancer patient from healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa W M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Chi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Ye Yang
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Woo-Young Kang
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States.
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219
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Exosomes-the enigmatic regulators of bone homeostasis. Bone Res 2018; 6:36. [PMID: 30534458 PMCID: PMC6286319 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures, which mediate crosstalk interaction between cells. Recent studies have revealed a close relationship between exosomes and bone homeostasis. It is suggested that bone cells can spontaneously secret exosomes containing proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which then to regulate osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis. However, the network of regulatory activities of exosomes in bone homeostasis as well as their therapeutic potential in bone injury remain largely unknown. This review will detail and discuss the characteristics of exosomes, the regulatory activities of exosomes in bone homeostasis as well as the clinical potential of exosomes in bone injury. Vesicles known as exosomes may prove to be valuable clinical tools once their function is clarified. Exosomes were discovered in the 1980s but not observed in bone tissue until 2003. Minghao Zheng of the University of Western Australia, together with colleagues elsewhere, has reviewed the biology of exosomes, their role in maintaining bones, and their potential clinical uses. Exosomes carry lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids between cells. They are released by every type of bone cell, with the role of each exosome determined by its specific contents. Exosome-mediated crosstalk is involved in regulating bone remodeling, and exosomes have also been implicated in myelomas. Recent work has shown that exosome treatment can improve fracture healing. The authors conclude that a better understanding of the role of exosomes in bone homeostasis will unlock their significant clinical potential.
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220
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Vogel A, Upadhya R, Shetty AK. Neural stem cell derived extracellular vesicles: Attributes and prospects for treating neurodegenerative disorders. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:273-282. [PMID: 30472088 PMCID: PMC6306394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) grafting in conditions such as aging, brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases promotes regeneration, plasticity and functional recovery. Recent studies have revealed that administration of NSC-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC-EVs) via non-invasive approaches can also afford therapeutic benefits. This review confers the properties and therapeutic promise of EVs secreted by NSCs. NSC-EVs enriched with specific miRNAs mediate multiple functions in physiological and pathological conditions, which include modulation of the proximate microenvironment, facilitating the entry of viruses into cells, functioning as independent metabolic units, operating as a microglial morphogen and influencing the diverse aspects of brain function in adulthood including the process of aging. Due to their anti-inflammatory, neurogenic and neurotrophic effects, NSC-EVs are also useful for treating multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Although only a few studies have demonstrated the efficacy of NSC-EVs to treat brain impairments, the promise is enormous. Moving forward, the use of well-characterized NSC-EVs generated in specific culture conditions and NSC-EVs that are engineered to carry the desired miRNAs, mRNAs and proteins have great promise for treating brain injury and neurogenerative diseases. Notably, the possibility of targeting NSC-EVs to specific neuronal types or brain regions would enable managing of diverse neurodegenerative conditions with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vogel
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, Texas, United States; Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, 1114 TAMU, 206 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, Texas, United States; Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States.
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221
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Boere J, Malda J, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Extracellular Vesicles in Joint Disease and Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2575. [PMID: 30483255 PMCID: PMC6240615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a potential therapy is currently explored for different disease areas. When it comes to the treatment of joint diseases this approach is still in its infancy. As in joint diseases both inflammation and the associated articular tissue destruction are important factors, both the immune-suppressive and the regenerative properties of EVs are potentially advantageous characteristics for future therapy. There is, however, only limited knowledge on the basic features, such as numerical profile and function, of EVs in joint articular tissues in general and their linking medium, the synovial fluid, in particular. Further insight is urgently needed in order to appreciate the full potential of EVs and to exploit these in EV-mediated therapies. Physiologic joint homeostasis is a prerequisite for proper functioning of joints and we postulate that EVs play a key role in the regulation of joint homeostasis and hence can have an important function in re-establishing disturbed joint homeostasis, and, in parallel, in the regeneration of articular tissues. In this mini-review EVs in the joint are explained from a historical perspective in both health and disease, including the potential niche for EVs in articular tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the translational potential of equine models for human joint biology is discussed. Finally, the use of MSC-derived EVs that is recently gaining ground is highlighted and recommendations are given for further EV research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Boere
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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222
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Oncogenic H-Ras Expression Induces Fatty Acid Profile Changes in Human Fibroblasts and Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113515. [PMID: 30413053 PMCID: PMC6275056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer surrounded particles that are considered an additional way to transmit signals outside the cell. Lipids have not only a structural role in the organization of EVs membrane bilayer, but they also represent a source of lipid mediators that may act on target cells. Senescent cells are characterized by a permanent arrest of cell proliferation, but they are still metabolically active and influence nearby tissue secreting specific signaling mediators, including those carried by EVs. Notably, cellular senescence is associated with increased EVs release. Here, we used gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate the total fatty acid content of EVs released by fibroblasts undergoing H-RasV12-induced senescence and their parental cells. We find that H-RasV12 fibroblasts show increased level of monounsaturated and decreased level of saturated fatty acids, as compared to control cells. These changes are associated with transcriptional up-regulation of specific fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes. The EVs released by both controls and senescent fibroblasts show a higher level of saturated and polyunsaturated species, as compared to parental cells. Considering that fibroblasts undergoing H-RasV12-induced senescence release a higher number of EVs, these findings indicate that senescent cells release via EVs a higher amount of fatty acids, and in particular of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, as compared to control cells.
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223
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Li LM, Liu H, Liu XH, Hu HB, Liu SM. Clinical significance of exosomal miRNAs and proteins in three human cancers with high mortality in China. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:11-22. [PMID: 30655733 PMCID: PMC6313090 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. More importantly, the mortality rates for cancer are increasing. In China, lung cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer are the top three leading causes of mortality in males, whereas lung cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer are ranked the top three causes of mortality in females. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are produced and released by many different cells; these vesicles have a size range between 30 and 100 nm in diameter, and contain a lipid bilayer. Exosomes exist in various bodily fluids, contain plentiful amounts of nucleic acids and proteins, and shuttle these materials between cells to mediate the development of cancers. The present review summarizes the composition of exosomes and methods for their isolation and then intensively highlights the latest findings on the contributions of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins to lung cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer. Taken together, exosomal miRNAs and proteins may be used as noninvasive, novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis or precision treatment owing to their ability to promote tumor progression and metastasis, and their ability to regulate the immune response and tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Man Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, P.R. China
| | - Song-Mei Liu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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224
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Kusuma GD, Barabadi M, Tan JL, Morton DAV, Frith JE, Lim R. To Protect and to Preserve: Novel Preservation Strategies for Extracellular Vesicles. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1199. [PMID: 30420804 PMCID: PMC6215815 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based therapeutics are based on the premise that EVs shed by stem cells exert similar therapeutic effects and these have been proposed as an alternative to cell therapies. EV-mediated delivery is an effective and efficient system of cell-to-cell communication which can confer therapeutic benefits to their target cells. EVs have been shown to promote tissue repair and regeneration in various animal models such as, wound healing, cardiac ischemia, diabetes, lung fibrosis, kidney injury, and many others. Given the unique attributes of EVs, considerable thought must be given to the preservation, formulation and cold chain strategies in order to effectively translate exciting preclinical observations to clinical and commercial success. This review summarizes current understanding around EV preservation, challenges in maintaining EV quality, and also bioengineering advances aimed at enhancing the long-term stability of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina D. Kusuma
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mehri Barabadi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean L. Tan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jessica E. Frith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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225
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Karnati HK, Garcia JH, Tweedie D, Becker RE, Kapogiannis D, Greig NH. Neuronal Enriched Extracellular Vesicle Proteins as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:975-987. [PMID: 30039737 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of injury-related death throughout the world and lacks effective treatment. Surviving TBI patients often develop neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal damage and recovery following TBI are not well understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles that are divided into exosomes (originating in the endosomal/multi-vesicular body [MVB] system) and microvesicles (larger EVs produced through budding of the plasma membrane). Both types of EVs are generated by all cells and are secreted into the extracellular environment, and participate in cell-to-cell communication and protein and RNA delivery. EVs enriched for neuronal origin can be harvested from peripheral blood samples and their contents quantitatively examined as a window to follow potential changes occurring in brain. Recent studies suggest that the levels of exosomal proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) may represent novel biomarkers to support the clinical diagnosis and potential response to treatment for neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis of EVs, their molecular composition, and recent advances in research of their contents as potential diagnostic tools for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph H Garcia
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Tweedie
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert E Becker
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, Park City, Utah
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- 3 Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nigel H Greig
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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226
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Hadifar S, Fateh A, Yousefi MH, Siadat SD, Vaziri F. Exosomes in tuberculosis: Still terra incognita? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2104-2111. [PMID: 30317619 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Today, diagnosis, vaccination, and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) remain major clinical challenges. Therefore, an introduction of new diagnostic measures and biomarkers is necessary to improve infection control. The ideal biomarker for TB infection can be defined as a host or pathogen-derived biomolecule, which is potent for identifying infection and determining its clinical stage. Exosomes, defined as cell-derived nanovesicles released into biological fluids, are involved in cell-cell communication and immune modulation. These vesicles have emerged as a new platform for improving the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of different infectious diseases and cancers. The role of these nanovehicles, as alternative biomarkers for the improvement of TB diagnosis and treatment, has been demonstrated in a significant body of literature. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the clinical application of exosome-based biomarkers in TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Yousefi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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227
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Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanoparticles that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Communication is achieved through the transfer of cargos, such as microRNAs, from donor to recipient cells and binding of exosomes to cell surface receptors. Exosomes and their cargos are also obtained from dietary sources, such as milk. Exosome and cell glycoproteins are crucial for intestinal uptake. A large fraction of milk exosomes accumulates in the brain, whereas the tissue distribution of microRNA cargos varies among distinct species of microRNA. The fraction of milk exosomes that escapes absorption elicits changes in microbial communities in the gut. Dietary depletion of exosomes and their cargos causes a loss of circulating microRNAs and elicits phenotypes such as loss of cognitive performance, increase in purine metabolites, loss of fecundity, and changes in the immune response. Milk exosomes meet the definition of bioactive food compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA; , , , ,
| | - Sonal Sukreet
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA; , , , ,
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA; , , , ,
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA; , , , ,
| | - Ezra Mutai
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA; , , , ,
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Cesselli D, Parisse P, Aleksova A, Veneziano C, Cervellin C, Zanello A, Beltrami AP. Extracellular Vesicles: How Drug and Pathology Interfere With Their Biogenesis and Function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1394. [PMID: 30327618 PMCID: PMC6174233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are at the center of an intense activity of investigation, both for their possible employment as biomarkers of ongoing pathologic processes and for their broad range of biological activities. EV can promote tissue repair in very different pathologic settings, including hindlimb and myocardial ischemia. Importantly, the exact mode of action of EV is still partly understood, since they may act by modulating growth factors and cytokines, signaling pathways, and by transferring non-coding RNAs to target cells. However, the term EV identifies cell derived, enveloped particles very heterogeneous in size, composition, and biogenesis. Therefore, part of the controversies on the biological effects exerted by EV is a consequence of differences in methods of separation that result in the enrichment of different entities. Since technical challenges still hamper the highly specific sorting of different EV subpopulations, up to now only few investigators have tried to verify differences in the biological effects of specific EV subtypes. This review summarizes the current state of the art on the comprehension of mechanisms involved in EV biogenesis and release, which is a prerequisite for understanding and investigating the impact that pathology and drug therapy may exert on the secretion and composition of EV. Finally, we described both the mechanism involved in the modulation of EV secretion by drugs commonly used in patients affected by heart failure, and how pathophysiological mechanisms involved in heart disease modify EV secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aneta Aleksova
- Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste - University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Zanello
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Chiriacò MS, Bianco M, Nigro A, Primiceri E, Ferrara F, Romano A, Quattrini A, Furlan R, Arima V, Maruccio G. Lab-on-Chip for Exosomes and Microvesicles Detection and Characterization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3175. [PMID: 30241303 PMCID: PMC6210978 DOI: 10.3390/s18103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest in extracellular vesicles and in particular microvesicles and exosomes, which are constitutively produced by cells, is on the rise for their huge potential as biomarkers in a high number of disorders and pathologies as they are considered as carriers of information among cells, as well as being responsible for the spreading of diseases. Current methods of analysis of microvesicles and exosomes do not fulfill the requirements for their in-depth investigation and the complete exploitation of their diagnostic and prognostic value. Lab-on-chip methods have the potential and capabilities to bridge this gap and the technology is mature enough to provide all the necessary steps for a completely automated analysis of extracellular vesicles in body fluids. In this paper we provide an overview of the biological role of extracellular vesicles, standard biochemical methods of analysis and their limits, and a survey of lab-on-chip methods that are able to meet the needs of a deeper exploitation of these biological entities to drive their use in common clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Ferrara
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- STMicroelectronics, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Arima
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Zhang K, Zhao X, Chen X, Wei Y, Du W, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhao W, Han Z, Kong D, Zhao Q, Guo Z, Han Z, Liu N, Ma F, Li Z. Enhanced Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes with an Injectable Hydrogel for Hindlimb Ischemia Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30081-30091. [PMID: 30118197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been recognized as new candidates for cell-free treatment of various diseases. However, maintaining the retention and stability of exosomes over time in vivo after transplantation is a major challenge in the clinical application of MSC-derived exosomes. Here, we investigated if human placenta-derived MSC-derived exosomes incorporated with chitosan hydrogel could boost the retention and stability of exosomes and further enhance their therapeutic effects. Our results demonstrated that chitosan hydrogel notably increased the stability of proteins and microRNAs in exosomes, as well as augmented the retention of exosomes in vivo as confirmed by Gaussia luciferase imaging. In addition, we assessed endothelium-protective and proangiogenesis abilities of hydrogel-incorporated exosomes in vitro. Meanwhile, we evaluated the therapeutic function of hydrogel-incorporated exosomes in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Our data demonstrated that chitosan hydrogel could enhance the retention and stability of exosomes and further augment the therapeutic effects for hindlimb ischemia as revealed by firefly luciferase imaging of angiogenesis. The strategy used in this study may facilitate the development of easy and effective approaches for assessing and enhancing the therapeutic effects of stem cell-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center & Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, and Department of Biological Chemistry , University of California , Irvine 92697 , United States
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center & Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, and Department of Biological Chemistry , University of California , Irvine 92697 , United States
| | - Zhibo Han
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Perinatal Stem Cells , Beijing Institute of Health and Stem Cells, Health & Biotech Co. , Beijing 100176 , China
- State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin 300020 , China
| | | | | | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration , Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Zhongchao Han
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Perinatal Stem Cells , Beijing Institute of Health and Stem Cells, Health & Biotech Co. , Beijing 100176 , China
| | | | - Fengxia Ma
- State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin 300020 , China
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231
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Romancino DP, Buffa V, Caruso S, Ferrara I, Raccosta S, Notaro A, Campos Y, Noto R, Martorana V, Cupane A, Giallongo A, d'Azzo A, Manno M, Bongiovanni A. Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification of Alix regulating the membrane organization of exosome-like small extracellular vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2879-2887. [PMID: 30251702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtually all cell types have the capacity to secrete nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles, which have emerged in recent years as potent signal transducers and cell-cell communicators. The multifunctional protein Alix is a bona fide exosomal regulator and skeletal muscle cells can release Alix-positive nano-sized extracellular vesicles, offering a new paradigm for understanding how myofibers communicate within skeletal muscle and with other organs. S-palmitoylation is a reversible lipid post-translational modification, involved in different biological processes, such as the trafficking of membrane proteins, achievement of stable protein conformations, and stabilization of protein interactions. METHODS Here, we have used an integrated biochemical-biophysical approach to determine whether S-palmitoylation contributes to the regulation of extracellular vesicle production in skeletal muscle cells. RESULTS We ascertained that Alix is S-palmitoylated and that this post-translational modification influences its protein-protein interaction with CD9, a member of the tetraspanin protein family. Furthermore, we showed that the structural organization of the lipid bilayer of the small (nano-sized) extracellular vesicle membrane with altered palmitoylation is qualitatively different compared to mock control vesicles. CONCLUSIONS We propose that S-palmitoylation regulates the function of Alix in facilitating the interactions among extracellular vesicle-specific regulators and maintains the proper structural organization of exosome-like extracellular vesicle membranes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Beyond its biological relevance, our study also provides the means for a comprehensive structural characterization of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele P Romancino
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Buffa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Caruso
- UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Inserm, Paris 1162, France
| | - Ines Ferrara
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Samuele Raccosta
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonietta Notaro
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Yvan Campos
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rosina Noto
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Martorana
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cupane
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Agata Giallongo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra d'Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mauro Manno
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy.
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232
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Extracellular Vesicles Released by Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Cells Block Virus Replication in Recipient Cells in a STING-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01102-18. [PMID: 29976662 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01102-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-infected cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that deliver to uninfected cells viral factors and host components, such as the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which activates type I interferon upon foreign DNA sensing. The functions of EVs released by HSV-1-infected cells have remained unknown. Here, we describe a procedure to separate the EVs from HSV-1 virions that is based on an iodixanol/sucrose gradient. STING, along with the EV markers CD63 and CD9, was found in light-density fractions, while HSV components accumulated in heavy-density fractions. HSV-1 infection stimulated the release of EVs from the cells. The EVs derived from infected cells, but not from uninfected cells, activated innate immunity in recipient cells and suppressed viral gene expression and virus replication. Moreover, only the EVs derived from infected cells stimulated the expression of a subset of M1-type markers in recipient macrophages. Conversely, EVs derived from STING-knockdown cells failed to stimulate the expression of these M1-type markers, they activated innate immune responses to a lesser extent in recipient cells, and they did not sustain the inhibition of virus replication. These data suggest that STING from the EV donor cells contributes to the antiviral responses in cells receiving EVs from HSV-1-infected cells. Perturbations in the biogenesis of EVs by silencing CD63 or blocking the activity of the neutral spingomyelinase-2 (nSMase-2) increased the HSV-1 yields. Overall, our data suggest that the EVs released from HSV-1-infected cells negatively impact the infection and could control the dissemination of the virus.IMPORTANCE Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all types of cells as they constitute major mechanism of intercellular communication and have the capacity to alter the functions of recipient cells despite their limited capacity for cargo. How the EVs released by HSV-infected cells could alter the surrounding microenvironment and influence the infection currently remains unknown. The cargo of EVs reflects the physiological state of the cells in which they were produced, so the content of EVs originating from infected cells is expected to be substantially different from that of healthy cells. Our studies indicate that the EVs released by HSV-1-infected cells carry innate immune components such as STING and other host and viral factors; they can activate innate immune responses in recipient cells and inhibit HSV-1 replication. The implication of these data is that the EVs released by HSV-1-infected cells could control HSV-1 dissemination promoting its persistence in the host.
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233
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Comparison of exosome-mimicking liposomes with conventional liposomes for intracellular delivery of siRNA. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:100-113. [PMID: 30138707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have been extensively explored as delivery vehicles due to low immunogenicity, efficient cargo delivery, and possibly intrinsic homing capacity. However, therapeutic application of exosomes is hampered by structural complexity and lack of efficient techniques for isolation and drug loading. Liposomes represent one of the most successful therapeutic nanocarriers, but are frequently criticized by short blood circulation and inefficient intracellular drug delivery. In this circumstance, a promising strategy is to facilitate a positive feedback between two fields. Herein, exosome-mimicking liposomes were formulated with DOPC/SM/Chol/DOPS/DOPE (21/17.5/30/14/17.5, mol/mol), and harnessed for delivery of VEGF siRNA to A549 and HUVEC cells. Compared with Lipo 2000 and DOTAP liposomes, exosome-mimicking liposomes exhibited less than four-fold cytotoxicity but higher storage stability and anti-serum aggregation effect. Exosome-mimicking liposomes appeared to enter A549 cells through membrane fusion, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and macropinocytosis, while enter HUVEC through caveolae-mediated endocytosis, which revealed that the uptake pathway was dependent on cell types. Notably, exosome-mimicking liposomes exhibited significantly higher cellular uptake and silencing efficiency than PC-Chol liposomes (>three-fold), suggesting the unique lipid composition did enhance the intracellular delivery efficiency of exosome-mimicking liposomes to a significantly greater extent. However, it still remained far from satisfactory delivery as compared to cationic Lipo 2000 and DOTAP liposomes, which warranted further improvement in future research. This study may encourage further pursuit of more exosome-mimicking delivery vehicles with higher efficiency and biocompatibility.
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234
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Otero-Ortega L, Laso-García F, Gómez-de Frutos M, Fuentes B, Diekhorst L, Díez-Tejedor E, Gutiérrez-Fernández M. Role of Exosomes as a Treatment and Potential Biomarker for Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:241-249. [PMID: 30105420 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately, 16 million strokes occur worldwide each year, causing 6 million deaths and considerable disability, implying an enormous social, individual health, and economic burden. Due to this high incidence, strategies to promote stroke recovery are urgently needed. Research into new therapeutic approaches for stroke has determined that intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a good strategy to improve recovery by amplifying mechanisms implicated in brain plasticity. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of MSCs in stroke, with no need for them to reach the area of brain injury. Although the mechanisms by which they mediate restorative effects are still unknown, the evidence suggests that MSCs might use specialised communication by sending and receiving biological information included in elements called exosomes. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles released into physical environments, and they have recently been suggested to mediate restorative stem cell effects. Moreover, after stroke, exosomes can also be synthesised and released from brain cells, passing through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and can be detected in peripheral blood or in cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, exosomes could possibly be biomarkers that reflect pathological progress and promote stroke recovery. This review discusses the translational aspects of MSC-derived exosomes and their various roles in brain repair and as circulating biomarkers in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otero-Ortega
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Laso-García
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - MariCarmen Gómez-de Frutos
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Fuentes
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luke Diekhorst
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
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Saari H, Lisitsyna E, Rautaniemi K, Rojalin T, Niemi L, Nivaro O, Laaksonen T, Yliperttula M, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E. FLIM reveals alternative EV-mediated cellular up-take pathways of paclitaxel. J Control Release 2018; 284:133-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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236
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Record M, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M, Wakelam MJO. Extracellular vesicles: lipids as key components of their biogenesis and functions. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1316-1324. [PMID: 29764923 PMCID: PMC6071772 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e086173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication has been known for decades to involve either direct contact between cells or to operate via circulating molecules, such as cytokines, growth factors, or lipid mediators. During the last decade, we have begun to appreciate the increasing importance of intercellular communication mediated by extracellular vesicles released by viable cells either from plasma membrane shedding (microvesicles, also named microparticles) or from an intracellular compartment (exosomes). Exosomes and microvesicles circulate in all biological fluids and can trigger biological responses at a distance. Their effects include a large variety of biological processes, such as immune surveillance, modification of tumor microenvironment, or regulation of inflammation. Extracellular vesicles can carry a large array of active molecules, including lipid mediators, such as eicosanoids, proteins, and nucleic acids, able to modify the phenotype of receiving cells. This review will highlight the role of the various lipidic pathways involved in the biogenesis and functions of microvesicles and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Record
- UMR INSERM 1037-CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations," Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- UMR INSERM 1037-CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations," Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Poirot
- UMR INSERM 1037-CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations," Toulouse, France
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237
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Exosomes: mediators of bone diseases, protection, and therapeutics potential. Oncoscience 2018; 5:181-195. [PMID: 30035185 PMCID: PMC6049320 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a continuous lifelong process in the repair of micro-damage to bone architecture and replacement of aging tissue in bone. A failure to such process leads to pathological destructive bone diseases such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. However, this active process is regulated by; osteoclasts, which are involved in the bone resorption process; osteoblasts, with involvement in the bone formation process and bone-derived endothelial cells, which promote angiogenesis. In the bone micro-environment, these cellular interactions are mediated by a complex interplay between cell types via direct interaction of cell secreted growth factors, such as cytokines. Recently, the discovery of exosomes (∼ 40–100 nm in size), has attracted more attention in the field of the bone remodeling process. Exosomes and microvesicles are derived from different types of bone cells such as mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and their precursors. They are also recognized to play pivotal roles in bone remodeling processes including osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and angiogenesis. In this review, we especially emphasize the origin and biogenesis of exosomes and bone cell derived exosomes in the regulatory process of bone remodeling. Moreover, this review article also focuses on exosomal secreted proteins and microRNAs and their involvement in the regulation of bone remodeling.
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238
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239
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Extracellular vesicles and ctDNA in lung cancer: biomarker sources and therapeutic applications. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:171-183. [PMID: 29948020 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. Recently, targeted therapy and anti-programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy have made great progress in treatment of lung cancer. However, responses to these therapies are variable, influenced by genetic alterations, high microsatellite instability and mismatch repair deficiency. Liquid biopsy of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) emerges as a new promising non-invasive means that enables not only biomarker determination, but also continuous monitoring of cancer treatment. Notably, tumor extracellular vesicles play important roles in tumor formation and progression, and also serve as natural carriers for anti-tumor drugs and short-interfering RNA. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in understanding the relationships of extracellular vesicles and ctDNA in cancer biology, diagnosis and drug delivery. In particular, the application of extracellular vesicles and ctDNA in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy is discussed.
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240
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Verderio C, Gabrielli M, Giussani P. Role of sphingolipids in the biogenesis and biological activity of extracellular vesicles. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1325-1340. [PMID: 29853528 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells; they not only serve physiological functions, such as disposal of cellular components, but also play pathophysiologic roles in inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Common molecular mechanisms for EV biogenesis are evident in different cell biological contexts across eukaryotic phyla, and inhibition of this biogenesis may provide an avenue for therapeutic research. The involvement of sphingolipids (SLs) and their enzymes on EV biogenesis and release has not received much attention in current research. Here, we review how SLs participate in EV biogenesis by shaping membrane curvature and how they contribute to EV action in target cells. First, we describe how acid and neutral SMases, by generating the constitutive SL, ceramide, facilitate biogenesis of EVs at the plasma membrane and inside the endocytic compartment. We then discuss the involvement of other SLs, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and galactosyl-sphingosine, in EV formation and cargo sorting. Last, we look ahead at some biological effects of EVs mediated by changes in SL levels in recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Verderio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milano, Italy .,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Martina Gabrielli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Giussani
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, 20090 Segrate, Italy
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Prendergast EN, de Souza Fonseca MA, Dezem FS, Lester J, Karlan BY, Noushmehr H, Lin X, Lawrenson K. Optimizing exosomal RNA isolation for RNA-Seq analyses of archival sera specimens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196913. [PMID: 29738525 PMCID: PMC5940186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosome-derived membrane vesicles that contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The exosomal transcriptome mediates intercellular communication, and represents an understudied reservoir of novel biomarkers for human diseases. Next-generation sequencing enables complex quantitative characterization of exosomal RNAs from diverse sources. However, detailed protocols describing exosome purification for preparation of exosomal RNA-sequence (RNA-Seq) libraries are lacking. Here we compared methods for isolation of exosomes and extraction of exosomal RNA from human cell-free serum, as well as strategies for attaining equal representation of samples within pooled RNA-Seq libraries. We compared commercial precipitation with ultracentrifugation for exosome purification and confirmed the presence of exosomes via both transmission electron microscopy and immunoblotting. Exosomal RNA extraction was compared using four different RNA purification methods. We determined the minimal starting volume of serum required for exosome preparation and showed that high quality exosomal RNA can be isolated from sera stored for over a decade. Finally, RNA-Seq libraries were successfully prepared with exosomal RNAs extracted from human cell-free serum, cataloguing both coding and non-coding exosomal transcripts. This method provides researchers with strategic options to prepare RNA-Seq libraries and compare RNA-Seq data quantitatively from minimal volumes of fresh and archival human cell-free serum for disease biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Prendergast
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xianzhi Lin
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KL); (XL)
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KL); (XL)
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242
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Salehi M, Sharifi M. Exosomal miRNAs as novel cancer biomarkers: Challenges and opportunities. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6370-6380. [PMID: 29323722 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity, is a basic requirement for non-invasive cancer diagnosis. Exosomes are a type of lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing different components, including proteins, lipids, DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), and non-coding RNAs. Increasing evidence indicates that nucleic acids are protected by exosome lipid membrane. These vesicles are almost released from all cell types, into biological fluids. In cancer, the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), located in the tumor cell-derived exosomes, is deregulated and it could be led to metastasis and therapy resistance. Due to the presence of exosomes in various body fluids and the stability of miRNAs in exosomes, exosomal miRNAs can provide a new class of biomarkers for early and minimally invasive cancer diagnosis. In this article, we review the miRNAs and their roles in cancer. Furthermore, we explain the different types of EVs, especially exosomes, and their functional roles in cancer. At the end, we discuss about the importance of exosomal miRNAs for cancer diagnosis. As well as, we briefly summarize the exosome isolation techniques and obstacles, limiting the clinical applications of exosomal miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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243
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Mentkowski KI, Snitzer JD, Rusnak S, Lang JK. Therapeutic Potential of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:50. [PMID: 29546642 PMCID: PMC8299397 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise a heterogeneous group of small membrane vesicles, including exosomes, which play a critical role in intracellular communication and regulation of numerous physiological processes in health and disease. Naturally released from virtually all cells, these vesicles contain an array of nucleic acids, lipids and proteins which they transfer to target cells within their local milieu and systemically. They have been proposed as a means of “cell-free, cell therapy” for cancer, immune disorders, and more recently cardiovascular disease. In addition, their unique properties of stability, biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity have prompted research into their potential as therapeutic delivery agents for drugs and small molecules. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of extracellular vesicle biology as well as engineering strategies in play to improve their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle I Mentkowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 895 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Snitzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 895 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Sarah Rusnak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 895 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 895 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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244
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Yang C, Zhang M, Merlin D. Advances in Plant-derived Edible Nanoparticle-based lipid Nano-drug Delivery Systems as Therapeutic Nanomedicines. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1312-1321. [PMID: 30034807 PMCID: PMC6053076 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived edible nanoparticles (PDNPs) are nano-sized membrane vesicles released by edible plants, such as grapefruit, ginger, broccoli, and lemon. They are non-toxic, have tissue-specific targeting properties, and can be mass-produced. Thus, they have great potential for clinical application. PDNPs offer multiple advantages over the currently available drug delivery systems, such as their relatively high internalization rate, low immunogenicity, proven stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and ability to overcome the blood-brain barrier but not cross the placental barrier. In this review, we will discuss these merits of PDNPs and analyze the current issues in PDNP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302 United States
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302 United States
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302 United States
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033 United States
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245
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Su SA, Xie Y, Fu Z, Wang Y, Wang JA, Xiang M. Emerging role of exosome-mediated intercellular communication in vascular remodeling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25700-25712. [PMID: 28147325 PMCID: PMC5421963 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling refers to the alternations of function and structure in vasculature. A complex autocrine/paracrine set of cellular interaction is involved in vascular remodeling. Exosome, a newly identified natural nanocarrier and intercellular messenger, plays a pivotal role in regulating cell-to-cell communication. Exosome emerges as an important mediator in the process of vascular remodeling, showing the most prognostic and therapeutic potent in vascular diseases. Benefiting from exosomal trafficking, the vasculature can not only maintain its function and structure in physiological condition, but also adapt itself in pathological status. In this review, we will represent the roles of exosomes in angiogenesis, endothelial function and cardiac regeneration. In addition, greatly depending on the pathophysiological status of donor cells and peripheral micro-circumstance, the exosomal content could alter, which makes exosomes exhibit pleiotropic effects in vascular diseases. Hence, the diverse effects of exosomes in vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, neointima formation and vascular repair, primary hypertension, pulmonary artery hypertension, and aortic aneurysm will be discussed. Finally, the translational appliances targeting exosomes will be concluded by providing updated applications of engineered exosomes in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-An Su
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hang Zhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yao Xie
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zurong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hang Zhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hang Zhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jian-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hang Zhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hang Zhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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246
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Logvina NA, Shender VO, Arapidi GP, Holina TD. A Role of Vesicular Transduction of Intercellular Signals in Cancer Development. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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247
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Cassilly CD, Reynolds TB. PS, It's Complicated: The Roles of Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylethanolamine in the Pathogenesis of Candida albicans and Other Microbial Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4010028. [PMID: 29461490 PMCID: PMC5872331 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipids phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) play important roles in the virulence of Candida albicans and loss of PS synthesis or synthesis of PE from PS (PS decarboxylase) severely compromises virulence in C. albicans in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. This review discusses synthesis of PE and PS in C. albicans and mechanisms by which these lipids impact virulence in this fungus. This is further compared to how PS and PE synthesis impact virulence in other fungi, parasites and bacteria. Furthermore, the impact of PS asymmetry on virulence and extracellular vesicle formation in several microbes is reviewed. Finally, the potential for PS and PE synthases as drug targets in these various kingdoms is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsi D Cassilly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Todd B Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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248
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Conigliaro A, Fontana S, Raimondo S, Alessandro R. Exosomes: Nanocarriers of Biological Messages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 998:23-43. [PMID: 28936730 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4397-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is crucial to maintain homeostasis in multicellular organism. Cells communicate each other by direct contact or by releasing factors that, soluble or packaged in membrane vesicles, can reach different regions of the organism. To date numerous studies highlighted the existence of several types of extracellular vesicles that, differing for dimension, origin and contents, play a role in physiological and/or pathological processes. Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes are emerging as efficient players to modulate target cells phenotype and as new non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tools in multiple diseases. They, in fact, strictly reflect the type and functional status of the producing cells and are able to deliver their contents even over a long distance. The results accumulated in the last two decades and collected in this chapter, indicated that exosomes, can carry RNAs, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, DNA, lipids, metabolites and proteins; a deeper understanding of their contents is therefore needed to get the most from this incredible cell product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Conigliaro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Simona Fontana
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.
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249
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Boriachek K, Islam MN, Möller A, Salomon C, Nguyen NT, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Shiddiky MJA. Biological Functions and Current Advances in Isolation and Detection Strategies for Exosome Nanovesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702153. [PMID: 29282861 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale (≈30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that are shed by most types of cells and circulate in bodily fluids. Exosomes carry a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA and can work as cargo to transfer this information to recipient cells. Recent studies on exosomes have shown that they play an important role in various biological processes, such as intercellular signaling, coagulation, inflammation, and cellular homeostasis. These functional roles are attributed to their ability to transfer RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids, thereby affecting the physiological and pathological conditions in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative, infectious, and autoimmune diseases (e.g., cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis). Due to these unique characteristics, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases via noninvasive or minimally invasive procedures. Over the last decade, a plethora of methodologies have been developed for analyzing disease-specific exosomes using optical and nonoptical tools. Here, the major biological functions, significance, and potential role of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the most commonly used techniques for exosome analysis, highlighting the major technical challenges and limitations of existing techniques, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Boriachek
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Nazmul Islam
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
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250
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Kooijmans SAA, Gitz-Francois JJJM, Schiffelers RM, Vader P. Recombinant phosphatidylserine-binding nanobodies for targeting of extracellular vesicles to tumor cells: a plug-and-play approach. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2413-2426. [PMID: 29334397 PMCID: PMC5795695 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being recognized as candidate drug delivery systems due to their ability to functionally transfer biological cargo between cells. However, manipulation of targeting properties of EVs through engineering of the producer cells can be challenging and time-consuming. As a novel approach to confer tumor targeting properties to isolated EVs, we generated recombinant fusion proteins of nanobodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) fused to phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding domains of lactadherin (C1C2). C1C2-nanobody fusion proteins were expressed in HEK293 cells and isolated from culture medium with near-complete purity as determined by SDS-PAGE. Fusion proteins specifically bound PS and showed no affinity for other common EV membrane lipids. Furthermore, C1C2 fused to anti-EGFR nanobodies (EGa1-C1C2) bound EGFR with high affinity and competed with binding of its natural ligand EGF, as opposed to C1C2 fused to non-targeting control nanobodies (R2-C1C2). Both proteins readily self-associated onto membranes of EVs derived from erythrocytes and Neuro2A cells without affecting EV size and integrity. EV-bound R2-C1C2 did not influence EV-cell interactions, whereas EV-bound EGa1-C1C2 dose-dependently enhanced specific binding and uptake of EVs by EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. In conclusion, we developed a novel strategy to efficiently and universally confer tumor targeting properties to PS-exposing EVs after their isolation, without affecting EV characteristics, circumventing the need to modify EV-secreting cells. This strategy may also be employed to decorate EVs with other moieties, including imaging probes or therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A. A. Kooijmans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands . ; Tel: (+31) (0)887555546
| | - Jerney J. J. M. Gitz-Francois
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands . ; Tel: (+31) (0)887555546
| | - Raymond M. Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands . ; Tel: (+31) (0)887555546
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands . ; Tel: (+31) (0)887555546
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