201
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Zhang X, Wang R, Hu D, Sun X, Fujioka H, Lundberg K, Chan ER, Wang Q, Xu R, Flanagan ME, Pieper AA, Qi X. Oligodendroglial glycolytic stress triggers inflammasome activation and neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/49/eabb8680. [PMID: 33277246 PMCID: PMC7717916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Myelin degeneration and white matter loss resulting from oligodendrocyte (OL) death are early events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that lead to cognitive deficits; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we find that mature OLs in both AD patients and an AD mouse model undergo NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent Gasdermin D-associated inflammatory injury, concomitant with demyelination and axonal degeneration. The mature OL-specific knockdown of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1; a mitochondrial fission guanosine triphosphatase) abolishes NLRP3 inflammasome activation, corrects myelin loss, and improves cognitive ability in AD mice. Drp1 hyperactivation in mature OLs induces a glycolytic defect in AD models by inhibiting hexokinase 1 (HK1; a mitochondrial enzyme that initiates glycolysis), which triggers NLRP3-associated inflammation. These findings suggest that OL glycolytic deficiency plays a causal role in AD development. The Drp1-HK1-NLRP3 signaling axis may be a key mechanism and therapeutic target for white matter degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rihua Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kathleen Lundberg
- Center for Proteomics and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ernest R Chan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Quanqiu Wang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Margaret E Flanagan
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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202
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Zhivaki D, Borriello F, Chow OA, Doran B, Fleming I, Theisen DJ, Pallis P, Shalek AK, Sokol CL, Zanoni I, Kagan JC. Inflammasomes within Hyperactive Murine Dendritic Cells Stimulate Long-Lived T Cell-Mediated Anti-tumor Immunity. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108381. [PMID: 33207188 PMCID: PMC7727444 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to anti-tumor immunity are dendritic cells (DCs), which stimulate long-lived protective T cell responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that DCs can achieve a state of hyperactivation, which is associated with inflammasome activities within living cells. Herein, we report that hyperactive DCs have an enhanced ability to migrate to draining lymph nodes and stimulate potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. This enhanced migratory activity is dependent on the chemokine receptor CCR7 and is associated with a unique transcriptional program that is not observed in conventionally activated or pyroptotic DCs. We show that hyperactivating stimuli are uniquely capable of inducing durable CTL-mediated anti-tumor immunity against tumors that are sensitive or resistant to PD-1 inhibition. These protective responses are intrinsic to the cDC1 subset of DCs, depend on the inflammasome-dependent cytokine IL-1β, and enable tumor lysates to serve as immunogens. If these activities are verified in humans, hyperactive DCs may impact immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Zhivaki
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ohn A Chow
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Derek J Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paris Pallis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School and Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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203
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Crump GM, Zhou J, Mashayekh S, Grimes CL. Revisiting peptidoglycan sensing: interactions with host immunity and beyond. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13313-13322. [PMID: 33057506 PMCID: PMC7642115 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02605k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between host immunity and bacterial cells plays a pivotal role in a variety of human diseases. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PG) is known to stimulate an immune response, which makes PG a distinctive recognition element for unveiling these complicated molecular interactions. Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) proteins are among the critical components of this system that initially recognize molecular patterns associated with microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These molecular patterns are mostly embedded in the bacterial or fungal cell wall structure and can be released and presented to the immune system in various situations. Nonetheless, detailed knowledge of this recognition is limited due to the diversity among the PG polymer and its fragments; the subsequent responses by multiple hosts add more complexity. Here, we discuss how our understanding of the role and molecular mechanisms of the well-studied PRR, the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), in the human immune system has evolved in recent years. We highlight the instances of other classes of proteins with similar behavior in the recognition of PG that have been identified in other microorganisms such as yeasts. These proteins are particularly interesting because a network of cellular interactions exists between human host cells, bacteria and yeast as a part of the normal human flora. To support our understanding of these interactions, we provide insight into the chemist's toolbox of peptidoglycan probes that aid in the investigations of the behaviors of these proteins and other biological contexts relevant to the sensing and recognition of peptidoglycan. The importance of these interactions in human health for the development of biomarkers and biotherapy is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneva Maddison Crump
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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204
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Characterization of local gut microbiome and intestinal transcriptome responses to rosiglitazone treatment in diabetic db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110966. [PMID: 33171401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been implicated in the therapeutic effects of antidiabetics. It is unclear if antidiabetics directly influences gut microbiome-host interaction. Oral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, such as rosiglitazone, are potent insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). PPAR-γ is abundantly expressed in the intestine, making it possible that PPAR-γ agonists directly influences gut microbiome-host homeostasis. The presented study therefore aimed to characterize local gut microbiome and intestinal transcriptome responses in diabetic db/db mice following rosiglitazone treatment. Diabetic B6.BKS(D)-Leprdb/J (db/db) mice (8 weeks of age) received oral dosing once daily with vehicle (n = 12) or rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg, n = 12) for 8 weeks. Gut segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and colon) were sampled for paired analysis of gut microbiota and host transcriptome signatures using full-length bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing and RNA sequencing (n = 5-6 per group). Treatment with rosiglitazone improved glucose homeostasis without influencing local gut microbiome composition in db/db mice. In contrast, rosiglitazone promoted marked changes in ileal and colonic gene expression signatures associated with peroxisomal and mitochondrial lipid metabolism, carbohydrate utilization and immune regulation. In conclusion, rosiglitazone treatment markedly affected transcriptional markers of intestinal lipid metabolism and immune regulation but had no effect on the gut microbiome in diabetic db/db mice.
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205
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Forrester JV, Kuffova L, Delibegovic M. The Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583687. [PMID: 33240272 PMCID: PMC7677305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is central to pathogenic processes in diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome and particularly implicates innate immunity in the development of complications. Inflammation is a primary event in Type 1 diabetes where infectious (viral) and/or autoimmune processes initiate disease; in contrast, chronic inflammation is typical in Type 2 diabetes and is considered a sequel to increasing insulin resistance and disturbed glucose metabolism. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is perceived as a vascular and neurodegenerative disease which occurs after some years of poorly controlled diabetes. However, many of the clinical features of DR are late events and reflect the nature of the retinal architecture and its cellular composition. Retinal microvascular disease is, in fact, an early event pathogenetically, induced by low grade, persistent leukocyte activation which causes repeated episodes of capillary occlusion and, progressive, attritional retinal ischemia. The later, overt clinical signs of DR are a consequence of the retinal ischemia. Metabolic dysregulation involving both lipid and glucose metabolism may lead to leukocyte activation. On a molecular level, we have shown that macrophage-restricted protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key regulator of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome involving insulin resistance and it is possible that PTP1B dysregulation may underlie retinal microvascular disease. We have also shown that adherent CCR5+CD11b+ monocyte macrophages appear to be selectively involved in retinal microvascular occlusion. In this review, we discuss the relationship between early leukocyte activation and the later features of DR, common pathogenetic processes between diabetic microvascular disease and other vascular retinopathies, the mechanisms whereby leukocyte activation is induced in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, the signaling mechanisms involved in diabetic microvascular disease, and possible interventions which may prevent these retinopathies. We also address a possible role for adaptive immunity in DR. Although significant improvements in treatment of DR have been made with intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, a sizeable proportion of patients, particularly with sight-threatening macular edema, fail to respond. Alternative therapies targeting inflammatory processes may offer an advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Eye Clinic, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mirela Delibegovic
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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206
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Yan X, Hu Y, Wang B, Wang S, Zhang X. Metabolic Dysregulation Contributes to the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:530219. [PMID: 33250703 PMCID: PMC7674854 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.530219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated a critical role for dysregulated glucose metabolism in its pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize metabolic alterations in aging brain and AD-related metabolic deficits associated with glucose metabolism dysregulation, glycolysis dysfunction, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficits, and pentose phosphate pathway impairment. Additionally, we discuss recent treatment strategies targeting metabolic defects in AD, including their limitations, in an effort to encourage the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Hu
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Biyao Wang
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Sijian Wang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
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207
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The Role of Metabolic Enzymes in the Regulation of Inflammation. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110426. [PMID: 33114536 PMCID: PMC7693344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells undergo dramatic metabolic reprogramming in response to external stimuli. These metabolic pathways, long considered as simple housekeeping functions, are increasingly understood to critically regulate the immune response, determining the activation, differentiation, and downstream effector functions of both lymphoid and myeloid cells. Within the complex metabolic networks associated with immune activation, several enzymes play key roles in regulating inflammation and represent potential therapeutic targets in human disease. In some cases, these enzymes control flux through pathways required to meet specific energetic or metabolic demands of the immune response. In other cases, key enzymes control the concentrations of immunoactive metabolites with direct roles in signaling. Finally, and perhaps most interestingly, several metabolic enzymes have evolved moonlighting functions, with roles in the immune response that are entirely independent of their conventional enzyme activities. Here, we review key metabolic enzymes that critically regulate inflammation, highlighting mechanistic insights and opportunities for clinical intervention.
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208
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Zhang J, Hou C, Dou S, Li G, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang R, Shen B, Han G. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 3 inhibits glycolysis in RAW 264.7 macrophages through Hexokinase 2. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12981. [PMID: 33031600 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), an immune checkpoint molecule, plays critical roles in maintaining innate immune homeostasis; however, the mechanisms underlying these roles remain to be determined. Here, we determined that Tim-3 controls glycolysis in macrophages and thus contributes to phenotype shifting. Tim-3 signal blockade significantly increases lactate production by macrophages, but does not influence cell proliferation or apoptosis. Tim-3 attenuates glucose uptake by inhibiting hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression in macrophages. Tim-3-mediated inhibition of macrophage glycolysis and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β are reversed by HK2 silencing. Finally, we demonstrated that Tim-3 inhibits HK2 expression via the STAT1 pathway. We have thus discovered a new way by which Tim-3 modulates macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhang
- The Sixth Medical Center, the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.,Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaijie Dou
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Li
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiding Wang
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqiong Liu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
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209
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Cheng WC, You TY, Teo ZZ, Sayyad AA, Maharana J, Guo CW, Liang PH, Lin CS, Meng FC. Further Insights on Structural Modifications of Muramyl Dipeptides to Study the Human NOD2 Stimulating Activity. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3836-3844. [PMID: 32975372 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analogues with structural modifications at the C4 position of MurNAc and on the d-iso-glutamine (isoGln) residue of the peptide part were synthesized. The C4-diversification of MurNAc was conveniently achieved by using CuAAC click strategy to conjugate an azido muramyl dipeptide precursor with structurally diverse alkynes. d-Glutamic acid (Glu), replaced with isoGln, was applied for the structural diversity through esterification or amidation of the carboxylic acid. In total, 26 MDP analogues were synthesized and bio-evaluated for the study of human NOD2 stimulation activity in the innate immune response. Interestingly, MDP derivatives with an ester moiety are found to be more potent than reference compound MDP itself or MDP analogues containing an amide moiety. Among the varied lengths of the alkyl chain in ester derivatives, the MDP analogue bearing the d-glutamate dodecyl (C12) ester moiety showed the best NOD2 stimulation potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, No. 300, Syuefu Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yun You
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Zhen-Zhuo Teo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ashik A Sayyad
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Chemical biology and molecular Biophysics (CBMB), Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Guangfu Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Guo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shun Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Chun Meng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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210
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Scheithauer TPM, Rampanelli E, Nieuwdorp M, Vallance BA, Verchere CB, van Raalte DH, Herrema H. Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571731. [PMID: 33178196 PMCID: PMC7596417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The underlying mechanisms as to how intestinal microbiota may contribute to T2D are only partly understood. It becomes progressively clear that T2D is characterized by a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, which has been linked to the development of insulin resistance. Here, we review the current evidence that intestinal microbiota, and the metabolites they produce, could drive the development of insulin resistance in obesity and T2D, possibly by initiating an inflammatory response. First, we will summarize major findings about immunological and gut microbial changes in these metabolic diseases. Next, we will give a detailed view on how gut microbial changes have been implicated in low-grade inflammation. Lastly, we will critically discuss clinical studies that focus on the interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system in metabolic disease. Overall, there is strong evidence that the tripartite interaction between gut microbiota, host immune system and metabolism is a critical partaker in the pathophysiology of obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten P M Scheithauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena Rampanelli
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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211
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212
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Sun J, Zhu F, Chen H, Yao M, Zhu G, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Shen Z. Identification and subcellular localisation of hexokinase-2 in Nosema bombycis. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 33021201 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase (HXK) is the first key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway and plays an extremely important role in energy metabolism. By searching the microsporidian database, we found a sequence (NBO_27g0008) of Nosema bombycis Nägali, 1857 with high similarity to hexokinase-2, and named it as NbHXK2. The NbHXK2 gene has 894 bp and encodes 297 amino acids with 34.241 kD molecular weight and 5.26 isoelectric point. NbHXK2 contains 31 phosphorylation sites and 4 potential N-glycosylation sites with signal peptides and no transmembrane domain. Multiple sequence alignment showed that NbHXK2 shares more than 40% amino acid identity with that of other microsporidia, and the homology with hexokinase-2 of Nosema tyriae Canning, Curry, Cheney, Lafranchi-Tristem, Kawakami, Hatakeyama, Iwano et Ishihara, 1999, Nosema pyrausta (Paillot, 1927) and Nosema ceranae Fries, Feng, da Silva, Slemenda et Pieniazek, 1996 was 89.17%, 87.82% and 69.86%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence of hexokinase showed that all microsporidia cluster together in the same clade, and are far away from animals, plants and fungi, and that N. bombycis is closely related to N. tyriae; N. pyrausta; N. ceranae and Nosema apis Zander, 1909. Immunolocalisation with the prepared polyclonal antibody showed that NbHXK2 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and plasmalemma in proliferative, sporulation stage and mature spore of N. bombycis. qRT-PCR assay showed that the NbHXK2 expressed at higher level during spore germination and at early stage of proliferation. These results indicate that N. bombycis may use its own glycolytic pathways to supply energy for infection and development, especially germination and in the early stage of proliferation, and acquire energy from the host through certain ways as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Sun
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, China.,Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingshuai Yao
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guanyu Zhu
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
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213
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Wolf AJ, Limon JJ, Nguyen C, Prince A, Castro A, Underhill DM. Malassezia spp. induce inflammatory cytokines and activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in phagocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:161-172. [PMID: 32941658 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0820-259r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are common eukaryotic yeasts that colonize mammalian skin. Recently, the authors and others have observed that Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta can be found in the intestines in the context of certain diseases, including Crohn's disease and pancreatic cancer. In order to better understand the nature of innate inflammatory responses to these yeasts, inflammatory responses induced by M. restricta and M. globosa in mouse bone marrow-derived Mϕs (BMDM) and dendritic cells (BMDC) are evaluated. While Malassezia yeasts induce proinflammatory cytokine production from both Mϕs and dendritic cells, the levels of production from BMDC were more pronounced. Both M. restricta and M. globosa activated inflammatory cytokine production from BMDC in large part through Dectin2 and CARD9 signaling, although additional receptors appear to be involved in phagocytosis and activation of reactive oxygen production in response to the yeasts. Both M. restricta and M. globosa stimulate production of pro-IL-1β as well as activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Malassezia fungi requires SYK signaling, potassium efflux and actin rearrangement. Together, the data further the understanding of the coordinated involvement of multiple innate immune receptors in recognizing Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta and orchestrating phagocyte inflammatory and antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Wolf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jose J Limon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Prince
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony Castro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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214
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Activation of ocular surface mast cells promotes corneal neovascularization. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:857-864. [PMID: 32916251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mast cells, historically known for their effector function in the induction of allergic diseases, reside in all vascularized tissues of the body in particular proximity to blood and lymphatic vessels. As neighboring sentinel cells to blood vessels, mast cells have been associated with angiogenesis. Here we assess the direct contribution of mast cells to neovascularization at the ocular surface. METHODS Corneal neovascularization was induced by placing a single figure-of-eight intrastromal suture 1 mm from the limbus in mast cell-deficient (cKitW-sh), C57BL/6, and Balb/c mice. Corneas were harvested at 6 h post-suture to quantify cKit+FcεR1+ mast cells using flow cytometry and tear wash was collected within 6 h to measure β-hexosaminidase and tryptase. Neovascularization was assessed using slit-lamp biomicroscope and immunohistochemistry analysis of corneas harvested on day 4 post-suture. To investigate the effects of mast cells on blood vessel growth, mast cells were co-cultured with vascular endothelial cells (VECs), and tube formation and proliferation of VECs were measured. 2% cromolyn was administered locally to inhibit mast cell activation in vivo. RESULTS Placement of corneal suture activates ocular surface mast cells, which infiltrate into the cornea adjacent to new vessels. Mast cell-deficient mice develop significantly fewer new vessels following suture placement. Mast cells directly promote VEC proliferation and tube formation, partly through secreting high levels of VEGF-A. Pharmacological inhibition of mast cell activation results in significantly less corneal neovascularization. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that ocular surface mast cells are critical to corneal neovascularization, suggesting mast cells as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of corneal neovascularization.
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215
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Stitham J, Rodriguez-Velez A, Zhang X, Jeong SJ, Razani B. Inflammasomes: a preclinical assessment of targeting in atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:825-844. [PMID: 32757967 PMCID: PMC7554266 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1795831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammasomes are central to atherosclerotic vascular dysfunction with regulatory effects on inflammation, immune modulation, and lipid metabolism. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical catalyst for atherogenesis thus highlighting its importance in understanding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. AREAS COVERED This review includes an overview of macrophage lipid metabolism and the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cardiovascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. We highlight key activators, signal transducers and major regulatory components that are being considered as putative therapeutic targets for inhibition of NLRP3-mediated cardiovascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. EXPERT OPINION NLRP3 inflammasome activity lies at the nexus between inflammation and cholesterol metabolism; it offers unique opportunities for understanding atherosclerotic pathophysiology and identifying novel modes of treatment. As such, a host of NLRP3 signaling cascade components have been identified as putative targets for drug development. We catalog these current discoveries in therapeutic targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome and, utilizing the CANTOS trial as the translational (bench-to-bedside) archetype, we examine the complexities, challenges, and ultimate goals facing the field of atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Stitham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Astrid Rodriguez-Velez
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
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216
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Wang L, Hauenstein AV. The NLRP3 inflammasome: Mechanism of action, role in disease and therapies. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 76:100889. [PMID: 32859386 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 is the best characterized cytosolic nod-like pattern recognition receptor which can detect microbial motifs, endogenous danger and stress signals. Activation of NLRP3 leads to the formation of a cytosolic multiprotein signaling complex called the inflammasome, which serves as a platform for caspase-1 activation leading to the processing of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18 and GSDMD mediated cell death. This form of pyroptotic cell death represents a major pathway of inflammation. Growing evidence has indicated hyperactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in a wide range of inflammatory diseases. In this review we present the recent advances in understanding the mechanism of NLRP3 activation, its role in driving inflammatory diseases, and the development of NLRP3 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Arthur V Hauenstein
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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217
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Monocyte procoagulant responses to anthrax peptidoglycan are reinforced by proinflammatory cytokine signaling. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2436-2447. [PMID: 31416821 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a frequent manifestation during bacterial infections and is associated with negative clinical outcomes. Imbalanced expression and activity of intravascular tissue factor (TF) is central to the development of infection-associated coagulopathies. Recently, we showed that anthrax peptidoglycan (PGN) induces disseminated intravascular coagulation in a nonhuman primate model of anthrax sepsis. We hypothesized that immune recognition of PGN by monocytes is critical for procoagulant responses to PGN and investigated whether and how PGN induces TF expression in primary human monocytes. We found that PGN induced monocyte TF expression in a large cohort of healthy volunteers similar to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Both immune and procoagulant responses to PGN involve intracellular recognition after PGN internalization, as well as surface signaling through immune Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). In line with our hypothesis, blocking immune receptor function, both signaling and FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, significantly reduced but did not abolish PGN-induced monocyte TF expression, indicating that FcγR-independent internalization contributes to intracellular recognition of PGN. Conversely, when intracellular PGN recognition is abolished, TF expression was sensitive to inhibitors of FcγR signaling, indicating that surface engagement of monocyte immune receptors can promote TF expression. The primary procoagulant responses to PGN were further amplified by proinflammatory cytokines through paracrine and autocrine signaling. Despite intersubject variability in the study cohort, dual neutralization of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β provided the most robust inhibition of the procoagulant amplification loop and may prove useful for reducing coagulopathies in gram-positive sepsis.
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218
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Mellergaard M, Høgh RI, Lund A, Aldana BI, Guérillot R, Møller SH, Hayes AS, Panagiotopoulou N, Frimand Z, Jepsen SD, Hansen CHF, Andresen L, Larsen AR, Peleg AY, Stinear TP, Howden BP, Waagepetersen HS, Frees D, Skov S. Staphylococcus aureus induces cell-surface expression of immune stimulatory NKG2D ligands on human monocytes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11803-11821. [PMID: 32605922 PMCID: PMC7450114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is among the leading causes of bacterial infections worldwide. The pathogenicity and establishment of S. aureus infections are tightly linked to its ability to modulate host immunity. Persistent infections are often associated with mutant staphylococcal strains that have decreased susceptibility to antibiotics; however, little is known about how these mutations influence bacterial interaction with the host immune system. Here, we discovered that clinical S. aureus isolates activate human monocytes, leading to cell-surface expression of immune stimulatory natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) ligands on the monocytes. We found that expression of the NKG2D ligand ULBP2 (UL16-binding protein 2) is associated with bacterial degradability and phagolysosomal activity. Moreover, S. aureus-induced ULBP2 expression was linked to altered host cell metabolism, including increased cytoplasmic (iso)citrate levels, reduced glycolytic flux, and functional mitochondrial activity. Interestingly, we found that the ability of S. aureus to induce ULBP2 and proinflammatory cytokines in human monocytes depends on a functional ClpP protease in S. aureus These findings indicate that S. aureus activates ULBP2 in human monocytes through immunometabolic mechanisms and reveal that clpP inactivation may function as a potential immune evasion mechanism. Our results provide critical insight into the interplay between the host immune system and S. aureus that has evolved under the dual selective pressure of host immune responses and antibiotic treatment. Our discovery of an immune stimulatory pathway consisting of human monocyte-based defense against S. aureus suggests that targeting the NKG2D pathway holds potential for managing persistent staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Mellergaard
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Illum Høgh
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Lund
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Romain Guérillot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sofie Hedlund Møller
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ashleigh S Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nafsika Panagiotopoulou
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zofija Frimand
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Dam Jepsen
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Andresen
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Statens Serum Institut, Microbiology and Infection Control, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte Frees
- Food Safety and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Skov
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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219
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Yan YQ, Fang Y, Zheng R, Pu JL, Zhang BR. NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Parkinson's disease and their Regulation by Parkin. Neuroscience 2020; 446:323-334. [PMID: 32795556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation might correlate with the formation of α-synuclein oligomers, subsequently leading to dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD). As major components of chronic inflammation, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes play a crucial role in PD via caspase 1 activation, primarily induced by mitochondrial damage. NLRP3 binds to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (PYCARD/ASC), and forms inflammasomes in the brain. Inflammasomes act as a platform for caspase 1 to induce interleukin 1 Beta (IL1β) maturation, leading to neuronal pyroptosis. Furthermore, alpha-synuclein, whose abnormal aggregation is the main pathogenesis of PD, also activates NLRP3 inflammasomes. Mutations to PRKN (encoding Parkin) are the most common cause of autosomal recessive familial and sporadic early-onset PD. Evidence has confirmed a relationship between Parkin and NLRP3 inflammasomes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of NLRP3 inflammasomes and their role in PD progression, and discuss their regulation by Parkin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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220
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Xin VW, Wang XW, Peng XC, Liu XQ, Wang D, Li N, Cheng JT, Lyv YN, Cui SZ, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Xin HW. Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020. [PMID: 32746880 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00939-6.pmid:32746880;pmcid:pmc7397618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovered to participate in antigen presentation. T cell microvillar dynamics and TCR conformational changes were demonstrated upon DC antigen presentation. Caspase-11-driven hyperactive DCs were recently reported to convert effectors into memory T cells. DCs were also reported to crosstalk with NK cells. Additionally, DCs are the most important sentinel cells for immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Alongside DC biology, we review the latest developments for DC-based tumor immunotherapy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Personalized DC vaccine-induced T cell immunity, which targets tumor-specific antigens, has been demonstrated to be a promising form of tumor immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. Importantly, allogeneic-IgG-loaded and HLA-restricted neoantigen DC vaccines were discovered to have robust anti-tumor effects in mice. Our comprehensive review of DC biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy aids in the understanding of DCs as the mentors of T cells and as novel tumor immunotherapy cells with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | | | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Ning Lyv
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
- Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
- People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Lianjiang, 524400, Guangdong, China.
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221
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Xin VW, Wang XW, Peng XC, Liu XQ, Wang D, Li N, Cheng JT, Lyv YN, Cui SZ, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Xin HW. Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:107. [PMID: 32746880 PMCID: PMC7397618 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovered to participate in antigen presentation. T cell microvillar dynamics and TCR conformational changes were demonstrated upon DC antigen presentation. Caspase-11-driven hyperactive DCs were recently reported to convert effectors into memory T cells. DCs were also reported to crosstalk with NK cells. Additionally, DCs are the most important sentinel cells for immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Alongside DC biology, we review the latest developments for DC-based tumor immunotherapy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Personalized DC vaccine-induced T cell immunity, which targets tumor-specific antigens, has been demonstrated to be a promising form of tumor immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. Importantly, allogeneic-IgG-loaded and HLA-restricted neoantigen DC vaccines were discovered to have robust anti-tumor effects in mice. Our comprehensive review of DC biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy aids in the understanding of DCs as the mentors of T cells and as novel tumor immunotherapy cells with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | | | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Ning Lyv
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Lianjiang, 524400, Guangdong, China.
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Meyers AK, Zhu X. The NLRP3 Inflammasome: Metabolic Regulation and Contribution to Inflammaging. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081808. [PMID: 32751530 PMCID: PMC7463618 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to inflammatory stimuli, immune cells reconfigure their metabolism and bioenergetics to generate energy and substrates for cell survival and to launch immune effector functions. As a critical component of the innate immune system, the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome can be activated by various endogenous and exogenous danger signals. Activation of this cytosolic multiprotein complex triggers the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and initiates pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death. The NLRP3 inflammasome fuels both chronic and acute inflammatory conditions and is critical in the emergence of inflammaging. Recent advances have highlighted that various metabolic pathways converge as potent regulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This review focuses on our current understanding of the metabolic regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome to inflammaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-336-713-1445
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Saeki A, Tsuchiya K, Suda T, Into T, Hasebe A, Suzuki T, Shibata KI. Gasdermin D-independent release of interleukin-1β by living macrophages in response to mycoplasmal lipoproteins and lipopeptides. Immunology 2020; 161:114-122. [PMID: 32592165 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays pivotal roles in controlling bacterial infections and is produced after the processing of pro-IL-1β by caspase-1, which is activated by the inflammasome. In addition, caspase-1 cleaves the cytosolic protein, gasdermin-D (GSDMD), whose N-terminal fragment subsequently forms a pore in the plasma membrane, leading to the pyroptic cell-death-mediated release of IL-1β. Living cells can also release IL-1β via GSDMD pores or other unconventional secretory pathways. However, the precise mechanisms are poorly defined. Here, we show that lipoproteins from Mycoplasma salivarium (MsLP) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MpLP) and an M. salivarium-derived lipopeptide (FSL-1), which are activators of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, induce IL-1β release from mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) without inducing cell death. The levels of IL-1β release induced by MsLP, MpLP and FSL-1 were more than 100 times lower than those induced by the canonical NLRP3 activator nigericin. The IL-1β release-inducing activities of MsLP, MpLP and FSL-1 were not attenuated in BMMs from GSDMD-deficient mice. Furthermore, both active caspase-1 and cleaved GSDMD were detected in response to transfection of FSL-1 into the cytosol of BMMs, but the release of IL-1β was unaffected by GSDMD deficiency. Meanwhile, punicalagin, a membrane-stabilizing agent, drastically down-regulated the release of IL-1β in response to FSL-1. These results suggest that mycoplasmal lipoprotein/lipopeptide-induced IL-1β release by living macrophages is not mediated via GSDMD but rather through changes in membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Saeki
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Suda
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Into
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Hozumi, Japan
| | - Akira Hasebe
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Shibata
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Chan AH, Schroder K. Inflammasome signaling and regulation of interleukin-1 family cytokines. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190314. [PMID: 31611248 PMCID: PMC7037238 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific IL-1 family cytokines are initially expressed as inactive, cytosolic pro-forms. Chan and Schroder review inflammasome signaling and cell death decisions, mechanisms underpinning IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-37 maturation and release, and the functions of these cytokines in protective and pathological inflammation. Specific IL-1 family cytokines are expressed by cells as cytosolic pro-forms that require cleavage for their activity and cellular release. IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-37 maturation and secretion is governed by inflammatory caspases within signaling platforms called inflammasomes. By inducing pyroptosis, inflammasomes can also drive the release of the alarmin IL-1α. Recent advances have transformed our mechanistic understanding of inflammasome signaling, cell death decisions, and cytokine activation and secretion. Here, we provide an updated view of inflammasome signaling; mechanisms underpinning IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-37 maturation and release; and the functions of these cytokines in protective and pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Institute for Molecular Bioscience Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Institute for Molecular Bioscience Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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NLPR3 Inflammasomes and Their Significance for Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070205. [PMID: 32664349 PMCID: PMC7399980 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a serious disorder, with numerous potential complications such as cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction. The origin of atherosclerosis is related to chronic inflammation, lipid metabolism alterations, and oxidative stress. Inflammasomes are the cytoplasmic multiprotein complex triggering the activation of inflammatory response. NLRP3 inflammasomes have a specific activation pathway that involves numerous stimuli, including a wide range of PAMPs and DAMPs. Recent studies of atherosclerotic pathology are focused on the mitochondria that appear to be a promising target for therapeutic approach development. Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxidative stress. It was previously shown that NLRP3 inflammasome activation results in mitochondrial damage, but the exact mechanisms of this need to be specified. In this review, we focused on the features of NLRP3 inflammasomes and their significance for atherosclerosis, especially concerning mitochondria.
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The NLRP1 Inflammasome in Human Skin and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134788. [PMID: 32640751 PMCID: PMC7370280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes represent a group of protein complexes that contribute to host defense against pathogens and repair processes upon the induction of inflammation. However, aberrant and chronic inflammasome activation underlies the pathology of numerous common inflammatory diseases. Inflammasome assembly causes activation of the protease caspase-1 which in turn activates proinflammatory cytokines and induces a lytic type of cell death termed pyroptosis. Although NLRP1 (NACHT, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 1) was the first inflammasome sensor, described almost 20 years ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activation and the resulting downstream events are incompletely understood. This is partially a consequence of the poor conservation of the NLRP1 pathway between human and mice. Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates a complex and multi-stage mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation. In contrast to other inflammasome sensors, NLRP1 possesses protease activity required for proteolytic self-cleavage and activation mediated by the function-to-find domain (FIIND). CARD8 is a second FIIND protein and is expressed in humans but not in mice. In immune cells and AML (acute myeloid leukemia) cells, the anti-cancer drug talabostat induces CARD8 activation and causes caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. In contrast, in human keratinocytes talabostat induces NLRP1 activation and massive proinflammatory cytokine activation. NLRP1 is regarded as the principal inflammasome sensor in human keratinocytes and UVB radiation induces its activation, which is believed to underlie the induction of sunburn. Moreover, gain-of-function mutations of NLRP1 cause inflammatory skin syndromes and a predisposition for the development of skin cancer. SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of NLRP1 are associated with several (auto)inflammatory diseases with a major skin phenotype, such as psoriasis or vitiligo. Here, we summarize knowledge about NLRP1 with emphasis on its role in human keratinocytes and skin. Due to its accessibility, pharmacological targeting of NLRP1 activation in epidermal keratinocytes represents a promising strategy for the treatment of the numerous patients suffering from NLRP1-dependent inflammatory skin conditions and cancer.
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Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Potentiate Each Other to Promote Progression of Dopamine Neurodegeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6137521. [PMID: 32714488 PMCID: PMC7354668 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6137521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in midbrain substantia nigra is considered to be the main cause of PD. The hallmark of PD pathology is the formation of Lewy bodies and the deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn). The mechanisms responsible for the progressive feature of DA neurodegeneration are not fully illustrated. Recently, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have received extensive attention as two important entry points in the pathogenesis of PD. The occurrence of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation is usually derived from external influences or changes in internal environment, such as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, exposure to a toxic environment, and the transformation of systemic inflammation. However, PD never results from a single independent factor and the simultaneous participation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation contributed to PD development. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation could potentiate each other to promote progression of PD. In this review, we briefly summarized the conditions of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and the crosstalk between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation on the development of PD.
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228
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Demarest TG, Varma VR, Estrada D, Babbar M, Basu S, Mahajan UV, Moaddel R, Croteau DL, Thambisetty M, Mattson MP, Bohr VA. Biological sex and DNA repair deficiency drive Alzheimer's disease via systemic metabolic remodeling and brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:25-47. [PMID: 32333098 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is more prevalent in women. The increased risk of AD in women is not well understood. It is well established that there are sex differences in metabolism and that metabolic alterations are an early component of AD. We utilized a cross-species approach to evaluate conserved metabolic alterations in the serum and brain of human AD subjects, two AD mouse models, a human cell line, and two Caenorhabditis elegans AD strains. We found a mitochondrial complex I-specific impairment in cortical synaptic brain mitochondria in female, but not male, AD mice. In the hippocampus, Polβ haploinsufficiency caused synaptic complex I impairment in male and female mice, demonstrating the critical role of DNA repair in mitochondrial function. In non-synaptic, glial-enriched, mitochondria from the cortex and hippocampus, complex II-dependent respiration increased in female, but not male, AD mice. These results suggested a glial upregulation of fatty acid metabolism to compensate for neuronal glucose hypometabolism in AD. Using an unbiased metabolomics approach, we consistently observed evidence of systemic and brain metabolic remodeling with a shift from glucose to lipid metabolism in humans with AD, and in AD mice. We determined that this metabolic shift is necessary for cellular and organismal survival in C. elegans, and human cell culture AD models. We observed sex-specific, systemic, and brain metabolic alterations in humans with AD, and that these metabolite changes significantly correlate with amyloid and tau pathology. Among the most significant metabolite changes was the accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate in AD, an inhibitor of hexokinase and rate-limiting metabolite for the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Overall, we identified novel mechanisms of glycolysis inhibition, PPP, and tricarboxylic acid cycle impairment, and a neuroprotective augmentation of lipid metabolism in AD. These findings support a sex-targeted metabolism-modifying strategy to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Demarest
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vijay R Varma
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Darlene Estrada
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mansi Babbar
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sambuddha Basu
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Uma V Mahajan
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Alatshan A, Kovács GE, Aladdin A, Czimmerer Z, Tar K, Benkő S. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Enhances both the Signaling for Priming and the Glycolysis for Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Macrophage. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071591. [PMID: 32630207 PMCID: PMC7407903 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a derivative of vitamin A that has many important biological functions, including the modulation of immune responses. ATRA actions are mediated through the retinoic acid receptor that functions as a nuclear receptor, either regulating gene transcription in the nucleus or modulating signal transduction in the cytoplasm. NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that is activated by a huge variety of stimuli, including pathogen- or danger-related molecules. Activation of the inflammasome is required for the production of IL-1β, which drives the inflammatory responses of infectious or non-infectious sterile inflammation. Here, we showed that ATRA prolongs the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β following a 2-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h LPS (100ng/mL) activation in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We describe for the first time that ATRA modulates both priming and activation signals required for NLRP3 inflammasome function. ATRA alone induces NLRP3 expression, and enhances LPS-induced expression of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β via the regulation of signal transduction pathways, like NF-κB, p38, and ERK. We show that ATRA alleviates the negative feedback loop effect of IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine on NLRP3 inflammasome function by inhibiting the Akt-mTOR-STAT3 signaling axis. We also provide evidence that ATRA enhances hexokinase 2 expression, and shifts the metabolism of LPS-activated macrophages toward glycolysis, leading to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alatshan
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (G.E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergő E. Kovács
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (G.E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Azzam Aladdin
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (K.T.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Czimmerer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Krisztina Tar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (K.T.)
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (G.E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-255-575
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230
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Han Y, Sun W, Ren D, Zhang J, He Z, Fedorova J, Sun X, Han F, Li J. SIRT1 agonism modulates cardiac NLRP3 inflammasome through pyruvate dehydrogenase during ischemia and reperfusion. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101538. [PMID: 32325423 PMCID: PMC7176991 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-Like Receptor with a Pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was emerged as a marker of metabolic dysregulation. We revealed that age-related Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) modulates cardiac metabolism that medicated inflammatory response during ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) stress. We hypothesize that SIRT1 attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammation and pyroptosis during myocardial I/R through metabolic modulation. C57BL/6J wild type (WT) mice, inducible cardiomyocyte specific SIRT1 knockout (icSIRT1 KO) and inducible cardiomyocyte specific PDH E1α knockout (icPDH E1α KO) mice were subjected to ligation and release of left anterior descending coronary artery for in vivo regional I/R models. The echocardiography measurement demonstrated that SIRT1 agonist SRT1720 (30 μg/g) improved cardiac systolic function during 45 min of ischemia and 6 h of reperfusion in C57BL/6J WT mice. The biochemical analysis showed that I/R triggered activation of cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), while SIRT1 agonist SRT1720 inhibited I/R-induced PDH activity and reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during myocardial I/R. Moreover, SRT1720 regulates PDH-related glucose oxidative metabolism to reduce NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in an Akt signaling dependent manner during I/R. Furthermore, an impaired Akt signaling was observed in icSIRT1 KO versus SIRT1fox/flox mice under I/R stress. Intriguingly, we observed lower levels of ROS generation, decreased NLRP3 levels and less pyroptosis occurred in the icPDH E1α KO versus PDH E1αflox/flox hearts during I/R. Taken together, the results indicate that SIRT1 agonism can inhibit activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via Akt-dependent metabolic regulation during ischemic insults by I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Cardiovascular Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China; Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Weiju Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA; Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Di Ren
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Zhibin He
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Julia Fedorova
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
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Epithelium-derived IL-33 activates mast cells to initiate neutrophil recruitment following corneal injury. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:633-640. [PMID: 32615259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neutrophils play a critical role in defending against threats such as microbial infection, yet their activation during innate immune response incites collateral damage to healthy tissues. We have previously shown that corneal injury induces mast cells to express the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL2. Here we delineate the mechanism of injury-induced, non-IgE-mediated mast cell activation at the ocular surface. METHODS Corneal injury was induced by mechanical removal of the epithelium and anterior stroma in mast cell deficient (cKitW-sh) and C57BL/6 mice using Algerbrush II. Corneas were analyzed for frequencies of total CD45+ inflammatory cells, CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils, and cKit+FcεR1+ mast cells using flow cytometry. Mast cells were stimulated with different inflammatory factors known to increase during corneal injury (IL-33, IL-1β, IL-36γ, IL-6, SDF1α and Substance P) and assessed for the secretion of β-hexosaminidase, tryptase and CXCL2 using ELISA. IL-33 neutralizing antibody (1 mg/ml) was administered locally for mast cell inhibition in vivo. RESULTS Mast cell deficient mice failed to recruit early neutrophils to the injured corneas. IL-33 stimulation upregulated CXCL2 secretion by mast cells. Corneal injury resulted in amplified expression of IL-33 at the cornea and epithelium was identified as its primary source. Topical neutralization of IL-33 at the ocular surface inhibited mast cell activation, limited neutrophil infiltration, and reduced corneal inflammatory haze, normalizing tissue architecture following ocular injury. CONCLUSIONS These data implicate IL-33 in mast cell activation and early neutrophil recruitment in non-allergic inflammation, suggesting IL-33 as a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders of the ocular surface.
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Salmonella enterica Infection of Murine and Human Enteroid-Derived Monolayers Elicits Differential Activation of Epithelium-Intrinsic Inflammasomes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00017-20. [PMID: 32284374 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00017-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have determined that inflammasome signaling plays an important role in driving intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) responses to bacterial infections, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. There are two primary inflammasome pathways, canonical (involving caspase-1) and noncanonical (involving caspase-4 and -5 in humans and caspase-11 in mice). Prior studies identified the canonical inflammasome as the major pathway leading to interleukin-18 (IL-18) release and restriction of S Typhimurium replication in the mouse cecum. In contrast, the human C2Bbe1 colorectal carcinoma cell line expresses little caspase-1 but instead utilizes caspase-4 to respond to S Typhimurium infection. Intestinal enteroid culture has enabled long-term propagation of untransformed IECs from multiple species, including mouse and human. Capitalizing on this technology, we used a genetic approach to directly compare the relative importance of different inflammatory caspases in untransformed mouse and human IECs and transformed human IECs upon S Typhimurium infection in vitro We show that caspase-1 is important for restricting intracellular S Typhimurium replication and initiating IL-18 secretion in mouse IECs but is dispensable in human IECs. In contrast, restriction of intracellular S Typhimurium and production of IL-18 are dependent on caspase-4 in both transformed and untransformed human IECs. Notably, cytosolic replication in untransformed cells from both species was less pronounced than in transformed human cells, suggesting that transformation may impact additional pathways that restrict S Typhimurium replication. Taken together, these data highlight the differences between mouse and human IECs and the utility of studying transformed and untransformed cells in parallel.
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233
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Carrola J, Bastos V, Daniel‐da‐Silva AL, Gil AM, Santos C, Oliveira H, Duarte IF. Macrophage Metabolomics Reveals Differential Metabolic Responses to Subtoxic Levels of Silver Nanoparticles and Ionic Silver. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Carrola
- CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Verónica Bastos
- CESAM & Department of Biology University of Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Ana L. Daniel‐da‐Silva
- CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Ana M. Gil
- CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- CESAM & Department of Biology University of Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Porto 4169‐007 Porto Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- CESAM & Department of Biology University of Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Iola F. Duarte
- CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
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Dramé M, Buchrieser C, Escoll P. Danger-associated metabolic modifications during bacterial infection of macrophages. Int Immunol 2020; 32:475-483. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this review, we propose that certain modifications in cellular metabolism might function as danger signals triggering inflammasome-mediated immune responses. We propose to call them danger-associated metabolic modifications (DAMMs). As intracellular bacteria can actively modulate macrophage metabolism for their benefit, infected host cells might sense bacteria-induced metabolic alterations and activate immune reactions. Here we report the known metabolic interactions that occur during infection of macrophages by intracellular bacteria and discuss the possible emergence of DAMMs upon bacteria-induced alterations of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariatou Dramé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
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235
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Plasma membrane damage causes NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2270. [PMID: 32385301 PMCID: PMC7210277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global health problem in part as a result of extensive cytotoxicity caused by the infection. Here, we show how M. tuberculosis causes caspase-1/NLRP3/gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis of human monocytes and macrophages. A type VII secretion system (ESX-1) mediated, contact-induced plasma membrane damage response occurs during phagocytosis of bacteria. Alternatively, this can occur from the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane after phagosomal rupture in infected macrophages. This damage causes K+ efflux and activation of NLRP3-dependent IL-1β release and pyroptosis, facilitating the spread of bacteria to neighbouring cells. A dynamic interplay of pyroptosis with ESCRT-mediated plasma membrane repair also occurs. This dual plasma membrane damage seems to be a common mechanism for NLRP3 activators that function through lysosomal damage. Inflammasome activation is a response to bacterial infection but can cause damage and spread infection. Here, the authors use live single-cell imaging to show two mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis causes damage to human macrophage cell plasma membranes, resulting in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, pyroptosis and release of infectious particles.
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236
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Tan JX, Finkel T. Mitochondria as intracellular signaling platforms in health and disease. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202002179. [PMID: 32320464 PMCID: PMC7199861 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, long viewed solely in the context of bioenergetics, are increasingly emerging as critical hubs for intracellular signaling. Due to their bacterial origin, mitochondria possess their own genome and carry unique lipid components that endow these organelles with specialized properties to help orchestrate multiple signaling cascades. Mitochondrial signaling modulates diverse pathways ranging from metabolism to redox homeostasis to cell fate determination. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how mitochondria serve as intracellular signaling platforms with a particular emphasis on lipid-mediated signaling, innate immune activation, and retrograde signaling. We further discuss how these signaling properties might potentially be exploited to develop new therapeutic strategies for a range of age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay X. Tan
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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237
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Abstract
Immune cells use a variety of membrane-disrupting proteins [complement, perforin, perforin-2, granulysin, gasdermins, mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)] to induce different kinds of death of microbes and host cells, some of which cause inflammation. After activation by proteolytic cleavage or phosphorylation, these proteins oligomerize, bind to membrane lipids, and disrupt membrane integrity. These membrane disruptors play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review our current knowledge of the functions, specificity, activation, and regulation of membrane-disrupting immune proteins and what is known about the mechanisms behind membrane damage, the structure of the pores they form, how the cells expressing these lethal proteins are protected, and how cells targeted for destruction can sometimes escape death by repairing membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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Nedzvetsky VS. THE PEPTIDOGLYCAN FRACTION ENRICHED WITH MURAMYL PENTAPEPTIDE FROM Lactobacillus bulgaricus INHIBITS GLIOBLASTOMA U373MG CELL MIGRATION CAPABILITY AND UPREGULATES PARP1 AND NF-kB LEVELS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech13.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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239
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Mild depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane is a crucial component of an anti-aging program. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6491-6501. [PMID: 32152094 PMCID: PMC7104298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916414117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria, organelles that produce the largest amounts of ATP and reactive oxygen species (mROS) in living cells, are equipped with a universal mechanism that can completely prevent mROS production. This mechanism consists of mild depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane to decrease the membrane potential to a level sufficient to form ATP but insufficient to generate mROS. In short-lived mice, aging is accompanied by inactivation of the mild depolarization mechanism, resulting in chronic poisoning of the organism with mROS. However, mild depolarization still functions for many years in long-lived naked mole rats and bats. The mitochondria of various tissues from mice, naked mole rats (NMRs), and bats possess two mechanistically similar systems to prevent the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS): hexokinases I and II and creatine kinase bound to mitochondrial membranes. Both systems operate in a manner such that one of the kinase substrates (mitochondrial ATP) is electrophoretically transported by the ATP/ADP antiporter to the catalytic site of bound hexokinase or bound creatine kinase without ATP dilution in the cytosol. One of the kinase reaction products, ADP, is transported back to the mitochondrial matrix via the antiporter, again through an electrophoretic process without cytosol dilution. The system in question continuously supports H+-ATP synthase with ADP until glucose or creatine is available. Under these conditions, the membrane potential, ∆ψ, is maintained at a lower than maximal level (i.e., mild depolarization of mitochondria). This ∆ψ decrease is sufficient to completely inhibit mROS generation. In 2.5-y-old mice, mild depolarization disappears in the skeletal muscles, diaphragm, heart, spleen, and brain and partially in the lung and kidney. This age-dependent decrease in the levels of bound kinases is not observed in NMRs and bats for many years. As a result, ROS-mediated protein damage, which is substantial during the aging of short-lived mice, is stabilized at low levels during the aging of long-lived NMRs and bats. It is suggested that this mitochondrial mild depolarization is a crucial component of the mitochondrial anti-aging system.
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240
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Abstract
NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) is an intracellular sensor that detects a broad range of microbial motifs, endogenous danger signals and environmental irritants, resulting in the formation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome leads to caspase 1-dependent release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, as well as to gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. Recent studies have revealed new regulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome, including new interacting or regulatory proteins, metabolic pathways and a regulatory mitochondrial hub. In this Review, we present the molecular, cell biological and biochemical bases of NLRP3 activation and regulation and describe how this mechanistic understanding is leading to potential therapeutics that target the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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241
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Targeting immunometabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy. Cell Res 2020; 30:300-314. [PMID: 32132672 PMCID: PMC7118080 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing field of immunometabolism has taught us how metabolic cellular reactions and processes not only provide a means to generate ATP and biosynthetic precursors, but are also a way of controlling immunity and inflammation. Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells is essential for both inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory responses. Four anti-inflammatory therapies, DMF, Metformin, Methotrexate and Rapamycin all work by affecting metabolism and/or regulating or mimicking endogenous metabolites with anti-inflammatory effects. Evidence is emerging for the targeting of specific metabolic events as a strategy to limit inflammation in different contexts. Here we discuss these recent developments and speculate on the prospect of targeting immunometabolism in the effort to develop novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics. As accumulating evidence for roles of an intricate and elaborate network of metabolic processes, including lipid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism provides key focal points for developing new therapies, we here turn our attention to glycolysis and the TCA cycle to provide examples of how metabolic intermediates and enzymes can provide potential novel therapeutic targets.
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242
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Xia S, Hollingsworth LR, Wu H. Mechanism and Regulation of Gasdermin-Mediated Cell Death. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036400. [PMID: 31451512 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system senses and responds to pathogens and endogenous damage through supramolecular protein complexes known as inflammasomes. Cytosolic inflammasome sensor proteins trigger inflammasome assembly on detection of infection and danger. Assembled inflammasomes activate a cascade of inflammatory caspases, which process procytokines and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleaved GSDMD forms membrane pores that lead to cytokine release and/or programmed lytic cell death, called pyroptosis. In this review, we provide a primer on pyroptosis and focus on its executioner, the GSDM protein family. In addition to inflammasome-mediated GSDMD pore formation, we describe recently discovered GSDMD activation by caspase-8 and elastase in Yersinia-infected macrophages and aging neutrophils, respectively, and GSDME activation by apoptotic caspases. Finally, we discuss strategies that host cells and pathogens use to restrict GSDMD pore formation, in addition to therapeutics targeting the GSDM family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xia
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Louis Robert Hollingsworth
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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243
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Bader V, Winklhofer KF. Mitochondria at the interface between neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 99:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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244
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Dehghani Z, Meratan AA, Saboury AA, Nemat-Gorgani M. α-Synuclein fibrillation products trigger the release of hexokinase I from mitochondria: Protection by curcumin, and possible role in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183251. [PMID: 32113849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has shown that assembling of α-synuclein amyloid aggregates on mitochondria is an important mechanistic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other Lewy body disorders. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of its neuronal toxicity remain unclear. Type 1 Hexokinase (HKI), a key enzyme in the control of brain glucose metabolism, plays an important role in protecting against mitochondrially-regulated apoptosis through reducing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The release of mitochondrially-bound HKI causes a significant decrease in enzyme activity and triggers oxidative stress. Here, we have investigated the potency of amyloid fibrillation products arising from α-synuclein and hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) for the release of HKI and ROS content enhancement in mitochondria isolated from rat brain. Results clearly indicate the capacity of the fibrillation products of α-synuclein, and not HEWL, to trigger release of HKI from the Type A binding site of mitochondria for the enzyme and to induce mitochondrial ROS enhancement in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that curcumin was very effective in preventing mitochondrial HKI release and ROS enhancement induced by α-synuclein fibrillation products. The pathophysiological significance of mitochondrial HKI activity and localization in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including PD are discussed. Taken together, these results may offer insight into a possible mechanism by which disease-related peptides and proteins may exert their neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Dehghani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 14176-14335, Iran; Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Meratan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 14176-14335, Iran; Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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245
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Laman JD, 't Hart BA, Power C, Dziarski R. Bacterial Peptidoglycan as a Driver of Chronic Brain Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:670-682. [PMID: 32589935 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a cell wall component of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Signature fragments of PGN are proinflammatory through engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on resident tissue cells and circulating leukocytes. Despite its abundance in the gut microbiota, there is limited recognition that PGN could contribute to chronic neuroinflammation. This review highlights current insights into the roles of PGN as a determinant of brain inflammation, notably in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. Recent studies demonstrate PGN in blood of healthy adult humans. PGN amplifies autoimmune pathology via activation of innate immune cells. Novel uptake routes through (altered) gut mucosa by myeloid leukocyte subsets promote PGN transport to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Laman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Roman Dziarski
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
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246
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Orliaguet L, Dalmas E, Drareni K, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Mechanisms of Macrophage Polarization in Insulin Signaling and Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:62. [PMID: 32140136 PMCID: PMC7042402 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease of two etiologies: metabolic and inflammatory. At the cross-section of these etiologies lays the phenomenon of metabolic inflammation. Whilst metabolic inflammation is characterized as systemic, a common starting point is the tissue-resident macrophage, who's successful physiological or aberrant pathological adaptation to its microenvironment determines disease course and severity. This review will highlight the key mechanisms in macrophage polarization, inflammatory and non-inflammatory signaling that dictates the development and progression of insulin resistance and T2D. We first describe the known homeostatic functions of tissue macrophages in insulin secreting and major insulin sensitive tissues. Importantly we highlight the known mechanisms of aberrant macrophage activation in these tissues and the ways in which this leads to impairment of insulin sensitivity/secretion and the development of T2D. We next describe the cellular mechanisms that are known to dictate macrophage polarization. We review recent progress in macrophage bio-energetics, an emerging field of research that places cellular metabolism at the center of immune-effector function. Importantly, following the advent of the metabolically-activated macrophage, we cover the known transcriptional and epigenetic factors that canonically and non-canonically dictate macrophage differentiation and inflammatory polarization. In closing perspectives, we discuss emerging research themes and highlight novel non-inflammatory or non-immune roles that tissue macrophages have in maintaining microenvironmental and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Orliaguet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Karima Drareni
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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247
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein innate immune complexes that regulate caspase-dependent inflammation and cell death. Pattern recognition receptors, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors, sense danger signals or cellular events to activate canonical inflammasomes, resulting in caspase 1 activation, pyroptosis and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Non-canonical inflammasomes can be activated by intracellular lipopolysaccharides, toxins and some cell signalling pathways. These inflammasomes regulate the activation of alternative caspases (caspase 4, caspase 5, caspase 11 and caspase 8) that lead to pyroptosis, apoptosis and the regulation of other cellular pathways. Many inflammasome-related genes and proteins have been implicated in animal models of kidney disease. In particular, the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome has been shown to contribute to a wide range of acute and chronic microbial and non-microbial kidney diseases via canonical and non-canonical mechanisms that regulate inflammation, pyroptosis, apoptosis and fibrosis. In patients with chronic kidney disease, immunomodulation therapies targeting IL-1β such as canakinumab have been shown to prevent cardiovascular events. Moreover, findings in experimental models of kidney disease suggest that small-molecule inhibitors targeting NLRP3 and other inflammasome components are promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Komada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daniel A Muruve
- Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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248
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Garcia SN, Guedes RC, Marques MM. Unlocking the Potential of HK2 in Cancer Metabolism and Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7285-7322. [PMID: 30543165 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181213092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a tightly regulated process in which several enzymes, such as Hexokinases (HKs), play crucial roles. Cancer cells are characterized by specific expression levels of several isoenzymes in different metabolic pathways and these features offer possibilities for therapeutic interventions. Overexpression of HKs (mostly of the HK2 isoform) have been consistently reported in numerous types of cancer. Moreover, deletion of HK2 has been shown to decrease cancer cell proliferation without explicit side effects in animal models, which suggests that targeting HK2 is a viable strategy for cancer therapy. HK2 inhibition causes a substantial decrease of glycolysis that affects multiple pathways of central metabolism and also destabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane, ultimately enhancing cell death. Although glycolysis inhibition has met limited success, partly due to low selectivity for specific isoforms and excessive side effects of the reported HK inhibitors, there is ample ground for progress. The current review is focused on HK2 inhibition, envisaging the development of potent and selective anticancer agents. The information on function, expression, and activity of HKs is presented, along with their structures, known inhibitors, and reported effects of HK2 ablation/inhibition. The structural features of the different isozymes are discussed, aiming to stimulate a more rational approach to the design of selective HK2 inhibitors with appropriate drug-like properties. Particular attention is dedicated to a structural and sequence comparison of the structurally similar HK1 and HK2 isoforms, aiming to unveil differences that could be explored therapeutically. Finally, several additional catalytic- and non-catalytic roles on different pathways and diseases, recently attributed to HK2, are reviewed and their implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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249
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Electrophiles Against (Skin) Diseases: More Than Nrf2. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020271. [PMID: 32053878 PMCID: PMC7072181 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin represents an indispensable barrier between the organism and the environment and is the first line of defense against exogenous insults. The transcription factor NRF2 is a central regulator of cytoprotection and stress resistance. NRF2 is activated in response to oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrophiles. These electrophiles oxidize specific cysteine residues of the NRF2 inhibitor KEAP1, leading to KEAP1 inactivation and, subsequently, NRF2 activation. As oxidative stress is associated with inflammation, the NRF2 pathway plays important roles in the pathogenesis of common inflammatory diseases and cancer in many tissues and organs, including the skin. The electrophile and NRF2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an established and efficient drug for patients suffering from the common inflammatory skin disease psoriasis and the neuro-inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we discuss possible molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of DMF and other NRF2 activators. Recent evidence suggests that electrophiles not only activate NRF2, but also target other inflammation-associated pathways including the transcription factor NF-κB and the multi-protein complexes termed inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are central regulators of inflammation and are involved in many inflammatory conditions. Most importantly, the NRF2 and inflammasome pathways are connected at different levels, mainly antagonistically.
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250
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Wang M, Yang Q, Li M, Zou H, Wang Z, Ran H, Zheng Y, Jian J, Zhou Y, Luo Y, Ran Y, Jiang S, Zhou X. Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound/Immunosynergistic Retinoblastoma Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5642-5657. [PMID: 31940169 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is prone to delayed diagnosis or treatment and has an increased likelihood of metastasizing. Thus, it is crucial to perform an effective imaging examination and provide optimal treatment of RB to prevent metastasis. Nanoparticles that support diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy are expected to noninvasively integrate tumor diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we report a multifunctional nanoparticle for multimodal imaging-guided low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)/immunosynergistic RB therapy. Magnetic hollow mesoporous gold nanocages (AuNCs) conjugated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (AuNCs-Fe3O4) were prepared to encapsulate muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and perfluoropentane (PFP). The multimodal imaging capabilities, antitumor effects, and dendritic cell (DC) activation capacity of these nanoparticles combined with LIFU were explored in vitro and in vivo. The biosafety of AuNCs-Fe3O4/MDP/PFP was also evaluated systematically. The multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles enhanced photoacoustic (PA), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in vivo and in vitro, which was helpful for diagnosis and efficacy evaluation. Upon accumulation in tumors via a magnetic field, the nanoparticles underwent phase transition under LIFU irradiation and MDP was released. A combined effect of AuNCs-Fe3O4/MDP/PFP and LIFU was recorded and verified. AuNCs-Fe3O4/MDP/PFP enhanced the therapeutic effect of LIFU and led to direct apoptosis/necrosis of tumors, while MDP promoted DC maturation and activation and activated the ability of DCs to recognize and clear tumor cells. By enhancing PA/US/MR imaging and inhibiting tumor growth, the multifunctional AuNC-Fe3O4/MDP/PFP nanoparticles show great potential for multimodal imaging-guided LIFU/immunosynergistic therapy of RB. The proposed nanoplatform facilitates cancer theranostics with high biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Qiming Yang
- Department of Orthopedic , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Hongmi Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Yuanyi Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai 200233 , P. R. China
| | - Jia Jian
- Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Yindeng Luo
- Department of Radiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Yijun Ran
- Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Shaoqiu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
| | - Xiyuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , P. R. China
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