201
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Lopez A, Lee SE, Wojta K, Ramos EM, Klein E, Chen J, Boxer AL, Gorno-Tempini ML, Geschwind DH, Schlotawa L, Ogryzko NV, Bigio EH, Rogalski E, Weintraub S, Mesulam MM, Fleming A, Coppola G, Miller BL, Rubinsztein DC. A152T tau allele causes neurodegeneration that can be ameliorated in a zebrafish model by autophagy induction. Brain 2017; 140:1128-1146. [PMID: 28334843 PMCID: PMC5382950 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding tau (MAPT) cause frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders. A rare tau variant p.A152T was reported as a risk factor for frontotemporal dementia spectrum and Alzheimer’s disease in an initial case-control study. Such findings need replication in an independent cohort. We analysed an independent multinational cohort comprising 3100 patients with neurodegenerative disease and 4351 healthy control subjects and found p.A152T associated with significantly higher risk for clinically defined frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome. To assess the functional and biochemical consequences of this variant, we generated transgenic zebrafish models expressing wild-type or A152T-tau, where A152T caused neurodegeneration and proteasome compromise. Impaired proteasome activity may also enhance accumulation of other proteins associated with this variant. We increased A152T clearance kinetics by both pharmacological and genetic upregulation of autophagy and ameliorated the disease pathology observed in A152T-tau fish. Thus, autophagy-upregulating therapies may be a strategy for the treatment for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Wojta
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Klein
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Nikolay V Ogryzko
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marsel M Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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202
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203
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Kellner R, De la Concepcion JC, Maqbool A, Kamoun S, Dagdas YF. ATG8 Expansion: A Driver of Selective Autophagy Diversification? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:204-214. [PMID: 28038982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy is a conserved homeostatic pathway that involves engulfment of specific cargo molecules into specialized organelles called autophagosomes. The ubiquitin-like protein ATG8 is a central player of the autophagy network that decorates autophagosomes and binds to numerous cargo receptors. Although highly conserved across eukaryotes, ATG8 diversified from a single protein in algae to multiple isoforms in higher plants. We present a phylogenetic overview of 376 ATG8 proteins across the green plant lineage that revealed family-specific ATG8 clades. Because these clades differ in fixed amino acid polymorphisms, they provide a mechanistic framework to test whether distinct ATG8 clades are functionally specialized. We propose that ATG8 expansion may have contributed to the diversification of selective autophagy pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Kellner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos De la Concepcion
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; John Innes Centre, Department of Biological Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biological Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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204
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Tam RCY, Li MWM, Gao YP, Pang YT, Yan S, Ge W, Lau CS, Chan VSF. Human CLEC16A regulates autophagy through modulating mTOR activity. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:304-312. [PMID: 28223137 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CLEC16A is genetically linked with multiple autoimmune disorders but its functional relevance in autoimmunity remains obscure. Recent evidence has signposted the emerging role of autophagy in autoimmune disease development. Here, by ectopic expression and siRNA silencing, we show that CLEC16A has an inhibitory role in starvation-induced autophagy in human cells. Combining quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting analyses, we found that CLEC16A likely regulates autophagy by activating mTOR pathway. Overexpression of CLEC16A was found to sensitize cells towards the availability of nutrients, resulting in a heightened mTOR activity, which in turn diminished LC3 autophagic activity following nutrient deprivation. CLEC16A deficiency, on the other hand, delayed mTOR activity in response to nutrient sensing, thereby resulted in an augmented autophagic response. CLEC16A was found residing in cytosolic vesicles and the Golgi, and nutrient removal promoted a stronger clustering within the Golgi, where it was possibly in a vantage position to activate mTOR upon nutrient replenishment. These findings suggest that Golgi-associated CLEC16A negatively regulates autophagy via modulation of mTOR activity, and may provide support for a functional link between CLEC16A and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Chun Yee Tam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Michelle Wing Man Li
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yan Pan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yuen Ting Pang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wei Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Vera Sau Fong Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR..
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205
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Hammerling BC, Najor RH, Cortez MQ, Shires SE, Leon LJ, Gonzalez ER, Boassa D, Phan S, Thor A, Jimenez RE, Li H, Kitsis RN, Dorn II GW, Sadoshima J, Ellisman MH, Gustafsson ÅB. A Rab5 endosomal pathway mediates Parkin-dependent mitochondrial clearance. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14050. [PMID: 28134239 PMCID: PMC5290275 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged mitochondria pose a lethal threat to cells that necessitates their prompt removal. The currently recognized mechanism for disposal of mitochondria is autophagy, where damaged organelles are marked for disposal via ubiquitylation by Parkin. Here we report a novel pathway for mitochondrial elimination, in which these organelles undergo Parkin-dependent sequestration into Rab5-positive early endosomes via the ESCRT machinery. Following maturation, these endosomes deliver mitochondria to lysosomes for degradation. Although this endosomal pathway is activated by stressors that also activate mitochondrial autophagy, endosomal-mediated mitochondrial clearance is initiated before autophagy. The autophagy protein Beclin1 regulates activation of Rab5 and endosomal-mediated degradation of mitochondria, suggesting cross-talk between these two pathways. Abrogation of Rab5 function and the endosomal pathway results in the accumulation of stressed mitochondria and increases susceptibility to cell death in embryonic fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes. These data reveal a new mechanism for mitochondrial quality control mediated by Rab5 and early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette C. Hammerling
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0758, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rita H. Najor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0758, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Melissa Q. Cortez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0758, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sarah E. Shires
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0758, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Leonardo J. Leon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0758, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Eileen R. Gonzalez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0758, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Daniela Boassa
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sébastien Phan
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Thor
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Jimenez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0758, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | | | - Gerald W. Dorn II
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | - Mark H. Ellisman
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Åsa B. Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0758, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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206
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Herrera-Cruz MS, Simmen T. Of yeast, mice and men: MAMs come in two flavors. Biol Direct 2017; 12:3. [PMID: 28122638 PMCID: PMC5267431 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-017-0174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen dramatic progress in our understanding of membrane contact sites (MCS). Important examples of these are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites. ER-mitochondria contacts have originally been discovered in mammalian tissue, where they have been designated as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). It is also in this model system, where the first critical MAM proteins have been identified, including MAM tethering regulators such as phospho-furin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 (PACS-2) and mitofusin-2. However, the past decade has seen the discovery of the MAM also in the powerful yeast model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This has led to the discovery of novel MAM tethers such as the yeast ER-mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES), absent in the mammalian system, but whose regulators Gem1 and Lam6 are conserved. While MAMs, sometimes referred to as mitochondria-ER contacts (MERCs), regulate lipid metabolism, Ca2+ signaling, bioenergetics, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis, not all of these functions exist in both systems or operate differently. This biological difference has led to puzzling discrepancies on findings obtained in yeast or mammalian cells at the moment. Our review aims to shed some light onto mechanistic differences between yeast and mammalian MAM and their underlying causes. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Paola Pizzo (nominated by Luca Pellegrini), Maya Schuldiner and György Szabadkai (nominated by Luca Pellegrini).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sol Herrera-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2H7, Canada.
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207
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Nascimbeni AC, Codogno P, Morel E. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate in the regulation of autophagy membrane dynamics. FEBS J 2017; 284:1267-1278. [PMID: 27973739 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) is a key player in membrane dynamics and trafficking regulation. Most PI3P is associated with endosomal membranes and with the autophagosome preassembly machinery, presumably at the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme responsible for most PI3P synthesis, VPS34 and proteins such as Beclin1 and ATG14L that regulate PI3P levels are positive modulators of autophagy initiation. It had been assumed that a local PI3P pool was present at autophagosomes and preautophagosomal structures, such as the omegasome and the phagophore. This was recently confirmed by the demonstration that PI3P-binding proteins participate in the complex sequence of signalling that results in autophagosome assembly and activity. Here we summarize the historical discoveries of PI3P lipid kinase involvement in autophagy, and we discuss the proposed role of PI3P during autophagy, notably during the autophagosome biogenesis sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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208
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Yakhine-Diop S, Martínez-Chacón G, González-Polo R, Fuentes J, Niso-Santano M. Fluorescent FYVE Chimeras to Quantify PtdIns3P Synthesis During Autophagy. Methods Enzymol 2017; 587:257-269. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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209
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Stolz A, Putyrski M, Kutle I, Huber J, Wang C, Major V, Sidhu SS, Youle RJ, Rogov VV, Dötsch V, Ernst A, Dikic I. Fluorescence-based ATG8 sensors monitor localization and function of LC3/GABARAP proteins. EMBO J 2016; 36:549-564. [PMID: 28028054 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular surveillance pathway that balances metabolic and energy resources and transports specific cargos, including damaged mitochondria, other broken organelles, or pathogens for degradation to the lysosome. Central components of autophagosomal biogenesis are six members of the LC3 and GABARAP family of ubiquitin-like proteins (mATG8s). We used phage display to isolate peptides that possess bona fide LIR (LC3-interacting region) properties and are selective for individual mATG8 isoforms. Sensitivity of the developed sensors was optimized by multiplication, charge distribution, and fusion with a membrane recruitment (FYVE) or an oligomerization (PB1) domain. We demonstrate the use of the engineered peptides as intracellular sensors that recognize specifically GABARAP, GABL1, GABL2, and LC3C, as well as a bispecific sensor for LC3A and LC3B. By using an LC3C-specific sensor, we were able to monitor recruitment of endogenous LC3C to Salmonella during xenophagy, as well as to mitochondria during mitophagy. The sensors are general tools to monitor the fate of mATG8s and will be valuable in decoding the biological functions of the individual LC3/GABARAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stolz
- Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mateusz Putyrski
- Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ivana Kutle
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jessica Huber
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Viktória Major
- Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir V Rogov
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany .,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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210
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Keulers TG, Schaaf MBE, Rouschop KMA. Autophagy-Dependent Secretion: Contribution to Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2016; 6:251. [PMID: 27933272 PMCID: PMC5122571 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is best known as a lysosomal degradation and recycling pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, cytoplasmic content is recognized and packed in autophagic vacuoles, or autophagosomes, and targeted for degradation. However, during the last years, it has become evident that the role of autophagy is not restricted to degradation alone but also mediates unconventional forms of secretion. Furthermore, cells with defects in autophagy apparently are able to reroute their cargo, like mitochondria, to the extracellular environment; effects that contribute to an array of pathologies. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the physiological roles of autophagy-dependent secretion, i.e., the effect on inflammation and insulin/hormone secretion. Finally, we focus on the effects of autophagy-dependent secretion on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor progression. The autophagy-mediated secreted factors may stimulate cellular proliferation via auto- and paracrine signaling. The autophagy-mediated release of immune modulating proteins changes the immunosuppresive TME and may promote an invasive phenotype. These effects may be either direct or indirect through facilitating formation of the mobilized vesicle, aid in anterograde trafficking, or alterations in homeostasis and/or autonomous cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Keulers
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Marco B E Schaaf
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Netherlands
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211
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Cohen-Kaplan V, Livneh I, Avni N, Fabre B, Ziv T, Kwon YT, Ciechanover A. p62- and ubiquitin-dependent stress-induced autophagy of the mammalian 26S proteasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7490-E7499. [PMID: 27791183 PMCID: PMC5127335 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615455113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy are the two main proteolytic systems involved in, among other functions, the maintenance of cell integrity by eliminating misfolded and damaged proteins and organelles. Both systems remove their targets after their conjugation with ubiquitin. An interesting, yet incompletely understood problem relates to the fate of the components of the two systems. Here we provide evidence that amino acid starvation enhances polyubiquitination on specific sites of the proteasome, a modification essential for its targeting to the autophagic machinery. The uptake of the ubiquitinated proteasome is mediated by its interaction with the ubiquitin-associated domain of p62/SQSTM1, a process that also requires interaction with LC3. Importantly, deletion of the PB1 domain of p62, which is important for the targeting of ubiquitinated substrates to the proteasome, has no effect on stress-induced autophagy of this proteolytic machinery, suggesting that the domain of p62 that binds to the proteasome determines the function of p62 in either targeting substrates to the proteasome or targeting the proteasome to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cohen-Kaplan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109602, Israel
| | - Ido Livneh
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109602, Israel
| | - Noa Avni
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109602, Israel
| | - Bertrand Fabre
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109602, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomic Center and Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109602, Israel;
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
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212
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Eliopoulos AG, Havaki S, Gorgoulis VG. DNA Damage Response and Autophagy: A Meaningful Partnership. Front Genet 2016; 7:204. [PMID: 27917193 PMCID: PMC5116470 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and the DNA damage response (DDR) are biological processes essential for cellular and organismal homeostasis. Herein, we summarize and discuss emerging evidence linking DDR to autophagy. We highlight published data suggesting that autophagy is activated by DNA damage and is required for several functional outcomes of DDR signaling, including repair of DNA lesions, senescence, cell death, and cytokine secretion. Uncovering the mechanisms by which autophagy and DDR are intertwined provides novel insight into the pathobiology of conditions associated with accumulation of DNA damage, including cancer and aging, and novel concepts for the development of improved therapeutic strategies against these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of CreteHeraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology HellasHeraklion, Greece
| | - Sophia Havaki
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece; Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of AthensAthens, Greece
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213
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Sun F, Xu X, Wang X, Zhang B. Regulation of autophagy by Ca 2. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5353-y. [PMID: 27864685 PMCID: PMC5250648 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal catabolic process used as an internal engine in response to nutrient starvation or metabolic stress. A number of protein complexes and an intricate network of stress signaling cascades impinge on the regulation of autophagy; the mammalian target of rapamycin serves as a canonical player. Ca2+, as a major intracellular second messenger, regulates multiple physiological and pathological functions. Although significant information is already well-established about the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis, its role in autophagy has been recently determined and is poorly understood. Intracellular Ca2+ positively and negatively affects autophagy. In this review, evidence for both views and the interplay of Ca2+ between autophagy and apoptosis induction are discussed. The available data revealed the bidirectional role of Ca2+ in the regulation of autophagy. Moreover, the data also indicated that this role probably depends on the context of time, space, Ca2+ source, and cell state, thus either preventing or enhancing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221009, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221009, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
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214
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Abstract
Macroautophagy, a highly conserved process in eukaryotic cells, is initiated in response to stress, especially nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy helps cells survive by engulfing proteins and organelles into an unusual double-membraned structure called the autophagosome, which then fuses with the lysosome. Upon degradation of the engulfed contents, the building blocks are recycled for synthesis of new macromolecules. Recent work has demonstrated that construction of the autophagosome requires a variety of small GTPases in variations of their normal roles in membrane traffic. In this Commentary, we review our own recent findings with respect to 2 different GTPases, Arl1, a member of the Arf/Arl/Sar family, and Ypt6, a member of the Rab family, in the yeast S. cerevisiae in light of other information from the literature and discuss future directions for further discerning the roles of small GTPases in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- a Department of Biology , Georgetown University , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Anne Rosenwald
- a Department of Biology , Georgetown University , Washington, DC , USA
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215
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is a conserved degradative pathway in which a double-membrane compartment sequesters cytoplasmic cargo and delivers the contents to lysosomes for degradation. Efficient formation and maturation of autophagic vesicles, so-called phagophores that are precursors to autophagosomes, and their subsequent trafficking to lysosomes relies on the activity of small RAB GTPases, which are essential factors of cellular vesicle transport systems. The activity of RAB GTPases is coordinated by upstream factors, which include guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RAB GEFs) and RAB GTPase activating proteins (RAB GAPs). A role in macroautophagy regulation for different TRE2-BUB2-CDC16 (TBC) domain-containing RAB GAPs has been established. Recently, however, a positive modulation of macroautophagy has also been demonstrated for the TBC domain-free RAB3GAP1/2, adding to the family of RAB GAPs that coordinate macroautophagy and additional cellular trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kern
- a Institute for Pathobiochemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University ; Mainz , Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- b Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Goethe University Frankfurt ; Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Christian Behl
- a Institute for Pathobiochemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University ; Mainz , Germany
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216
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Landajuela A, Hervás JH, Antón Z, Montes LR, Gil D, Valle M, Rodriguez JF, Goñi FM, Alonso A. Lipid Geometry and Bilayer Curvature Modulate LC3/GABARAP-Mediated Model Autophagosomal Elongation. Biophys J 2016; 110:411-422. [PMID: 26789764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an important catabolic pathway involved in a broad spectrum of human diseases, implies the formation of double-membrane-bound structures called autophagosomes (AP), which engulf material to be degraded in lytic compartments. How APs form, especially how the membrane expands and eventually closes upon itself, is an area of intense research. Ubiquitin-like ATG8 has been related to both membrane expansion and membrane fusion, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we used two minimal reconstituted systems (enzymatic and chemical conjugation) to compare the ability of human ATG8 homologs (LC3, GABARAP, and GATE-16) to mediate membrane fusion. We found that both enzymatically and chemically lipidated forms of GATE-16 and GABARAP proteins promote extensive membrane tethering and fusion, whereas lipidated LC3 does so to a much lesser extent. Moreover, we characterize the GATE-16/GABARAP-mediated membrane fusion as a phenomenon of full membrane fusion, independently demonstrating vesicle aggregation, intervesicular lipid mixing, and intervesicular mixing of aqueous content, in the absence of vesicular content leakage. Multiple fusion events give rise to large vesicles, as seen by cryo-electron microscopy observations. We also show that both vesicle diameter and selected curvature-inducing lipids (cardiolipin, diacylglycerol, and lyso-phosphatidylcholine) can modulate the fusion process, smaller vesicle diameters and negative intrinsic curvature lipids (cardiolipin, diacylglycerol) facilitating fusion. These results strongly support the hypothesis of a highly bent structural fusion intermediate (stalk) during AP biogenesis and add to the growing body of evidence that identifies lipids as important regulators of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Landajuela
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier H Hervás
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Zuriñe Antón
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Gil
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | - Mikel Valle
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | - J Francisco Rodriguez
- Departmento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix M Goñi
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain.
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217
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Huang Y, Yang P, Liu T, Chen H, Chu X, Ahmad N, Zhang Q, Li Q, Hu L, Liu Y, Chen Q. Subcellular Evidence for Biogenesis of Autophagosomal Membrane during Spermiogenesis In vivo. Front Physiol 2016; 7:470. [PMID: 27803675 PMCID: PMC5067523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although autophagosome formation has attracted substantial attention, the origin and the source of the autophagosomal membrane remains unresolved. The present study was designed to investigate in vivo subcellular evidence for the biogenesis of autophagosomal membrane during spermiogenesis using transmission-electron microscopy (TEM), Western blots and immunohistochemistry in samples from the Chinese soft-shelled turtle. The testis expressed LC3-II protein, which was located within spermatids at different stages of differentiation and indicated active autophagy. TEM showed that numerous autophagosomes were developed inside spermatids. Many endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were transferred into a special “Chrysanthemum flower center” (CFC) in which several double-layer isolation membranes (IM) were formed and extended. The elongated IM always engulfed some cytoplasm and various structures. Narrow tubules connected the ends of multiple ER and the CFC. The CFC was more developed in spermatids with compact nuclei than in spermatids with granular nuclei. An IM could also be transformed from a single ER. Sometimes an IM extended from a trans-Golgi network and wrapped different structures. The plasma membrane of the spermatid invaginated to form vesicles that were distributed among various endosomes around the CFC during spermiogenesis. All this cellular evidence suggests that, in vivo, IM was developed mainly by CFC produced from ER within differentiating spermatids during spermiogenesis. Vesicles from Golgi complexes, plasma membranes and endosomes might also be the sources of the autophagosome membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoya Chu
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Quanfu Li
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Lisi Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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218
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Noh HS, Hah YS, Zada S, Ha JH, Sim G, Hwang JS, Lai TH, Nguyen HQ, Park JY, Kim HJ, Byun JH, Hahm JR, Kang KR, Kim DR. PEBP1, a RAF kinase inhibitory protein, negatively regulates starvation-induced autophagy by direct interaction with LC3. Autophagy 2016; 12:2183-2196. [PMID: 27540684 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1219013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining cell homeostasis in response to various stressors through protein conjugation and activation of lysosome-dependent degradation. MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule- associated protein 1 light chain 3 β) is conjugated with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the membranes and regulates initiation of autophagy through interaction with many autophagy-related proteins possessing an LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif, which is composed of 2 hydrophobic amino acids (tryptophan and leucine) separated by 2 non-conserved amino acids (WXXL). In this study, we identified a new putative LIR motif in PEBP1/RKIP (phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1) that was originally isolated as a PE-binding protein and also a cellular inhibitor of MAPK/ERK signaling. PEBP1 was specifically bound to PE-unconjugated LC3 in cells, and mutation (WXXL mutated to AXXA) of this LIR motif disrupted its interaction with LC3 proteins. Interestingly, overexpression of PEBP1 significantly inhibited starvation-induced autophagy by activating the AKT and MTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase] complex 1) signaling pathway and consequently suppressing the ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) activity. In contrast, ablation of PEBP1 expression dramatically promoted the autophagic process under starvation conditions. Furthermore, PEBP1 lacking the LIR motif highly stimulated starvation-induced autophagy through the AKT-MTORC1-dependent pathway. PEBP1 phosphorylation at Ser153 caused dissociation of LC3 from the PEBP1-LC3 complex for autophagy induction. PEBP1-dependent suppression of autophagy was not associated with the MAPK pathway. These findings suggest that PEBP1 can act as a negative mediator in autophagy through stimulation of the AKT-MTORC1 pathway and direct interaction with LC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sook Noh
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Young-Sool Hah
- b Biomedical Research Institute of Gyeongsang National University Hospital , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Sahib Zada
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Ji Hye Ha
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Gyujin Sim
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Trang Huyen Lai
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Huynh Quoc Nguyen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- c School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science , Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- d Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - June-Ho Byun
- e Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Jong Ryeal Hahm
- f Department of Internal Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Kee Ryeon Kang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- a Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences , Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , JinJu , Korea
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219
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Ha J, Kim J. Novel pharmacological modulators of autophagy: an updated patent review (2012-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1273-1289. [PMID: 27476990 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1217996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis in response to a variety of cellular stresses. Accumulating reports based on animal models have indicated the importance of this catabolic program in many human pathophysiological conditions, including diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and cancers. Therefore, autophagy has been highlighted as a novel therapeutic target with a wide range of beneficial effects on human diseases. Here, we review the recent advances of our knowledge toward autophagy, as well as the efforts for developing autophagy modulators. Areas covered: The relevant patents (published at 2012-2015) and the research literature claiming the pharmacological modulation of autophagy are reviewed. Also, their molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic utilities are discussed. Expert opinion: Considering the molecular machinery involved in autophagy induction, the targeting of autophagy-specific protein is very important to design the therapeutic interventions for specifically treating a variety of autophagy-associated disorders. Many patents and the research literature described in this review have shown promising applications of the relevant autophagy modulators for cancer or neurodegeneration treatments, a few of which are already being considered for clinical evaluation. However, most patents have claimed the modulators of autophagy with little information regarding their mechanisms of action. To design highly potent therapeutics, further work, such as developing compounds that specifically target the autophagy-specific machinery, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohun Ha
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Joungmok Kim
- b Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Korea
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220
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Targeting autophagy enhances the anti-tumoral action of crizotinib in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30149-64. [PMID: 26338968 PMCID: PMC4745787 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas (ALK+ ALCL) occur predominantly in children and young adults. Their treatment, based on aggressive chemotherapy, is not optimal since ALCL patients can still expect a 30% 2-year relapse rate. Tumor relapses are very aggressive and their underlying mechanisms are unknown. Crizotinib is the most advanced ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is already used in clinics to treat ALK-associated cancers. However, crizotinib escape mechanisms have emerged, thus preventing its use in frontline ALCL therapy. The process of autophagy has been proposed as the next target for elimination of the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we investigated whether autophagy is activated in ALCL cells submitted to ALK inactivation (using crizotinib or ALK-targeting siRNA). Classical autophagy read-outs such as autophagosome visualization/quantification by electron microscopy and LC3-B marker turn-over assays were used to demonstrate autophagy induction and flux activation upon ALK inactivation. This was demonstrated to have a cytoprotective role on cell viability and clonogenic assays following combined ALK and autophagy inhibition. Altogether, our results suggest that co-treatment with crizotinib and chloroquine (two drugs already used in clinics) could be beneficial for ALK-positive ALCL patients.
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221
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Choi J, Biering SB, Hwang S. Quo vadis? Interferon-inducible GTPases go to their target membranes via the LC3-conjugation system of autophagy. Small GTPases 2016; 8:199-207. [PMID: 27428166 PMCID: PMC5680725 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1213090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens survive and replicate within vacuole-like structures in the cytoplasm. It has been unclear how the host immune system controls such pathogen-containing vacuoles. Interferon-inducible GTPases are dynamin-like GTPases that target the membranes of pathogen-containing vacuoles. Upon their oligomerization on the membrane, the vacuole structure disintegrates and the pathogen gets exposed to the hostile cytoplasm. What has been obscure is how the immune system detects and directs the GTPases to these pathogen shelters. Using a common protist parasite of mice, Toxoplasma gondii, we found that the LC3 conjugation system of autophagy is necessary and sufficient for targeting the interferon-inducible GTPases to membranes. We dubbed this process Targeting by AutophaGy proteins (TAG). In canonical autophagy, the LC3 conjugation system is required to form membrane-bound autophagosomes, which encircle and deliver cytosolic materials to lysosomes for degradation. In TAG, however, the conjugation system is required to mark the membranes of pathogen-containing vacuoles with ubiquitin-like LC3 homologs, which function as molecular beacons to recruit the GTPases to their target membranes. Our data suggest that the LC3 conjugation system of autophagy plays an essential role in detecting and marking pathogen-containing vacuoles for immune effector targeting by the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Choi
- a Department of Pathology , The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- b Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- a Department of Pathology , The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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222
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Chang I, Wang CY. Inhibition of HDAC6 Protein Enhances Bortezomib-induced Apoptosis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) by Reducing Autophagy. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18199-209. [PMID: 27369083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major barrier to effective chemotherapy of solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Recently, autophagy, a highly conservative intracellular recycling system, has shown to be associated with chemoresistance in cancer cells. However, little is known about how autophagy plays a role in the development of chemoresistance in HNSCC and how autophagy is initiated when HNSCC cells undergo cytotoxic stress. Here, we report that autophagy was activated when HNSCC cells are treated with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, proposed as an alternative chemotherapeutic agent for both primary and cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cells. Ablation of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) expression and its activity in HNSCC cells significantly inhibited autophagy induction by altering the phosphorylation status of mammalian target of rapamycin and enhanced the bortezomib cytotoxicity. Similarly, a combination regimen of bortezomib and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A abolished HDAC6 activity and decreased autophagy induction while significantly enhancing bortezomib-induced apoptosis in HNSCC cells. These data uncover a novel molecular mechanism indicating that HDAC6 may serve as a critical causal link between autophagy, apoptosis, and the cell survival response in HNSCC. A combination regimen resulting in regression of autophagy improves chemotherapeutic efficacy, thereby providing a new strategy to overcome chemoresistance and to improve the treatment and survival of HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insoon Chang
- From the Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- From the Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095
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223
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Overexpression of Plasmodium berghei ATG8 by Liver Forms Leads to Cumulative Defects in Organelle Dynamics and to Generation of Noninfectious Merozoites. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00682-16. [PMID: 27353755 PMCID: PMC4937212 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00682-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasmodium parasites undergo continuous cellular renovation to adapt to various environments in the vertebrate host and insect vector. In hepatocytes, Plasmodium berghei discards unneeded organelles for replication, such as micronemes involved in invasion. Concomitantly, intrahepatic parasites expand organelles such as the apicoplast that produce essential metabolites. We previously showed that the ATG8 conjugation system is upregulated in P. berghei liver forms and that P. berghei ATG8 (PbATG8) localizes to the membranes of the apicoplast and cytoplasmic vesicles. Here, we focus on the contribution of PbATG8 to the organellar changes that occur in intrahepatic parasites. We illustrated that micronemes colocalize with PbATG8-containing structures before expulsion from the parasite. Interference with PbATG8 function by overexpression results in poor development into late liver stages and production of small merosomes that contain immature merozoites unable to initiate a blood infection. At the cellular level, PbATG8-overexpressing P. berghei exhibits a delay in microneme compartmentalization into PbATG8-containing autophagosomes and elimination compared to parasites from the parental strain. The apicoplast, identifiable by immunostaining of the acyl carrier protein (ACP), undergoes an abnormally fast proliferation in mutant parasites. Over time, the ACP staining becomes diffuse in merosomes, indicating a collapse of the apicoplast. PbATG8 is not incorporated into the progeny of mutant parasites, in contrast to parental merozoites in which PbATG8 and ACP localize to the apicoplast. These observations reveal that Plasmodium ATG8 is a key effector in the development of merozoites by controlling microneme clearance and apicoplast proliferation and that dysregulation in ATG8 levels is detrimental for malaria infectivity. IMPORTANCE Malaria is responsible for more mortality than any other parasitic disease. Resistance to antimalarial medicines is a recurring problem; new drugs are urgently needed. A key to the parasite's successful intracellular development in the liver is the metabolic changes necessary to convert the parasite from a sporozoite to a replication-competent, metabolically active trophozoite form. Our study reinforces the burgeoning concept that organellar changes during parasite differentiation are mediated by an autophagy-like process. We have identified ATG8 in Plasmodium liver forms as an important effector that controls the development and fate of organelles, e.g., the clearance of micronemes that are required for hepatocyte invasion and the expansion of the apicoplast that produces many metabolites indispensable for parasite replication. Given the unconventional properties and the importance of ATG8 for parasite development in hepatocytes, targeting the parasite's autophagic pathway may represent a novel approach to control malarial infections.
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224
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Sun WL. Ambra1 in autophagy and apoptosis: Implications for cell survival and chemotherapy resistance. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:367-374. [PMID: 27347152 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies suggest that autophagy has a protective role in cancer treatment and may even be involved in chemotherapy resistance. Nevertheless, the mechanism of autophagy in cancer treatment and drug resistance has not yet been established. There is a complex association between autophagy and apoptosis. Accordingly, these two processes can mutually regulate and transform to determine the fate of a cell, depending on the context. Activating molecule in Beclin 1-regulated autophagy protein 1 (Ambra1) is an important factor at the crossroad between autophagy and apoptosis. The expression level and intracellular distributions of Ambra1 may control the balance and conversion between autophagy and apoptosis, and modify the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Therefore, Ambra1 may provide a novel target for cancer treatment, particularly for overcoming anticancer drug resistance. The present review focuses on the role of Ambra1 in autophagy and apoptosis and assesses the implications for cell survival and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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225
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Coxsackievirus B3 infection induces autophagic flux, and autophagosomes are critical for efficient viral replication. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2197-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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226
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Zhang DX, Zhang JP, Hu JY, Huang YS. The potential regulatory roles of NAD(+) and its metabolism in autophagy. Metabolism 2016; 65:454-62. [PMID: 26975537 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
(Macro)autophagy mediates the bulk degradation of defective organelles, long-lived proteins and protein aggregates in lysosomes and plays a critical role in cellular and tissue homeostasis. Defective autophagy processes have been found to contribute to a variety of metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy are not fully understood. Increasing data indicate that nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD(+)) homeostasis correlates intimately with autophagy. NAD(+) is a ubiquitous coenzyme that functions primarily as an electron carrier of oxidoreductase in multiple redox reactions. Both NAD(+) homeostasis and its metabolism are thought to play critical roles in regulating autophagy. In this review, we discuss how the regulation of NAD(+) and its metabolism can influence autophagy. We focus on the regulation of NAD(+)/NADH homeostasis and the effects of NAD(+) consumption by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), NAD(+)-dependent deacetylation by sirtuins and NAD(+) metabolites on autophagy processes and the underlying mechanisms. Future studies should provide more direct evidence for the regulation of autophagy processes by NAD(+). A better understanding of the critical roles of NAD(+) and its metabolites on autophagy will shed light on the complexity of autophagy regulation, which is essential for the discovery of new therapeutic tools for autophagy-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing, PR China, 400038
| | - Jia-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing, PR China, 400038
| | - Jiong-Yu Hu
- Endocrinology Department, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China, 400038
| | - Yue-Sheng Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing, PR China, 400038.
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Guo L, Yu H, Gu W, Luo X, Li R, Zhang J, Xu Y, Yang L, Shen N, Feng L, Wang Y. Autophagy Negatively Regulates Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Replication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23864. [PMID: 27029407 PMCID: PMC4814908 DOI: 10.1038/srep23864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient pathway that has been shown to be important in the innate immune defense against several viruses. However, little is known about the regulatory role of autophagy in transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) replication. In this study, we found that TGEV infection increased the number of autophagosome-like double- and single-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells, a phenomenon that is known to be related to autophagy. In addition, virus replication was required for the increased amount of the autophagosome marker protein LC3-II. Autophagic flux occurred in TGEV-infected cells, suggesting that TGEV infection triggered a complete autophagic response. When autophagy was pharmacologically inhibited by wortmannin or LY294002, TGEV replication increased. The increase in virus yield via autophagy inhibition was further confirmed by the use of siRNA duplexes, through which three proteins required for autophagy were depleted. Furthermore, TGEV replication was inhibited when autophagy was activated by rapamycin. The antiviral response of autophagy was confirmed by using siRNA to reduce the expression of gene p300, which otherwise inhibits autophagy. Together, the results indicate that TGEV infection activates autophagy and that autophagy then inhibits further TGEV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Weike Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Weihong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ren Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Denora PS, Smets K, Zolfanelli F, Ceuterick-de Groote C, Casali C, Deconinck T, Sieben A, Gonzales M, Zuchner S, Darios F, Peeters D, Brice A, Malandrini A, De Jonghe P, Santorelli FM, Stevanin G, Martin JJ, El Hachimi KH. Motor neuron degeneration in spastic paraplegia 11 mimics amyotrophic lateral sclerosis lesions. Brain 2016; 139:1723-34. [PMID: 27016404 PMCID: PMC5839621 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common form of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia is caused by
mutations in the SPG11/KIAA1840 gene on chromosome 15q.
The nature of the vast majority of SPG11 mutations found to date suggests
a loss-of-function mechanism of the encoded protein, spatacsin. The SPG11 phenotype is, in
most cases, characterized by a progressive spasticity with neuropathy, cognitive
impairment and a thin corpus callosum on brain MRI. Full neuropathological
characterization has not been reported to date despite the description of >100
SPG11 mutations. We describe here the clinical and pathological
features observed in two unrelated females, members of genetically ascertained SPG11
families originating from Belgium and Italy, respectively. We confirm the presence of
lesions of motor tracts in medulla oblongata and spinal cord associated with other lesions
of the central nervous system. Interestingly, we report for the first time pathological
hallmarks of SPG11 in neurons that include intracytoplasmic granular lysosome-like
structures mainly in supratentorial areas, and others in subtentorial areas that are
partially reminiscent of those observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, such as
ubiquitin and p62 aggregates, except that they are never labelled with anti-TDP-43 or
anti-cystatin C. The neuropathological overlap with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
associated with some shared clinical manifestations, opens up new fields of investigation
in the physiopathological continuum of motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola S Denora
- 1 Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL université, laboratoire de neurogénétique, F-75013, Paris, France 2 Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR7225, F-75013, Paris, France 4 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France 5 Department of Genetics and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Gesu' Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Katrien Smets
- 6 Neurogenetics Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium 7 Laboratories of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium 8 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Carlo Casali
- 11 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Polo Pontino Rome, Italy
| | - Tine Deconinck
- 6 Neurogenetics Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium 7 Laboratories of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- 10 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium 12 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gent, Belgium
| | - Michael Gonzales
- 13 Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- 13 Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Frédéric Darios
- 2 Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR7225, F-75013, Paris, France 4 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Peeters
- 14 Department of Neurology, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Alexis Brice
- 2 Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR7225, F-75013, Paris, France 4 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France 15 APHP, Département de Génétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Malandrini
- 16 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- 6 Neurogenetics Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium 7 Laboratories of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium 8 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- 17 Molecular Medicine Laboratory, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- 1 Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL université, laboratoire de neurogénétique, F-75013, Paris, France 2 Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR7225, F-75013, Paris, France 4 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France 15 APHP, Département de Génétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Khalid H El Hachimi
- 1 Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL université, laboratoire de neurogénétique, F-75013, Paris, France 2 Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR7225, F-75013, Paris, France 4 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France
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Bak DH, Kang SH, Choi DUR, Gil MN, Yu KS, Jeong JH, Lee NS, Lee JH, Jeong YG, Kim DK, Kim DOK, Kim JJ, Han SY. Autophagy enhancement contributes to the synergistic effect of vitamin D in temozolomide-based glioblastoma chemotherapy. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2153-2162. [PMID: 27313664 PMCID: PMC4888049 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, is recommended as the initial treatment for high-grade glioblastoma. TMZ is widely used, but its short half-life and the frequency of tumor resistance limit its therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, the anticancer effect of vitamin D (VD) combined with TMZ upon glioblastoma was determined, and the underlying mechanism of this effect was identified. Through cell viability, clonogenic and wound healing assays, the current study demonstrated that treatment of a C6 glioblastoma cell line with TMZ and VD resulted in significantly increased in vitro antitumor effects compared with either VD or TMZ alone. Autophagy, hypothesized to be the dominant mechanism underlying TMZ-based tumor cell death, was maximally activated in TMZ and VD co-treated C6 cells. This was demonstrated by ultrastructural observations of autophagosomes, increased size and number of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) puncta and increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. However, the extent of apoptosis was not significantly different between cells treated with TMZ and VD and those treated with TMZ alone. Addition of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine markedly inhibited the anticancer effect of TMZ and VD treatment, indicating that the chemosensitizing effect of VD in TMZ-based glioblastoma therapy is generated through enhancement of cytotoxic autophagy. TMZ and VD co-treatment also significantly inhibited tumor progression and prolonged survival duration in rat glioblastoma orthotopic xenograft models when compared with TMZ treatment alone. These in vivo results are concordant with the aforementioned in vitro results, together revealing that the combined use of TMZ and VD exerts synergistic antitumor effects on rat models of glioblastoma and may represent an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Bak
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hee Kang
- Department of Radiological Science, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - DU Ri Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Na Gil
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Yu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heun Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Seob Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gil Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - DO-Kyung Kim
- Industry Cooperation Foundation, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea; Myunggok Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Han
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea; Myunggok Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
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231
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Wang S, Livingston MJ, Su Y, Dong Z. Reciprocal regulation of cilia and autophagy via the MTOR and proteasome pathways. Autophagy 2016; 11:607-16. [PMID: 25906314 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1023983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium is an organelle that plays significant roles in a number of cellular functions ranging from cell mechanosensation, proliferation, and differentiation to apoptosis. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular function in biology and indispensable for cellular homeostasis. Both cilia and autophagy have been linked to different types of genetic and acquired human diseases. Their interaction has been suggested very recently, but the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. We examined autophagy in cells with suppressed cilia and measured cilium length in autophagy-activated or -suppressed cells. It was found that autophagy was repressed in cells with short cilia. Further investigation showed that MTOR activation was enhanced in cilia-suppressed cells and the MTOR inhibitor rapamycin could largely reverse autophagy suppression. In human kidney proximal tubular cells (HK2), autophagy induction was associated with cilium elongation. Conversely, autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) as well as bafilomycin A1 (Baf) led to short cilia. Cilia were also shorter in cultured atg5-knockout (KO) cells and in atg7-KO kidney proximal tubular cells in mice. MG132, an inhibitor of the proteasome, could significantly restore cilium length in atg5-KO cells, being concomitant with the proteasome activity. Together, the results suggest that cilia and autophagy regulate reciprocally through the MTOR signaling pathway and ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- 70kDa, polypeptide 1
- ANKS6, ankyrin repeat and sterile α motif domain containing 6
- ATG/atg, autophagy-related
- Ac-TUBA, acetylated-tubulin α
- Baf, bafilomycin A1
- CF, confluence
- CQ, chloroquine
- DAPI, 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HK2, human kidney proximal tubular cells
- IFT, intraflagellar transport
- KAP3, kinesin family-associated protein 3
- KD, knockdown
- KIF3A/3B, kinesin family member 3A/3B
- KO, knockout
- LTA, lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- MTOR
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- OFD1, oral-ficial-digital syndrome 1
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PKD, polycystic kidney disease
- RKRB, Krebs-Henseleit saline containing 25 mM NaHCO3
- RPS6KB1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase
- Rapa, rapamycin
- SD, standard deviation
- autophagy
- cilia
- polycystic kidney disease
- proteasome
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wang
- a Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy ; Medical College of Georgia; Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center ; Augusta , GA USA
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232
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Mechanistically Dissecting Autophagy: Insights from In Vitro Reconstitution. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1700-13. [PMID: 26946034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental cellular mechanism responsible for bulk turnover of cytoplasmic components. It is broadly related to many cellular activities, physiological processes, and pathological conditions. Autophagy entails a spatiotemporal interaction between cytosolic factors and membranes that are remodeled to encapsulate autophagic cargo within an autophagosome. Although majority of the factors [autophagy-related gene (Atg) proteins] involved in autophagy have been identified by genetic studies, the mechanism accounting for how these factors act upon the membrane to remodel it and efficiently recruit cargo for degradation is unclear. In vitro reconstitution of several different aspects of autophagy has provided important insights into the understanding of the mechanistic details underlying autophagic membrane remodeling and cargo recruitment. Here, we highlight these efforts toward studying autophagy through in vitro approaches.
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233
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Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent mechanism of intracellular degradation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process are highly complex and involve multiple proteins, including the kinases ULK1 and Vps34. The main function of autophagy is the maintenance of cell survival when modifications occur in the cellular environment. During the past decade, extensive studies have greatly improved our knowledge and autophagy has exploded as a research field. This process is now widely implicated in pathophysiological processes such as cancer, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders, making it an attractive target for drug discovery. In this review, we will summarize the different types of inhibitors that affect the autophagy machinery and provide some potential therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Pasquier
- Sanofi, 13, Quai Jules Guesde, 94403, Vitry Sur Seine, France.
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234
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Kaushal GP, Shah SV. Autophagy in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2016; 89:779-91. [PMID: 26924060 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved multistep pathway that degrades and recycles damaged organelles and macromolecules to maintain intracellular homeostasis. The autophagy pathway is upregulated under stress conditions including cell starvation, hypoxia, nutrient and growth-factor deprivation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidant injury, most of which are involved in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent studies demonstrate that basal autophagy in the kidney is vital for the normal homeostasis of the proximal tubules. Deletion of key autophagy proteins impaired renal function and increased p62 levels and oxidative stress. In models of AKI, autophagy deletion in proximal tubules worsened tubular injury and renal function, highlighting that autophagy is renoprotective in models of AKI. In addition to nonselective sequestration of autophagic cargo, autophagy can facilitate selective degradation of damaged organelles, particularly mitochondrial degradation through the process of mitophagy. Damaged mitochondria accumulate in autophagy-deficient kidneys of mice subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the precise mechanisms of regulation of mitophagy in AKI are not yet elucidated. Recent progress in identifying the interplay of autophagy, apoptosis, and regulated necrosis has revived interest in examining shared pathways/molecules in this crosstalk during the pathogenesis of AKI. Autophagy and its associated pathways pose potentially unique targets for therapeutic interventions in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur P Kaushal
- Renal Section, Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Sudhir V Shah
- Renal Section, Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Zheng W, Zhou J, He Y, Xie Q, Chen A, Zheng H, Shi L, Zhao X, Zhang C, Huang Q, Fang K, Lu G, Ebbole DJ, Li G, Naqvi NI, Wang Z. Retromer Is Essential for Autophagy-Dependent Plant Infection by the Rice Blast Fungus. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005704. [PMID: 26658729 PMCID: PMC4686016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retromer mediates protein trafficking through recycling cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network in eukaryotes. However, the role of such trafficking events during pathogen-host interaction remains unclear. Here, we report that the cargo-recognition complex (MoVps35, MoVps26 and MoVps29) of the retromer is essential for appressorium-mediated host penetration by Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal pathogen of the blast disease in rice. Loss of retromer function blocked glycogen distribution and turnover of lipid bodies, delayed nuclear degeneration and reduced turgor during appressorial development. Cytological observation revealed dynamic MoVps35-GFP foci co-localized with autophagy-related protein RFP-MoAtg8 at the periphery of autolysosomes. Furthermore, RFP-MoAtg8 interacted with MoVps35-GFP in vivo, RFP-MoAtg8 was mislocalized to the vacuole and failed to recycle from the autolysosome in the absence of the retromer function, leading to impaired biogenesis of autophagosomes. We therefore conclude that retromer is essential for autophagy-dependent plant infection by the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zheng
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yunlong He
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ahai Chen
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengkang Zhang
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qingping Huang
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kunhai Fang
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Daniel J. Ebbole
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Naweed I. Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (NIN); (ZW)
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- * E-mail: (NIN); (ZW)
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The Function of Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26797-812. [PMID: 26569220 PMCID: PMC4661849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, hereafter referred to as autophagy, is a bulk degradation process performed by lysosomes in which aggregated and altered proteins as well as dysfunctional organelles are decomposed. Autophagy is a basic cellular process that maintains homeostasis and is crucial for postmitotic neurons. Thus, impaired autophagic processes in neurons lead to improper homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Recent studies have suggested that impairments of the autophagic process are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood. In this review, we focus on the recent findings regarding the autophagic process and the involvement of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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237
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Lionaki E, Markaki M, Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N. Mitochondria, autophagy and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases: New insights into a complex interplay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1412-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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238
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Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic process involving lysosomal degradation of intracellular components, damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and toxic aggregates, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage. The process is also induced in response to various conditions, including nutrient deprivation, metabolic stress, hypoxia, anticancer therapeutics, and radiation therapy to adapt cellular conditions for survival. Autophagy can function as a tumor suppressor mechanism in normal cells and dysregulation of this process (ie, monoallelic Beclin-1 deletion) may lead to malignant transformation and carcinogenesis. In tumors, autophagy is thought to promote tumor growth and progression by helping cells to adapt and survive in metabolically-challenged and harsh tumor microenvironments (ie, hypoxia and acidity). Recent in vitro and in vivo studies in preclinical models suggested that modulation of autophagy can be used as a therapeutic modality to enhance the efficacy of conventional therapies, including chemo and radiation therapy. Currently, more than 30 clinical trials are investigating the effects of autophagy inhibition in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapies and targeted agents in various cancers. In this review, we will discuss the role, molecular mechanism, and regulation of autophagy, while targeting this process as a novel therapeutic modality, in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas - Houston, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Doris M Benbrook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma HSC, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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239
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Bader CA, Shandala T, Ng YS, Johnson IRD, Brooks DA. Atg9 is required for intraluminal vesicles in amphisomes and autolysosomes. Biol Open 2015; 4:1345-55. [PMID: 26353861 PMCID: PMC4728360 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular recycling and degradation process, which is important for energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, physiological stress response and organism development. During Drosophila development, autophagy is up-regulated in fat body and midgut cells, to control metabolic function and to enable tissue remodelling. Atg9 is the only transmembrane protein involved in the core autophagy machinery and is thought to have a role in autophagosome formation. During Drosophila development, Atg9 co-located with Atg8 autophagosomes, Rab11 endosomes and Lamp1 endosomes-lysosomes. RNAi silencing of Atg9 reduced both the number and the size of autophagosomes during development and caused morphological changes to amphisomes/autolysosomes. In control cells there was compartmentalised acidification corresponding to intraluminal Rab11/Lamp-1 vesicles, but in Atg9 depleted cells there were no intraluminal vesicles and the acidification was not compartmentalised. We concluded that Atg9 is required to form intraluminal vesicles and for localised acidification within amphisomes/autolysosomes, and consequently when depleted, reduced the capacity to degrade and remodel gut tissue during development. Summary: The disappearance of intraluminal vesicles in amphisomes/autolysosomes upon Atg9 depletion suggests that Atg9 has a specific role in intraluminal vesicle formation in autophagic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bader
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Diseases Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - T Shandala
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Diseases Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Y S Ng
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Diseases Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - I R D Johnson
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Diseases Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - D A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Diseases Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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240
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Ferrington DA, Sinha D, Kaarniranta K. Defects in retinal pigment epithelial cell proteolysis and the pathology associated with age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 51:69-89. [PMID: 26344735 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis, also referred to as "Proteostasis", integrates multiple pathways that regulate protein synthesis, folding, translocation, and degradation. Failure in proteostasis may be one of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the cascade of events leading to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review covers the major degradative pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome and lysosomal involvement in phagocytosis and autophagy) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and summarizes evidence of their involvement in AMD. Degradation of damaged and misfolded proteins via the proteasome occurs in coordination with heat shock proteins. Evidence of increased content of proteasome and heat shock proteins in retinas from human donors with AMD is consistent with increased oxidative stress and extensive protein damage with AMD. Phagocytosis and autophagy share key molecules in phagosome maturation as well as degradation of their cargo following fusion with lysosomes. Phagocytosis and degradation of photoreceptor outer segments ensures functional integrity of the neural retina. Autophagy rids the cell of toxic protein aggregates and defective mitochondria. Evidence suggesting a decline in autophagic flux includes the accumulation of autophagic substrates and damaged mitochondria in RPE from AMD donors. An age-related decrease in lysosomal enzymatic activity inhibits autophagic clearance of outer segments, mitochondria, and protein aggregates, thereby accelerating the accumulation of lipofuscin. This cumulative damage over a person's lifetime tips the balance in RPE from a state of para-inflammation, which strives to restore cell homeostasis, to the chronic inflammation associated with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, 2001 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room M035 Robert and Clarice Smith Bldg, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Finland.
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241
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Sinha D, Valapala M, Shang P, Hose S, Grebe R, Lutty GA, Zigler JS, Kaarniranta K, Handa JT. Lysosomes: Regulators of autophagy in the retinal pigmented epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2015; 144:46-53. [PMID: 26321509 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) is critically important to retinal homeostasis, in part due to its very active processes of phagocytosis and autophagy. Both of these processes depend upon the normal functioning of lysosomes, organelles which must fuse with (auto)phagosomes to deliver the hydrolases that effect degradation of cargo. It has become clear that signaling through mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), is very important in the regulation of lysosomal function. This signaling pathway is becoming a target for therapeutic intervention in diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), where lysosomal function is defective. In addition, our laboratory has been studying animal models in which the gene (Cryba1) for βA3/A1-crystallin is deficient. These animals exhibit impaired lysosomal clearance in the RPE and pathological signs that are similar to some of those seen in AMD patients. The data demonstrate that βA3/A1-crystallin localizes to lysosomes in the RPE and that it is a binding partner of V-ATPase, the proton pump that acidifies the lysosomal lumen. This suggests that βA3/A1-crystallin may also be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in AMD. In this review, we focus on effector molecules that impact the lysosomal-autophagic pathway in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Sinha
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mallika Valapala
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth Hospital and Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Stacey Hose
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rhonda Grebe
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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242
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Mooren FC, Krüger K. Exercise, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:407-22. [PMID: 26477924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a form of physiological stress which is known to induce an adaptational response. It is proposed that both apoptosis and autophagy are processes which are necessary for adaptation to exercise. Apoptosis and autophagy are induced during exercise to limit tissue damage, restore tissue integrity, terminate inflammatory responses, or induce direct signals for adaptation. Apoptosis is induced by specific mediators like reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and hormones. Autophagic pathways are activated by altered proteins/organelles with the aim to conserve and recycle the cellular resources. In this case, the cell is flooded with damaged molecules, the repairing mechanisms are overtaxed, and apoptosis is induced. In conclusion, autophagy seems to be necessary for adaptation by providing locally the conditions for muscle plasticity and apoptosis systemically by mobilizing progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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243
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Ha J, Guan KL, Kim J. AMPK and autophagy in glucose/glycogen metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 46:46-62. [PMID: 26297963 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucose/glycogen metabolism is a primary metabolic pathway acting on a variety of cellular needs, such as proliferation, growth, and survival against stresses. The multiple regulatory mechanisms underlying a specific metabolic fate have been documented and explained the molecular basis of various pathophysiological conditions, including metabolic disorders and cancers. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been appreciated for many years as a central metabolic regulator to inhibit energy-consuming pathways as well as to activate the compensating energy-producing programs. In fact, glucose starvation is a potent physiological AMPK activating condition, in which AMPK triggers various subsequent metabolic events depending on cells or tissues. Of note, the recent studies show bidirectional interplay between AMPK and glycogen. A growing number of studies have proposed additional level of metabolic regulation by a lysosome-dependent catabolic program, autophagy. Autophagy is a critical degradative pathway not only for maintenance of cellular homeostasis to remove potentially dangerous constituents, such as protein aggregates and dysfunctional subcellular organelles, but also for adaptive responses to metabolic stress, such as nutrient starvation. Importantly, many lines of evidence indicate that autophagy is closely connected with nutrient signaling modules, including AMPK, to fine-tune the metabolic pathways in response to many different cellular cues. In this review, we introduce the studies demonstrating the role of AMPK and autophagy in glucose/glycogen metabolism. Also, we describe the recent advances on their contributions to the metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Joungmok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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244
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Janikiewicz J, Hanzelka K, Dziewulska A, Kozinski K, Dobrzyn P, Bernas T, Dobrzyn A. Inhibition of SCD1 impairs palmitate-derived autophagy at the step of autophagosome-lysosome fusion in pancreatic β-cells. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1901-11. [PMID: 26293158 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m059980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is indispensable for the proper architecture and flawless functioning of pancreatic β-cells. A growing body of evidence indicates reciprocal communication between autophagic pathways, apoptosis, and intracellular lipids. The way in which elevated levels of free saturated or unsaturated FAs contribute to progressive β-cell failure remains incompletely understood. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)1, a key regulatory enzyme in biosynthesis of MUFAs, was shown to play an important role in regulation of β-cell function. Here, we investigated whether SCD1 activity is engaged in palmitate-induced pancreatic β-cell autophagy. We found augmented apoptosis and diminished autophagy upon cotreatment of INS-1E cells with palmitate and an SCD1 inhibitor. Furthermore, we found that additional treatment of the cells with monensin, an inhibitor of autophagy at the step of fusion, exacerbates palmitate-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, diminished SCD1 activity affected the accumulation, composition, and saturation status of cellular membrane phospholipids and neutral lipids. Such an effect was accompanied by aberrant endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial injury, and decreases in insulin secretion and cell proliferation. Our data reveal a novel mechanism by which the inhibition of SCD1 activity affects autophagosome-lysosome fusion because of perturbations in cellular membrane integrity, thus leading to an aberrant stress response and β-cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janikiewicz
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hanzelka
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dziewulska
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Kozinski
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Dobrzyn
- Medical Molecular Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tytus Bernas
- Functional and Structural Tissue Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyn
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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245
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Passeri E, Mocchetti I, Moussa C. Is human immunodeficiency virus-mediated dementia an autophagic defect that leads to neurodegeneration? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2015; 13:1571-9. [PMID: 25106633 DOI: 10.2174/1871527313666140806125841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that mediates selective degradation of cellular components in lysosomes. Autophagy may protect against neuronal apoptosis, which is induced in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, compounds that modulate autophagy could be beneficial to treat neurological disorders characterized by apoptosis such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as human-immunodeficiency virus-dementia complex. In this paper, we review new and old evidence on the role of autophagy in neuronal cell survival and we present evidence that humanimmunodeficiency virus may have adapted strategies to alter autophagic pathways in neurons. Moreover, we discuss the usefulness of drugs that facilitate autophagic clearance of proteins that are associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charbel Moussa
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, NRB WP13, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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246
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Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Insights from a Cultured Cell Model of ALS. Cells 2015; 4:354-86. [PMID: 26287246 PMCID: PMC4588041 DOI: 10.3390/cells4030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a major role in the elimination of cellular waste components, the renewal of intracellular proteins and the prevention of the build-up of redundant or defective material. It is fundamental for the maintenance of homeostasis and especially important in post-mitotic neuronal cells, which, without competent autophagy, accumulate protein aggregates and degenerate. Many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with defective autophagy; however, whether altered protein turnover or accumulation of misfolded, aggregate-prone proteins is the primary insult in neurodegeneration has long been a matter of debate. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by selective degeneration of motor neurons. Most of the ALS cases occur in sporadic forms (SALS), while 10%–15% of the cases have a positive familial history (FALS). The accumulation in the cell of misfolded/abnormal proteins is a hallmark of both SALS and FALS, and altered protein degradation due to autophagy dysregulation has been proposed to contribute to ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on the main molecular features of autophagy to provide a framework for discussion of our recent findings about the role in disease pathogenesis of the ALS-linked form of the VAPB gene product, a mutant protein that drives the generation of unusual cytoplasmic inclusions.
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247
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Saha S, Ash PEA, Gowda V, Liu L, Shirihai O, Wolozin B. Mutations in LRRK2 potentiate age-related impairment of autophagic flux. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:26. [PMID: 26159606 PMCID: PMC4702340 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, but little is known about how genes linked to PD affect autophagy in the context of aging. We generated lines of C. elegans expressing reporters for the autophagosome and lysosome expressed only in dopaminergic neurons, and examined autophagy throughout the lifespan in nematode lines expressing LRRK2 and α-synuclein. Dopamine neurons exhibit a progressive loss of autophagic function with aging. G2019S LRRK2 inhibited autophagy and accelerated the age-related loss of autophagic function, while WT LRRK2 improved autophagy throughout the life-span. Expressing α-synuclein with G2019S or WT LRRK2 caused age-related synergistic inhibition of autophagy and increase in degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The presence of α-synuclein particularly accentuated age-related inhibition of autophagy by G2019S LRRK2. This work indicates that LRRK2 exhibits a selective, age-linked deleterious interaction with α-synuclein that promotes neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamol Saha
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Peter E A Ash
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vivek Gowda
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Liqun Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Departments of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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248
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Shpilka T, Welter E, Borovsky N, Amar N, Mari M, Reggiori F, Elazar Z. Lipid droplets and their component triglycerides and steryl esters regulate autophagosome biogenesis. EMBO J 2015; 34:2117-31. [PMID: 26162625 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major catabolic process responsible for the delivery of proteins and organelles to the lysosome/vacuole for degradation. Malfunction of this pathway has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions. Different organelles have been found to contribute to the formation of autophagosomes, but the exact mechanism mediating this process remains obscure. Here, we show that lipid droplets (LDs) are important for the regulation of starvation-induced autophagy. Deletion of Dga1 and Lro1 enzymes responsible for triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, or of Are1 and Are2 enzymes responsible for the synthesis of steryl esters (STE), results in the inhibition of autophagy. Moreover, we identified the STE hydrolase Yeh1 and the TAG lipase Ayr1 as well as the lipase/hydrolase Ldh1 as essential for autophagy. Finally, we provide evidence that the ER-LD contact-site proteins Ice2 and Ldb16 regulate autophagy. Our study thus highlights the importance of lipid droplet dynamics for the autophagic process under nitrogen starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Shpilka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Evelyn Welter
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Borovsky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nira Amar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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249
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Gomez-Sanchez JA, Carty L, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Palomo-Irigoyen M, Varela-Rey M, Griffith M, Hantke J, Macias-Camara N, Azkargorta M, Aurrekoetxea I, De Juan VG, Jefferies HBJ, Aspichueta P, Elortza F, Aransay AM, Martínez-Chantar ML, Baas F, Mato JM, Mirsky R, Woodhoo A, Jessen KR. Schwann cell autophagy, myelinophagy, initiates myelin clearance from injured nerves. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:153-68. [PMID: 26150392 PMCID: PMC4494002 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Schwann cell myelin breakdown is the universal outcome of a remarkably wide range of conditions that cause disease or injury to peripheral nerves, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that make Schwann cell-mediated myelin digestion possible have not been established. We report that Schwann cells degrade myelin after injury by a novel form of selective autophagy, myelinophagy. Autophagy was up-regulated by myelinating Schwann cells after nerve injury, myelin debris was present in autophagosomes, and pharmacological and genetic inhibition of autophagy impaired myelin clearance. Myelinophagy was positively regulated by the Schwann cell JNK/c-Jun pathway, a central regulator of the Schwann cell reprogramming induced by nerve injury. We also present evidence that myelinophagy is defective in the injured central nervous system. These results reveal an important role for inductive autophagy during Wallerian degeneration, and point to potential mechanistic targets for accelerating myelin clearance and improving demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Lucy Carty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Marta Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Palomo-Irigoyen
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Megan Griffith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Janina Hantke
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Nuria Macias-Camara
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain ProteoRed-ISCIII
| | - Igor Aurrekoetxea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez De Juan
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Harold B J Jefferies
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Félix Elortza
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain ProteoRed-ISCIII
| | - Ana M Aransay
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María L Martínez-Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Ashwin Woodhoo
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kristján R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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Rubinsztein DC, Bento CF, Deretic V. Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. J Exp Med 2015; 212:979-90. [PMID: 26101267 PMCID: PMC4493419 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process that uses double-membrane vesicles to deliver cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation. Although autophagy may impact many facets of human biology and disease, in this review we focus on the ability of autophagy to protect against certain neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. Autophagy enhances the clearance of toxic, cytoplasmic, aggregate-prone proteins and infectious agents. The beneficial roles of autophagy can now be extended to supporting cell survival and regulating inflammation. Autophagic control of inflammation is one area where autophagy may have similar benefits for both infectious and neurodegenerative diseases beyond direct removal of the pathogenic agents. Preclinical data supporting the potential therapeutic utility of autophagy modulation in such conditions is accumulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 OSP, England, UK
| | - Carla F Bento
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 OSP, England, UK
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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