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Vilahur G, Ben-Aicha S, Badimon L. New insights into the role of adipose tissue in thrombosis. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1046-1054. [PMID: 28472252 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Central obesity is independently associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly thrombotic complications. Increasing data supports a link between excess body weight and the risk to suffer acute myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis after percutaneous interventions, ischemic stroke and vein thrombosis. Experimental and in vitro data have provided insights as to the mechanisms currently presumed to increase the thrombotic risk in obese subjects. Obesity is characterized by a chronic low grade inflammation and systemic oxidative stress that eventually damage the endothelium losing its antithrombotic properties. Obesity also stimulates the expression of leptin and attenuates adiponectin release, a protective adipokine. Although the contribution of adipokines to thrombosis has been questioned, recent work has suggested that they enhance platelet activation and, although to a lesser extent, induce the coagulation cascade through tissue factor (TF) expression. Increased body weight also impairs platelet sensitivity to insulin signaling and enhances the production of bioactive isoprostanes further promoting platelet reactivity. Finally, obese subjects have shown elevated circulating levels of von Willebrand factor, TF, factor VII and VIII, and fibrinogen, favoring a mild-to-moderate hypercoagulable state, and, on the other hand, increased secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) contributing to impair the fibrinolytic system. In the present review, we provide an overview of the impact of excess body weight on thrombosis. We will focus on the link between dysfunctional adipose tissue and endothelial damage, platelet reactivity, enhanced coagulation and impaired fibrinolysis; mechanisms currently recognized to increase arterial thrombotic risk in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soumaya Ben-Aicha
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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202
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Al-Lahham S, Jaradat N, Al-Qub M, Hamayel A, Assaassa A, Hammad F, Mosa A, Nafaa F, Barqawi A, Abdeen Z. Lipopolysaccharide influence on leptin hormone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from human adipose tissue. EUR J INFLAMM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218774975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation that originates mainly from adipose tissue. This is implicated in the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Strong evidence indicates that chronically elevated systemic low-grade lipopolysaccharide (LPS), elicits low-grade inflammation. However, evidence on LPS effect on adipokines’ level, such as leptin, is scarce, and it has never been investigated ex vivo in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and therefore we aim to investigate this. To achieve our aim, SAT explants were obtained from 12 patients (50% males) and were treated with/without LPS. Protein concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that the average age and body mass index (BMI) of included patients were 58.6 years and 28.6 kg/m2, respectively. LPS induced significantly (~3×, P < 0.0001) the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from SAT, and it was not associated with age or BMI. However, leptin secretion was inhibited slightly (~20%), but significantly. Interestingly, leptin release was significantly inhibited (~50%) in SAT from lean but not from obese patients, and there was an association between leptin response and BMI (R = 0.8), but no association with age. In this study, we found, for the first time, that LPS suppresses the release of leptin hormone from SAT obtained from lean patients, while it induces TNF-α release. Our findings provide extra evidence and confirm earlier studies regarding the role of LPS in low-grade inflammation. Further investigations are essential to identify factors that inhibit LPS passage through intestinal barrier in order to prevent or reduce the development of obesity and its associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa’ad Al-Lahham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Malik Al-Qub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Abdallah Hamayel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Abdalrahman Assaassa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Faris Hammad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ahmed Mosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Fouad Nafaa
- Department of Surgery, Rafidia Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Abdelkarem Barqawi
- Department of Surgery, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
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203
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Alayón AN, Rivadeneira AP, Herrera C, Guzmán H, Arellano D, Echeverri I. Metabolic and inflammatory postprandial effect of a highly saturated fat meal and its relationship to abdominal obesity. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2018; 38:93-100. [PMID: 29874712 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The postprandial stage is associated with the increase of markers related to cardiovascular risk, and its intensity depends on the metabolic state. Objective: To determine the impact of a high-fat meal intake on the metabolic and inflammatory profile, and its relationship to abdominal obesity. Materials and methods: This clinical trial included 42 individuals (21 with abdominal obesity). We measured glucose, insulin, lipid profile, reactive C protein, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 6 in fasting blood, and four hours after eating. Results: Besides obesity, we found insulin resistance and higher levels of fasting triacylglycerides and C-reactive protein. There were higher postprandial responses to glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerides. Interleukin 6 decreased in the non-obese group, and lipopolysaccharides increased in both groups. Conclusions: A saturated high-fat food intake produced a greater impact on the glycemic variables in the group with obesity, while it affected the lipids in both groups. However, the increase of triacylglycerides was higher in the presence of a high basal concentration, and it promoted the increase of lipopolysaccharides. The basal and postprandial inflammatory state affected the group with obesity more. The postprandial moment reflected the most frequent state of the individuals on a normal day and evidenced the capacity of the metabolic response to food intake, as well as early metabolic risk states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Norma Alayón
- Grupo de Nutrición, Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena, Colombia.
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204
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Battson ML, Lee DM, Jarrell DK, Hou S, Ecton KE, Weir TL, Gentile CL. Suppression of gut dysbiosis reverses Western diet-induced vascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E468-E477. [PMID: 29351482 PMCID: PMC6048388 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction represents a critical preclinical step in the development of cardiovascular disease. We examined the role of the gut microbiota in the development of obesity-related vascular dysfunction. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a standard diet (SD) ( n = 12) or Western diet (WD) ( n = 24) for 5 mo, after which time WD mice were randomized to receive either unsupplemented drinking water or water containing a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (WD + Abx) ( n = 12/group) for 2 mo. Seven months of WD caused gut dysbiosis, increased arterial stiffness (SD 412.0 ± 6.0 vs. WD 458.3 ± 9.0 cm/s, P < 0.05) and endothelial dysfunction (28% decrease in max dilation, P < 0.05), and reduced l-NAME-inhibited dilation. Vascular dysfunction was accompanied by significant increases in circulating LPS-binding protein (LBP) (SD 5.26 ± 0.23 vs. WD 11 ± 0.86 µg/ml, P < 0.05) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (SD 3.27 ± 0.25 vs. WD 7.09 ± 1.07 pg/ml, P < 0.05); aortic expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB) ( P < 0.05); and perivascular adipose expression of NADPH oxidase subunit p67phox ( P < 0.05). Impairments in vascular function correlated with reductions in Bifidobacterium spp. Antibiotic treatment successfully abrogated the gut microbiota and reversed WD-induced arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. These improvements were accompanied by significant reductions in LBP, IL-6, p-NF-κB, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and were independent from changes in body weight and glucose tolerance. These results indicate that gut dysbiosis contributes to the development of WD-induced vascular dysfunction, and identify the gut microbiota as a novel therapeutic target for obesity-related vascular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah L Battson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dustin M Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dillon K Jarrell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Shuofei Hou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kayl E Ecton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
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205
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Voinov V. Therapeutic Apheresis in Metabolic Syndrome. IMMUNOLOGY, ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC AGENTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 18:38-54. [PMID: 30369968 PMCID: PMC6174637 DOI: 10.2174/1871522218666180608114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome unites three pathologies of the person - obesity, arterial hypertension and diabetes. In recent years the progressing of such distribution covering from 2.5% to 3.8% of the population with increase twice each 10-15 years is noted. Even at maintenance of level of sugar at diabetes accumulation of the secondary metabolites breaking small vessels isn't excluded. At the same time many life-endangering complications develop. OBJECTIVE To identify the possibilities of plasmapheresis in the prevention and treatment of complications of metabolic syndrome. METHOD Analysis of the world literature data on complications of metabolic syndrome and methods of their treatment. RESULTS At metabolic syndrome the frequency of strokes and myocardial infarctions there is twice more often than in population. For 5-9 years the general life expectancy decreases. Disorders of microcirculation at diabetes lead to a retinopathy with total loss of sight, a nephropathy from the outcome in a renal failure, to polyneuropathy and diabetic foot syndrome with high risk of high level amputations of the lower extremities. At the same time medicamentous therapy is not able to prevent such complications and almost only way of removal of these pathological metabolites is therapeutic apheresis, mainly the plasmapheresis. Data from our own studies confirm the effectiveness of such tactics. CONCLUSION Plasmapheresis has to be applied not only to the correction of already critical conditions, but also to their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.A. Voinov
- I.P. Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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206
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Ferroni P, Barbanti P, Della-Morte D, Palmirotta R, Jirillo E, Guadagni F. Redox Mechanisms in Migraine: Novel Therapeutics and Dietary Interventions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1144-1183. [PMID: 28990418 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Migraine represents the third most prevalent and the seventh most disabling human disorder. Approximately 30% of migraine patients experience transient, fully reversible, focal neurological symptoms (aura) preceding the attack. Recent Advances: Awareness of the hypothesis that migraine actually embodies a spectrum of illnesses-ranging from episodic to chronic forms-is progressively increasing and poses novel challenges for clarifying the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine as well as for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Several theories have evolved to the current concept that a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors may play a role in migraine pathogenesis, although their relative importance is still being debated. CRITICAL ISSUES One critical issue that deserves a particular attention is the role of oxidative stress in migraine. Indeed, potentially harmful oxidative events occur during the migraine attack and long-lasting or frequent migraine episodes may increase brain exposure to oxidative events that can lead to chronic transformation. Moreover, a wide variety of dietary, environmental, physiological, behavioral, and pharmacological migraine triggers may act through oxidative stress, with clear implications for migraine treatment and prophylaxis. Interestingly, almost all current prophylactic migraine agents exert antioxidant effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increasing awareness of the role of oxidative stress and/or decreased antioxidant defenses in migraine pathogenesis and progression to a chronic condition lays the foundations for the design of novel prophylactic approaches, which, by reducing brain oxidative phenomena, could favorably modify the clinical course of migraine. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1144-1183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferroni
- 1 Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy .,2 IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Barbanti
- 3 Headache and Pain Unit, Department of Neurological, Motor and Sensorial Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy
| | - David Della-Morte
- 1 Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy .,2 IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy .,4 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata ," Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- 5 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, "A. Moro" University , Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- 6 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, "A. Moro" University , Bari, Italy
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- 1 Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy .,2 IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy
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207
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Disruptions in gut microbial-host co-metabolism and the development of metabolic disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:791-811. [PMID: 29661926 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microbial-mammalian metabolic axis has become recognized as an important component governing the overall homeostatic balance of the mammalian host. Disruption of the state of homeostasis among the gut microbiota has been shown to be causally linked to the development of host metabolic diseases including obesity, cardiovascular, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. This disruption is often referred to as gut dysbiosis. Gut dysbiosis leads to altered metabolic products derived from the microbiota and these in turn, typically shift the homeostatic metabolic balance of the host towards a low-grade chronic inflammation, a hallmark of metabolic syndrome. The primary objective of this review is to examine and discuss some very current research that has been done to study the effect of bacterial metabolites on host metabolism, sometimes referred to as microbiota-host co-metabolism. The metabolic conditions reviewed here include obesity, a known risk factor for all of the other metabolic conditions, as well as, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Only by further understanding the cause and result of gut dysbiosis will an adequate solution be found for metabolic disease, a viewpoint shared by many.
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208
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Liu Y, Song X, Zhou H, Zhou X, Xia Y, Dong X, Zhong W, Tang S, Wang L, Wen S, Xiao J, Tang L. Gut Microbiome Associates With Lipid-Lowering Effect of Rosuvastatin in Vivo. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:530. [PMID: 29623075 PMCID: PMC5874287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Statin has been widely used to treat hyperlipidemia because of its high potency in decreasing cholesterol levels. The present study aimed to examine the lipid-lowering effect of rosuvastatin and the composition, diversity and species abundance of gut microbiome in association with rosuvastatin efficacy. Trial registration: ChiCTR-ORC-17013212 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, November 2, 2017. Results: Totally 64 patients with hyperlipidemia were treated with 10 mg/day of rosuvastatin for 4–8 weeks. Blood lipid indicators triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured before and after the treatment. Stool samples were collected right after the treatment. Following total DNA extraction and PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene, Illumina sequencing was performed for gut microbiome identification, classification and characterization. All the patients showed a significant blood lipid reduction after the treatment. The patients were grouped according to parallel manner design. Group I had 33 patients whose blood lipid levels dropped to the normal levels from week 4, with 58.5% reduction in LDL-C and 26.6% reduction in TC. Group II had 31 patients whose blood lipid levels were still above the normal levels after 8 weeks therapy, but with 41.9% reduction in LDL-C and 31.2% reduction in TC. Based on Operational Taxonomic Unit data, Alpha-diversity by Shannon Index was different between the two groups, and beta-diversity by Principle Component Analysis exhibited separated patterns of the two groups. The differences were also observed in the relative-abundance at phylum, family, and genus levels of the two groups. Linear discriminate analysis illustrated that the abundance of 29 taxa was higher in group I, while the abundance of other 13 taxa was higher in group II. Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria had negative correlation to LDL-C level, but Cyanobacteria and Lentisphaerae had a positive correlation to LDL-C level. Moreover, gender and age were also found somehow correlated to microbial community composition. Conclusion: Rosuvastatin therapy had different blood lipid-lowering effect on hyperlipidemia. The gut microbiota exhibited variation in community composition, diversity and taxa in association to rosuvastatin hypolipidemic effect. These results indicate that modulation of gut microflora, especially the negative/positive correlated species might strengthen statin efficacy in statin-inadequate patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhui Liu
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaobo Song
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shaoying Tang
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shu Wen
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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209
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Tremellen K, McPhee N, Pearce K, Benson S, Schedlowski M, Engler H. Endotoxin-initiated inflammation reduces testosterone production in men of reproductive age. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E206-E213. [PMID: 29183872 PMCID: PMC5899218 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00279.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation, both acute and chronic, is associated with testosterone deficiency, raising the possibility of a direct causal link. One potential trigger for inflammation in obese men is the passage of intestinal bacteria into the circulation due to a breakdown in mucosal barrier integrity. Recently, we hypothesized that this endotoxin exposure may cause androgen deficiency in obese men. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the relationship between serum levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), an indirect measure of endotoxin exposure, against male reproductive hormones, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and adiposity in 75 men. Adiposity was positively correlated with endotoxin exposure (LBP) and inflammation (C-reactive protein, IL-6) and negatively correlated with testosterone. Furthermore, endotoxemia (LBP) was negatively correlated with serum testosterone but positively correlated with IL-6. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant, negative correlation between serum IL-6 and free testosterone. In a second interventional study, low-dose endotoxin challenge in lean men produced a transient inflammatory response that was followed by a decline in serum testosterone, without changes in LH or FSH, providing further evidence that endotoxin-driven inflammation may result in impaired Leydig cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton Tremellen
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Flinders University , Bedford Park, South Australia , Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
- Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie McPhee
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Karma Pearce
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Sven Benson
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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210
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Hamad SL, Agop Melconian AK. Bacterial endotoxin, Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and obesity among type two diabetes mellitus patients. KARBALA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kijoms.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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211
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The Potential Effect of Chinese Herbal Formula Hongqijiangzhi Fang in Improving NAFLD: Focusing on NLRP3 Inflammasome and Gut Microbiota. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5378961. [PMID: 29675053 PMCID: PMC5841032 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5378961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the potential therapeutic mechanism underlying the effects of the Chinese herbal formula Hongqijiangzhi Fang (HJF) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8): control group was fed a normal diet, three other groups were fed high-fat diets (HFD), and the two treatment groups were intragastrically given a compound probiotic or HJF during the molding time. After 16 w, related indices were detected. The results showed that HJF significantly reduced abdominal aorta serum cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), IL-1β, and IL-18, portal venous serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and liver TC and TG levels in HFD-fed rats. HJF ameliorated hepatic steatosis in the liver and improved the intestinal barrier in HFD-fed rats. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was reduced by HJF in HFD-fed rats. Additionally, the abundances of A. muciniphila (Verrucomicrobiaceae), F. rappini (Helicobacteraceae), and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria significantly decreased in HJF-treated HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, these result suggested that the Chinese herbal formula HJF reduced hepatic steatosis maybe through decreasing certain gut bacteria (such as Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and F. rappini), alleviating intestinal endotoxemia and reducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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212
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Characterization, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and renoprotection effects of selenized mycelia polysaccharides from Oudemansiella radicata. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:1224-1234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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213
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Le Bourgot C, Apper E, Blat S, Respondek F. Fructo-oligosaccharides and glucose homeostasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis in animal models. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:9. [PMID: 29416552 PMCID: PMC5785862 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation on glucose homeostasis. The search process was based on the selection of publications listed in the Pubmed-Medline database until April 2016 to identify studies evaluating the impact of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides or oligofructose on glucose homeostasis. Twenty-nine trials were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis was performed on twelve of these papers according to the inclusion criteria. Fasting blood concentrations of glucose and insulin were selected as pertinent criteria of glucose homeostasis for the meta-analysis. The consumption of fructo-oligosaccharides decreased fasting blood glycaemia levels, whatever the metabolic status (healthy, obese or diabetic) and diet (low-fat or high-fat) throughout the experiment. This reduction was linear with prebiotic dose (from 0 to 13% of the feed). Fasting insulinaemia also decreased linearly with fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation but the reduction was only significant in rodents fed a low-fat diet. Potential underlying mechanisms include gut bacterial fermentation of fructo-oligosaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bacterial modulation of bile acids, both interacting with host metabolism. This systemic review, followed by the meta-analysis, provides evidence that fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation has a significant effect on glucose homeostasis whatever the health status and diet consumed by animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Le Bourgot
- R&D Department, Tereos, ZI et portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - Emmanuelle Apper
- R&D Department, Tereos, ZI et portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - Sophie Blat
- 2INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes 1, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Rennes, France
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Chae BS. Pretreatment of Low-Dose and Super-Low-Dose LPS on the Production of In Vitro LPS-Induced Inflammatory Mediators. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:65-73. [PMID: 29372003 PMCID: PMC5776914 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.1.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a hyporesponsive state to subsequent secondary challenge with high-dose LPS in innate immune cells, whereas super-low-dose LPS results in augmented expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, little is known about the difference between super-low-dose and low-dose LPS pretreatments on immune cell-mediated inflammatory and hepatic acute-phase responses to secondary LPS. In the present study, RAW 264.7 cells, EL4 cells, and Hepa-1c1c7 cells were pretreated with super-low-dose LPS (SL-LPS: 50 pg/mL) or low-dose LPS (L-LPS: 50 ng/mL) in fresh complete medium once a day for 2~3 days and then cultured in fresh complete medium for 24 hr or 48 hr in the presence or absence of LPS (1~10 μg/mL) or concanavalin A (Con A). SL-LPS pretreatment strongly enhanced the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α/IL-10, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) by RAW 264.7 cells compared to the control, whereas L-LPS increased IL-6 and NO production only. SL-LPS strongly augmented the Con A-induced ratios of interferon (IFN)-γ/IL-10 in EL4 cells but decreased the LPS-induced ratios of IFN-γ/IL-10 compared to the control, while L-LPS decreased the Con A- and LPS-induced ratios of IFN-γ/IL-10. SL-LPS enhanced the LPS-induced production of IL-6 by Hepa1c1c-7 cells compared to the control, while L-LPS increased IL-6 but decreased IL-1β and C reactive protein (CRP) levels. SL-LPS pretreatment strongly enhanced the LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, PGE2, and NO in RAW 264.7 cells, and the IL-6, IL-1β, and CRP levels in Hepa1c1c-7 cells, as well as the ratios of IFN-γ/IL-10 in LPS- and Con A-stimulated EL4 cells compared to L-LPS. These findings suggest that pre-conditioning of SL-LPS may contribute to the mortality to secondary infection in sepsis rather than pre-conditioning of L-LPS.
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215
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Battson ML, Lee DM, Weir TL, Gentile CL. The gut microbiota as a novel regulator of cardiovascular function and disease. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 56:1-15. [PMID: 29427903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a critical regulator of human physiology. Deleterious changes to the composition or number of gut bacteria, commonly referred to as gut dysbiosis, has been linked to the development and progression of numerous diet-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most CVD risk factors, including aging, obesity, certain dietary patterns, and a sedentary lifestyle, have been shown to induce gut dysbiosis. Dysbiosis is associated with intestinal inflammation and reduced integrity of the gut barrier, which in turn increases circulating levels of bacterial structural components and microbial metabolites that may facilitate the development of CVD. The aim of the current review is to summarize the available data regarding the role of the gut microbiome in regulating CVD function and disease processes. Particular emphasis is placed on nutrition-related alterations in the microbiome, as well as the underlying cellular mechanisms by which the microbiome may alter CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah L Battson
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Dustin M Lee
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
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Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), affecting at least 30% of adults in the Western World, is characterized by three out of five variables, from high triglycerides, to elevated waist circumference and blood pressure. MetS is not characterized by elevated cholesterolemia, but is rather the consequence of a complex interaction of factors generally leading to increased insulin resistance. Drug treatments are of difficult handling, whereas well-characterized nutraceuticals may offer an effective alternative. Among these, functional foods, e.g. plant proteins, have been shown to improve insulin resistance and reduce triglyceride secretion. Pro- and pre-biotics, that are able to modify intestinal microbiome, reduce absorption of specific nutrients and improve the metabolic handling of energy-rich foods. Finally, specific nutraceuticals have proven to be of benefit, in particular, red-yeast rice, berberine, curcumin as well as vitamin D. All these can improve lipid handling by the liver as well as ameliorate insulin resistance. While lifestyle approaches, such as with the Mediterranean diet, may prove to be too complex for the single patient, better knowledge of selected nutraceuticals and more appropriate formulations leading to improved bioavailability will certainly widen the use of these agents, already in large use for the management of these very frequent patient groups. Key messages Functional foods, e.g. plant proteins, improve insulin resistance. Pro- and pre-biotics improve the metabolic handling of energy-rich foods. Nutraceutical can offer a significant help in handling MetS patients being part of lifestyle recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare R Sirtori
- a Centro Dislipidemie , A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda , Milan , Italy
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- b Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro E. Grossi Paoletti , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- b Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro E. Grossi Paoletti , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- c Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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217
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Lipopolysaccharide Modifies Glycerol Permeability and Metabolism in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122566. [PMID: 29186031 PMCID: PMC5751169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaglyceroporins-aquaporin membrane channels (AQP) that conduct glycerol and other small neutral solutes in addition to water-play major roles in obesity. In adipocytes, aquaglyceroporins mediate glycerol uptake and release across the plasma membrane, which are two key steps for triacylglycerols (TAGs) synthesis (lipogenesis) and hydrolysis (lipolysis). The aim of this study was to assess both glycerol permeability and metabolism in undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells (UDCs) as well as in untreated (CTL-DCs) versus lipopolysaccharide (LPS-DCs)-treated differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Glycerol release, TAGs content and whole membrane glycerol permeability were significantly increased in DCs as compared to UDCs. Moreover, in DCs, LPS treatment significantly increased TAGs content and decreased glycerol permeability. In addition, a significant reduction in whole membrane glycerol permeability was observed in LPS-DCs as compared to CTL-DCs. The relative contributions of AQP3, AQP7 and AQP9 (facilitated diffusion), as well as that of the phospholipid bilayer (simple diffusion), to the whole membrane glycerol permeability, were estimated biophysically in UDCs, CTL-DCs and LPS-DCs, using selective AQP inhibitors. Further studies will be required to determine if modifications in either subcellular localization and/or activity of aquaglyceroporins could account for the data herein. Nevertheless, our findings provide novel insights in understanding the LPS-induced adipocyte hypertrophy that accompanies obesity.
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218
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Alcalde-Estévez E, Arroba AI, Sánchez-Fernández EM, Mellet CO, García Fernández JM, Masgrau L, Valverde ÁM. The sp 2-iminosugar glycolipid 1-dodecylsulfonyl-5N,6O-oxomethylidenenojirimycin (DSO 2-ONJ) as selective anti-inflammatory agent by modulation of hemeoxygenase-1 in Bv.2 microglial cells and retinal explants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:454-466. [PMID: 29191728 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an early event during diabetic retinopathy (DR) that impacts the dynamics of microglia polarization. Gliosis is a hallmark of DR and we have reported the beneficial effects of 1R-DSO-ONJ, a member of the sp2-iminosugar glycolipid (sp2-IGL) family, in targeting microglia and reducing gliosis in diabetic db/db mice. Herein, we analyzed the effect of DSO2-ONJ, another family compound incorporating a sulfone group that better mimics the phosphate group of phosphatidylinositol ether lipid analogues (PIAs), in Bv.2 microglial cells treated with bacterial lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and in retinal explants from db/db mice. In addition to decreasing iNOS and inflammasome activation, the anti-inflammatory effect of DSO2-ONJ was mediated by direct p38α MAPK activation. Computational docking experiments demonstrated that DSO2-ONJ binds to p38α MAPK at the same site where PIAs and the alkyl phospholipid perifosine activators do, suggesting similar mechanism of action. Moreover, treatment of microglial cells with DSO2-ONJ increased both heme-oxygenase (HO)-1 and Il10 expression regardless the presence of LPS. In retinal explants from db/db mice, DSO2-ONJ also induced HO-1 and reduced gliosis. Since IL-10-mediated induction of HO-1 expression is mediated by p38α MAPK activation, our results suggest that this molecular mechanism is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of DSO2-ONJ in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alcalde-Estévez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBm) (CSIC/UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana I Arroba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBm) (CSIC/UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Jose M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Laura Masgrau
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBm) (CSIC/UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Trojova I, Kozarova M, Petrasova D, Malachovska Z, Paranicova I, Joppa P, Tkacova R. Circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and carotid intima-media thickness in obstructive sleep apnea. Physiol Res 2017; 67:69-78. [PMID: 29137477 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), a metabolic endotoxemia marker, was identified as an independent predictor of atherosclerosis. Although increases in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) were repeatedly reported in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), neither the role of OSA in metabolic endotoxemia nor of LBP in early atherosclerosis were explored in patients with OSA. At a tertiary university hospital we investigated the relationships between OSA, LBP and CIMT in 117 men who underwent full polysomnography and CIMT assessment by B-mode ultrasound. Circulating LBP concentrations and average CIMT increased from patients without OSA to those with mild-moderate and severe OSA (from 32.1+/-10.3 to 32.3+/-10.9 to 38.1+/-10.3 microg.ml(-1), p=0.015; from 0.52+/-0.09 to 0.58+/-0.06 to 0.62+/-0.10 mm, p=0.004, respectively). Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was a predictor of serum LBP levels independent of age, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), smoking, hypertension, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting glucose [p (ANOVA)=0.002, r(2)=0.154], with no independent effect of the ODI*WHR interaction term on LBP. Furthermore, serum LBP predicted CIMT independently of known risk factors of atherosclerosis including obesity (p<0.001, r(2)=0.321). Our results suggest that OSA severity contributes to metabolic endotoxemia in patients with OSA independently of obesity, and that LBP might represent a contributing factor promoting early atherosclerosis in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Trojova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Medical Faculty and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia.
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220
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Victoria B, Nunez Lopez YO, Masternak MM. MicroRNAs and the metabolic hallmarks of aging. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 455:131-147. [PMID: 28062199 PMCID: PMC5724961 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging, the natural process of growing older, is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological homeostasis at the cellular, tissue, and organismal level. Metabolically, the aging process is characterized by extensive changes in body composition, multi-tissue/multi-organ insulin resistance, and physiological declines in multiple signaling pathways including growth hormone, insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1, and sex steroids regulation. With this review, we intend to consolidate published information about microRNAs that regulate critical metabolic processes relevant to aging. In certain occasions we uncover relationships likely relevant to aging, which has not been directly described before, such as the miR-451/AMPK axis. We have also included a provocative section highlighting the potential role in aging of a new designation of miRNAs, namely fecal miRNAs, recently discovered to regulate intestinal microbiota in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Victoria
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
| | - Yury O Nunez Lopez
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism & Diabetes. Florida Hospital, 301 East Princeton St, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 15 Garbary St., 61-866, Poznan, Poland.
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221
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Litwinoff EMS, Gold MY, Singh K, Hu J, Li H, Cadwell K, Schmidt AM. Myeloid ATG16L1 does not affect adipose tissue inflammation or body mass in mice fed high fat diet. Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 12:174-186. [PMID: 29103907 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An influx of lipid-loaded macrophages characterizes visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation, which is an important factor in the development of insulin resistance (IR) in obesity. Depletion of macrophage lipids accompanies increased whole body insulin sensitivity, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Deficiency of autophagy protein ATG16L1 is associated with increases in inflammatory diseases and lipid metabolism, but the connection between ATG16L1, IR, and obesity remains elusive. We hypothesize that myeloid ATG16L1 contributes to lipid loading in macrophages and to IR. METHODS Wild-type (WT) bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were treated with fatty acids and assessed for markers of autophagy. Myeloid-deficient Atg16l1 and littermate control male mice were fed high fat diet (HFD) or low fat diet (LFD) for 3 months starting at 8 weeks of age. Mice were assessed for body mass, fat and lean mass, glucose and insulin sensitivity, food consumption and adipose inflammation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorted VAT macrophages were assessed for lipid content and expression of autophagy related genes. RESULTS VAT and VAT macrophages from HFD-fed WT mice did not show differences in autophagy protein and gene expression compared to tissue from LFD-fed mice. Fatty acid-treated BMDMs increased neutral lipid content but did not change autophagy protein expression. HFD-fed Atg16l1 myeloid-deficient and littermate mice demonstrated no differences in body mass, glucose or insulin sensitivity, food consumption, fat or lean mass, macrophage lipid content, or adipose tissue inflammation. CONCLUSION ATG16L1 does not contribute to obesity, IR, adipose tissue inflammation or lipid loading in macrophages in mice fed HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M S Litwinoff
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Merav Y Gold
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Karan Singh
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jiyuan Hu
- Departments of Population Health (Biostatistics) and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Departments of Population Health (Biostatistics) and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, and the Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, and the Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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222
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Toll-like receptor-4 signaling mediates inflammation and tissue injury in diabetic nephropathy. J Nephrol 2017; 30:719-727. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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223
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Bianchi MG, Allegri M, Chiu M, Costa AL, Blosi M, Ortelli S, Bussolati O, Bergamaschi E. Lipopolysaccharide Adsorbed to the Bio-Corona of TiO 2 Nanoparticles Powerfully Activates Selected Pro-inflammatory Transduction Pathways. Front Immunol 2017; 8:866. [PMID: 28824614 PMCID: PMC5540950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the adsorption of bioactive molecules provides engineered nanoparticles (NPs) with novel biological activities. However, the biological effects of the adsorbed molecules may also be modified by the interaction with NP. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a powerful pro-inflammatory compound, is a common environmental contaminant and is present in several body compartments such as the gut. We recently observed that the co-incubation of LPS with TiO2 NPs markedly potentiates its pro-inflammatory effects on murine macrophages, suggesting that, when included in a NP bio-corona, LPS activity is enhanced. To distinguish the effects of adsorbed LPS from those of the free endotoxin, a pellet fraction, denominated P25/LPS, was isolated by centrifugation from a mixture of P25 TiO2 NP (128 µg/ml) and LPS (10 ng/ml) in the presence of fetal bovine serum. Western blot analysis of the pellet eluate indicated that the P25/LPS fraction contained, besides proteins, also LPS, pointing to the presence of LPS-doped NP. The effects of adsorbed or free LPS were then compared in Raw264.7 murine macrophages. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the induction of cytokine genes, whereas active, phosphorylated isoforms of proteins involved in signaling pathways were assessed with western blot. At a nominal LPS concentration of 40 pg/ml, P25/LPS induced the expression of both NF-κB and IRF3-dependent cytokines at levels comparable with those observed with free LPS (10 ng/ml), although with different time courses. Moreover, compared to free LPS, P25/LPS caused a more sustained phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and a more prolonged induction of STAT1-dependent genes. Cytochalasin B partially inhibited the induction of Tnfa by P25/LPS, but not by free LPS, and suppressed the induction of IRF3-dependent genes by either P25/LPS or free LPS. These data suggest that, when included in the bio-corona of TiO2 NP, LPS exhibits enhanced and time-shifted pro-inflammatory effects. Thus, in assessing the hazard of NP in real life, the enhanced effects of adsorbed bioactive molecules should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfredi Allegri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Chiu
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna L Costa
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Magda Blosi
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Simona Ortelli
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health Science and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Guerville M, Leroy A, Sinquin A, Laugerette F, Michalski MC, Boudry G. Western-diet consumption induces alteration of barrier function mechanisms in the ileum that correlates with metabolic endotoxemia in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E107-E120. [PMID: 28400412 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00372.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related disorders have been associated with the presence in the blood of gut bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS). However, the factors underlying this low-grade elevation in plasma LPS, so-called metabolic endotoxemia, are not fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effects of Western diet (WD) feeding on intestinal and hepatic LPS handling mechanisms in a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Rats were fed either a standard chow diet (C) or a Western Diet (WD, 45% fat) for 6 wk. They were either fed ad libitum or pair-fed to match the caloric intake of C rats for the first week, then fed ad libitum for the remaining 5 wk. Six-week WD feeding led to a mild obese phenotype with increased adiposity and elevated serum LPS-binding protein (LBP) levels relative to C rats, irrespective of initial energy intake. Serum LPS was not different between dietary groups but exhibited strong variability. Disrupted ileal mucus secretion and decreased ileal Reg3-γ and -β gene expression along with high ileal permeability to LPS were observed in WD compared with C-fed rats. Ileal and cecal intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity as well as Verrucomicrobia and Bifidobacterium cecal levels were increased in WD-fed rats compared with C-fed rats. WD consumption did not impact mRNA levels of LPS-handling hepatic enzymes. Correlation analysis revealed that ileal passage of LPS, IAP activity, Proteobacteria levels and hepatic aoah gene expression correlated with serum LPS and LBP, suggesting that ileal mucosal defense impairment induced by WD feeding contribute to metabolic endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Guerville
- Institut Numecan INRA INSERM Université de Rennes 1, Saint-Gilles, France; and
| | - Anaïs Leroy
- Institut Numecan INRA INSERM Université de Rennes 1, Saint-Gilles, France; and
| | - Annaëlle Sinquin
- Institut Numecan INRA INSERM Université de Rennes 1, Saint-Gilles, France; and
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1060, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1060, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gaëlle Boudry
- Institut Numecan INRA INSERM Université de Rennes 1, Saint-Gilles, France; and
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225
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Nicolucci AC, Reimer RA. Prebiotics as a modulator of gut microbiota in paediatric obesity. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:265-273. [PMID: 27072327 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights our current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in paediatric obesity and the potential role for dietary manipulation of the gut microbiota with prebiotics in managing paediatric obesity. The aetiology of obesity is multifactorial and is now known to include microbial dysbiosis in the gut. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which selectively modulate the number and/or composition of gut microbes. The goal of prebiotic consumption is to restore symbiosis and thereby confer health benefits to the host. There is convincing evidence that prebiotics can reduce adiposity and improve metabolic health in preclinical rodent models. Furthermore, there are several clinical trials in adult humans highlighting metabolic and appetite-regulating benefits of prebiotics. In paediatric obesity, however, there are very limited data regarding the potential role of prebiotics as a dietary intervention for obesity management. As the prevalence of paediatric obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities increases globally, interventions that target the progression of obesity from an early age are essential in slowing the obesity epidemic. This review emphasizes the need for further research assessing the role of prebiotics, particularly as an intervention in effectively managing paediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Nicolucci
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - R A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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de Melo LGP, Nunes SOV, Anderson G, Vargas HO, Barbosa DS, Galecki P, Carvalho AF, Maes M. Shared metabolic and immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the metabolic syndrome and mood disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 78:34-50. [PMID: 28438472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the shared immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and metabolic pathways underpinning metabolic syndrome (MetS), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Shared pathways in both MetS and mood disorders are low grade inflammation, including increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, increased lipid peroxidation with formation of malondialdehyde and oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), hypernitrosylation, lowered levels of antioxidants, most importantly zinc and paraoxonase (PON1), increased bacterial translocation (leaky gut), increased atherogenic index of plasma and Castelli risk indices; and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) cholesterol. Insulin resistance is probably not a major factor associated with mood disorders. Given the high levels of IO&NS and metabolic dysregulation in BD and MDD and the high comorbidity with the atherogenic components of the MetS, mood disorders should be viewed as systemic neuro-IO&NS-metabolic disorders. The IO&NS-metabolic biomarkers may have prognostic value and may contribute to the development of novel treatments targeting neuro-immune, neuro-oxidative and neuro-nitrosative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Piccoli de Melo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Londrina State University (UEL), Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, University Campus, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduation Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Londrina State University (UEL), Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, University Campus, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduation Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Heber Odebrecht Vargas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Londrina State University (UEL), Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, University Campus, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduation Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Décio Sabbattini Barbosa
- Health Sciences Graduation Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Piotr Galecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Health Sciences Graduation Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands; Impact Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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227
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Onishi JC, Campbell S, Moreau M, Patel F, Brooks AI, Zhou YX, Häggblom MM, Storch J. Bacterial communities in the small intestine respond differently to those in the caecum and colon in mice fed low- and high-fat diets. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1189-1197. [PMID: 28742010 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial communities in the mouse caecum and faeces are known to be altered by changes in dietary fat. The microbiota of the mouse small intestine, by contrast, has not been extensively profiled and it is unclear whether small intestinal bacterial communities shift with dietary fat levels. We compared the microbiota in the small intestine, caecum and colon in mice fed a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The relative abundance of major phyla in the small intestine, Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, was similar to that in the caecum and colon; the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia was significantly reduced in the small intestine compared to the large intestine. Several genera were uniquely detected in the small intestine and included the aerotolerant anaerobe, Lactobacillus spp. The most abundant genera in the small intestine were accounted for by anaerobic bacteria and were identical to those identified in the large intestine. An HF diet was associated with significant weight gain and adiposity and with changes in the bacterial communities throughout the intestine, with changes in the small intestine differing from those in the caecum and colon. Prominent Gram-negative bacteria including genera of the phylum Bacteroidetes and a genus of Proteobacteria significantly changed in the large intestine. The mechanistic links between these changes and the development of obesity, perhaps involving metabolic endotoxemia, remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Onishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sara Campbell
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yin Xiu Zhou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Max M Häggblom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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228
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Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is populated by a diverse, highly mutualistic microbial flora, which is known as the microbiome. Disruptions to the microbiome have been shown to be associated with severe pathologies of the host, including metabolic disease, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Mood and behavior are also susceptible to alterations in the gut microbiota. A particularly striking example of the symbiotic effects of the microbiome is the immune system, whose cells depend critically on a diverse array of microbial metabolites for normal development and behavior. This includes metabolites that are produced by bacteria from dietary components, metabolites that are produced by the host and biochemically modified by gut bacteria, and metabolites that are synthesized de novo by gut microbes. In this review, we highlight the role of the intestinal microbiome in human metabolic and inflammatory diseases and focus in particular on the molecular mechanisms that govern the gut-immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siegmund Postler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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229
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Zubiría MG, Gambaro SE, Rey MA, Carasi P, Serradell MDLÁ, Giovambattista A. Deleterious Metabolic Effects of High Fructose Intake: The Preventive Effect of Lactobacillus kefiri Administration. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050470. [PMID: 28513533 PMCID: PMC5452200 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern lifestyle and diets have been associated with metabolic disorders and an imbalance in the normal gut microbiota. Probiotics are widely known for their health beneficial properties targeting the gut microbial ecosystem. The aim of our study was to evaluate the preventive effect of Lactobacillus kefiri (L. kefiri) administration in a fructose-rich diet (FRD) mice model. Mice were provided with tap water or fructose-added (20% w/v) drinking water supplemented or not with L. kefiri. Results showed that probiotic administration prevented weight gain and epidydimal adipose tissue (EAT) expansion, with partial reversion of the adipocyte hypertrophy developed by FRD. Moreover, the probiotic prevented the increase of plasma triglycerides and leptin, together with the liver triglyceride content. Leptin adipocyte secretion was also improved by L. kefiri, being able to respond to an insulin stimulus. Glucose intolerance was partially prevented by L. kefiri treatment (GTT) and local inflammation (TNFα; IL1β; IL6 and INFγ) was completely inhibited in EAT. L. kefiri supplementation generated an impact on gut microbiota composition, changing Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes profiles. Overall, our results indicate that the administration of probiotics prevents the deleterious effects of FRD intake and should therefore be promoted to improve metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guillermina Zubiría
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), 526 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Sabrina Eliana Gambaro
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), 526 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - María Amanda Rey
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), 526 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Paula Carasi
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115 s/n, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - María de Los Ángeles Serradell
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115 s/n, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), 526 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
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230
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Huang K, Du M, Tan X, Yang L, Li X, Jiang Y, Wang C, Zhang F, Zhu F, Cheng M, Yang Q, Yu L, Wang L, Huang D, Huang K. PARP1-mediated PPARα poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation suppresses fatty acid oxidation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2017; 66:962-977. [PMID: 27979751 PMCID: PMC9289820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS PARP1 is a key mediator of cellular stress responses and critical in multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes of cells. However, whether it is involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains elusive. METHODS We analysed PARP1 activity in the liver of mice on a high fat diet (HFD), and samples from NAFLD patients. Gain- or loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the roles and mechanisms of hepatic PARP1 in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. RESULTS PARP1 is activated in fatty liver of HFD-fed mice. Pharmacological or genetic manipulations of PARP1 are sufficient to alter the HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Mechanistically we identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) as a substrate of PARP1-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. This poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of PPARα inhibits its recruitment to target gene promoters and its interaction with SIRT1, a key regulator of PPARα signaling, resulting in suppression of fatty acid oxidation upregulation induced by fatty acids. Moreover, we show that PARP1 is a transcriptional repressor of PPARα gene in human hepatocytes, and its activation suppresses the ligand (fenofibrate)-induced PPARα transactivation and target gene expression. Importantly we demonstrate that liver biopsies of NAFLD patients display robust increases in PARP activity and PPARα poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that PARP1 is activated in fatty liver, which prevents maximal activation of fatty acid oxidation by suppressing PPARα signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of PARP1 may alleviate PPARα suppression and therefore have therapeutic potential for NAFLD. LAY SUMMARY PARP1 is activated in the non-alcoholic fatty liver of mice and patients. Inhibition of PARP1 activation alleviates lipid accumulation and inflammation in fatty liver of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Meng Du
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xiangrao Li
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Qinglin Yang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, MD, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
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231
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Gu C, Zhou W, Wang W, Xiang H, Xu H, Liang L, Sui H, Zhan L, Lu X. ZiBuPiYin recipe improves cognitive decline by regulating gut microbiota in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:27693-27703. [PMID: 28099913 PMCID: PMC5438601 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous researches supported that microbiota can influence behavior and modulate cognitive function through "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. Our previous study has demonstrated that ZiBuPiYin recipe (ZBPYR) possesses excellent pharmacological effects against diabetes-associated cognitive decline. To elucidate the role of ZBPYR in regulating the balance of gut microbiota to improve psychological-stress-induced diabetes-associated cognitive decline (PSDACD), we compared blood glucose, behavioral and cognitive functions and diversity of the bacterial community among experimental groups. The Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats with PSDACD exhibited behavioral and cognitive anomalies showing as increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and decreased learning and memory abilities. High-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene revealed that Roseburia and Coprococcus were decreased in ZDF rats with PSDACD compared with control group. Notably, these changes were reversed by ZBPYR treatment. Our findings indicate that ZBPYR might prevent PSDACD by maintaining the compositions of gut microbiota, which could be developed as a new therapy for T2D with PSDACD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacteria/drug effects
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Cognition/drug effects
- Cognitive Dysfunction/blood
- Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy
- Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Mutation
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/isolation & purification
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Receptors, Leptin/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Spatial Memory/drug effects
- Stress, Psychological/complications
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Gu
- School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Wang
- School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Huiying Xu
- Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Liang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hua Sui
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Libin Zhan
- Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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232
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Fedirko V, Tran HQ, Gewirtz AT, Stepien M, Trichopoulou A, Aleksandrova K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Carbonnel F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Severi G, Kühn T, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Grioni S, Panico S, Palli D, Tumino R, Naccarati A, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Weiderpass E, Castaño JMH, Barricarte A, Sánchez MJ, Dorronsoro M, Quirós JR, Agudo A, Sjöberg K, Ohlsson B, Hemmingsson O, Werner M, Bradbury KE, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Tsilidis KK, Aune D, Scalbert A, Romieu I, Riboli E, Jenab M. Exposure to bacterial products lipopolysaccharide and flagellin and hepatocellular carcinoma: a nested case-control study. BMC Med 2017; 15:72. [PMID: 28372583 PMCID: PMC5379669 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leakage of bacterial products across the gut barrier may play a role in liver diseases which often precede the development of liver cancer. However, human studies, particularly from prospective settings, are lacking. METHODS We used a case-control study design nested within a large prospective cohort to assess the association between circulating levels of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-flagellin immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG) (reflecting long-term exposures to LPS and flagellin, respectively) and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. A total of 139 men and women diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma between 1992 and 2010 were matched to 139 control subjects. Multivariable rate ratios (RRs), including adjustment for potential confounders, hepatitis B/C positivity, and degree of liver dysfunction, were calculated with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Antibody response to LPS and flagellin was associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (highest vs. lowest quartile: RR = 11.76, 95% confidence interval = 1.70-81.40; P trend = 0.021). This finding did not vary substantially by time from enrollment to diagnosis, and did not change after adjustment for chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings, based on exposures up to several years prior to diagnosis, support a role for gut-derived bacterial products in hepatocellular carcinoma development. Further study into the role of gut barrier failure and exposure to bacterial products in liver diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Hao Quang Tran
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Magdalena Stepien
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nutrition, Immunity and Metabolism Start-up Lab, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Franck Carbonnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University hospitals Paris-Sud, Site de Bicêtre, Paris Sud University, Paris XI, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
- Cancer Council Victoria and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Christina Bamia
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Via Venezian, 1 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica Echirurgia Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic -M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Petra H Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H B Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - José María Huerta Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María-José Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klas Sjöberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hemmingsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Kirurgcentrum, Norrlands Universitetssjukhus, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mårten Werner
- Department of Medicine Sections for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Umeå University Hospital, SE-90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathryn E Bradbury
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France.
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (central obesity, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and arterial hypertension), indicating an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. The gastrointestinal tract is seldom discussed as an organ system of principal importance for metabolic diseases. The present overview connects various metabolic research lines into an integrative physiological context in which the gastrointestinal tract is included. Strong evidence for the involvement of the gut in the metabolic syndrome derives from the powerful effects of weight-reducing (bariatric) gastrointestinal surgery. In fact, gastrointestinal surgery is now recommended as a standard treatment option for type 2 diabetes in obesity. Several gut-related mechanisms that potentially contribute to the metabolic syndrome will be presented. Obesity can be caused by hampered release of satiety-signalling gut hormones, reduced meal-associated energy expenditure and microbiota-assisted harvest of energy from nondigestible food ingredients. Adiposity per se is a well-established risk factor for hyperglycaemia. In addition, a leaky gut mucosa can trigger systemic inflammation mediating peripheral insulin resistance that together with a blunted incretin response aggravates the hyperglycaemic state. The intestinal microbiota is strongly associated with obesity and the related metabolic disease states, although the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Enterorenal signalling has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and postprandial triglyceride-rich chylomicrons; in addition, intestinal cholesterol metabolism probably contributes to atherosclerosis. It is likely that in the future, the metabolic syndrome will be treated according to novel pharmacological principles interfering with gastrointestinal functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fändriks
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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234
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Xue L, He J, Gao N, Lu X, Li M, Wu X, Liu Z, Jin Y, Liu J, Xu J, Geng Y. Probiotics may delay the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by restoring the gut microbiota structure and improving intestinal endotoxemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45176. [PMID: 28349964 PMCID: PMC5368635 DOI: 10.1038/srep45176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequent hepatic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation have been recognized to be involved in the onset of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but little is known about the variation of LPS and TLR4 during the progression of NAFLD. Probiotics were able to inhibit proliferation of harmful bacteria and improve gastrointestinal barrier function. However, it's unclear whether LPS/TLR4 is involved in the protection effect of probiotics on NAFLD. In this study, we described characteristic of gut microbiota structure in the progression of NAFLD, and we also analyzed the relationship between gut microbiota and LPS/TLR4 in this process. Furthermore, we applied probiotics intervention to investigate the effect of probiotics on gut flora structure, intestinal integrity, serum LPS, liver TLR4 and liver pathology. Our results showed that serum LPS and liver TLR4 were highly increased during progression of NAFLD, with gut flora diversity and gut mircobiological colonization resistance (B/E) declining. Furthermore, probiotics could improve gut microbiota structure and liver pathology. Probiotics could also downregulate serum LPS and liver TLR4. Our results suggested that both gut flora alteration and endotoxemia may be involved in the progression of NAFLD. Probiotics may delay the progression of NAFLD via LPS/TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Juntao He
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokang Wu
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zeshi Liu
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yaofeng Jin
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jiru Xu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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235
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Altered gut microbiome in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness causes neuroinflammation and intestinal injury via leaky gut and TLR4 activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172914. [PMID: 28328972 PMCID: PMC5362211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the symptoms of Gulf War Illness (GWI) that include neurological abnormalities, neuroinflammation, chronic fatigue and gastrointestinal disturbances have been traced to Gulf War chemical exposure. Though the association and subsequent evidences are strong, the mechanisms that connect exposure to intestinal and neurological abnormalities remain unclear. Using an established rodent model of Gulf War Illness, we show that chemical exposure caused significant dysbiosis in the gut that included increased abundance of phylum Firmicutes and Tenericutes, and decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes. Several gram negative bacterial genera were enriched in the GWI-model that included Allobaculum sp. Altered microbiome caused significant decrease in tight junction protein Occludin with a concomitant increase in Claudin-2, a signature of a leaky gut. Resultant leaching of gut caused portal endotoxemia that led to upregulation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in the small intestine and the brain. TLR4 knock out mice and mice that had gut decontamination showed significant decrease in tyrosine nitration and inflammatory mediators IL1β and MCP-1 in both the small intestine and frontal cortex. These events signified that gut dysbiosis with simultaneous leaky gut and systemic endotoxemia-induced TLR4 activation contributes to GW chemical-induced neuroinflammation and gastrointestinal disturbances.
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236
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Tremellen K, McPhee N, Pearce K. Metabolic endotoxaemia related inflammation is associated with hypogonadism in overweight men. Basic Clin Androl 2017; 27:5. [PMID: 28286655 PMCID: PMC5341351 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-017-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with both impaired testosterone production and a chronic state of low grade inflammation. Previously it was believed that this inflammation was mediated by a decline in the immunosuppressive action of testosterone. However, more recently an alternative hypothesis (GELDING theory) has suggested that inflammation originating from the passage of intestinal bacteria into the circulation (metabolic endotoxaemia) may actually be the cause of impaired testicular function in obese men. The aim of this study is to investigate if metabolic endotoxaemia, as quantified by serum Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein (LBP), is associated with impaired testicular endocrine function. METHODS A total of 50 men aged between 21 and 50 years (mean 35.1 ± 6.8 years) were assessed for adiposity (BMI, waist circumference and % body fat using bio-impedance), inflammatory status (serum CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα and LBP) and testicular endocrine function (serum testosterone, estradiol, AMH, LH and FSH). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation analysis, with log transformation of data where appropriate, and multi-variate regression. RESULTS Overall increasing adiposity (% body fat) was positively associated with metabolic endotoxaemia (LBP, r = 0.366, p = 0.009) and inflammation (CRP r = 0.531, p < 0.001; IL-6 r = 0.463, p = 0.001), while also being negatively correlated with serum testosterone (r = -0.403, p = 0.004). Serum testosterone levels were significantly negatively correlated with inflammation (CRP r = -0.471, p = 0.001; IL-6 r = -0.516, p < 0.001) and endotoxaemia (LBP) after adjusting for serum LH levels (p = -0.317, p = 0.03). Furthermore, serum IL-6 was negatively associated with AMH levels (r = -0.324, p = 0.023), with a negative trend between LBP and AMH also approaching significance (r = -0.267, p = 0.064). CONCLUSIONS Obesity and its associated metabolic endotoxaemia helps initiate a pro-inflammatory state characterised by raised serum IL-6 levels, which in turn is correlated with impairment of both Leydig (testosterone) and Sertoli cell function (AMH). These results open up the potential for new treatments of obesity related male hypogonadism that focus on preventing the endotoxaemia associated chronic inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton Tremellen
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia.,Repromed, 180 Fullarton Road, Dulwich, South Australia
| | - Natalie McPhee
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia
| | - Karma Pearce
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia
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237
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Stevens JR, McMillan RP, Resendes JT, Lloyd SK, Ali MM, Frisard MI, Hargett S, Keller SR, Hulver MW. Acute low-dose endotoxin treatment results in improved whole-body glucose homeostasis in mice. Metabolism 2017; 68:150-162. [PMID: 28183447 PMCID: PMC5319723 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese individuals present with an increased inflammatory tone as compared to healthy, normal-weight individuals, which is associated with insulin resistance. One factor hypothesized to contribute to increased inflammation in obese and diabetic states is elevated blood endotoxin levels, a condition known as metabolic endotoxemia. In non-obese and insulin sensitive individuals, circulating endotoxin concentrations fluctuate over the course of the day with elevations in the post-prandial state that return to baseline levels in the post-absorptive state. Evidence suggests that high-fat feeding alters these fluctuations causing endotoxin levels to remain high throughout the day. The effects of alterations in endotoxin levels on glucose metabolism are not clearly understood. PURPOSE/PROCEDURES The goal of this study was to determine the effects of both short-term and long-term increases in endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) of a low magnitude on the glucose tolerance and insulin signaling in a human primary cell line as well as the effects of short-term endotoxin treatments on glucose homeostasis in a C57/Bl6 mouse model. First, we tested the hypothesis that short-term low-dose endotoxin treatments would augment insulin signaling and glycogen synthesis while long-term treatments would be disruptive in the cell culture model. Second, we examined if these short-term low dose treatments of endotoxin would contribute to similar improvements in whole-body glucose homeostasis in a mouse model. MAIN FINDINGS Contrary to our initial hypothesis, short-term endotoxin treatment had no effect on insulin signaling or glycogen synthesis, however long-term treatment indeed decreased glycogen synthesis (P<.05). Interestingly, short-term endotoxin treatment resulted in significant improvements in glucose homeostasis in the mouse model (P<.01); which is believed to be at least partly attributed to an inhibitory action of LPS on liver glucose production. CONCLUSIONS This research shows that low-magnitude, short-term changes in LPS can have significant effects on whole body glucose metabolism and this likely occurs through its direct actions on the liver. Additional studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms responsible for altered glucose metabolism in response to low magnitude changes in LPS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Stevens
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Ryan P McMillan
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Justin T Resendes
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Shannon K Lloyd
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Mostafa M Ali
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Madlyn I Frisard
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Stefan Hargett
- Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Susanna R Keller
- Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Matthew W Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
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238
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Ahn CH, Kim EK, Min SH, Oh TJ, Cho YM. Effects of gemigliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, on lipid metabolism and endotoxemia after a high-fat meal in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:457-462. [PMID: 27868366 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of gemigliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, on postprandial lipoprotein levels and endotoxemia in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Ten people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic medications and/or lifestyle modification, were randomized to gemigliptin or placebo for 4 weeks. At the end of each treatment phase, the study participants underwent a high-fat meal tolerance test and needle aspiration of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. The median (range) fasting and total area under the curve of apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) were significantly lower with gemigliptin than with placebo (2.9 [1.5-15.8] µg/mL vs 4.2 [1.3-23.4] µg/mL; P = .020; 35.3 [14.4-87.4] µg/mL × hour vs 42.2 [17.5-109.0] µg/mL × hour; P = .020, respectively), whereas apolipoprotein B100 showed no significant difference. Serum endotoxin levels were undetectable in 70% of the samples, so we were not able to evaluate the effect of gemigliptin on endotoxemia. The gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue was not affected by gemigliptin. Gemigliptin reduced ApoB48 levels after a high-fat meal in participants with T2DM. Whether systemic endotoxin levels can be reduced by gemigliptin requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ky Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hee Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jung Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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239
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Wang J, Ghosh SS, Ghosh S. Curcumin improves intestinal barrier function: modulation of intracellular signaling, and organization of tight junctions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C438-C445. [PMID: 28249988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00235.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Association between circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolic diseases (such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) has shifted the focus from high-fat high-cholesterol containing Western-type diet (WD)-induced changes in gut microbiota per se to release of gut bacteria-derived products (e.g., LPS) into circulation due to intestinal barrier dysfunction as the possible mechanism for the chronic inflammatory state underlying the development of these diseases. We demonstrated earlier that oral supplementation with curcumin attenuates WD-induced development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Poor bioavailability of curcumin has precluded the establishment of a causal relationship between oral supplementation and it is in vivo effects. We hypothesized that curcumin attenuates WD-induced chronic inflammation and associated metabolic diseases by modulating the function of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestinal barrier function. The objective of the present study was to delineate the underlying mechanisms. The human IEC lines Caco-2 and HT-29 were used for these studies and modulation of direct as well as indirect effects of LPS on intracellular signaling as well as tight junctions were examined. Pretreatment with curcumin significantly attenuated LPS-induced secretion of master cytokine IL-1β from IECs and macrophages. Furthermore, curcumin also reduced IL-1β-induced activation of p38 MAPK in IECs and subsequent increase in expression of myosin light chain kinase involved in the phosphorylation of tight junction proteins and ensuing disruption of their normal arrangement. The major site of action of curcumin is, therefore, likely the IECs and the intestinal barrier, and by reducing intestinal barrier dysfunction, curcumin modulates chronic inflammatory diseases despite poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Siddhartha S Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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240
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Hsieh CC, Chou MJ, Wang CH. Lunasin attenuates obesity-related inflammation in RAW264.7 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171969. [PMID: 28182687 PMCID: PMC5300240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major threat to public health and is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, which leads to various pathological developments. Lunasin, a natural seed peptide, exhibits several biological activities, such as anti-carcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, the mechanism of action of lunasin in obesity-related inflammation has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to explore whether lunasin could reduce the inflammation induced by obesity-related mediators in RAW264.7 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes and whether it could attenuate the crosstalk between the two cell lines. RAW264.7 cells were cultured in leptin-containing medium, adipocyte-conditioned medium (Ad-CM), or co-cultured with 3T3-L1 cells to mimic the physiology of obesity. The data showed that the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was inhibited by lunasin after leptin activation of RAW264.7 cells. In addition, lunasin decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-1β secretions in the Ad-CM model. Cytokine MCP-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β secretions were significantly decreased by leptin or Ad-CM plus lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Subsequently, the co-culture of the two cells refined the direct relation between them, resulting in apparently increased MCP-1, and decreased IL-6 levels after lunasin treatment. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, lunasin also exhibited anti-inflammatory property by inhibiting MCP-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and leptin productions stimulated by (TNF)-α, lipopolysaccharide, or RAW264.7 cell-conditioned medium. This result revealed that lunasin acts as a potential anti-inflammatory agent not only in macrophages but also in adipocytes, disrupting the crosstalk between these two cells. Therefore, this study suggests the intake of lunasin from diet or as a supplement, for auxiliary prevention or therapy in obesity-related inflammatory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mei-Jia Chou
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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241
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Singh RG, Pendharkar SA, Gillies NA, Miranda-Soberanis V, Plank LD, Petrov MS. Associations between circulating levels of adipocytokines and abdominal adiposity in patients after acute pancreatitis. Clin Exp Med 2017; 17:477-487. [PMID: 28168436 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-017-0453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytokines are strongly associated with abdominal adiposity during the course of acute pancreatitis (AP). This study investigated associations between a panel of adipocytokines and abdominal adiposity in AP patients after hospital discharge, as well as the effect of several covariates. Fasting venous blood samples were collected to measure adiponectin, interleukin 6, leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), resistin, and retinol-binding protein 4. Waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio (WheightR) were used as measures of abdominal adiposity. Generalised linear models were built, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, diabetes status, aetiology, duration since admission for AP, recurrence, and severity of AP. A total of 93 patients were studied, on average at 22 months after AP. Interleukin 6, TNFα, and leptin were significantly associated with WC in both the unadjusted and all the three adjusted models. Also, they were significantly associated with WheightR in both the unadjusted and the three adjusted models. Other studied adipocytokines did not show a consistent association or were not significantly associated with the abdominal adiposity indices. The results suggest that excess abdominal adiposity favours pro-inflammatory milieu in AP patients after hospital discharge, independent of diabetes and effect of other covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma G Singh
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Nicola A Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Lindsay D Plank
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maxim S Petrov
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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242
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Singer K, Lumeng CN. The initiation of metabolic inflammation in childhood obesity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:65-73. [PMID: 28045405 DOI: 10.1172/jci88882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the events that initiate metabolic inflammation (metainflammation) can support the identification of targets for preventing metabolic disease and its negative effects on health. There is ample evidence demonstrating that the initiating events in obesity-induced inflammation start early in childhood. This has significant implications on our understanding of how early life events in childhood influence adult disease. In this Review we frame the initiating events of metainflammation in the context of child development and discuss what this reveals about the mechanisms by which this unique form of chronic inflammation is initiated and sustained into adulthood.
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243
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He P, Kawamura H, Takemoto M, Maezawa Y, Ishikawa T, Ishibashi R, Sakamoto K, Shoji M, Hattori A, Yamaga M, Ide S, Ide K, Hayashi A, Tokuyama H, Kobayashi K, Yokote K. Combination of cilostazol and probucol protected podocytes from lipopolysaccharide-induced injury by both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms. J Nephrol 2016; 30:531-541. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-016-0361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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244
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Endotoxins are associated with visceral fat mass in type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38887. [PMID: 27958332 PMCID: PMC5153626 DOI: 10.1038/srep38887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), potent inducers of inflammation, have been associated with chronic metabolic disturbances. Obesity is linked to dyslipidemia, increased body adiposity, and endotoxemia. We investigated the cross-sectional relationships between serum LPS activity and body adiposity as well as inflammation in 242 subjects with type 1 diabetes. Body fat distribution was measured by DXA and serum LPS activity by the limulus amebocyte lysate end-point assay. Since no interaction between visceral fat mass and sex was observed, data were pooled for the subsequent analyses. LPS was independently associated with visceral fat mass, when adjusted for traditional risk factors (age, sex, kidney status, hsCRP, insulin sensitivity). In the multivariate analysis, serum LPS activity and triglyceride concentrations had a joint effect on visceral fat mass, independent of these factors alone. A combination of high LPS and high hsCRP concentrations was also observed in those with the largest visceral fat mass. In conclusion, high serum LPS activity levels were associated with visceral fat mass in subjects with type 1 diabetes strengthening its role in the development of central obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance.
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245
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Involvement of JNK/NFκB Signaling Pathways in the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Modulation of Aquaglyceroporin Expression in 3T3-L1 Cells Differentiated into Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101742. [PMID: 27763558 PMCID: PMC5085770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaglyceroporins, belonging to the family of aquaporins (AQPs), are integral plasma membrane proteins permeable to water and glycerol that have emerged as key players in obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of AQPs in undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and to investigate the changes in expression of aquaglyceroporins in 3T3-L1 cells differentiated into adipocytes and subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mimicking inflammation occurring during obesity. Furthermore, the study aimed at identifying the signaling cascade involved in the regulation of aquaglyceroporins expression upon LPS stimulation. 3T3-L1 cells were grown as undifferentiated cells (UDC; preadipocytes) or cells differentiated into adipocytes (DC, adipocytes). DC were incubated in the presence or absence of LPS with or without inhibitors of various protein kinases. AQPs mRNA expression levels were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, AQP9 and AQP11 mRNA were expressed in both UDC and DC, whereas AQP4, AQP7 and AQP8 mRNA were expressed only in DC. In DC, LPS up-regulated AQP3 mRNA levels (p < 0.05) compared to control; these effects were inhibited by CLI095, SP600125 and BAY11-7082 (p < 0.05). LPS decreased both AQP7 and AQP11 mRNA levels (p < 0.01) in DC as compared to control; this decrease was inhibited by CLI095 and BAY11-7082 (p < 0.05) and additionally by SP00125 for AQP7 (p < 0.05). SB203580 had no effect on LPS-induced AQP3, AQP7 and AQP11 mRNA levels modulations. In conclusion, our results clearly show that many AQPs are expressed in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, in DCs, LPS led to decreased AQP7 and AQP11 mRNA levels but to increased AQP3 mRNA levels, resulting from the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-induced activation of JNK and/or NFκB pathway.
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Janssen AWF, Kersten S. Potential mediators linking gut bacteria to metabolic health: a critical view. J Physiol 2016; 595:477-487. [PMID: 27418465 PMCID: PMC5233664 DOI: 10.1113/jp272476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the bacteria present in our gut may play a role in mediating the effect of genetics and lifestyle on obesity and metabolic diseases. Most of the current literature on gut bacteria consists of cross‐sectional and correlative studies, rendering it difficult to make any causal inferences as to the influence of gut bacteria on obesity and related metabolic disorders. Interventions with germ‐free animals, treatment with antibiotic agents, and microbial transfer experiments have provided some evidence that disturbances in gut bacteria may causally contribute to obesity‐related insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. Several potential mediators have been hypothesized to link the activity and composition of gut bacteria to insulin resistance and adipose tissue function, including lipopolysaccharide, angiopoietin‐like protein 4, bile acids and short‐chain fatty acids. In this review we critically evaluate the current evidence related to the direct role of gut bacteria in obesity‐related metabolic perturbations, with a focus on insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. It is concluded that the knowledge base in support of a role for the gut microbiota in metabolic regulation and in particular insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation needs to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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247
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Munford RS. Endotoxemia-menace, marker, or mistake? J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:687-698. [PMID: 27418356 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0316-151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia is in its scientific ascendancy. Never has blood-borne, Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (LPS) been invoked in the pathogenesis of so many diseases-not only as a trigger for septic shock, once its most cited role, but also as a contributor to atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic fatigue, metabolic syndrome, and many other conditions. Finding elevated plasma endotoxin levels has been essential supporting evidence for each of these links, yet the assays used to detect and quantitate endotoxin have important limitations. This article describes several assays for endotoxin in plasma, reviews what they do and do not measure, and discusses why LPS heterogeneity, LPS trafficking pathways, and host LPS inactivation mechanisms should be considered when interpreting endotoxin assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Munford
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
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248
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Guerville M, Boudry G. Gastrointestinal and hepatic mechanisms limiting entry and dissemination of lipopolysaccharide into the systemic circulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G1-G15. [PMID: 27151941 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiota consists of 100 trillion microorganisms that provide important metabolic and biological functions benefiting the host. However, the presence in host plasma of a gut-derived bacteria component, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been identified as a causal or complicating factor in multiple serious diseases such as sepsis and septic shock and, more recently, obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Understanding the precise mechanisms by which gut-derived LPS is transported from the gut lumen to the systemic circulation is crucial to advance our knowledge of LPS-associated diseases and elaborate targeted strategies for their prevention. The aim of this review is to synthetize current knowledge on the host mechanisms limiting the entry and dissemination of LPS into the systemic circulation. To prevent bacterial colonization and penetration, the intestinal epithelium harbors multiple defense mechanisms including the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and mucins as well as detoxification enzymes. Despite this first line of defense, LPS can reach the apical site of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and, because of its large size, likely crosses IECs via transcellular transport, either lipid raft- or clathrin-mediated endocytosis or goblet cell-associated passage. However, the precise pathway remains poorly described. Finally, if LPS crosses the gut mucosa, it is directed via the portal vein to the liver, where major detoxification processes occur by deacetylation and excretion through the bile. If this disposal process is not sufficient, LPS enters the systemic circulation, where it is handled by numerous transport proteins that clear it back to the liver for further excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaëlle Boudry
- INRA UR1341 ADNC, Domaine de la Prise, Saint-Gilles, France
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249
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Tremellen K. Gut Endotoxin Leading to a Decline IN Gonadal function (GELDING) - a novel theory for the development of late onset hypogonadism in obese men. Basic Clin Androl 2016; 26:7. [PMID: 27340554 PMCID: PMC4918028 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-016-0034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an increasing public health problem, with two-thirds of the adult population in many Western countries now being either overweight or obese. Male obesity is associated with late onset hypogonadism, a condition characterised by decreased serum testosterone, sperm quality plus diminished fertility and quality of life. In this paper we propose a novel theory underlying the development of obesity related hypogonadism- the GELDING theory (Gut Endotoxin Leading to a Decline IN Gonadal function). Several observational studies have previously reported an association between obesity related hypogonadism (low testosterone) and systemic inflammation. However, for the first time we postulate that the trans-mucosal passage of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the gut lumen into the circulation is a key inflammatory trigger underlying male hypogonadism. Obesity and a high fat/high calorie diet are both reported to result in changes to gut bacteria and intestinal wall permeability, leading to the passage of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide- LPS) from within the gut lumen into the circulation (metabolic endotoxaemia), where it initiates systemic inflammation. Endotoxin is known to reduce testosterone production by the testis, both by direct inhibition of Leydig cell steroidogenic pathways and indirectly by reducing pituitary LH drive, thereby also leading to a decline in sperm production. In this paper we also highlight the novel evolutionary benefits of the GELDING theory. Testosterone is known to be a powerful immune-suppressive, decreasing a man's ability to fight infection. Therefore we postulate that the male reproductive axis has evolved the capacity to lower testosterone production during times of infection and resulting endotoxin exposure, decreasing the immunosuppressive influence of testosterone, in turn enhancing the ability to fight infection. While this response is adaptive in times of sepsis, it becomes maladaptive in the setting of "non-infectious" obesity related metabolic endotoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton Tremellen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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250
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Daulatzai MA. Fundamental role of pan-inflammation and oxidative-nitrosative pathways in neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease in focal cerebral ischemic rats. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2016; 5:102-30. [PMID: 27335702 PMCID: PMC4913220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative condition of the brain, and it is the most common cause of dementia. Several neurobiological etiologies of AD are described in the literature. These include vascular, infectious, toxic, nutritional, metabolic, and inflammatory. However, these heterogeneous etiologies have a common denominator - viz. Inflammation and oxidative stress. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elevates the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines; chronically, together they trigger various pathological responses in the periphery and the CNS including dysfunctional memory consolidation and memory decline. Aging - the main risk factor for AD is inherently associated with inflammation. There are several age-related comorbidities that are also associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Such co-prevailing aggravating factors, therefore, persist against a background of underlying aging-related pathology. They may converge, and their synergistic propagation may modify the disease course. A critical balance exists between homeostasis/repair and inflammatory factors; chronic, unrelenting inflammatory milieu succeeds in promoting a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative outcome. Extensive evidence is available that CNS inflammation is associated with neurodegeneration. LPS, proinflammatory cytokines, several mediators secreted by microglia, and oxidative-nitrosative stress in concert play a pivotal role in triggering neuroinflammatory processes and neurodegeneration. The persistent uncontrolled activity of the above factors can potentiate cognitive decline in tandem enhancing vulnerability to AD. Despite significant progress during the past twenty years, the prevention and treatment of AD have been tantalizingly elusive. Current studies strongly suggest that amelioration/prevention of the deleterious effects of inflammation may prove beneficial in preventing AD onset and retarding cognitive dysfunction in aging and AD. A concerted multi-focal therapeutic effort around the inflammation-oxidative-nitrosative stress paradigm may be crucial in preventing and treating AD. This paper informs on such relevant polypharmacy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak Adam Daulatzai
- Sleep Disorders Group, EEE/Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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