201
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Román-Fernández A, Bryant DM. Complex Polarity: Building Multicellular Tissues Through Apical Membrane Traffic. Traffic 2016; 17:1244-1261. [PMID: 27281121 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of distinct subdomains of the cell surface is crucial for multicellular organism development. The most striking example of this is apical-basal polarization. What is much less appreciated is that underpinning an asymmetric cell surface is an equally dramatic intracellular endosome rearrangement. Here, we review the interplay between classical cell polarity proteins and membrane trafficking pathways, and discuss how this marriage gives rise to cell polarization. We focus on those mechanisms that regulate apical polarization, as this is providing a number of insights into how membrane traffic and polarity are regulated at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Román-Fernández
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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202
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Thapa N, Tan X, Choi S, Lambert PF, Rapraeger AC, Anderson RA. The Hidden Conundrum of Phosphoinositide Signaling in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:378-390. [PMID: 27819060 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) generation of PI(3,4,5)P3 from PI(4,5)P2 and the subsequent activation of Akt and its downstream signaling cascades (e.g. mTORC1) dominates the landscape of phosphoinositide signaling axis in cancer research. However, PI(4,5)P2 is breaking its boundary as merely a substrate for PI3K and phospholipase C (PLC), and is now an established lipid messenger pivotal for different cellular events in cancer. Here, we review the phosphoinositide signaling axis in cancer, giving due weight to PI(4,5)P2 and its generating enzymes, the phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) kinases (PIPKs). We highlighted how PI(4,5)P2 and PIP kinases serve as a proximal node in phosphoinositide signaling axis and how its interaction with cytoskeletal proteins regulates migratory and invasive nexus of metastasizing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Thapa
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xiaojun Tan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Suyong Choi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- Department of Oncology, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alan C Rapraeger
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Human Oncology, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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203
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Kolay S, Basu U, Raghu P. Control of diverse subcellular processes by a single multi-functional lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Biochem J 2016; 473:1681-92. [PMID: 27288030 PMCID: PMC6609453 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is a multi-functional lipid that regulates several essential subcellular processes in eukaryotic cells. In addition to its well-established function as a substrate for receptor-activated signalling at the plasma membrane (PM), it is now recognized that distinct PI(4,5)P2 pools are present at other organelle membranes. However, a long-standing question that remains unresolved is the mechanism by which a single lipid species, with an invariant functional head group, delivers numerous functions without loss of fidelity. In the present review, we summarize studies that have examined the molecular processes that shape the repertoire of PI(4,5)P2 pools in diverse eukaryotes. Collectively, these studies indicate a conserved role for lipid kinase isoforms in generating functionally distinct pools of PI(4,5)P2 in diverse metazoan species. The sophistication underlying the regulation of multiple functions by PI(4,5)P2 is also shaped by mechanisms that regulate its availability to enzymes involved in its metabolism as well as molecular processes that control its diffusion at nanoscales in the PM. Collectively, these mechanisms ensure the specificity of PI(4,5)P2 mediated signalling at eukaryotic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kolay
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Urbashi Basu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Padinjat Raghu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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204
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Elbediwy A, Vincent-Mistiaen ZI, Spencer-Dene B, Stone RK, Boeing S, Wculek SK, Cordero J, Tan EH, Ridgway R, Brunton VG, Sahai E, Gerhardt H, Behrens A, Malanchi I, Sansom OJ, Thompson BJ. Integrin signalling regulates YAP and TAZ to control skin homeostasis. Development 2016; 143:1674-87. [PMID: 26989177 PMCID: PMC4874484 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a squamous epithelium that is continuously renewed by a population of basal layer stem/progenitor cells and can heal wounds. Here, we show that the transcription regulators YAP and TAZ localise to the nucleus in the basal layer of skin and are elevated upon wound healing. Skin-specific deletion of both YAP and TAZ in adult mice slows proliferation of basal layer cells, leads to hair loss and impairs regeneration after wounding. Contact with the basal extracellular matrix and consequent integrin-Src signalling is a key determinant of the nuclear localisation of YAP/TAZ in basal layer cells and in skin tumours. Contact with the basement membrane is lost in differentiating daughter cells, where YAP and TAZ become mostly cytoplasmic. In other types of squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas, a similar control mechanism is present. By contrast, columnar epithelia differentiate an apical domain that recruits CRB3, Merlin (also known as NF2), KIBRA (also known as WWC1) and SAV1 to induce Hippo signalling and retain YAP/TAZ in the cytoplasm despite contact with the basal layer extracellular matrix. When columnar epithelial tumours lose their apical domain and become invasive, YAP/TAZ becomes nuclear and tumour growth becomes sensitive to the Src inhibitor Dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbediwy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | | | | | - Richard K Stone
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Julia Cordero
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ee H Tan
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Val G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Axel Behrens
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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205
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Corrado C, Saieva L, Raimondo S, Santoro A, De Leo G, Alessandro R. Chronic myelogenous leukaemia exosomes modulate bone marrow microenvironment through activation of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1829-39. [PMID: 27196940 PMCID: PMC4876029 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. Recent evidence indicates that altered crosstalk between CML and mesenchymal stromal cells may affect leukaemia survival; moreover, vesicles released by both tumour and non‐tumour cells into the microenvironment provide a suitable niche for cancer cell growth and survival. We previously demonstrated that leukaemic and stromal cells establish an exosome‐mediated bidirectional crosstalk leading to the production of IL8 in stromal cells, thus sustaining the survival of CML cells. Human cell lines used are LAMA84 (CML cells), HS5 (stromal cells) and bone marrow primary stromal cells; gene expression and protein analysis were performed by real‐time PCR and Western blot. IL8 and MMP9 secretions were evaluated by ELISA. Exosomes were isolated from CML cells and blood samples of CML patients. Here, we show that LAMA84 and CML patients’ exosomes contain amphiregulin (AREG), thus activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling in stromal cells. EGFR signalling increases the expression of SNAIL and its targets, MMP9 and IL8. We also demonstrated that pre‐treatment of HS5 with LAMA84 exosomes increases the expression of annexin A2 that promotes the adhesion of leukaemic cells to the stromal monolayer, finally supporting the growth and invasiveness of leukaemic cells. Leukaemic and stromal cells establish a bidirectional crosstalk: exosomes promote proliferation and survival of leukaemic cells, both in vitro and in vivo, by inducing IL8 secretion from stromal cells. We propose that this mechanism is activated by a ligand–receptor interaction between AREG, found in CML exosomes, and EGFR in bone marrow stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corrado
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Saieva
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Santoro
- Divisione di Ematologia, A.O. Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Leo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Palermo, Italy.
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206
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Gandalovičová A, Vomastek T, Rosel D, Brábek J. Cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25022-49. [PMID: 26872368 PMCID: PMC5041887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity is typical of cells present in differentiated epithelium while front-rear polarity develops in motile cells. In cancer development, the transition from epithelial to migratory polarity may be seen as the hallmark of cancer progression to an invasive and metastatic disease. Despite the morphological and functional dissimilarity, both epithelial and migratory polarity are controlled by a common set of polarity complexes Par, Scribble and Crumbs, phosphoinositides, and small Rho GTPases Rac, Rho and Cdc42. In epithelial tissues, their mutual interplay ensures apico-basal and planar cell polarity. Accordingly, altered functions of these polarity determinants lead to disrupted cell-cell adhesions, cytoskeleton rearrangements and overall loss of epithelial homeostasis. Polarity proteins are further engaged in diverse interactions that promote the establishment of front-rear polarity, and they help cancer cells to adopt different invasion modes. Invading cancer cells can employ either the collective, mesenchymal or amoeboid invasion modes or actively switch between them and gain intermediate phenotypes. Elucidation of the role of polarity proteins during these invasion modes and the associated transitions is a necessary step towards understanding the complex problem of metastasis. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the role of cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vomastek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Videňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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207
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Mrozowska PS, Fukuda M. Regulation of podocalyxin trafficking by Rab small GTPases in 2D and 3D epithelial cell cultures. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:355-69. [PMID: 27138252 PMCID: PMC4862332 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201512024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MDCK II cells, a widely used model of polarized epithelia, develop into different structures depending on culture conditions: two-dimensional (2D) monolayers when grown on synthetic supports or three-dimensional (3D) cysts when surrounded by an extracellular matrix. The establishment of epithelial polarity is accompanied by transcytosis of the apical marker podocalyxin from the outer plasma membrane to the newly formed apical domain, but its exact route and regulation remain poorly understood. Here, through comprehensive colocalization and knockdown screenings, we identified the Rab GTPases mediating podocalyxin transcytosis and showed that different sets of Rabs coordinate its transport during cell polarization in 2D and 3D structures. Moreover, we demonstrated that different Rab35 effectors regulate podocalyxin trafficking in 2D and 3D environments; trafficking is mediated by OCRL in 2D monolayers and ACAP2 in 3D cysts. Our results give substantial insight into regulation of the transcytosis of this apical marker and highlight differences between trafficking mechanisms in 2D and 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina S Mrozowska
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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208
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Rab35 GTPase couples cell division with initiation of epithelial apico-basal polarity and lumen opening. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11166. [PMID: 27040773 PMCID: PMC4822036 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of apico-basal polarity in epithelial organs must be tightly coupled with cell division, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Using 3D cultures of renal MDCK cells (cysts), we found that the Rab35 GTPase plays a crucial role in polarity initiation and apical lumen positioning during the first cell division of cyst development. At the molecular level, Rab35 physically couples cytokinesis with the initiation of apico-basal polarity by tethering intracellular vesicles containing key apical determinants at the cleavage site. These vesicles transport aPKC, Cdc42, Crumbs3 and the lumen-promoting factor Podocalyxin, and are tethered through a direct interaction between Rab35 and the cytoplasmic tail of Podocalyxin. Consequently, Rab35 inactivation leads to complete inversion of apico-basal polarity in 3D cysts. This novel and unconventional mode of Rab-dependent vesicle targeting provides a simple mechanism for triggering both initiation of apico-basal polarity and lumen opening at the centre of cysts. Establishment and maintenance of apico-basal polarity in epithelial organs needs to be tightly coupled with cell division. Here the authors show that the Rab35 GTPase tethers intracellular vesicles containing key apical determinants at the cleavage site, connecting cytokinesis to apico-basal polarity.
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209
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Inherited PTEN mutations and the prediction of phenotype. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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210
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Gebala V, Collins R, Geudens I, Phng LK, Gerhardt H. Blood flow drives lumen formation by inverse membrane blebbing during angiogenesis in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:443-50. [PMID: 26928868 PMCID: PMC6485462 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
How vascular tubes build, maintain and adapt continuously perfused lumens to meet local metabolic needs remains poorly understood. Recent studies showed that blood flow itself plays a critical role in the remodelling of vascular networks, and suggested it is also required for the lumenization of new vascular connections. However, it is still unknown how haemodynamic forces contribute to the formation of new vascular lumens during blood vessel morphogenesis. Here we report that blood flow drives lumen expansion during sprouting angiogenesis in vivo by inducing spherical deformations of the apical membrane of endothelial cells, in a process that we have termed inverse blebbing. We show that endothelial cells react to these membrane intrusions by local and transient recruitment and contraction of actomyosin, and that this mechanism is required for single, unidirectional lumen expansion in angiogenic sprouts. Our work identifies inverse membrane blebbing as a cellular response to high external pressure. We show that in the case of blood vessels such membrane dynamics can drive local cell shape changes required for global tissue morphogenesis, shedding light on a pressure-driven mechanism of lumen formation in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gebala
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.,Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Russell Collins
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilse Geudens
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Li-Kun Phng
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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211
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Bonastre E, Brambilla E, Sanchez-Cespedes M. Cell adhesion and polarity in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. J Pathol 2016; 238:606-16. [PMID: 26749265 DOI: 10.1002/path.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a deadly disease that can roughly be classified into three histopathological groups: lung adenocarcinomas, lung squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs), and small cell carcinomas. These types of lung cancer are molecularly, phenotypically, and regionally diverse neoplasms, reflecting differences in their cells of origin. LSCCs commonly arise in the airway epithelium of a main or lobar bronchus, which is an important line of defence against the external environment. Furthermore, most LSCCs are characterized histopathologically by the presence of keratinization and/or intercellular bridges, consistent with the molecular features of these tumours, characterized by high levels of transcripts encoding keratins and proteins relevant to intercellular junctions and cell polarity. In this review, the relationships between the molecular features of LSCCs and the types of cell and epithelia of origin are discussed. Recurrent alterations in genes involved in intercellular adhesion and cell polarity in LSCCs are also reviewed, emphasizing the importance of the disruption of PAR3 and the PAR complex. Finally, the possible functional effects of these alterations on epithelial homeostasis, and how they contribute to the development of LSCC, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Bonastre
- Genes and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Brambilla
- Department of Pathology, Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, University Joseph Fourier, CHU, Grenoble Hopital Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | - Montse Sanchez-Cespedes
- Genes and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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212
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Druso JE, Endo M, Lin MCJ, Peng X, Antonyak MA, Meller S, Cerione RA. An Essential Role for Cdc42 in the Functioning of the Adult Mammary Gland. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8886-95. [PMID: 26912661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho family small GTPase Cdc42 has been implicated in a wide range of cellular functions including the establishment of cell polarity and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeletal architecture, resulting in the tight regulation of cell growth and survival during developmental processes. The complete knock-out of Cdc42 in the mouse is embryonic-lethal, and its targeted deletion in various tissues has been shown to disrupt tissue homeostasis. Thus far, in most studies, the targeted deletion of Cdc42 occurred during embryogenesis. Here, we have used a conditional gene deletion strategy in mice to probe the specific role of Cdc42 during adult mammary gland function. Cdc42 conditional-knock-out females were unable to adequately nourish their pups, due to a disorganized epithelial compartment within their mammary glands. A closer examination showed that their mammary epithelial cells were not able to maintain functional alveolar lumens, due to an inability to establish normal apical/basal epithelial polarity, as well as proper cell-cell contacts. Loss of these essential epithelial characteristics led to a premature sloughing off of the Cdc42-null epithelial cells. Overall our findings demonstrate that Cdc42 plays essential roles in mammary gland function post pregnancy, where it helps to establish proper epithelial cell polarity and tissue homeostasis during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Druso
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Makoto Endo
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Miao-Chong Joy Lin
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Xu Peng
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Stephanie Meller
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Richard A Cerione
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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213
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Vogel GF, Klee KMC, Janecke AR, Müller T, Hess MW, Huber LA. Cargo-selective apical exocytosis in epithelial cells is conducted by Myo5B, Slp4a, Vamp7, and Syntaxin 3. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:587-604. [PMID: 26553929 PMCID: PMC4639860 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor protein Myo5B and t-SNARE Stx3 drive cargo-selective apical exocytosis in polarized epithelial cells in a pathway dependent on v-SNARE–like Slp4a, v-SNARE Vamp7, Sec1/Munc18-like protein Munc18-2, and the Rab11/8 cascade. Mutations in the motor protein Myosin Vb (Myo5B) or the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor Syntaxin 3 (Stx3) disturb epithelial polarity and cause microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a lethal hereditary enteropathy affecting neonates. To understand the molecular mechanism of Myo5B and Stx3 interplay, we used genome editing to introduce a defined Myo5B patient mutation in a human epithelial cell line. Our results demonstrate a selective role of Myo5B and Stx3 for apical cargo exocytosis in polarized epithelial cells. Apical exocytosis of NHE3, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), and GLUT5 required an interaction cascade of Rab11, Myo5B, Slp4a, Munc18-2, and Vamp7 with Stx3, which cooperate in the final steps of this selective apical traffic pathway. The brush border enzymes DPPIV and sucrase-isomaltase still correctly localize at the apical plasma membrane independent of this pathway. Hence, our work demonstrates how Myo5B, Stx3, Slp4a, Vamp7, Munc18-2, and Rab8/11 cooperate during selective apical cargo trafficking and exocytosis in epithelial cells and thereby provides further insight into MVID pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Vogel
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina M C Klee
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael W Hess
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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214
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Worzfeld T, Schwaninger M. Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:340-62. [PMID: 26661193 PMCID: PMC4759676 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal brain homeostasis depends on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier that controls the access of nutrients, humoral factors, and immune cells to the CNS. The blood-brain barrier is composed mainly of brain endothelial cells. Forming the interface between two compartments, they are highly polarized. Apical/luminal and basolateral/abluminal membranes differ in their lipid and (glyco-)protein composition, allowing brain endothelial cells to secrete or transport soluble factors in a polarized manner and to maintain blood flow. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of apicobasal cell polarity in brain endothelial cells. To address potential molecular mechanisms underlying apicobasal polarity in brain endothelial cells, we draw on investigations in epithelial cells and discuss how polarity may go awry in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Lübeck, Germany
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215
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Grego-Bessa J, Bloomekatz J, Castel P, Omelchenko T, Baselga J, Anderson KV. The tumor suppressor PTEN and the PDK1 kinase regulate formation of the columnar neural epithelium. eLife 2016; 5:e12034. [PMID: 26809587 PMCID: PMC4739759 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis and stability are essential for normal development and organ homeostasis. The mouse neural plate is a cuboidal epithelium that remodels into a columnar pseudostratified epithelium over the course of 24 hr. Here we show that the transition to a columnar epithelium fails in mutant embryos that lack the tumor suppressor PTEN, although proliferation, patterning and apical-basal polarity markers are normal in the mutants. The Pten phenotype is mimicked by constitutive activation of PI3 kinase and is rescued by the removal of PDK1 (PDPK1), but does not depend on the downstream kinases AKT and mTORC1. High resolution imaging shows that PTEN is required for stabilization of planar cell packing in the neural plate and for the formation of stable apical-basal microtubule arrays. The data suggest that appropriate levels of membrane-associated PDPK1 are required for stabilization of apical junctions, which promotes cell elongation, during epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Grego-Bessa
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Joshua Bloomekatz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Pau Castel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Tatiana Omelchenko
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - José Baselga
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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216
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Chou SY, Hsu KS, Otsu W, Hsu YC, Luo YC, Yeh C, Shehab SS, Chen J, Shieh V, He GA, Marean MB, Felsen D, Ding A, Poppas DP, Chuang JZ, Sung CH. CLIC4 regulates apical exocytosis and renal tube luminogenesis through retromer- and actin-mediated endocytic trafficking. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10412. [PMID: 26786190 PMCID: PMC4736046 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) is a mammalian homologue of EXC-4 whose mutation is associated with cystic excretory canals in nematodes. Here we show that CLIC4-null mouse embryos exhibit impaired renal tubulogenesis. In both developing and developed kidneys, CLIC4 is specifically enriched in the proximal tubule epithelial cells, in which CLIC4 is important for luminal delivery, microvillus morphogenesis, and endolysosomal biogenesis. Adult CLIC4-null proximal tubules display aberrant dilation. In MDCK 3D cultures, CLIC4 is expressed on early endosome, recycling endosome and apical transport carriers before reaching its steady-state apical membrane localization in mature lumen. CLIC4 suppression causes impaired apical vesicle coalescence and central lumen formation, a phenotype that can be rescued by Rab8 and Cdc42. Furthermore, we show that retromer- and branched actin-mediated trafficking on early endosome regulates apical delivery during early luminogenesis. CLIC4 selectively modulates retromer-mediated apical transport by negatively regulating the formation of branched actin on early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yi Chou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Kuo-Shun Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ya-Chu Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yun-Cin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Celine Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Syed S. Shehab
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Vincent Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Guo-an He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael B. Marean
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Diane Felsen
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Aihao Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Dix P. Poppas
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jen-Zen Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York City, New York 10065, USA
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217
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Yoshizaki H, Ogiso H, Okazaki T, Kiyokawa E. Comparative lipid analysis in the normal and cancerous organoids of MDCK cells. J Biochem 2016; 159:573-84. [PMID: 26783265 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial organs are made of a well-polarized monolayer of epithelial cells, and their morphology is maintained strictly for their proper functioning. The roles of lipids are not only to generate the membrane, but also to provide the specific domains for signal transduction, or to transmit signals as second messengers. By using a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS method, we here analyzed sphingolipids in MDCK cysts under various conditions. Our result showed that, compared to the three-dimensional cyst, the two-dimensional MDCK sheet is relatively enriched in sphingolipids. During cystogenesis, the contents of sphingomyelin (SM) and lactocylceramide (LacCer)-but, none those of ceramide, hexocylceramide, or GM3-are altered depending on their acyl chains. While the total SM is decreased more efficiently by SMS-1 knockdown than by SMS-2 knockdown, depletion of SMS-2, but not SMS-1, inhibits cyst growth. Finally upon the switching on of activated K-Ras expression which induces luminal cell filling, ceramide and LacCer are increased. Our parallel examinations of the microarray data for mRNA of sphingolipid metabolic enzymes failed to fully explain the remodelling of the sphingolipids of MDCK cysts. However, these results should be useful to investigate the cell-type- and structure-specific lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideo Ogiso
- Department of Hematology/Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Department of Hematology/Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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218
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Mao Q, Lecuit T. Mechanochemical Interplay Drives Polarization in Cellular and Developmental Systems. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 116:633-57. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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219
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Pattabiraman DR, Weinberg RA. Targeting the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: The Case for Differentiation-Based Therapy. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 81:11-19. [PMID: 28057845 PMCID: PMC5722631 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Although important strides have been made in targeted therapy for certain leukemias and subtypes of breast cancer, the standard of care for most carcinomas still involves chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination of these. Two processes serve as obstacles to the successful treatment of carcinomas. First, a majority of deaths from these types of cancers occurs as a result of distant metastases and not the primary tumors themselves. Second, subsets of cells that are able to survive conventional therapy drive the aggressive relapse of the tumors, often in forms that are resistant to treatment. A frequently observed feature of malignant carcinomas is the loss of epithelial traits and the gain of certain mesenchymal ones that are programmed by the cell-biological program termed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The EMT program can confer (i) an ability to disseminate, (ii) an ability to become stem-like tumor-initiating cells, (iii) an ability to found new tumor colonies at distant anatomical sites, and (iv) an elevated resistance to therapy. These multiple powers of the EMT program explain why it has become an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Recent work has revealed the variable nature of the EMT, with multiple versions of the program being observed depending on the tissue context and the stage of tumor progression. In this review, we attempt to crystallize emerging concepts in the research on EMT and stemness and discuss the benefits of using a differentiation-based therapeutic strategy for the eradication of stem-like populations that have adopted various versions of the EMT program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Weinberg
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Ludwig/MIT Center for Molecular Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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220
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Bowers S, Norden P, Davis G. Molecular Signaling Pathways Controlling Vascular Tube Morphogenesis and Pericyte-Induced Tube Maturation in 3D Extracellular Matrices. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 77:241-80. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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221
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Verrastro I, Tveen-Jensen K, Woscholski R, Spickett CM, Pitt AR. Reversible oxidation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) alters its interactions with signaling and regulatory proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:24-34. [PMID: 26561776 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is involved in a number of different cellular processes including metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival. It is a redox-sensitive dual-specificity protein phosphatase that acts as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. While direct evidence of redox regulation of PTEN downstream signaling has been reported, the effect of PTEN redox status on its protein-protein interactions is poorly understood. PTEN-GST in its reduced and a DTT-reversible H2O2-oxidized form was immobilized on a glutathione-sepharose support and incubated with cell lysate to capture interacting proteins. Captured proteins were analyzed by LC-MSMS and comparatively quantified using label-free methods. 97 Potential protein interactors were identified, including a significant number that are novel. The abundance of fourteen interactors was found to vary significantly with the redox status of PTEN. Altered binding to PTEN was confirmed by affinity pull-down and Western blotting for Prdx1, Trx, and Anxa2, while DDB1 was validated as a novel interactor with unaltered binding. These results suggest that the redox status of PTEN causes a functional variation in the PTEN interactome. The resin capture method developed had distinct advantages in that the redox status of PTEN could be directly controlled and measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Verrastro
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Karina Tveen-Jensen
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Rudiger Woscholski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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222
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Formins at the Junction. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 41:148-159. [PMID: 26732401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and adhesion junctions are physically and functionally coupled at the cell-cell interface between epithelial cells. The actin regulatory complex Arp2/3 has an established role in the turnover of junctional actin; however, the role of formins, the largest group of actin regulators, is less clear. Formins dynamically shape the actin cytoskeleton and have various functions within cells. In this review we describe recent progress on how formins regulate actin dynamics at cell-cell contacts and highlight formin functions during polarized protein traffic necessary for epithelialization.
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223
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Bruurs LJM, Donker L, Zwakenberg S, Zwartkruis FJ, Begthel H, Knisely AS, Posthuma G, van de Graaf SFJ, Paulusma CC, Bos JL. ATP8B1-mediated spatial organization of Cdc42 signaling maintains singularity during enterocyte polarization. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:1055-63. [PMID: 26416959 PMCID: PMC4586737 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201505118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease-associated phospholipid flippase ATP8B1 decreases Cdc42 mobility at the apical membrane to ensure the formation of a single apical domain and to maintain healthy lumen architecture. During yeast cell polarization localization of the small GTPase, cell division control protein 42 homologue (Cdc42) is clustered to ensure the formation of a single bud. Here we show that the disease-associated flippase ATPase class I type 8b member 1 (ATP8B1) enables Cdc42 clustering during enterocyte polarization. Loss of this regulation results in increased apical membrane size with scattered apical recycling endosomes and permits the formation of more than one apical domain, resembling the singularity defect observed in yeast. Mechanistically, we show that to become apically clustered, Cdc42 requires the interaction between its polybasic region and negatively charged membrane lipids provided by ATP8B1. Disturbing this interaction, either by ATP8B1 depletion or by introduction of a Cdc42 mutant defective in lipid binding, increases Cdc42 mobility and results in apical membrane enlargement. Re-establishing Cdc42 clustering, by tethering it to the apical membrane or lowering its diffusion, restores normal apical membrane size in ATP8B1-depleted cells. We therefore conclude that singularity regulation by Cdc42 is conserved between yeast and human and that this regulation is required to maintain healthy tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J M Bruurs
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Donker
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susan Zwakenberg
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fried J Zwartkruis
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A S Knisely
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, England, UK
| | - George Posthuma
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
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224
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Cdc42 and Cellular Polarity: Emerging Roles at the Golgi. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:241-248. [PMID: 26704441 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cdc42 belongs to the Rho family of small GTPases and plays key roles in cellular events of polarity. This role of Cdc42 has typically been attributed to its function at the plasma membrane. However, Cdc42 also exists at the Golgi complex. Here we summarize major insights that have been gathered in studying the Golgi pool of Cdc42 and propose that Golgi-localized Cdc42 enables the cell to diversify the function of Cdc42, which in some cases represents new roles and in other cases acts to complement the established roles of Cdc42 at the plasma membrane. Studies on how Cdc42 acts at the Golgi also suggest key questions to address in the future.
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225
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Regulation of Ripply1 expression in MDCK organoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:337-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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226
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An Adaptable Spectrin/Ankyrin-Based Mechanism for Long-Range Organization of Plasma Membranes in Vertebrate Tissues. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 77:143-84. [PMID: 26781832 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ankyrins are membrane-associated proteins that together with their spectrin partners are responsible for micron-scale organization of vertebrate plasma membranes, including those of erythrocytes, excitable membranes of neurons and heart, lateral membrane domains of columnar epithelial cells, and striated muscle. Ankyrins coordinate functionally related membrane transporters and cell adhesion proteins (15 protein families identified so far) within plasma membrane compartments through independently evolved interactions of intrinsically disordered sequences with a highly conserved peptide-binding groove formed by the ANK repeat solenoid. Ankyrins are coupled to spectrins, which are elongated organelle-sized proteins that form mechanically resilient arrays through cross-linking by specialized actin filaments. In addition to protein interactions, cellular targeting and assembly of spectrin/ankyrin domains also critically depend on palmitoylation of ankyrin-G by aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine 5/8 palmitoyltransferases, as well as interaction of beta-2 spectrin with phosphoinositide lipids. These lipid-dependent spectrin/ankyrin domains are not static but are locally dynamic and determine membrane identity through opposing endocytosis of bulk lipids as well as specific proteins. A partnership between spectrin, ankyrin, and cell adhesion molecules first emerged in bilaterians over 500 million years ago. Ankyrin and spectrin may have been recruited to plasma membranes from more ancient roles in organelle transport. The basic bilaterian spectrin-ankyrin toolkit markedly expanded in vertebrates through gene duplications combined with variation in unstructured intramolecular regulatory sequences as well as independent evolution of ankyrin-binding activity by ion transporters involved in action potentials and calcium homeostasis. In addition, giant vertebrate ankyrins with specialized roles in axons acquired new coding sequences by exon shuffling. We speculate that early axon initial segments and epithelial lateral membranes initially were based on spectrin-ankyrin-cell adhesion molecule assemblies and subsequently served as "incubators," where ion transporters independently acquired ankyrin-binding activity through positive selection.
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227
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Abu-Siniyeh A, Owen DM, Benzing C, Rinkwitz S, Becker TS, Majumdar A, Gaus K. The aPKC/Par3/Par6 Polarity Complex and Membrane Order Are Functionally Interdependent in Epithelia During Vertebrate Organogenesis. Traffic 2015; 17:66-79. [PMID: 26456025 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The differential distribution of lipids between apical and basolateral membranes is necessary for many epithelial cell functions, but how this characteristic membrane organization is integrated within the polarity network during ductal organ development is poorly understood. Here we quantified membrane order in the gut, kidney and liver ductal epithelia in zebrafish larvae at 3-11 days post fertilization (dpf) with Laurdan 2-photon microscopy. We then applied a combination of Laurdan imaging, antisense knock-down and analysis of polarity markers to understand the relationship between membrane order and apical-basal polarity. We found a reciprocal relationship between membrane order and the cell polarity network. Reducing membrane condensation by exogenously added oxysterol or depletion of cholesterol reduced apical targeting of the polarity protein, aPKC. Conversely, using morpholino knock down in zebrafish, we found that membrane order was dependent upon the Crb3 and Par3 polarity protein expression in ductal epithelia. Hence our data suggest that the biophysical property of membrane lipid packing is a regulatory element in apical basal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abu-Siniyeh
- School of Medical Sciences, ARC Centre for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Australia.,Present address: Department of Chemistry and Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117, Jordan
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Carola Benzing
- School of Medical Sciences, ARC Centre for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silke Rinkwitz
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School and Department of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas S Becker
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School and Department of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Arindam Majumdar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Katharina Gaus
- School of Medical Sciences, ARC Centre for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Australia
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228
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Ishii Y, Saeki K, Liu M, Sasaki F, Koga T, Kitajima K, Meno C, Okuno T, Yokomizo T. Leukotriene B
4
receptor type 2 (BLT2) enhances skin barrier function by regulating tight junction proteins. FASEB J 2015; 30:933-47. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ishii
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Research Institute for Diseases of the ChestKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of EndocrinologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Fumiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoaki Koga
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Keiko Kitajima
- Department of Developmental BiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Chikara Meno
- Department of Developmental BiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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229
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Shore AN, Chang CH, Kwon OJ, Weston MC, Zhang M, Xin L, Rosen JM. PTEN is required to maintain luminal epithelial homeostasis and integrity in the adult mammary gland. Dev Biol 2015; 409:202-217. [PMID: 26526198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the mammary gland, PTEN loss in luminal and basal epithelial cells results in differentiation defects and enhanced proliferation, leading to the formation of tumors with basal epithelial characteristics. In breast cancer, PTEN loss is associated with a hormone receptor-negative, basal-like subtype that is thought to originate in a luminal epithelial cell. Here, we show that luminal-specific PTEN loss results in distinct effects on epithelial homeostasis and mammary tumor formation. Luminal PTEN loss increased proliferation of hormone receptor-negative cells, thereby decreasing the percentage of hormone receptor-positive cells. Moreover, luminal PTEN loss led to misoriented cell divisions and mislocalization of cells to the intraluminal space of mammary ducts. Despite their elevated levels of activated AKT, Pten-null intraluminal cells showed increased levels of apoptosis. One year after Pten deletion, the ducts had cleared and no palpable mammary tumors were detected. These data establish PTEN as a critical regulator of luminal epithelial homeostasis and integrity in the adult mammary gland, and further show that luminal PTEN loss alone is not sufficient to promote the progression of mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Shore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Chi-Hsuan Chang
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Weston
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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230
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Elias BC, Das A, Parekh DV, Mernaugh G, Adams R, Yang Z, Brakebusch C, Pozzi A, Marciano DK, Carroll TJ, Zent R. Cdc42 regulates epithelial cell polarity and cytoskeletal function during kidney tubule development. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4293-305. [PMID: 26490995 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.164509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPase Cdc42 regulates key signaling pathways required for multiple cell functions, including maintenance of shape, polarity, proliferation, migration, differentiation and morphogenesis. Although previous studies have shown that Cdc42 is required for proper epithelial development and maintenance, its exact molecular function in kidney development is not well understood. In this study, we define the specific role of Cdc42 during murine kidney epithelial tubulogenesis by deleting it selectively at the initiation of ureteric bud or metanephric mesenchyme development. Deletion in either lineage results in abnormal tubulogenesis, with profound defects in polarity, lumen formation and the actin cytoskeleton. Ultimately, these defects lead to renal failure. Additionally, in vitro analysis of Cdc42-null collecting duct cells shows that Cdc42 controls these processes by regulating the polarity Par complex (Par3-Par6-aPKC-Cdc42) and the cytoskeletal proteins N-Wasp and ezrin. Thus, we conclude that the principal role of Cdc42 in ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme development is to regulate epithelial cell polarity and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha C Elias
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amrita Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Diptiben V Parekh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Glenda Mernaugh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca Adams
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zhufeng Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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231
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Patil PU, D'Ambrosio J, Inge LJ, Mason RW, Rajasekaran AK. Carcinoma cells induce lumen filling and EMT in epithelial cells through soluble E-cadherin-mediated activation of EGFR. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4366-79. [PMID: 26483386 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial cancers, carcinoma cells coexist with normal cells. Although it is known that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, it is not completely understood how the tumor influences adjacent normal epithelial cells. In this study, a three-dimensional co-culture system comprising non-transformed epithelial cells (MDCK) and transformed carcinoma cells (MSV-MDCK) was used to demonstrate that carcinoma cells sequentially induce preneoplastic lumen filling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cysts. MMP-9 secreted by carcinoma cells cleaves cellular E-cadherin (encoded by CDH1) from epithelial cells to generate soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad), a pro-oncogenic protein. We show that sE-cad induces EGFR activation, resulting in lumen filling in MDCK cysts. Long-term sE-cad treatment induced EMT. sE-cad caused lumen filling by induction of the ERK signaling pathway and triggered EMT through the sustained activation of the AKT pathway. Although it is known that sE-cad induces MMP-9 release and consequent EGFR activation in tumor cells, our results, for the first time, demonstrate that carcinoma cells can induce sE-cad shedding in adjacent epithelial cells, which leads to EGFR activation and the eventual transdifferentiation of the normal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima U Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Julia D'Ambrosio
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Landon J Inge
- Thoracic and Esophageal disease, Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ayyappan K Rajasekaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Therapy Architects, LLC, 2700, Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
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232
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Bailey MJ, Prehoda KE. Establishment of Par-Polarized Cortical Domains via Phosphoregulated Membrane Motifs. Dev Cell 2015; 35:199-210. [PMID: 26481050 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Par polarity complex creates mutually exclusive cortical domains in diverse animal cells. Activity of the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) is a key output of the Par complex as phosphorylation removes substrates from the Par domain. Here, we investigate how diverse, apparently unrelated Par substrates couple phosphorylation to cortical displacement. Each protein contains a basic and hydrophobic (BH) motif that interacts directly with phospholipids and also overlaps with aPKC phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation alters the electrostatic character of the sequence, inhibiting interaction with phospholipids and the cell cortex. We searched for overlapping BH and aPKC phosphorylation site motifs (i.e., putative phosphoregulated BH motifs) in several animal proteomes. Candidate proteins with strong PRBH signals associated with the cell cortex but were displaced into the cytoplasm by aPKC. These findings demonstrate a potentially general mechanism for exclusion of proteins from the Par cortical domain in polarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Kenneth E Prehoda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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233
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Pu J, Cao L, McCaig CD. Physiological extracellular electrical signals guide and orient the polarity of gut epithelial cells. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1037417. [PMID: 26451341 PMCID: PMC4574889 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1037417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells is a fundamental process in the morphogenesis of many tissues. But how epithelial cells become oriented with functionally specialized luminal and serosal facing membranes is not understood fully. Cell-cell and cell-substrate contacts induce the asymmetric distribution of Na+/K+-ATPase pumps on basal membrane and are essential for apical-basal polarity formation. Inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump abolished apical formation completely. But it is unclear how this pump regulated the apical polarity. We discovered that the transepithelial potential difference (TEP) which is dependent on the basal Na+/K+-ATPase distribution acts as an essential coordinating signal for apical membrane formation through Ror2/ERK1/2/LKB1 signaling. A similar concept applies to all other ion-transporting epithelial and endothelial tissues and this raises the possibility of regulating the TEP as a therapeutic intervention for disorders in which epithelial function is compromised by faulty electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Pu
- School of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medical Sciences; University of Aberdeen ; Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lin Cao
- School of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medical Sciences; University of Aberdeen ; Aberdeen, UK
| | - Colin D McCaig
- School of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medical Sciences; University of Aberdeen ; Aberdeen, UK
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234
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The alternative splicing factor Nova2 regulates vascular development and lumen formation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8479. [PMID: 26446569 PMCID: PMC4633719 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular lumen formation is a fundamental step during angiogenesis; yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that neural and vascular systems share common anatomical, functional and molecular similarities. Here we show that the organization of endothelial lumen is controlled at the post-transcriptional level by the alternative splicing (AS) regulator Nova2, which was previously considered to be neural cell-specific. Nova2 is expressed during angiogenesis and its depletion disrupts vascular lumen formation in vivo. Similarly, Nova2 depletion in cultured endothelial cells (ECs) impairs the apical distribution and the downstream signalling of the Par polarity complex, resulting in altered EC polarity, a process required for vascular lumen formation. These defects are linked to AS changes of Nova2 target exons affecting the Par complex and its regulators. Collectively, our results reveal that Nova2 functions as an AS regulator in angiogenesis and is a novel member of the ‘angioneurins' family. The alternative splicing factor Nova2 is best known for its pivotal function in the brain. Giampietro et al. reveal an important role for Nova2 in the regulation of alternative splicing of transcripts in the vascular endothelium that are crucial for the maintenance of endothelial cell polarity and vessel lumen formation in zebrafish.
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235
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The Formin FMNL3 Controls Early Apical Specification in Endothelial Cells by Regulating the Polarized Trafficking of Podocalyxin. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2325-31. [PMID: 26299518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the fundamental process by which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vasculature. It plays a critical role in the formation of the vasculature during development and is triggered in response to tissue hypoxia in adult organisms. This process requires complex and coordinated regulation of the endothelial cell cytoskeleton to control cell shape and polarity. In our previous work, we showed that the cytoskeletal regulator FMNL3/FRL2 controls the alignment of stabilized microtubules during polarized endothelial cell elongation and that depletion of FMNL3 retards elongation of the intersegmental vessels in zebrafish. Recent work has shown that FMNL3 is also needed for vascular lumen formation, a critical element of the formation of functional vessels. Here, we show that FMNL3 interacts with Cdc42 and RhoJ, two Rho family GTPases known to be required for lumen formation. FMNL3 and RhoJ are concentrated at the early apical surface, or AMIS, and regulate the formation of radiating actin cables from this site. In diverse biological systems, formins mediate polarized trafficking through the generation of similar actin filaments tracks. We show that FMNL3 and RhoJ are required for polarized trafficking of podocalyxin to the early apical surface--an important event in vascular lumenogenesis.
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236
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Overeem AW, Bryant DM, van IJzendoorn SC. Mechanisms of apical–basal axis orientation and epithelial lumen positioning. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:476-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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237
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Abstract
Insulin-producing β cells within the vertebrate fetal pancreas acquire their fate in a step-wise manner. Whereas the intrinsic factors dictating the transcriptional or epigenetic status of pancreatic lineages have been intensely examined, less is known about cell-cell interactions that might constitute a niche for the developing β cell lineage. It is becoming increasingly clear that understanding and recapitulating these steps may instruct in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells and/or therapeutic regeneration. Indeed, directed differentiation techniques have improved since transitioning from 2D to 3D cultures, suggesting that the 3D microenvironment in which β cells are born is critical. However, to date, it remains unknown whether the changing architecture of the pancreatic epithelium impacts the fate of cells therein. An emerging challenge in the field is to elucidate how progenitors are allocated during key events, such as the stratification and subsequent resolution of the pre-pancreatic epithelium, as well as the formation of lumens and branches. Here, we assess the progenitor epithelium and examine how it might influence the emergence of pancreatic multipotent progenitors (MPCs), which give rise to β cells and other pancreatic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilani Marty-Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (LMS,OC)
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (LMS,OC)
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238
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Isabella AJ, Horne-Badovinac S. Building from the Ground up: Basement Membranes in Drosophila Development. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 76:305-36. [PMID: 26610918 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are sheetlike extracellular matrices found at the basal surfaces of epithelial tissues. The structural and functional diversity of these matrices within the body endows them with the ability to affect multiple aspects of cell behavior and communication; for this reason, BMs are integral to many developmental processes. The power of Drosophila genetics, as applied to the BM, has yielded substantial insight into how these matrices influence development. Here, we explore three facets of BM biology to which Drosophila research has made particularly important contributions. First, we discuss how newly synthesized BM proteins are secreted to and assembled exclusively on basal epithelial surfaces. Next, we examine how regulation of the structural properties of the BM mechanically supports and guides tissue morphogenesis. Finally, we explore how BMs influence development through the modulation of several major signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Isabella
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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239
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Abstract
Signaling via the Rho GTPases provides crucial regulation of numerous cell polarization events, including apicobasal (AB) polarity, polarized cell migration, polarized cell division and neuronal polarity. Here we review the relationships between the Rho family GTPases and epithelial AB polarization events, focusing on the 3 best-characterized members: Rho, Rac and Cdc42. We discuss a multitude of processes that are important for AB polarization, including lumen formation, apical membrane specification, cell-cell junction assembly and maintenance, as well as tissue polarity. Our discussions aim to highlight the immensely complex regulatory mechanisms that encompass Rho GTPase signaling during AB polarization. More specifically, in this review we discuss several emerging common themes, that include: 1) the need for Rho GTPase activities to be carefully balanced in both a spatial and temporal manner through a multitude of mechanisms; 2) the existence of signaling feedback loops and crosstalk to create robust cellular responses; and 3) the frequent multifunctionality that exists among AB polarity regulators. Regarding this latter theme, we provide further discussion of the potential plasticity of the cell polarity machinery and as a result the possible implications for human disease.
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Key Words
- AB, Apicobasal
- AJ, Adherens junction
- Amot, Angiomotin
- Arp2/3, Actin-related protein-2/3
- Baz, Bazooka
- C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans
- CA, Constitutively-active
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- Caco2, Human colon carcinoma
- Cdc42
- Cora, Coracle
- Crb, Crumbs
- DN, Dominant-negative
- Dia1, Diaphanous-related formin 1
- Dlg, Discs large
- Drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster
- Dys-β, Dystrobrevin-β
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- Ect2, Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 oncogene
- Eya1, Eyes absent 1
- F-actin, Filamentous actin
- FRET, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GAP, GTPase-activating protein
- GDI, Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GTPases
- JACOP, Junction-associated coiled-coiled protein
- JAM, Junctional adhesion molecule
- LKB1, Liver kinase B1
- Lgl, Lethal giant larvae
- MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney
- MTOC, Microtubule-organizing center
- NrxIV, Neurexin IV
- Pals1, Protein associated with Lin-7 1
- Par, Partitioning-defective
- Patj, Pals1-associated TJ protein
- ROCK, Rho-associated kinase
- Rac
- Rho
- Rich1, RhoGAP interacting with CIP4 homologues
- S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- S. pombe, Schizosaccharomyces pombe
- SH3BP1, SH3-domain binding protein 1
- Scrib, Scribble
- Std, Stardust
- TEM4, Tumor endothelial marker 4
- TJ, Tight junction
- Tiam1, T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein 1
- WASp, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein
- Yrt, Yurt
- ZA, zonula adherens
- ZO, Zonula occludens
- aPKC, Atypical Protein Kinase C
- apicobasal
- epithelia
- junction
- par
- polarity
- α-cat, Alpha-catenin
- β-cat, Beta-Catenin
- β2-syn, Beta-2-syntrophin
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ann Mack
- a School of Life Sciences; Queens Medical Center ; University of Nottingham ; Nottingham , UK
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240
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Abstract
In the last decade, several mouse models for RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 have emerged and have contributed a great deal to understanding the precise functions of Rho GTPases at early stages of development. This review summarizes our current knowledge of various mouse models of tissue-specific ablation of Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA with emphasis on early embryogenesis, epithelial and skin morphogenesis, tubulogenesis, development of the central nervous system, and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M Duquette
- a McGill University ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology ; Montreal , QC Canada
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241
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Meadows SM, Cleaver O. Annexin A3 Regulates Early Blood Vessel Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132580. [PMID: 26182056 PMCID: PMC4504506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexins are a large family of calcium binding proteins that associate with cell membrane phospholipids and are involved in various cellular processes including endocytosis, exocytosis and membrane-cytoskeletal organization. Despite studies on numerous Annexin proteins, the function of Annexin A3 (Anxa3) is largely unknown. Our studies identify Anxa3 as a unique marker of the endothelial and myeloid cell lineages of Xenopus laevis during development. Anxa3 transcripts are also detected in endothelial cells (ECs) of zebrafish and mouse embryos, suggesting an important evolutionary function during formation of blood vessels. Indeed, Anxa3 loss-of-function experiments in frog embryos reveal its critical role during the morphogenesis of early blood vessels, as angioblasts in MO injected embryos fail to form vascular cords. Furthermore, in vitro experiments in mammalian cells identify a role for Anxa3 in EC migration. Our results are the first to reveal an in vivo function for Anxa3 during vascular development and represent a previously unexplored aspect of annexin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stryder M. Meadows
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 2000 Percival Stern Hall, 6400 Freret St., New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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242
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Abstract
Asymmetric protein localization is essential for cell polarity and migration. We report a novel protein, Callipygian (CynA), which localizes to the lagging edge before other proteins and becomes more tightly restricted as cells polarize; additionally, it accumulates in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. CynA protein that is tightly localized, or "clustered," to the cell rear is immobile, but when polarity is disrupted, it disperses throughout the membrane and responds to uniform chemoattractant stimulation by transiently localizing to the cytosol. These behaviors require a pleckstrin homology-domain membrane tether and a WD40 clustering domain, which can also direct other membrane proteins to the back. Fragments of CynA lacking the pleckstrin homology domain, which are normally found in the cytosol, localize to the lagging edge membrane when coexpressed with full-length protein, showing that CynA clustering is mediated by oligomerization. Cells lacking CynA have aberrant lateral protrusions, altered leading-edge morphology, and decreased directional persistence, whereas those overexpressing the protein display exaggerated features of polarity. Consistently, actin polymerization is inhibited at sites of CynA accumulation, thereby restricting protrusions to the opposite edge. We suggest that the mutual antagonism between CynA and regions of responsiveness creates a positive feedback loop that restricts CynA to the rear and contributes to the establishment of the cell axis.
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243
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Manninen A. Epithelial polarity – Generating and integrating signals from the ECM with integrins. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:337-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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244
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Yu S, Gao N. Compartmentalizing intestinal epithelial cell toll-like receptors for immune surveillance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3343-53. [PMID: 26001904 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound microbial sensors that mediate important host-to-microbe responses. Cell biology aspects of TLR function have been intensively studied in professional immune cells, in particular the macrophages and dendritic cells, but not well explored in other specialized epithelial cell types. The adult intestinal epithelial cells are in close contact with trillions of enteric microbes and engage in lifelong immune surveillance. Mature intestinal epithelial cells, in contrast to immune cells, are highly polarized. Recent studies suggest that distinct mechanisms may govern TLR traffic and compartmentalization in these specialized epithelial cells to establish and maintain precise signaling of individual TLRs. We, using immune cells as references, discuss here the shared and/or unique molecular machineries used by intestinal epithelial cells to control TLR transport, localization, processing, activation, and signaling. A better understanding of these mechanisms will certainly generate important insights into both the mechanism and potential intervention of leading digestive disorders, in particular inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Room 206, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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245
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Elias S, McGuire JR, Yu H, Humbert S. Huntingtin Is Required for Epithelial Polarity through RAB11A-Mediated Apical Trafficking of PAR3-aPKC. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002142. [PMID: 25942483 PMCID: PMC4420272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of apical-basolateral polarity is important for both normal development and disease, for example, during tumorigenesis and metastasis. During this process, polarity complexes are targeted to the apical surface by a RAB11A-dependent mechanism. Huntingtin (HTT), the protein that is mutated in Huntington disease, acts as a scaffold for molecular motors and promotes microtubule-based dynamics. Here, we investigated the role of HTT in apical polarity during the morphogenesis of the mouse mammary epithelium. We found that the depletion of HTT from luminal cells in vivo alters mouse ductal morphogenesis and lumen formation. HTT is required for the apical localization of PAR3-aPKC during epithelial morphogenesis in virgin, pregnant, and lactating mice. We show that HTT forms a complex with PAR3, aPKC, and RAB11A and ensures the microtubule-dependent apical vesicular translocation of PAR3-aPKC through RAB11A. We thus propose that HTT regulates polarized vesicular transport, lumen formation and mammary epithelial morphogenesis. Huntingtin—the protein that is aberrant in Huntington Disease—regulates apical vesicular trafficking to help establish apical-basolateral polarity during the development of mammary epithelia. In the adult mammary gland, tissue architecture is maintained through the regulation of the polarity of epithelial cells, which organize around a central cavity called the lumen. The mammary epithelium comprises a basal layer, which contains myoepithelial contractile cells and so-called mammary stem cells, and a luminal layer of cells organized around the lumen. The establishment of apical-basolateral polarity in luminal cells allows the separation of the apical and basolateral membranes and the maturation of cell–cell junctions. The protein complex composed of PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC regulates apical polarity in several tissues, including the mammary epithelium, and it is known that the loss of PAR3 and aPKC interferes with mammary gland development and promotes mammary tumor metastasis. RAB11A, a protein that regulates intracellular trafficking, coordinates apical translocation of PAR3-PAR6-aPKC. Huntingtin (HTT), the protein mutated in Huntington disease, modulates RAB11A activity and also regulates the microtubule-based vesicular trafficking in neurons. Using MCF10A, MDCK 2-D and 3-D cell cultures, and mouse models, we demonstrate here that HTT coordinates the apical vesicular trafficking of PAR3-PAR6-aPKC through RAB11A. We show that loss of HTT in luminal cells alters apical polarity, tissue architecture and the maturation of luminal cells during pregnancy and lactation in the mouse. Together, these findings uncover HTT-mediated vesicular trafficking as a new pathway in the establishment of epithelial apical polarity, with potential implications for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Elias
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR 3306, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1005, Orsay, France
| | - John Russel McGuire
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR 3306, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1005, Orsay, France
| | - Hua Yu
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR 3306, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1005, Orsay, France
| | - Sandrine Humbert
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR 3306, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1005, Orsay, France
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- INSERM U836, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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246
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Harada K, Negishi M, Katoh H. HGF-induced serine 897 phosphorylation of EphA2 regulates epithelial morphogenesis of MDCK cells in 3D culture. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1912-21. [PMID: 25908849 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of EphA2 is upregulated in various cancers that are derived from epithelial cells and correlates with the ability of a cancer cell to undergo migration and invasion. Here we have investigated the role of EphA2 in the epithelial morphogenesis of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in three-dimensional culture. We show that EphA2 is phosphorylated on serine residue 897 through hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation using a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-dependent mechanism and that this phosphorylation is required for the formation of extensions, the first step of tubulogenesis, in MDCK cysts. By contrast, stimulation using the ligand ephrinA1 dephosphorylates EphA2 on serine residue 897 and suppresses the HGF-induced morphological change. Furthermore, activation of the small GTPase RhoG is involved in the HGF-induced formation of extensions downstream of EphA2. These observations suggest that a ligand-independent activity of EphA2 contributes to epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Harada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Manabu Negishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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247
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Xia J, Swiercz JM, Bañón-Rodríguez I, Matković I, Federico G, Sun T, Franz T, Brakebusch CH, Kumanogoh A, Friedel RH, Martín-Belmonte F, Gröne HJ, Offermanns S, Worzfeld T. Semaphorin-Plexin Signaling Controls Mitotic Spindle Orientation during Epithelial Morphogenesis and Repair. Dev Cell 2015; 33:299-313. [PMID: 25892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration of epithelial tissues rely on the accurate orientation of cell divisions, which is specified by the mitotic spindle axis. To remain in the epithelial plane, symmetrically dividing epithelial cells align their mitotic spindle axis with the plane. Here, we show that this alignment depends on epithelial cell-cell communication via semaphorin-plexin signaling. During kidney morphogenesis and repair, renal tubular epithelial cells lacking the transmembrane receptor Plexin-B2 or its semaphorin ligands fail to correctly orient the mitotic spindle, leading to severe defects in epithelial architecture and function. Analyses of a series of transgenic and knockout mice indicate that Plexin-B2 controls the cell division axis by signaling through its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain and Cdc42. Our data uncover semaphorin-plexin signaling as a central regulatory mechanism of mitotic spindle orientation necessary for the alignment of epithelial cell divisions with the epithelial plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jakub M Swiercz
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Ivana Matković
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Federico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tianliang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Timo Franz
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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248
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Rousseau A, Tomasetto C, Alpy F. [TRAF4, a multifaceted protein involved in carcinoma progression]. Biol Aujourdhui 2015; 208:299-310. [PMID: 25840457 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2014026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic epithelial cells form a sheet of contiguous cells, called epithelium, by means of the establishment of well-developed junctional complexes. These junctional complexes ensure the cell cohesion in the tissue and separate the plasma membrane into an apical and a basolateral compartment. This apicobasal polarity, which is crucial for both the architecture and the function of epithelia, is mainly maintained by tight junctions (TJS). Indeed, TJS weakening or loss disrupts the integrity of the epithelium, a process participating to the formation and progression of carcinomas. It has recently been shown that TRAF4, a protein dynamically localized in TJS and commonly overexpressed in carcinomas, plays a variety of functions in tumor progression. Here, we review recent data implicating TRAF4 in carcinogenesis. First, the conserved TRAF proteins family will be presented, and then the molecular mechanism addressing TRAF4 to TJS which involves lipid binding by the TRAF domain will be described. The various roles of TRAF4 in carcinogenesis will be discussed. Finally, we will highlight the ability of all TRAF proteins to bind lipids and discuss its potential functional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Rousseau
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, 67404 Illkirch, France - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France - Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, 67404 Illkirch, France - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France - Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Fabien Alpy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, 67404 Illkirch, France - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France - Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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249
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Benaud C, Le Dez G, Mironov S, Galli F, Reboutier D, Prigent C. Annexin A2 is required for the early steps of cytokinesis. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:481-9. [PMID: 25712672 PMCID: PMC4388614 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201440015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis requires the formation of an actomyosin contractile ring between the two sets of sister chromatids. Annexin A2 is a calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein implicated in cortical actin remodeling. We report that annexin A2 accumulates at the equatorial cortex at the onset of cytokinesis and depletion of annexin A2 results in cytokinetic failure, due to a defective cleavage furrow assembly. In the absence of annexin A2, the small GTPase RhoA-which regulates cortical cytoskeletal rearrangement-fails to form a compact ring at the equatorial plane. Furthermore, annexin A2 is required for cortical localization of the RhoGEF Ect2 and to maintain the association between the equatorial cortex and the central spindle. Our results demonstrate that annexin A2 is necessary in the early phase of cytokinesis. We propose that annexin A2 participates in central spindle-equatorial plasma membrane communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Benaud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6290 Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, Rennes, France Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Gaëlle Le Dez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6290 Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, Rennes, France Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Svetlana Mironov
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6290 Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, Rennes, France Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Federico Galli
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6290 Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, Rennes, France Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - David Reboutier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6290 Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, Rennes, France Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Claude Prigent
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6290 Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, Rennes, France Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
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250
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TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of Par6 promotes migration and invasion in prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1223-31. [PMID: 25756394 PMCID: PMC4385960 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Par complex – comprising partition-defective 6 (Par6), Par3, and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) – is crucial for cell polarisation, the loss of which contributes to cancer progression. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced phosphorylation of Par6 on the conserved serine 345 is implicated in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer. Here we investigated the importance of phosphorylated Par6 in prostate cancer. Methods: We generated a p-Par6345-specific antibody and verified its specificity in vitro. Endogenous p-Par6345 was analysed by immunoblotting in normal human prostate RWPE1 and prostate cancer (PC-3U) cells. Subcellular localisation of p-Par6345 in migrating TGFβ-treated PC-3U cells was analysed by confocal imaging. Invasion assays of TGFβ-treated PC-3U cells were performed. p-Par6 expression was immunohistochemically analysed in prostate cancer tissues. Results: TGFβ induced Par6 phosphorylation on Ser345 and its recruitment to the leading edge of the membrane ruffle in migrating PC-3U cells, where it colocalised with aPKCζ. The p-Par6–aPKCζ complex is important for cell migration and invasion, as interference with this complex prevented prostate cancer cell invasion. High levels of activated Par6 correlated with aggressive prostate cancer. Conclusions: Increased p-Par6Ser345 levels in aggressive prostate cancer tissues and cells suggest that it could be a useful novel biomarker for predicting prostate cancer progression.
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