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Nakagomi T, Nakano-Doi A, Kawamura M, Matsuyama T. Do Vascular Pericytes Contribute to Neurovasculogenesis in the Central Nervous System as Multipotent Vascular Stem Cells? Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1730-9. [PMID: 25900222 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that multipotent stem cells are harbored within a vascular niche inside various organs. Although a precise phenotype of resident vascular stem cells (VSCs) that can function as multipotent stem cells remains unclear, accumulating evidence shows that multipotent VSCs are likely vascular pericytes (PCs) that localize within blood vessels. These PCs are multipotent, possessing the ability to differentiate into various cell types, including vascular lineage cells. In addition, brain PCs are unique: They are derived from neural crest and can differentiate into neural lineage cells. Because PCs in the central nervous system (CNS) can contribute to both neurogenesis and vasculogenesis, they may mediate the reparative process of neurovascular units that are constructed by neural and vascular cells. Here, we describe the activity of PCs when viewed as multipotent VSCs, primarily regarding their neurogenic and vasculogenic potential in the CNS. We also discuss similarities between PCs and other candidates for multipotent VSCs, including perivascular mesenchymal stem cells, neural crest-derived stem cells, adventitial progenitor cells, and adipose-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakagomi
- 1 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine , Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakano-Doi
- 1 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine , Hyogo, Japan
| | - Miki Kawamura
- 1 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine , Hyogo, Japan .,2 Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- 1 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine , Hyogo, Japan
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Sivasankar V, Ranganathan K. Growth characteristics and expression of CD73 and CD146 in cells cultured from dental pulp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:278-85. [PMID: 26037281 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in permanent teeth and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous (SHED) teeth are unique sources of mesenchymal stem cells. The aim of this study was to compare the growth characteristics and morphology of DPSCs and SHED and their immuno-phenotype using CD73 and CD146 in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th passage of cell culture. METHODS Growth characteristics, morphology, and colony forming efficiency were assessed for SHED and DPSCs. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry using CD146 and CD73 was performed for SHED and DPSCs in the 1st, 3rd and 5th passage of culture. Data was analyzed using SPSS™ software (version 17.0.0). RESULTS The seeding efficiency and colony forming unit efficiency was higher in SHED than in DPSCs. Flow cytometry analysis using CD73 and CD146 showed an increase in CD73 expression with increase in passage number in SHED and a decrease in CD73 expression with increase in passage number in DPSCs. There was a decrease in CD146 expression from passage one through five in SHED and DPSCs. CONCLUSION Cells isolated from the pulp of deciduous teeth and permanent teeth show difference in their growth characteristics and phenotype and are a viable source of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Sivasankar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Ranganathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells are mainly known for their contribution to fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases, but their identity and function in normal liver remain unclear. They were recently identified as liver-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can differentiate not only into adipocytes and osteocytes, but also into liver epithelial cells such as hepatocytes and bile duct cells as investigated in vitro and in vivo. During hepatic differentiation, stellate cells and other MSCs transiently develop into liver progenitor cells with epithelial characteristics before hepatocytes are established. Transplanted stellate cells from the liver and pancreas are able to contribute to liver regeneration in stem cell-based liver injury models and can also home into the bone marrow, which is in line with their classification as MSCs. There is experimental evidence that bile acids support liver regeneration and are able to activate signaling pathways in hepatic stellate cells. For this reason, it is important to analyze the influence of bile acids on developmental fate decisions of hepatic stellate cells and other MSC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kordes
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Functional fingerprinting of human mesenchymal stem cells using high-throughput RNAi screening. Genome Med 2015; 7:46. [PMID: 26120366 PMCID: PMC4481116 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for cellular therapies ranging from tissue repair in regenerative medicine to immunomodulation in graft versus host disease after allogeneic transplantation or in autoimmune diseases. Nonetheless, progress has been hampered by their enormous phenotypic as well as functional heterogeneity and the lack of uniform standards and guidelines for quality control. In this study, we describe a method to perform cellular phenotyping by high-throughput RNA interference in primary human bone marrow MSCs. We have shown that despite heterogeneity of MSC populations, robust functional assays can be established that are suitable for high-throughput and high-content screening. We profiled primary human MSCs against human fibroblasts. Network analysis showed a kinome fingerprint that differs from human primary fibroblasts as well as fibroblast cell lines. In conclusion, this study shows that high-throughput screening in primary human MSCs can be reliably used for kinome fingerprinting.
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205
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Crabbé A, Liu Y, Sarker SF, Bonenfant NR, Barrila J, Borg ZD, Lee JJ, Weiss DJ, Nickerson CA. Recellularization of decellularized lung scaffolds is enhanced by dynamic suspension culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126846. [PMID: 25962111 PMCID: PMC4427280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies are needed to improve repopulation of decellularized lung scaffolds with stromal and functional epithelial cells. We demonstrate that decellularized mouse lungs recellularized in a dynamic low fluid shear suspension bioreactor, termed the rotating wall vessel (RWV), contained more cells with decreased apoptosis, increased proliferation and enhanced levels of total RNA compared to static recellularization conditions. These results were observed with two relevant mouse cell types: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs) and alveolar type II cells (C10). In addition, MSCs cultured in decellularized lungs under static but not bioreactor conditions formed multilayered aggregates. Gene expression and immunohistochemical analyses suggested differentiation of MSCs into collagen I-producing fibroblast-like cells in the bioreactor, indicating enhanced potential for remodeling of the decellularized scaffold matrix. In conclusion, dynamic suspension culture is promising for enhancing repopulation of decellularized lungs, and could contribute to remodeling the extracellular matrix of the scaffolds with subsequent effects on differentiation and functionality of inoculated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Crabbé
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yulong Liu
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shameema F. Sarker
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Bonenfant
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Barrila
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zachary D. Borg
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - James J. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Nickerson
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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206
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Tsai TL, Wang B, Squire MW, Guo LW, Li WJ. Endothelial cells direct human mesenchymal stem cells for osteo- and chondro-lineage differentiation through endothelin-1 and AKT signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:88. [PMID: 25998005 PMCID: PMC4416238 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) reside in a perivascular niche of the body, suggesting that they interact closely with vascular endothelial cells (ECs) through cell-cell interaction or paracrine signaling to maintain cell functions. Endothelin-1 (ET1) is a paracrine factor mainly secreted by ECs. We thus hypothesize that ECs can regulate cellular activities of hMSCs and direct their stem cell fate. Methods We investigated whether co-cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were able to regulate expression of potency- and lineage-related markers in bone marrow-derived hMSCs. We further explored the regulatory effects of ET1 on cell proliferation, expression of surface antigens and pluripotency-related markers, and multilineage differentiation in hMSCs. Activation of the AKT signaling pathway in hMSCs was also analyzed to identify its mechanistic role in the ET1-induced regulation. Results Co-cultured HAECs enhanced expression of mesenchymal lineage-related markers in hMSCs. Treatment of ET receptor antagonist downregulated the increased expression of CBFA1 in hMSCs cultured with HAEC-conditioned medium. hMSCs treated with ET1 showed cell proliferation and expression of surface antigens, CD73, CD90, and CD105, comparable with those without ET1 treatment. ET1-treated hMSCs also expressed upregulated mRNA transcript levels of OCT3/4, NANOG, CBFA1 and SOX9. When induced for lineage-specific differentiation, hMSCs pre-treated with ET1 showed enhanced osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. However, adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs was not affected by ET1 pretreatment. We further showed that the ET1-induced regulation was mediated by activation of AKT signaling. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that ET1 secreted by HAECs can direct bone marrow-derived hMSCs for osteo- and chondro-lineage differentiation through activation of the AKT signaling pathway, suggesting that ET1 plays a crucial role in regulation of hMSC activity. Our findings may help understand how hMSCs interact with ECs in a perivascular niche. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0065-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Tsai
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5151, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Matthew W Squire
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5151, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Wan-Ju Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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LaBarbera KE, Hyldahl RD, O'Fallon KS, Clarkson PM, Witkowski S. Pericyte NF-κB activation enhances endothelial cell proliferation and proangiogenic cytokine secretion in vitro. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/4/e12309. [PMID: 25911453 PMCID: PMC4425949 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are skeletal muscle resident, multipotent stem cells that are localized to the microvasculature. In vivo, studies have shown that they respond to damage through activation of nuclear-factor kappa-B (NF-κB), but the downstream effects of NF-κB activation on endothelial cell proliferation and cell-cell signaling during repair remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine pericyte NF-κB activation in a model of skeletal muscle damage; and use genetic manipulation to study the effects of changes in pericyte NF-κB activation on endothelial cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. We utilized scratch injury to C2C12 cells in coculture with human primary pericytes to assess NF-κB activation and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion from pericytes and C2C12 cells. We also cocultured endothelial cells with pericytes that expressed genetically altered NF-κB activation levels, and then quantified endothelial cell proliferation and screened the conditioned media for secreted cytokines. Pericytes trended toward greater NF-κB activation in injured compared to control cocultures (P = 0.085) and in comparison to C2C12 cells (P = 0.079). Second, increased NF-κB activation in pericytes enhanced the proliferation of cocultured endothelial cells (1.3-fold, P = 0.002). Finally, we identified inflammatory signaling molecules, including MCP-1 and interleukin 8 (IL-8) that may mediate the crosstalk between pericytes and endothelial cells. The results of this study show that pericyte NF-κB activation may be an important mechanism in skeletal muscle repair with implications for the development of therapies for musculoskeletal and vascular diseases, including peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E LaBarbera
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Robert D Hyldahl
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Kevin S O'Fallon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Priscilla M Clarkson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Witkowski
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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208
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Pierantozzi E, Badin M, Vezzani B, Curina C, Randazzo D, Petraglia F, Rossi D, Sorrentino V. Human pericytes isolated from adipose tissue have better differentiation abilities than their mesenchymal stem cell counterparts. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:769-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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209
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Amato B, Compagna R, Amato M, Grande R, Butrico L, Rossi A, Naso A, Ruggiero M, de Franciscis S, Serra R. Adult vascular wall resident multipotent vascular stem cells, matrix metalloproteinases, and arterial aneurysms. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:434962. [PMID: 25866513 PMCID: PMC4381852 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidences have shown the presence of multipotent stem cells (SCs) at sites of arterial aneurysms: they can differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and are activated after residing in a quiescent state in the vascular wall. Recent studies have implicated the role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of arterial aneurysms: in fact the increased synthesis of MMPs by arterial SMCs is thought to be a pivotal mechanism in aneurysm formation. The factors and signaling pathways involved in regulating wall resident SC recruitment, survival, proliferation, growth factor production, and differentiation may be also related to selective expression of different MMPs. This review explores the relationship between adult vascular wall resident multipotent vascular SCs, MMPs, and arterial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Amato
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Compagna
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Grande
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Butrico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 88100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Agostino Naso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Ruggiero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Peters EB, Liu B, Christoforou N, West JL, Truskey GA. Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mononuclear Cells Exhibit Pericyte-Like Phenotype and Support Network Formation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells In Vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2552-68. [PMID: 25777295 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood represents a promising cell source for pro-angiogenic therapies. The present study examined the potential of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from umbilical cord blood to support endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) microvessel formation. MNCs were isolated from the cord blood of 20 separate donors and selected for further characterization based upon their proliferation potential and morphological resemblance to human vascular pericytes (HVPs). MNCs were screened for their ability to support EPC network formation using an in vitro assay (Matrigel™) as well as a reductionist, coculture system consisting of no additional angiogenic cytokines beyond those present in serum. In less than 15% of the isolations, we identified a population of highly proliferative MNCs that phenotypically resembled HVPs as assessed by expression of PDGFR-β, NG2, α-SMA, and ephrin-B2. Within a Matrigel™ system, MNCs demonstrated pericyte-like function through colocalization to EPC networks and similar effects as HVPs upon total EPC tubule length (p = 0.95) and number of branch points (p = 0.93). In a reductionist coculture system, MNCs served as pro-angiogenic mural cells by supporting EPC network formation to a significantly greater extent than HVP cocultures, by day 14 of coculture, as evidenced through EPC total tubule length (p < 0.0001) and number of branch points (p < 0.0001). Our findings are significant as we demonstrate mural cell progenitors can be isolated from umbilical cord blood and develop culture conditions to support their use in microvascular tissue engineering applications.
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211
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Periodontal ligament stem cells: current status, concerns, and future prospects. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:972313. [PMID: 25861283 PMCID: PMC4378705 DOI: 10.1155/2015/972313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), which reside in the perivascular space of the periodontium, possess characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and are a promising tool for periodontal regeneration. Recently, great progress has been made in PDLSC transplantation. Investigators are attempting to maximize the proliferation and differentiation potential of PDLSCs by modifying culture conditions and applying growth factors. Nevertheless, problems remain. First, incomparability among different studies must be minimized by establishing standard guidelines for culture and identification of PDLSCs. Notably, attention should be paid to the biological safety of PDLSC transplantation. The present review updates the latest findings regarding PDLSCs and discusses standard criteria for culture and identification of PDLSCs. Finally, the review calls for careful consideration of PDLSC transplantation safety.
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212
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Mechanical stimulation of human tendon stem/progenitor cells results in upregulation of matrix proteins, integrins and MMPs, and activation of p38 and ERK1/2 kinases. BMC Mol Biol 2015; 16:6. [PMID: 25880261 PMCID: PMC4373449 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-015-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tendons are dense connective tissues subjected periodically to mechanical stress upon which complex responsive mechanisms are activated. These mechanisms affect not only the development of these tissues but also their healing. Despite of the acknowledged importance of the mechanical stress for tendon function and repair, the mechanotransduction mechanisms in tendon cells are still unclear and the elucidation of these mechanisms is a key goal in tendon research. Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPC) possess common adult stem cell characteristics, and are suggested to actively participate in tendon development, tissue homeostasis as well as repair. This makes them an important cell population for tendon repair, and also an interesting research target for various open questions in tendon cell biology. Therefore, in our study we focused on TSPC, subjected them to five different mechanical protocols, and investigated the gene expression changes by using semi-quantitative, quantitative PCR and western blotting technologies. Results Among the 25 different genes analyzed, we can convincingly report that the tendon-related genes - fibromodulin, lumican and versican, the collagen I-binding integrins - α1, α2 and α11, the matrix metalloproteinases - MMP9, 13 and 14 were strongly upregulated in TSPC after 3 days of mechanical stimulation with 8% amplitude. Molecular signaling analyses of five key integrin downstream kinases suggested that mechanical stimuli are mediated through ERK1/2 and p38, which were significantly activated in 8% biaxial-loaded TSPC. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the positive effect of 8% mechanical loading on the gene expression of matrix proteins, integrins and matrix metalloproteinases, and activation of integrin downstream kinases p38 and ERK1/2 in TSPC. Taken together, our study contributes to better understanding of mechanotransduction mechanisms in TPSC, which in long term, after further translational research between tendon cell biology and orthopedics, can be beneficial to the management of tendon repair. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12867-015-0036-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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213
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Mesenchymal stromal cells for sphincter regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:123-36. [PMID: 25451135 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), defined as the involuntary loss of considerable amounts of urine during increased abdominal pressure (exertion, effort, sneezing, coughing, etc.), is a severe problem to the individuals affected and a significant medical, social and economic challenge. SUI is associated with pelvic floor debility, absence of detrusor contraction, or a loss of control over the sphincter muscle apparatus. The pathology includes an increasing loss of muscle cells, replacement of muscular tissue with fibrous tissue, and general aging associated processes of the sphincter complex. When current therapies fail to cure or improve SUI, application of regeneration-competent cells may be an alternative therapeutic option. Here we discuss different aspects of the biology of mesenchymal stromal cells, which are relevant to their clinical applications and for regenerating the sphincter complex. However, there are reports in favor of and against cell-based therapies. We therefore summarize the potential and the risks of cell-based therapies for the treatment of SUI.
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214
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Weber M, Apostolova G, Widera D, Mittelbronn M, Dechant G, Kaltschmidt B, Rohrer H. Alternative Generation of CNS Neural Stem Cells and PNS Derivatives from Neural Crest-Derived Peripheral Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:574-88. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Weber
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Galina Apostolova
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute for Neuroscience; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Darius Widera
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Georg Dechant
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute for Neuroscience; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology; University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology; Frankfurt Germany
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Amend B, Vaegler M, Fuchs K, Mannheim JG, Will S, Kramer U, Hart ML, Feitz W, Chapple C, Stenzl A, Aicher WK. Regeneration of degenerated urinary sphincter muscles: improved stem cell-based therapies and novel imaging technologies. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2171-83. [PMID: 25608017 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a largely ousted but significant medical, social, and economic problem. Surveys suggest that nowadays approximately 10% of the male and 15% of the female population suffer from urinary incontinence at some stage in their lifetime. In women, two major etiologies contribute to SUI: degeneration of the urethral sphincter muscle controlling the closing mechanism of the bladder outflow and changes in lower pelvic organ position associated with degeneration of connective tissue or with mechanical stress, including obesity and load and tissue injury during pregnancy and delivery. In males, the reduction of the sphincter muscle function is sometimes due to surgical interventions as a consequence of prostate cancer treatment, benign prostate hyperplasia, or of neuropathical origin. Accordingly, for women and men different therapies were developed. In some cases, SUI can be treated by physical exercise, electrophysiological stimulation, and pharmacological interventions. If this fails to improve the situation, surgical interventions are required. In standard procedures, endoprostheses for mechanical support of the weakened tissue or mechanical valves for a bladder outflow control are implanted. In 20% of cases treated, repeat procedures are required as implants yield all sorts of side effects in time. Based on preclinical studies, the application of an advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) such as implantation of autologous cells may be a curative and long-lasting therapy for SUI. Cellular therapy could also be an option for men suffering from incontinence caused by injury of the nerves controlling the muscular sphincter system. Here we briefly report on human progenitor cells, especially on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), their expansion and differentiation to smooth muscle or striated muscle cells in vitro, labeling of cells for in vivo imaging, concepts of improved, precise, yet gentle application of cells in muscle tissue, and monitoring of injected cells in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Amend
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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Lv FJ, Tuan RS, Cheung KMC, Leung VYL. Concise review: the surface markers and identity of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1408-19. [PMID: 24578244 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The concept of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is becoming increasingly obscure due to the recent findings of heterogeneous populations with different levels of stemness within MSCs isolated by traditional plastic adherence. MSCs were originally identified in bone marrow and later detected in many other tissues. Currently, no cloning based on single surface marker is capable of isolating cells that satisfy the minimal criteria of MSCs from various tissue environments. Markers that associate with the stemness of MSCs await to be elucidated. A number of candidate MSC surface markers or markers possibly related to their stemness have been brought forward so far, including Stro-1, SSEA-4, CD271, and CD146, yet there is a large difference in their expression in various sources of MSCs. The exact identity of MSCs in vivo is not yet clear, although reports have suggested they may have a fibroblastic or pericytic origin. In this review, we revisit the reported expression of surface molecules in MSCs from various sources, aiming to assess their potential as MSC markers and define the critical panel for future investigation. We also discuss the relationship of MSCs to fibroblasts and pericytes in an attempt to shed light on their identity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; Center for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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217
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Liu D, Ge K, Sun J, Chen S, Jia G, Zhang J. Lanthanum breaks the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02311d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
La breaks the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of MSCs through phosphorylating Smad1/5/8 to activate the BMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- PR China
| | - Shizhu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
| | - Guang Jia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
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218
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Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O. Pericytes at the intersection between tissue regeneration and pathology. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:81-93. [PMID: 25236972 PMCID: PMC4200531 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular multipotent cells, pericytes, contribute to the generation and repair of various tissues in response to injury. They are heterogeneous in their morphology, distribution, origin and markers, and elucidating their molecular and cellular differences may inform novel treatments for disorders in which tissue regeneration is either impaired or excessive. Moreover, these discoveries offer novel cellular targets for therapeutic approaches to many diseases. This review discusses recent studies that support the concept that pericyte subtypes play a distinctive role in myogenesis, neurogenesis, adipogenesis, fibrogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Maria Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
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219
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Su X, Zuo W, Wu Z, Chen J, Wu N, Ma P, Xia Z, Jiang C, Ye Z, Liu S, Liu J, Zhou G, Wan C, Qiu G. CD146 as a new marker for an increased chondroprogenitor cell sub-population in the later stages of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:84-91. [PMID: 25266708 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated with different methods. In this study lateral and medial femoral condyles were respectively collected from patients with late-stage osteoarthritis during the total knee arthroplasty. After digestion of the cartilage tissues with type II collagenase and analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with CD146, a chondroprogenitor cell sub-population were isolated and purified. The expression of other MSC-associated markers in the CD146+ chondroprogenitors was analyzed by flow cytometry. Multi-lineage differentiation capacity of CD146+ chondroprogenitors was compared with that of unsorted chondrocytes and adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs). Higher percentage of CD146+ chondroprogenitors isolated from the medial femoral condyles was observed than that from the lateral. CD146+ chondroprogenitors expressed high levels of MSC-specific surface antigens, and showed higher chondrogenesis capacity than ADMSCs and unsorted chondrocytes in a 3D cell pellet culture model. Thus CD146 might be a new cell surface marker for cartilage progenitor cell population in the late-stage osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Su
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
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220
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Miyauchi J, Kawaguchi H. Fetal liver stromal cells support blast growth in transient abnormal myelopoiesis in Down syndrome through GM-CSF. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1176-86. [PMID: 24415393 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) in neonates with Down syndrome, which spontaneously resolves within several weeks or months after birth, may represent a very special form of leukemia arising in the fetal liver (FL). To explore the role of the fetal hematopoietic microenvironment in the pathogenesis of TAM, we examined the in vitro influences of stromal cells of human FL and fetal bone marrow (FBM) on the growth of TAM blasts. Both FL and FBM stromal cells expressed mesenchymal cell antigens (vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, CD146, and nestin), being consistent with perivascular cells/mesenchymal stem cells that support hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, a small fraction of the FL stromal cells expressed an epithelial marker, cytokeratin 8, indicating that they could be cells in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the coculture system, stromal cells of the FL, but not FBM, potently supported the growth of TAM blast progenitors, mainly through humoral factors. High concentrations of hematopoietic growth factors were detected in culture supernatants of the FL stromal cells and a neutralizing antibody against granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) almost completely inhibited the growth-supportive activity of the culture supernatants. These results indicate that FL stromal cells with unique characteristics of EMT cells provide a pivotal hematopoietic microenvironment for TAM blasts and that GM-CSF produced by FL stromal cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miyauchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Chiba-ken, Japan
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221
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Collins JJP, Thébaud B. Lung mesenchymal stromal cells in development and disease: to serve and protect? Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1849-62. [PMID: 24350665 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a disease of the developing lung that afflicts extreme preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Follow-up studies into adulthood show that BPD is not merely a problem of the neonatal period, as it also may predispose to early-onset emphysema and poor lung function in later life. RECENT ADVANCES The increasing promise of bone marrow- or umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to repair neonatal and adult lung diseases may for the first time offer the chance to make substantial strides in improving the outcome of extreme premature infants at risk of developing BPD. As more knowledge has been obtained on MSCs over the past decades, it has become clear that each organ has its own reservoir of endogenous MSCs, including the lung. CRITICAL ISSUES We have only barely scratched the surface on what resident lung MSCs exactly are and what their role and function in lung development may be. Moreover, what happens to these putative repair cells in BPD when alveolar development goes awry and why do their counterparts from the bone marrow and umbilical cord succeed in restoring normal alveolar development when they themselves do not? FUTURE DIRECTIONS Much work remains to be carried out to validate lung MSCs, but with the high potential of MSC-based treatment for BPD and other lung diseases, a thorough understanding of the endogenous lung MSC will be pivotal to get to the bottom of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J P Collins
- 1 Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
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222
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Bruno S, Chiabotto G, Camussi G. Concise review: different mesenchymal stromal/stem cell populations reside in the adult kidney. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1451-5. [PMID: 25355731 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During fetal life, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) surround glomeruli and tubules and contribute to the development of the renal interstitium by secretion of growth factors that drive nephron differentiation. In the adult, an MSC-like population has been demonstrated in different compartments of human and murine nephrons. After injury, these cells might provide support for kidney regeneration by recapitulating the role they have in embryonic life. In this short review, we discuss the evidence of an MSC presence within the adult kidney and their potential contribution to the turnover of renal cells and injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bruno
- Departments of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Departments of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Departments of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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223
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Choi JK, Hwang HI, Jang YJ. The efficiency of the in vitro osteo/dentinogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells, periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:161-8. [PMID: 25355399 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the primary cell cultures from dental pulp and other oral tissue are frequently used to study osteogenic potential and stem cell responses, few systematic and comparative studies on stemness for the dentinogenic differentiation of these cells have been conducted. In the present study, to investigate the stemness of oral primary cells during extended culture, human adult dental pulp cells (hDPCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) were obtained and cultured from pulp tissue, periodontal ligaments, and marginal and attached gingival tissue of extracted third molars, respectively. As shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and immunophenotyping, the mesenchymal stem cell markers, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD146 and CD166, were highly expressed in early passage hDPCs, hPDLSCs and hGFs. However, when the cells were treated with osteogenic additives, mineralization markedly increased in the hDPCs and hPDLSCs, but not in the hGFs. Moreover, the expression of dentinogenic markers, such as dentin sialophosphoprotein and dentin matrix protein-1, appeared to decrease during extended culture past passage number 8 of the hDPCs and hPDLSCs. These data suggest that hDPCs and hPDLSCs may have differentiation potential during the early passages, and that their progenitor potential is diminished during extended culture. The hGFs did not show differentiation capability during culture, even though they contained general mesenchymal stem cell surface proteins. The transcriptional expression of dentinogenic markers in hDPCs was not affected by co-culture with hPDLSCs and/or hGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kwon Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction, Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-In Hwang
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction, Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction, Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
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224
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Roson-Burgo B, Sanchez-Guijo F, Del Cañizo C, De Las Rivas J. Transcriptomic portrait of human Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells isolated from bone marrow and placenta. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:910. [PMID: 25326687 PMCID: PMC4287589 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells that behave in a highly plastic manner, inhabiting the stroma of several tissues. The potential utility of MSCs is nowadays strongly investigated in the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy, although many questions about their molecular identity remain uncertain. Results MSC primary cultures from human bone marrow (BM) and placenta (PL) were derived and verified by their immunophenotype standard pattern and trilineage differentiation potential. Then, a broad characterization of the transcriptome of these MSCs was performed using RNA deep sequencing (RNA-Seq). Quantitative analysis of these data rendered an extensive expression footprint that includes 5,271 protein-coding genes. Flow cytometry assays of canonical MSC CD-markers were congruent with their expression levels detected by the RNA-Seq. Expression of other recently proposed MSC markers (CD146, Nestin and CD271) was tested in the placenta samples, finding only CD146 and Nestin. Functional analysis revealed enrichment in stem cell related genes and mesenchymal regulatory transcription factors (TFs). Analysis of TF binding sites (TFBSs) identified 11 meta-regulators, including factors KLF4 and MYC among them. Epigenetically, hypomethylated promoter patterns supported the active expression of the MSC TFs found. An interaction network of these TFs was built to show up their links and relations. Assessment of dissimilarities between cell origins (BM versus PL) disclosed two hundred differentially expressed genes enrolled in microenvironment processes related to the cellular niche, as regulation of bone formation and blood vessel morphogenesis for the case of BM-MSCs. By contrast genes overexpressed in PL-MSCs showed functional enrichment on mitosis, negative regulation of cell-death and embryonic morphogenesis that supported the higher growth rates observed in the cultures of these fetal cells and their closer links with development processes. Conclusions The results present a transcriptomic portrait of the human MSCs isolated from bone marrow and placenta. The data are released as a cell-specific resource, providing a comprehensive expression footprint of the MSCs useful to better understand their cellular and molecular biology and for further investigations on the isolation and biomedical use of these multipotent cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-910) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Javier De Las Rivas
- Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
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225
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Matsumura S, Higa K, Igarashi T, Takaichi S, Tonogi M, Shinozaki N, Shimazaki J, Yamane GY. Characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cell populations from non-epithelial oral mucosa. Oral Dis 2014; 21:361-72. [PMID: 25180458 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The characteristics of cell populations extracted from oral mucosal non-epithelial tissues and their ability to differentiate were evaluated in vitro as a potential source of cells for mandibular and corneal regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral mucosal non-epithelial cells (OMNECs) were extracted from tissue samples and were studied by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Cells differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, neurocytes, or keratocytes were characterized by RT-PCR and cell staining. RESULTS OMNECs expressed CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166, and STRO-1 antigens, which are markers for mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, Oct3/4, c-Myc, Nanog, KLF4, and Rex, which are expressed by embryonic or pluripotent stem cells, were detected by RT-PCR. Expression of CD49d, CD56, and PDGFRα, proteins closely associated with the neural crest, was observed in OMNECs, as was expression of Twist1, Sox9, Snail1 and Snail2, which are early neural crest and neural markers. Specific differentiation markers were expressed in OMNECs after differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, or keratocytes. CONCLUSIONS Populations of OMNECs may contain both mesenchymal stem cells and neural crest origin cells and are a potential cell source for autologous regeneration of mandibular or corneal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsumura
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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226
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Hagmann S, Frank S, Gotterbarm T, Dreher T, Eckstein V, Moradi B. Fluorescence activated enrichment of CD146+ cells during expansion of human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells augments proliferation and GAG/DNA content in chondrogenic media. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:322. [PMID: 25262357 PMCID: PMC4196082 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While numerous subpopulations of BM-MSCs have been identified, the relevance of these findings regarding the functional properties remains mostly unclear. With regards to attempts of enhancing differentiation results by preselecting certain MSC subtypes, we have evaluated the efficiency of CD146 purification during expansion, and evaluated whether these measures enhanced MSC differentiation results. METHODS Human MSCs were derived from bone marrow of six donors and cultured in two different culture media. After P1, MSCs were purified by either magnetic or fluorescence sorting for CD146, with unsorted cells as controls. Growth characteristics and typical MSC surface markers were assessed from P0 to P3. After P3, chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential were assessed. RESULTS Despite a high variability of CD146 expression among the donors, fluorescence sorting significantly increased the number of CD146+ cells compared to control MSCs, while magnetic sorting led to a lesser enrichment. Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential was not affected by the sorting process. However, FACS-sorted cells showed significantly increased GAG/DNA content after chondrogenic differentiation compared to control MSCs. CONCLUSION FACS sorting of CD146+ cells was more efficient than magnetic sorting. The underlying mechanism of increased GAG/DNA content after enrichment during expansion remains unclear, but may be linked to increased proliferation rates in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Babak Moradi
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
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227
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Davaine JM, Quillard T, Brion R, Lapérine O, Guyomarch B, Merlini T, Chatelais M, Guilbaud F, Brennan MÁ, Charrier C, Heymann D, Gouëffic Y, Heymann MF. Osteoprotegerin, pericytes and bone-like vascular calcification are associated with carotid plaque stability. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107642. [PMID: 25259713 PMCID: PMC4178031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular calcification, recapitulating bone formation, has a profound impact on plaque stability. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of bone-like vascular calcification (named osteoid metaplasia = OM) and of osteoprotegerin on plaque stability. METHODS Tissue from carotid endarterectomies were analysed for the presence of calcification and signs of vulnerability according to AHA grading system. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), pericytes and endothelial cells were sought using immuno-histochemistry. Symptoms and preoperative imaging findings (CT-scan, MRI and Doppler-scan) were analyzed. Human pericytes were cultured to evaluate their ability to secrete OPG and to influence mineralization in the plaque. RESULTS Seventy-three carotid plaques (49 asymptomatic and 24 symptomatic) were harvested. A significantly higher presence of OM (18.4% vs 0%, p<0.01), OPG (10.2% of ROI vs 3.4% of ROI, p<0.05) and pericytes (19% of ROI vs 3.8% of ROI, p<0.05) were noted in asymptomatic compared to symptomatic plaques. Consistently, circulating OPG levels were higher in the plasma of asymptomatic patients (3.2 ng/mL vs 2.5 ng/mL, p = 0.05). In vitro, human vascular pericytes secreted considerable amounts of OPG and underwent osteoblastic differentiation. Pericytes also inhibited the osteoclastic differentiation of CD14+ cells through their secretion of OPG. CONCLUSIONS OPG (intraplaque an plasmatic) and OM are associated with carotid plaque stability. Pericytes may be involved in the secretion of intraplaque OPG and in the formation of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Davaine
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Régis Brion
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Lapérine
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Guyomarch
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
- Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Thierry Merlini
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Mathias Chatelais
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
| | - Florian Guilbaud
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Meadhbh Áine Brennan
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Charrier
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Gouëffic
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
- Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
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228
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Magatti M, Caruso M, De Munari S, Vertua E, De D, Manuelpillai U, Parolini O. Human Amniotic Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal and Epithelial Cells Exert Different Effects on Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Function. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1733-52. [PMID: 25259480 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x684033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that mesenchymal cells from human amniotic membrane (hAMTCs) inhibit the generation and maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Considering the crucial role of DCs in the immune response and that epithelial cells of the human amniotic membrane (hAECs) share some of the immunoregulatory properties of hAMTCs, we investigated whether hAECs also modulate monocyte-derived DCs. We compared hAECs with hAMTCs in a cell-to-cell contact setting and their secreted factors in modulating DC differentiation and function. First, we demonstrated that primary and expanded hAMTCs strongly inhibited the differentiation of DCs and induced a shift toward M2-like macrophages. This was observed when hAMTCs were cultured in contact (hAMTC-DC(cont)) or in Transwells (hAMTC-DC(tw)) with monocytes and even when medium conditioned by hAMTCs was used instead of hAMTCs. hAECs also prevented DC development, but to a lesser extent than hAMTCs. hAECs were more effective when cultured in contact with monocytes (hAEC-DC(cont)) rather than in Transwells (hAEC-DC(tw)). The modulatory capacity of hAECs changed during passaging unlike the hAMSCs. The ability to stimulate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation was almost completely abolished by hAMTC-DC(cont), whereas hAMTC-DC(tw) and hAEC-DC(cont) displayed only a reduced ability to stimulate CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, monocytes cocultured with hAMTCs and hAECs showed some similarities, but also differences in cytokine/chemokine secretion. Similarities were observed in the inhibition of IL-12p70 and TNF-α and the increase in IL-10 in supernatants taken from monocyte-DCs cocultured with hAMTCs and hAECs in contact and Transwell settings. The inflammatory factors IL-8, CXCL9, and MIP-1α were significantly lower in hAMTC-DC(cont), hAMTC-DC(tw), and hAEC-DC(cont) conditions. In contrast, only hAMTCs (in both contact and Transwell conditions) were able to significantly increase IL-1β and CCL2. Altogether, we demonstrated that hAMTCs and hAECs affect DC differentiation, but that hAMTCs exerted a stronger inhibitory effect, abolished T-cell proliferation, and also induced more changes in cytokine/chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Magatti
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza-Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
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229
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Ferretti C, Mattioli-Belmonte M. Periosteum derived stem cells for regenerative medicine proposals: Boosting current knowledge. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:266-277. [PMID: 25126377 PMCID: PMC4131269 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periosteum is a thin fibrous layer that covers most bones. It resides in a dynamic mechanically loaded environment and provides a niche for pluripotent cells and a source for molecular factors that modulate cell behaviour. Elucidating periosteum regenerative potential has become a hot topic in orthopaedics. This review discusses the state of the art of osteochondral tissue engineering rested on periosteum derived progenitor cells (PDPCs) and suggests upcoming research directions. Periosteal cells isolation, characterization and migration in the site of injury, as well as their differentiation, are analysed. Moreover, the role of cell mechanosensing and its contribution to matrix organization, bone microarchitecture and bone stenght is examined. In this regard the role of periostin and its upregulation under mechanical stress in order to preserve PDPC survival and bone tissue integrity is contemplated. The review also summarized the role of the periosteum in the field of dentistry and maxillofacial reconstruction. The involvement of microRNAs in osteoblast differentiation and in endogenous tissue repair is explored as well. Finally the novel concept of a guided bone regeneration based on the use of periosteum itself as a smart material and the realization of constructs able to mimic the extracellular matrix features is talked out. Additionally, since periosteum can differentiate into insulin producing cells it could be a suitable source in allogenic transplantations. That innovative applications would take advantage from investigations aimed to assess PDPC immune privilege.
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230
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Kouroupis D, Churchman SM, English A, Emery P, Giannoudis PV, McGonagle D, Jones EA. Assessment of umbilical cord tissue as a source of mesenchymal stem cell/endothelial cell mixtures for bone regeneration. Regen Med 2014; 8:569-81. [PMID: 23998751 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To enumerate and characterize mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) in umbilical cord (UC) tissue digests. MATERIALS & METHODS Cultured UC cells were characterized phenotypically, and functionally by using 48-gene arrays. Native MSCs and ECs were enumerated using flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with bone marrow (BM) MSCs, UC MSCs displayed significantly lower (range 4-240-fold) basal levels of bone-related transcripts, but their phenotypes were similar (CD73⁺, CD105⁺, CD90⁺, CD45⁻ and CD31⁻). UC MSCs responded well to osteogenic induction, but day 21 postinduction levels remained below those achieved by BM MSCs. The total yield of native UC MSCs (CD90⁺, CD45⁻ and CD235α⁻) and ECs (CD31⁺, CD45⁻ and CD235α⁻) exceeded 150 and 15 million cells/donation, respectively. Both UC MSCs and ECs expressed CD146. CONCLUSION While BM MSCs are more predisposed to osteogenesis, UC tissue harbors large numbers of MSCs and ECs; such minimally manipulated 'off-the-shelf' cellular mixtures can be used for regenerating bone in patients with compromised vascular supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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231
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Hart ML, Neumayer KMH, Vaegler M, Daum L, Amend B, Sievert KD, Di Giovanni S, Kraushaar U, Guenther E, Stenzl A, Aicher WK. Cell-based therapy for the deficient urinary sphincter. Curr Urol Rep 2014; 14:476-87. [PMID: 23824516 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-013-0352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When sterile culture techniques of mammalian cells first became state of the art, there was tremendous anticipation that such cells could be eventually applied for therapeutic purposes. The discovery of adult human stem or progenitor cells further motivated scientists to pursue research in cell-based therapies. Although evidence from animal studies suggests that application of cells yields measurable benefits, in urology and many other disciplines, progenitor-cell-based therapies are not yet routinely clinically available. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a condition affecting a large number of patients. The etiology of SUI includes, but is not limited to, degeneration of the urinary sphincter muscle tissue and loss of innervation, as well as anatomical and biomechanical causes. Therefore, different regimens were developed to treat SUI. However, at present, a curative functional treatment is not at hand. A progenitor-cell-based therapy that can tackle the etiology of incontinence, rather than the consequences, is a promising strategy. Therefore, several research teams have intensified their efforts to develop such a therapy for incontinence. Here, we introduce candidate stem and progenitor cells suitable for SUI treatment, show how the functional homogeneity and state of maturity of differentiated cells crucial for proper tissue integration can be assessed electrophysiologically prior to their clinical application, and discuss the trophic potential of adult mesenchymal stromal (or stem) cells in regeneration of neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hart
- KFO273, Department of Urology, UKT, University of Tuebingen, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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232
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Kouroupis D, Churchman SM, McGonagle D, Jones EA. The assessment of CD146-based cell sorting and telomere length analysis for establishing the identity of mesenchymal stem cells in human umbilical cord. F1000Res 2014; 3:126. [PMID: 25232467 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.4260.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are characterised by longer telomeres compared to mature cells from the same tissue. In this study, candidate CD146 (+) umbilical cord (UC) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were purified by cell sorting from UC tissue digests and their telomere lengths were measured in comparison to donor-matched CD146-negative fraction. UC tissue fragments were enzymatically treated with collagenase and the cells were used for cell sorting, colony-forming fibroblast (CFU-F) assay or for long-term MSC cultivation. Telomere lengths were measured by qPCR in both culture-expanded MSCs and candidate native UC MSCs. Immunohistochemistry was undertaken to study the topography of CD146 (+) cells. Culture-expanded UC MSCs had a stable expression of CD73, CD90 and CD105, whereas CD146 declined in later passages which correlated with the shortening of telomeres in the same cultures. In five out of seven donors, telomeres in candidate native UC MSCs (CD45 (-)CD235α (-)CD31 (-)CD146 (+)) were longer compared to donor-matched CD146 (-) population (CD45 (-)CD235α (-)CD31 (-)CD146 (-)). The frequency of CD45 (-)CD235α (-)CD31 (-)CD146 (+) cells measured by flow cytometry was ~1000-fold above that of CFU-Fs (means 10.4% and 0.01%, respectively). CD146 (+) cells were also abundant in situ having a broad topography including high levels of positivity in muscle areas in addition to vessels. Although qPCR-based telomere length analysis in sorted populations could be limited in its sensitivity, very high frequency of CD146 (+) cells in UC tissue suggests that CD146 expression alone is unlikely to be sufficient to identify and purify native MSCs from the UC tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Sarah M Churchman
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS97TF, UK ; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS97TF, UK ; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Elena A Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS97TF, UK ; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
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233
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Phinney DG, Isakova IA. Mesenchymal stem cells as cellular vectors for pediatric neurological disorders. Brain Res 2014; 1573:92-107. [PMID: 24858930 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders characterized by a deficiency in lysosomal function. Although these disorders differ in their etiology and phenotype those that affect the nervous system generally manifest as a profound deterioration in neurologic function with age. Over the past several decades implementation of various treatment regimens including bone marrow and cord blood cell transplantation, enzyme replacement, and substrate reduction therapy have proved effective for managing some clinical manifestations of these diseases but their ability to ameliorate neurologic complications remains unclear. Consequently, there exists a need to develop alternative therapies that more effectively target the central nervous system. Recently, direct intracranial transplantation of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells has been explored as a means to reconstitute metabolic deficiencies in the CNS. In this chapter we discuss the merits of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for this purpose. Originally identified as progenitors of connective tissue cell lineages, recent findings have revealed several novel aspects of MSC biology that make them attractive as therapeutic agents in the CNS. We relate these advances in MSC biology to their utility as cellular vectors for treating neurologic sequelae associated with pediatric neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Phinney
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, A213, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Iryna A Isakova
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Biology Department, National Dnepropetrovsk University, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
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234
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Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from human umbilical cord tissues: primitive cells with potential for clinical and tissue engineering applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 123:29-54. [PMID: 20012739 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) have a high potential for cell-based therapies as well as for tissue engineering applications. Since Friedenstein first isolated stem or precursor cells from the human bone marrow (BM) stroma that were capable of osteogenesis, BM is currently the most common source for MSCs. However, BM presents several disadvantages, namely low frequency of MSCs, high donor-dependent variations in quality, and painful invasive intervention. Thus, tremendous research efforts have been observed during recent years to find alternative sources for MSCs.In this context, the human umbilical cord (UC) has gained more and more attention. Since the UC is discarded after birth, the cells are easily accessible without ethical concerns. This postnatal organ was found to be rich in primitive stromal cells showing typical characteristics of bone-marrow MSCs (BMSCs), e.g., they grow as plastic-adherent cells with a fibroblastic morphology, express a set of typical surface markers, and can be directly differentiated at least along mesodermal lineages. Compared to BM, the UC tissue bears a higher frequency of stromal cells with a higher in vitro expansion potential. Furthermore, immune-privileged and immune-modulatory properties are reported for UC-derived cells, which open highly interesting perspectives for clinical applications.
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235
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Sindberg GM, Lindborg BA, Wang Q, Clarkson C, Graham M, Donahue R, Hering BJ, Verfaillie CM, Bansal-Pakala P, O'Brien TD. Comparisons of phenotype and immunomodulatory capacity among rhesus bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, multipotent adult progenitor cells, and dermal fibroblasts. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:231-241. [PMID: 24825538 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potent immunomodulatory effects have been reported for mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs), and fibroblasts. However, side-by-side comparisons of these cells specifically regarding immunophenotype, gene expression, and suppression of proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte populations have not been reported. METHODS We developed MAPC and MSC lines from rhesus macaque bone marrow and fibroblast cell lines from rhesus dermis and assessed phenotypes based upon differentiation potential, flow cytometric analysis of immunophenotype, and quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression. Using allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation assays, we compared the in vitro immunomodulatory potency of each cell type. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Extensive phenotypic similarities exist among each cell type, although immunosuppressive potencies are distinct. MAPCs are most potent, and fibroblasts are the least potent cell type. All three cell types demonstrated immunomodulatory capacity such that each may have potential therapeutic applications such as in organ transplantation, where reduced local immune response is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Sindberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Beth A Lindborg
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Christina Clarkson
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Melanie Graham
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Robert Donahue
- Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Pratima Bansal-Pakala
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Timothy D O'Brien
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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236
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Adipose-derived stromal cells for osteoarticular repair: trophic function versus stem cell activity. Expert Rev Mol Med 2014; 16:e9. [PMID: 24810570 PMCID: PMC4017835 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of multipotent adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) has raised hope that tissue regeneration approaches established with bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC) can be reproduced with a cell-type that is far more accessible in large quantities. Recent detailed comparisons, however, revealed subtle functional differences between ASC and BMSC, stressing the concept of a common mesenchymal progenitor existing in a perivascular niche across all tissues. Focussing on bone and cartilage repair, this review summarises recent in vitro and in vivo studies aiming towards tissue regeneration with ASC. Advantages of good accessibility, high yield and superior growth properties are counterbalanced by an inferiority of ASC to form ectopic bone and stimulate long-bone healing along with their less pronounced osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression signature. Hence, particular emphasis is placed on establishing whether stem cell activity of ASC is so far proven and relevant for successful osteochondral regeneration, or whether trophic activity may largely determine therapeutic outcome.
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237
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Lee DH, Ng J, Chung JW, Sonn CH, Lee KM, Han SB. Impact of chronicity of injury on the proportion of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from anterior cruciate ligaments. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:586-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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238
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Appaix F, Nissou MF, Sanden BVD, Dreyfus M, Berger F, Issartel JP, Wion D. Brain mesenchymal stem cells: The other stem cells of the brain? World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:134-143. [PMID: 24772240 PMCID: PMC3999771 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), have the potential to differentiate into cells of the mesenchymal lineage and have non-progenitor functions including immunomodulation. The demonstration that MSCs are perivascular cells found in almost all adult tissues raises fascinating perspectives on their role in tissue maintenance and repair. However, some controversies about the physiological role of the perivascular MSCs residing outside the bone marrow and on their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine exist. In brain, perivascular MSCs like pericytes and adventitial cells, could constitute another stem cell population distinct to the neural stem cell pool. The demonstration of the neuronal potential of MSCs requires stringent criteria including morphological changes, the demonstration of neural biomarkers expression, electrophysiological recordings, and the absence of cell fusion. The recent finding that brain cancer stem cells can transdifferentiate into pericytes is another facet of the plasticity of these cells. It suggests that the perversion of the stem cell potential of pericytes might play an even unsuspected role in cancer formation and tumor progression.
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239
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Current trends in bone tissue engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:865270. [PMID: 24804256 PMCID: PMC3997160 DOI: 10.1155/2014/865270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of tissue engineering and regeneration constitutes a new platform for translational medical research. Effective therapies for bone engineering typically employ the coordinated manipulation of cells, biologically active signaling molecules, and biomimetic, biodegradable scaffolds. Bone tissue engineering has become increasingly dependent on the merging of innovations from each of these fields, as they continue to evolve independently. This foreword will highlight some of the most recent advances in bone tissue engineering and regeneration, emphasizing the interconnected fields of stem cell biology, cell signaling biology, and biomaterial research. These include, for example, novel methods for mesenchymal stem cell purification, new methods of Wnt signaling pathway manipulation, and cutting edge computer assisted nanoscale design of bone scaffold materials. In the following
special issue, we sought to incorporate these diverse areas of emphasis in order to reflect current trends in the field.
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240
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Isolation, culture and differentiation of duck (Anas platyrhynchos) preadipocytes. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:773-81. [PMID: 24696190 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we isolated preadipocytes from the adipose tissue of Peking duck and subsequently cultured them in vitro. Cell counting kit-8 assay was employed to establish the growth curve of duck primary preadipocytes. Meanwhile, after the cells reaching full confluency, they were induced to differentiate into mature adipocytes by the addition of a cocktail containing dexamethasone, insulin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and oleic acid for 8 days. Successful differentiation was demonstrated by the development of lipid droplets and the expression of key marker genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (CEBP/α) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4). Our results showed that duck primary preadipocytes began to adhere 12 h after seeding as short spindle shapes or litter triangles, which grew quickly 3 days post attachment and maintained stable after day 7. After 8 days the preadipocytes were induced to differentiate into mature adipocytes, which were stained red by oil red O. Additionally, it showed that during preadipocyte differentiation PPARγ mRNA was highly expressed at day 3, while CEBP/α and FABP4 mRNA peaked at day 5 and 8, respectively. These results indicate that we have successfully isolated and cultured Peking duck preadipocytes and successfully induced them to differentiate into mature adipocytes. This work could lay a foundation for further research into waterfowl adipogenesis.
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241
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Ngo MA, Müller A, Li Y, Neumann S, Tian G, Dixon IMC, Arora RC, Freed DH. Human mesenchymal stem cells express a myofibroblastic phenotype in vitro: comparison to human cardiac myofibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:187-204. [PMID: 24691634 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis accompanies a variety of myocardial disorders, and is induced by myofibroblasts. These cells may be composed of a heterogeneous population of parent cells, including interstitial fibroblasts and circulating progenitor cells. Direct comparison of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and cardiac myofibroblasts (CMyfbs) has not been previously reported. We hypothesized that BM-MSCs readily adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture. Human primary BM-MSCs and human CMyfbs were isolated from patients undergoing open heart surgery and expanded under standard culture conditions. We assessed and compared their phenotypic and functional characteristics by examining their gene expression profile, their ability to contract collagen gels and synthesize collagen type I. In addition, we examined the role of non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) in modulating MSC myogenic function using NMMII siRNA knockdown and blebbistatin, a specific small molecule inhibitor of NMMII. We report that, while human BM-MSCs retain pluripotency, they adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture and stain positive for the myofibroblast markers α-SMA, vimentin, NMMIIB, ED-A fibronectin, and collagen type 1 at each passage. In addition, they contract collagen gels in response to TGF-β1 and synthesize collagen similar to human CMyfbs. Moreover, inhibition of NMMII activity with blebbistatin completely attenuates gel contractility without affecting cell viability. Thus, human BM-MSCs share and exhibit similar physiological and functional characteristics as human CMyfbs in vitro, and their propensity to adopt a myofibroblast phenotype in culture may contribute to cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Ngo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1353-74. [PMID: 24158496 PMCID: PMC11113613 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can regenerate tissues by direct differentiation or indirectly by stimulating angiogenesis, limiting inflammation, and recruiting tissue-specific progenitor cells. MSCs emerge and multiply in long-term cultures of total cells from the bone marrow or multiple other organs. Such a derivation in vitro is simple and convenient, hence popular, but has long precluded understanding of the native identity, tissue distribution, frequency, and natural role of MSCs, which have been defined and validated exclusively in terms of surface marker expression and developmental potential in culture into bone, cartilage, and fat. Such simple, widely accepted criteria uniformly typify MSCs, even though some differences in potential exist, depending on tissue sources. Combined immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cell culture have allowed tracking the artifactual cultured mesenchymal stem/stromal cells back to perivascular anatomical regions. Presently, both pericytes enveloping microvessels and adventitial cells surrounding larger arteries and veins have been described as possible MSC forerunners. While such a vascular association would explain why MSCs have been isolated from virtually all tissues tested, the origin of the MSCs grown from umbilical cord blood remains unknown. In fact, most aspects of the biology of perivascular MSCs are still obscure, from the emergence of these cells in the embryo to the molecular control of their activity in adult tissues. Such dark areas have not compromised intents to use these cells in clinical settings though, in which purified perivascular cells already exhibit decisive advantages over conventional MSCs, including purity, thorough characterization and, principally, total independence from in vitro culture. A growing body of experimental data is currently paving the way to the medical usage of autologous sorted perivascular cells for indications in which MSCs have been previously contemplated or actually used, such as bone regeneration and cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Murray
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher C. West
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Winters R. Hardy
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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243
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Liu DD, Ge K, Jin Y, Sun J, Wang SX, Yang MS, Zhang JC. Terbium promotes adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via activation of the Smad-dependent TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:879-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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244
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Aicher WK, Hart ML, Stallkamp J, Klünder M, Ederer M, Sawodny O, Vaegler M, Amend B, Sievert KD, Stenzl A. Towards a Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regeneration of the Sphincter Muscle. J Clin Med 2014; 3:197-215. [PMID: 26237258 PMCID: PMC4449674 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence is a significant social, medical, and economic problem. It is caused, at least in part, by degeneration of the sphincter muscle controlling the tightness of the urinary bladder. This muscular degeneration is characterized by a loss of muscle cells and a surplus of a fibrous connective tissue. In Western countries approximately 15% of all females and 10% of males are affected. The incidence is significantly higher among senior citizens, and more than 25% of the elderly suffer from incontinence. When other therapies, such as physical exercise, pharmacological intervention, or electrophysiological stimulation of the sphincter fail to improve the patient’s conditions, a cell-based therapy may improve the function of the sphincter muscle. Here, we briefly summarize current knowledge on stem cells suitable for therapy of urinary incontinence: mesenchymal stromal cells, urine-derived stem cells, and muscle-derived satellite cells. In addition, we report on ways to improve techniques for surgical navigation, injection of cells in the sphincter muscle, sensors for evaluation of post-treatment therapeutic outcome, and perspectives derived from recent pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm K Aicher
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Melanie L Hart
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Jan Stallkamp
- FRAUNHOFER Institute, Klinikum Mannhein, Mannheim 68167, Germany.
| | - Mario Klünder
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Michael Ederer
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Oliver Sawodny
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Martin Vaegler
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Bastian Amend
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Karl D Sievert
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
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245
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Zhao H, Feng J, Seidel K, Shi S, Klein O, Sharpe P, Chai Y. Secretion of shh by a neurovascular bundle niche supports mesenchymal stem cell homeostasis in the adult mouse incisor. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:160-73. [PMID: 24506883 PMCID: PMC3951379 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are typically defined by their in vitro characteristics, and as a consequence the in vivo identity of MSCs and their niches are poorly understood. To address this issue, we used lineage tracing in a mouse incisor model and identified the neurovascular bundle (NVB) as an MSC niche. We found that NVB sensory nerves secrete Shh protein, which activates Gli1 expression in periarterial cells that contribute to all mesenchymal derivatives. These periarterial cells do not express classical MSC markers used to define MSCs in vitro. In contrast, NG2(+) pericytes represent an MSC subpopulation derived from Gli1+ cells; they express classical MSC markers and contribute little to homeostasis but are actively involved in injury repair. Likewise, incisor Gli1(+) cells, but not NG2(+) cells, exhibit typical MSC characteristics in vitro. Collectively, we demonstrate that MSCs originate from periarterial cells and are regulated by Shh secretion from an NVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhao
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Songtao Shi
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paul Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London TN3 9TF, UK
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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246
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Silva FJ, Holt DJ, Vargas V, Yockman J, Boudina S, Atkinson D, Grainger DW, Revelo MP, Sherman W, Bull DA, Patel AN. Metabolically active human brown adipose tissue derived stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:572-81. [PMID: 24420906 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a key role in the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis in mammals. It is characterized by fat vacuoles 5-10 µm in diameter and expression of uncoupling protein one, central to the regulation of thermogenesis. In the human newborn, BAT depots are typically grouped around the vasculature and solid organs. These depots maintain body temperature during cold exposure by warming the blood before its distribution to the periphery. They also ensure an optimal temperature for biochemical reactions within solid organs. BAT had been thought to involute throughout childhood and adolescence. Recent studies, however, have confirmed the presence of active BAT in adult humans with depots residing in cervical, supraclavicular, mediastinal, paravertebral, and suprarenal regions. While human pluripotent stem cells have been differentiated into functional brown adipocytes in vitro and brown adipocyte progenitor cells have been identified in murine skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue, multipotent metabolically active BAT-derived stem cells from a single depot have not been identified in adult humans to date. Here, we demonstrate a clonogenic population of metabolically active BAT stem cells residing in adult humans that can: (a) be expanded in vitro; (b) exhibit multilineage differentiation potential; and (c) functionally differentiate into metabolically active brown adipocytes. Our study defines a new target stem cell population that can be activated to restore energy homeostasis in vivo for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Silva
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Direct cell-cell contact between mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells induces a pericyte-like phenotype in vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:395781. [PMID: 24563864 PMCID: PMC3915932 DOI: 10.1155/2014/395781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering techniques for the regeneration of large bone defects require sufficient vascularisation of the applied constructs to ensure a sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients. In our previous work, prevascularised 3D scaffolds have been successfully established by coculture of bone marrow derived stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). We identified stabilising pericytes (PCs) as part of newly formed capillary-like structures. In the present study, we report preliminary data on the interactions between MSCs and EPCs, leading to the differentiation of pericyte-like cells. MSCs and EPCs were seeded in transwell cultures, direct cocultures, and single cultures. Cells were cultured for 10 days in IMDM 10% FCS or IMDM 5% FCS 5% platelet lysate medium. Gene expression of PC markers, CD146, NG2, αSMA, and PDGFR-β, was analysed using RT-PCR at days 0, 3, 7, and 10. The upregulation of CD146, NG2, and αSMA in MSCs in direct coculture with EPCs advocates the MSCs' differentiation towards a pericyte-like phenotype in vitro. These results suggest that pericyte-like cells derive from MSCs and that cell-cell contact with EPCs is an important factor for this differentiation process. These findings emphasise the concept of coculture strategies to promote angiogenesis for cell-based tissue engineered bone grafts.
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248
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Valente S, Alviano F, Ciavarella C, Buzzi M, Ricci F, Tazzari PL, Pagliaro P, Pasquinelli G. Human cadaver multipotent stromal/stem cells isolated from arteries stored in liquid nitrogen for 5 years. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:8. [PMID: 24429026 PMCID: PMC4055119 DOI: 10.1186/scrt397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Regenerative medicine challenges researchers to find noncontroversial, safe and abundant stem cell sources. In this context, harvesting from asystolic donors could represent an innovative and unlimited reservoir of different stem cells. In this study, cadaveric vascular tissues were established as an alternative source of human cadaver mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hC-MSCs). We reported the successful cell isolation from postmortem arterial segments stored in a tissue-banking facility for at least 5 years. Methods After thawing, hC-MSCs were isolated with a high efficiency (12 × 106) and characterized with flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, molecular and ultrastructural approaches. Results In early passages, hC-MSCs were clonogenic, highly proliferative and expressed mesenchymal (CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, HLA-G), stemness (Stro-1, Oct-4, Notch-1), pericyte (CD146, PDGFR-β, NG2) and neuronal (Nestin) markers; hematopoietic and vascular markers were negative. These cells had colony and spheroid-forming abilities, multipotency for their potential to differentiate in multiple mesengenic lineages and immunosuppressive activity to counteract proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions The efficient procurement of stem cells from cadaveric sources, as postmortem vascular tissues, demonstrates that such cells can survive to prolonged ischemic insult, anoxia, freezing and dehydration injuries, thus paving the way for a scientific revolution where cadaver stromal/stem cells could effectively treat patients demanding cell therapies.
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249
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Haddad R, Saldanha-Araujo F. Mechanisms of T-cell immunosuppression by mesenchymal stromal cells: what do we know so far? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:216806. [PMID: 25025040 PMCID: PMC4082893 DOI: 10.1155/2014/216806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, which can give rise to several cell types including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts. These cells can be found in a variety of adult and fetal tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord blood, and placenta. In recent years, the biological properties of MSCs have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide due to their potential application for treating a series of clinical situations. Among these properties, special attention should be given to the immunoregulatory potential of those cells. MSCs are able to act on all cells of the immune system, which includes the capacity to inhibit the proliferation and function of T-cells. This feature renders them natural candidates to treat several diseases in which cellular immune response is exacerbated. In this review, we outline the main mechanisms by which MSCs immunosuppress T-cell response, focusing on cell-cell contact, secretion of soluble factors, and regulatory T-cell generation. The influence of surface markers in the immunosuppression process and features of MSCs isolated from different sources are also discussed. Finally, the influences of toll-like receptors and cytokines on the inflammatory microenvironment are highlighted regarding the activation of MSCs to exert their immunoregulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Haddad
- 1Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, 72220-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- *Felipe Saldanha-Araujo:
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Welser-Alves JV, Boroujerdi A, Tigges U, Milner R. Analysis of TNF-alpha-mediated cerebral pericyte remodeling. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1155:81-93. [PMID: 24788175 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0669-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As well as being a central regulator of inflammatory and immune-mediated events, TNF-α also influences vascular remodeling, resulting in alterations in the structure and function of blood vessels. In addition to endothelial cells, pericytes are another type of vascular cell that significantly contribute to the development, maturation, stabilization, and remodeling of blood vessels. To investigate the regulatory influence of different factors on pericyte behavior, we recently described a novel yet simple approach of isolating and culturing highly pure, high density cultures of mouse brain pericytes. In this chapter, we briefly describe this culture system, as well as methods for examining different aspects of pericyte behavior, including cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell proliferation. These assays can be used to examine the influence of TNF-α or any other factor on pericyte behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer V Welser-Alves
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, MEM-132, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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