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Steer CA, Martinez-Gonzalez I, Ghaedi M, Allinger P, Mathä L, Takei F. Group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation in the neonatal lung drives type 2 immunity and allergen sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:593-595.e3. [PMID: 28216436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Steer
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Itziar Martinez-Gonzalez
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghaedi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patricia Allinger
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; University of Applied Sciences-FH Campus Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Mathä
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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202
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Lee JU, Chang HS, Lee HJ, Jung CA, Bae DJ, Song HJ, Park JS, Uh ST, Kim YH, Seo KH, Park CS. Upregulation of interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:39. [PMID: 28202030 PMCID: PMC5312598 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses mediated by interleukin (IL)-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and IL-25 have been shown to play an important role in pulmonary fibrosis of animal models; however, their clinical implications remain poorly understood. METHODS TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 concentrations were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from normal controls (NCs; n = 40) and from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF; n = 100), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP; n = 22), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; n = 20), and sarcoidosis (n = 19). RESULTS The TSLP and IL-33 levels were significantly higher in patients with IPF relative to the NCs (p = 0.01 and p = 0.0001, respectively), NSIP (p = 4.95E - 7 and p = 0.0002, respectively), HP (p = 0.00003 and p = 0.000005, respectively), and sarcoidosis groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.0001, respectively). However, the IL-25 levels were not significantly different between NC and IPF group (p = 0.432). Receiver operating characteristic curves of the TSLP and IL-33 levels revealed clear differences between the IPF and NC groups (AUC = 0.655 and 0.706, respectively), as well as between the IPF and the other lung disease groups (AUC = 0.786 and 0.781, respectively). Cut-off values of 3.52 pg/μg TSLP and 3.77 pg/μg IL-33 were shown to differentiate between the IPF and NC groups with 99.2 and 94.3% accuracy. Cut-off values of 4.66 pg/μg TSLP and 2.52 pg/μg IL-33 possessed 99.4 and 93.2% accuracy for differentiating among the IPF and other interstitial lung disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Innate immune responses may be associated with the development of IPF. Furthermore, the IL-33 and TSLP levels in BAL fluids may be useful for differentiating IPF from other chronic interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Uk Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hun Soo Chang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea.,Genome Research Center and Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chang An Jung
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Da Jeong Bae
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Song
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jong Sook Park
- Genome Research Center and Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Soo-Taek Uh
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Seo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea. .,Genome Research Center and Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea. .,Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 1174, Jung-Dong, Wonmi-Ku, Bucheon, Kyeonggi-Do, 420-767, Korea.
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203
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Del Giacco SR, Bakirtas A, Bel E, Custovic A, Diamant Z, Hamelmann E, Heffler E, Kalayci Ö, Saglani S, Sergejeva S, Seys S, Simpson A, Bjermer L. Allergy in severe asthma. Allergy 2017; 72:207-220. [PMID: 27775836 DOI: 10.1111/all.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that atopic sensitization is an important risk factor for asthma, both in adults and in children. However, the role of allergy in severe asthma is still under debate. The term 'Severe Asthma' encompasses a highly heterogeneous group of patients who require treatment on steps 4-5 of GINA guidelines to prevent their asthma from becoming 'uncontrolled', or whose disease remains 'uncontrolled' despite this therapy. Epidemiological studies on emergency room visits and hospital admissions for asthma suggest the important role of allergy in asthma exacerbations. In addition, allergic asthma in childhood is often associated with severe asthma in adulthood. A strong association exists between asthma exacerbations and respiratory viral infections, and interaction between viruses and allergy further increases the risk of asthma exacerbations. Furthermore, fungal allergy has been shown to play an important role in severe asthma. Other contributing factors include smoking, pollution and work-related exposures. The 'Allergy and Asthma Severity' EAACI Task Force examined the current evidence and produced this position document on the role of allergy in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - A. Bakirtas
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma; School of Medicine; Gazi University; Ankara Turkey
| | - E. Bel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Custovic
- Department of Paediatrics; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Z. Diamant
- Department of General Practice and Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - E. Hamelmann
- Klinik für Kinder and Jugendmedizin Kinderzentrum; Bethel Evangelisches Krankenhaus; Allergy Center; Ruhr University Bochum; Bielefeld Germany
| | - E. Heffler
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology - Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | - Ö. Kalayci
- School of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - S. Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - S. Sergejeva
- Institute of Technology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - S. Seys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; KU Leuven Belgium
| | - A. Simpson
- Centre Lead for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy; University Hospital of South Manchester; Education and Research Centre; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - L. Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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204
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Mathews JA, Krishnamoorthy N, Kasahara DI, Cho Y, Wurmbrand AP, Ribeiro L, Smith D, Umetsu D, Levy BD, Shore SA. IL-33 Drives Augmented Responses to Ozone in Obese Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:246-253. [PMID: 27472835 PMCID: PMC5289908 DOI: 10.1289/ehp272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone increases IL-33 in the lungs, and obesity augments the pulmonary effects of acute ozone exposure. OBJECTIVES We assessed the role of IL-33 in the augmented effects of ozone observed in obese mice. METHODS Lean wildtype and obese db/db mice were pretreated with antibodies blocking the IL-33 receptor, ST2, and then exposed to ozone (2 ppm for 3 hr). Airway responsiveness was assessed, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and lung cells harvested for flow cytometry 24 hr later. Effects of ozone were also assessed in obese and lean mice deficient in γδ T cells and their wildtype controls. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ozone caused greater increases in BAL IL-33, neutrophils, and airway responsiveness in obese than lean mice. Anti-ST2 reduced ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in obese mice but had no effect in lean mice. Obesity also augmented ozone-induced increases in BAL CXCL1 and IL-6, and in BAL type 2 cytokines, whereas anti-ST2 treatment reduced these cytokines. In obese mice, ozone increased lung IL-13+ innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) and IL-13+ γδ T cells. Ozone increased ST2+ γδ T cells, indicating that these cells can be targets of IL-33, and γδ T cell deficiency reduced obesity-related increases in the response to ozone, including increases in type 2 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that IL-33 contributes to augmented responses to ozone in obese mice. Obesity and ozone also interacted to promote type 2 cytokine production in γδ T cells and ILC2 in the lungs, which may contribute to the observed effects of IL-33. Citation: Mathews JA, Krishnamoorthy N, Kasahara DI, Cho Y, Wurmbrand AP, Ribeiro L, Smith D, Umetsu D, Levy BD, Shore SA. 2017. IL-33 drives augmented responses to ozone in obese mice. Environ Health Perspect 125:246-253; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP272.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Mathews
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to J.A. Mathews, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115-6021 USA. Telephone: (617) 432-0989. E-mail:
| | - Nandini Krishnamoorthy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Building, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Itiro Kasahara
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Youngji Cho
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison Patricia Wurmbrand
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luiza Ribeiro
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dirk Smith
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dale Umetsu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce D. Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Building, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Ann Shore
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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205
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Amin K, Janson C, Bystrom J. Role of Eosinophil Granulocytes in Allergic Airway Inflammation Endotypes. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:75-85. [PMID: 27167590 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil granulocytes are intriguing members of the innate immunity system that have been considered important defenders during parasitic diseases as well as culprits during allergy-associated inflammatory diseases. Novel studies have, however, found new homoeostasis-maintaining roles for the cell. Recent clinical trials blocking different Th2 cytokines have uncovered that asthma is heterogeneous entity and forms different characteristic endotypes. Although eosinophils are present in allergic asthma with early onset, the cells may not be essential for the pathology. The cells are, however, likely disease causing in asthma with a late onset, which is often associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. Assessment of eosinophilia, fraction exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and periostin are markers that have emerged useful in assessing and monitoring asthma severity and endotype. Current scientific knowledge suggests that eosinophils are recruited by the inflammatory environment, activated by the innate interleukin (IL)-33 and prevented from apoptosis by both lymphocytes and innate immune cells such as type two innate immune cells. Eosinophils contain four specific granule proteins that exhibit an array of toxic and immune-modulatory activates. The granule proteins can be released by different mechanisms. Additionally, eosinophils contain a number of inflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators as well as radical oxygen species that might contribute to the disease both by the recruitment of other cells and the direct damage to supporting cells, leading to exacerbations and tissue fibrosis. This review aimed to outline current knowledge how eosinophils are recruited, activated and mediate damage to tissues and therapies used to control the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amin
- Department of Medical Science, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Clinical Chemistry and Asthma Research Centre, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - C Janson
- Department of Medical Science, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Clinical Chemistry and Asthma Research Centre, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Bystrom
- Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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206
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von Moltke J, O'Leary CE, Barrett NA, Kanaoka Y, Austen KF, Locksley RM. Leukotrienes provide an NFAT-dependent signal that synergizes with IL-33 to activate ILC2s. J Exp Med 2016; 214:27-37. [PMID: 28011865 PMCID: PMC5206504 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
von Moltke et al. demonstrate that optimal cytokine induction in group 2 innate lymphocytes results from synergy between NFAT-dependent leukotriene signaling and IL-33 signaling. This integration of signaling pathways may represent an innate substitute for the T cell receptor. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) are the primary source of interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-13 during type 2 (allergic) inflammation in the lung. In Th2 cells, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling activates the transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) to induce type 2 cytokines. ILC2s lack a TCR and respond instead to locally produced cytokines such as IL-33. Although IL-33 induces AP-1 and NF-κB, NFAT signaling has not been described in ILC2s. In this study, we report a nonredundant NFAT-dependent role for lipid-derived leukotrienes (LTs) in the activation of lung ILC2s. Using cytokine reporter and LT-deficient mice, we find that complete disruption of LT signaling markedly diminishes ILC2 activation and downstream responses during type 2 inflammation. Type 2 responses are equivalently attenuated in IL-33– and LT-deficient mice, and optimal ILC2 activation reflects potent synergy between these pathways. These findings expand our understanding of ILC2 regulation and may have important implications for the treatment of airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 .,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Claire E O'Leary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - K Frank Austen
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 .,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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207
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Zoltowska AM, Lei Y, Fuchs B, Rask C, Adner M, Nilsson GP. The interleukin-33 receptor ST2 is important for the development of peripheral airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a house dust mite mouse model of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:479-90. [PMID: 26609909 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical and experimental studies have implicated IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in the development of asthma. However, the effect of IL-33/ST2 signalling on airway responses and inflammation in allergic asthma is not well established. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of IL-33/ST2 signalling in promoting allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, antigen-specific IgE production and mast cell activity in a mouse model of asthma. METHODS ST2-deficient (ST2(-/-)) mice and control BALB/c mice were given house dust mite (HDM) extract over a 6-week period. Forty-eight hours after the final HDM administration, lung function and airway inflammation were evaluated. Airway responsiveness was determined in the central airways and peripheral lung. Cellular infiltration and mast cell protease mMCP-1 levels were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Recruitment of inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokine profiles were assessed in pulmonary tissue, and HDM-specific IgE was measured in serum. RESULTS ST2 deficiency diminished HDM-induced AHR in the peripheral lung, while AHR in the central airways was unaffected. Inflammatory responses to HDM were also reduced in ST2(-/-) mice as reflected by the lower induction of HDM-specific serum IgE, inhibition of HDM-induced eosinophilia and reduced macrophage count in BALF, and a diminished influx of inflammatory cells and reduced goblet cell hyperplasia around the peripheral airways. Furthermore, the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, GM-CSF, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and mast cell protease mMCP-1 were reduced in HDM-treated ST2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS In addition to promoting Th2 inflammation, we now suggest a role for the IL-33/ST2 pathway for the induction of peripheral inflammation and mucus production that causes AHR in the peripheral lung. This mechanism for inducing AHR at distal parts of the lung may be of specific importance as asthma is considered as a small airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Zoltowska
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Lei
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - B Fuchs
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Rask
- ALK-Abelló, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - M Adner
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G P Nilsson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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208
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Simons B, Ferrini ME, Carvalho S, Bassett DJP, Jaffar Z, Roberts K. PGI2 Controls Pulmonary NK Cells That Prevent Airway Sensitization to House Dust Mite Allergen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:461-471. [PMID: 27895167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In allergic asthma, inhalation of airborne allergens such as the house dust mite (HDM) effectively activates both innate and adaptive immunity in the lung mucosa. To determine the role of the eicosanoid PGI2 and its receptor IP during allergic airway sensitization, HDM responses in mice lacking a functional IP receptor (i.e., PGI2 IP receptor-deficient [IP-/-]) were compared with wild type (WT) mice. Surprisingly, IP-/- mice had increased numbers of pulmonary CD3-NK1.1+Ly49b+ NK cells producing IFN-γ that was inversely associated with the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) expressing IL-33Rα and IL-13 compared with WT animals. This phenomenon was associated with elevated CX3CL1 levels in the airways of IP-/- mice and treatment with a neutralizing Ab to CX3CL1 reduced IFN-γ production by the lung NK cells. Remarkably, IP-/- mice were less responsive to HDM challenge than WT counterparts because intranasal instillation of the allergen induced markedly reduced levels of airway eosinophils, CD4+ lymphocyte infiltration, and mucus production, as well as depressed levels of CCL2 chemokine and Th2 cytokines. NK cells were responsible for such attenuated responses because depletion of NK1.1+ cells in IP-/- mice restored both the HDM-induced lung inflammation and ILC2 numbers, whereas transfer of CD3-NK1.1+ NK cells into the airways of WT hosts suppressed the inflammatory response. Collectively, these data demonstrate a hitherto unknown role for PGI2 in regulating the number and properties of NK cells resident in lung tissue and reveal a role for NK cells in limiting lung tissue ILC2s and preventing allergic inflammatory responses to inhaled HDM allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Simons
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and
| | - Maria E Ferrini
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and
| | - Sophia Carvalho
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and
| | - David J P Bassett
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Zeina Jaffar
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and
| | - Kevan Roberts
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and
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209
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Abstract
The respiratory immune response consists of multiple tiers of cellular responses that are engaged in a sequential manner in order to control infections. The stepwise engagement of effector functions with progressively increasing host fitness costs limits tissue damage. In addition, specific mechanisms are in place to promote disease tolerance in response to respiratory infections. Environmental factors, obesity and the ageing process can alter the efficiency and regulation of this tiered response, increasing pathology and mortality as a result. In this Review, we describe the cell types that coordinate pathogen clearance and tissue repair through the serial secretion of cytokines, and discuss how the environment and comorbidity influence this response.
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210
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Lee JU, Chang HS, Lee HJ, Bae DJ, Son JH, Park JS, Choi JS, Hwang HG, Park CS. Association of interleukin-25 levels with development of aspirin induced respiratory diseases. Respir Med 2016; 123:71-78. [PMID: 28137499 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory diseases (AERD) are caused by ingestion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and are characterized by acute bronchospasms and marked infiltration of eosinophils, the latter being attributable to altered synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) and prostaglandins (PG). Recently, the innate Th2 response is revealed to induce eosinophil infiltration in allergic inflammation, however the role of the innate Th2 response has not been studies in AERD. Thus, we evaluated the relationship between the innate Th2 cytokines including IL-25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-33 and the development of AERD. METHODS AND MATERIALS Plasma IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP levels were measured before and after aspirin challenge in subjects with AERD (n = 25) and aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA, n = 25) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pre and post-aspirin challenge levels of LTC4 and PGD2 were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Basal plasma IL-25 levels were significantly higher in AERD group than in normal controls and in ATA group (p = 0.025 and 0.031, respectively). IL-33 and TSLP levels were comparable in the AERD and ATA groups. After the aspirin challenge, the IL-25 levels were markedly decreased in the ATA group (p = 0.024), while not changed in the AERD group. The post-challenge IL-25 levels of all asthmatic subjects were significantly correlated with aspirin challenge - induced declines in FEV1 (r = 0.357, p = 0.011), but not with basal and post challenge LTC4 and PGD2 levels. CONCLUSIONS IL-25 is associated with bronchospasm after aspirin challenge, possibly via mechanisms other than altered LTC4 and PGD2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Uk Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Soo Chang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; Genome Research Center, Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Jeong Bae
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Son
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sook Park
- Genome Research Center, Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Choi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Gyu Hwang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Gumi Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; Genome Research Center, Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Republic of Korea.
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211
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Abstract
The interaction between the airway epithelium and the inhaled environment is crucial to understanding the pathobiology of asthma. Several studies have identified an important role of airway epithelial-derived cytokines, IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in asthma pathogenesis. These cytokines have been described as epithelial-derived alarmins that activate and potentiate the innate and humoral arms of the immune system in the presence of actual or perceived damage. Each of the three epithelial-derived alarmins has been implicated in the pathobiology of inhaled allergen-induced airway responses. The best evidence to date exists for TSLP, in that a human monoclonal antibody, which binds TSLP and prevents its engagement with its receptor, resolves airway inflammation in patients with allergic asthma and attenuates allergen-induced airway responses. Better understanding the roles that the epithelial-derived alarmins play and how they influence airway immune response may allow the development of novel therapeutics for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mitchell
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul M O'Byrne
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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212
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Habibovic A, Hristova M, Heppner DE, Danyal K, Ather JL, Janssen-Heininger YM, Irvin CG, Poynter ME, Lundblad LK, Dixon AE, Geiszt M, van der Vliet A. DUOX1 mediates persistent epithelial EGFR activation, mucous cell metaplasia, and airway remodeling during allergic asthma. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88811. [PMID: 27812543 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation with mucous metaplasia and airway remodeling are hallmarks of allergic asthma, and these outcomes have been associated with enhanced expression and activation of EGFR signaling. Here, we demonstrate enhanced expression of EGFR ligands such as amphiregulin as well as constitutive EGFR activation in cultured nasal epithelial cells from asthmatic subjects compared with nonasthmatic controls and in lung tissues of mice during house dust mite-induced (HDM-induced) allergic inflammation. EGFR activation was associated with cysteine oxidation within EGFR and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src, and both amphiregulin production and oxidative EGFR activation were diminished by pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of the epithelial NADPH oxidase dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1). DUOX1 deficiency also attenuated several EGFR-dependent features of HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation, including neutrophilic inflammation, type 2 cytokine production (IL-33, IL-13), mucous metaplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, and central airway resistance. Moreover, targeted inhibition of airway DUOX1 in mice with previously established HDM-induced allergic inflammation, by intratracheal administration of DUOX1-targeted siRNA or pharmacological NADPH oxidase inhibitors, reversed most of these outcomes. Our findings indicate an important function for DUOX1 in allergic inflammation related to persistent EGFR activation and suggest that DUOX1 targeting may represent an attractive strategy in asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer L Ather
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Lennart K Lundblad
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Miklos Geiszt
- Department of Physiology and "Lendület" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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213
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Galle-Treger L, Suzuki Y, Patel N, Sankaranarayanan I, Aron JL, Maazi H, Chen L, Akbari O. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist attenuates ILC2-dependent airway hyperreactivity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13202. [PMID: 27752043 PMCID: PMC5071851 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a complex and chronic inflammatory disorder that is associated with airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and driven by Th2 cytokine secretion. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) produce large amounts of Th2 cytokines and contribute to the development of AHR. Here, we show that ILC2s express the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), which is thought to have an anti-inflammatory role in several inflammatory diseases. We show that engagement of a specific agonist with α7nAChR on ILC2s reduces ILC2 effector function and represses ILC2-dependent AHR, while decreasing expression of ILC2 key transcription factor GATA-3 and critical inflammatory modulator NF-κB, and reducing phosphorylation of upstream kinase IKKα/β. Additionally, the specific α7nAChR agonist reduces cytokine production and AHR in a humanized ILC2 mouse model. Collectively, our data suggest that α7nAChR expressed by ILC2s is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ILC2-mediated asthma. Airway hyperreactivity is driven by type 2 cytokines produced by ILC2 and Th2 cells. Here the authors show that an α7-nicotinic receptor agonist (GTS-21) inhibits ILC2 responses and is therapeutic against Alternaria-induced airway hyperreactivity in a humanized mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Galle-Treger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street NRT 5509, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Yuzo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street NRT 5509, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Nisheel Patel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street NRT 5509, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street NRT 5509, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Jennifer L Aron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street NRT 5509, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Hadi Maazi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street NRT 5509, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Departments of Biological Science and Chemistry, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way RIH 201, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street NRT 5509, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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214
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2) have a critical role in the initiation and regulation of type 2 immune responses and are recognized as an important source of type-2 cytokines. Here, we present recent findings of the role of ILC2 in the integration, processing, and coordination of innate and adaptive immune processes and focus on the potential role of ILC2 in the context of chronic rhinosinusitis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has shown the complex crosstalk that occurs between ILC2 and different innate and adaptive immune cell types with a critical role for ILC2 not only in mounting type 2 immune responses at barrier surfaces, but also in tissue repair responses and normal homeostatic functions. ILC2 research in a disease context has brought important insights in particular in the context of allergic inflammatory diseases, emphasizing a critical role for ILC2 and in particular ILC2-derived IL-13 in diseases of the upper and lower airways such as asthma. SUMMARY The identification and characterization of ILC2 in the context of health and disease have brought a wealth of new knowledge into the mechanisms of type 2 immune responses. This is relevant to diverse disorders, including asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis, fibrosis, helminth repulsion, and obesity.
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215
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Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) - a member of the IL-1 family - was originally described as an inducer of type 2 immune responses, activating T helper 2 (TH2) cells and mast cells. Now, evidence is accumulating that IL-33 also potently stimulates group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), regulatory T (Treg) cells, TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. This pleiotropic nature is reflected in the role of IL-33 in tissue and metabolic homeostasis, infection, inflammation, cancer and diseases of the central nervous system. In this Review, we highlight the molecular and cellular characteristics of IL-33, together with its major role in health and disease and the potential therapeutic implications of these findings in humans.
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216
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Yoon J, Leyva-Castillo JM, Wang G, Galand C, Oyoshi MK, Kumar L, Hoff S, He R, Chervonsky A, Oppenheim JJ, Kuchroo VK, van den Brink MRM, Malefyt RDW, Tessier PA, Fuhlbrigge R, Rosenstiel P, Terhorst C, Murphy G, Geha RS. IL-23 induced in keratinocytes by endogenous TLR4 ligands polarizes dendritic cells to drive IL-22 responses to skin immunization. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2147-66. [PMID: 27551155 PMCID: PMC5032726 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a Th2-dominated inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal thickening. Serum levels of IL-22, a cytokine known to induce keratinocyte proliferation, are elevated in AD, and Th22 cells infiltrate AD skin lesions. We show that application of antigen to mouse skin subjected to tape stripping, a surrogate for scratching, induces an IL-22 response that drives epidermal hyperplasia and keratinocyte proliferation in a mouse model of skin inflammation that shares many features of AD. DC-derived IL-23 is known to act on CD4(+) T cells to induce IL-22 production. However, the mechanisms that drive IL-23 production by skin DCs in response to cutaneous sensitization are not well understood. We demonstrate that IL-23 released by keratinocytes in response to endogenous TLR4 ligands causes skin DCs, which selectively express IL-23R, to up-regulate their endogenous IL-23 production and drive an IL-22 response in naive CD4(+) T cells that mediates epidermal thickening. We also show that IL-23 is released in human skin after scratching and polarizes human skin DCs to drive an IL-22 response, supporting the utility of IL-23 and IL-22 blockade in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhan Yoon
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Juan Manuel Leyva-Castillo
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guoxing Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Claire Galand
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sabine Hoff
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rui He
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Philippe A Tessier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Quebec QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Robert Fuhlbrigge
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - George Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Division of Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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217
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Wang C, Liu Q, Chen F, Xu W, Zhang C, Xiao W. IL-25 Promotes Th2 Immunity Responses in Asthmatic Mice via Nuocytes Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162393. [PMID: 27617447 PMCID: PMC5019461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is a potent activator of type-2 immune responses, and is responsible for airway inflammation in asthma. Previous reports have shown that IL-25 expressed hyper-reactivity in an experimental mouse-model of asthma. In addition, the production of IL-13/IL-5 promoted by nuocytes induced airway inflammation. Thus, it has been questioned whether blocking IL-25 against its receptor IL-17BR could inhibit the expression of IL-13 and IL-5 via nuocytes, and further protect against inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA) induced mouse-model of asthma. METHODS In this study, in order to investigate the correlation among IL-25, IL-5, IL-13 and nuocyte activities, we used OVA-sensitization and -challenging to induce the mouse model of asthma. The murine asthmatic model was validated by histology. The expressions of IL-5, IL-13 and IL-25 were detected by ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blotting of the lung tissue. Nuocyte activation was identified by the levels of ICOS (clone C398.4A) and T1/ST2 (cloneDJ8) (acting as nuocytes surface markers) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). This, in turn, was done by means of flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-25, IL-5 and IL-13 in our murine model were detected in the BALF. RESULTS The mice sensitized and challenged with OVA showed a high expression of IL-25 in both the mRNA and protein levels in lungs. The expressions of ICOS and T1/ST2 in BALF were increased. A significant correlation between IL-25 mRNA, protein, and other Th2-cell producing cytokines (such as IL-5 and IL-13) moreover were identified. Furthermore, when the asthmatic mice were treated with anti-IL-25, both the inflammatory cells' infiltration and the inflammatory cytokines' secretion were significantly decreased. The present findings indicate that IL-25 might be involved in a series of asthmatic immune responses, playing an important role in the increase of nuocytes, and that its activation is necessary in maintaining Th2 central memory and sustaining asthmatic inflammation. CONCLUSION This study showed that IL-25 promoted the accumulation of ICOS and T1/ST2 on nuocytes, further induced the pro-inflammatory Th2 cells, and promoted Th2 cytokine responses in OVA-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingfa Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Caiqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (WX); (CQZ)
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (WX); (CQZ)
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218
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Ozdemir C, Kucuksezer UC, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Mechanisms of Aeroallergen Immunotherapy: Subcutaneous Immunotherapy and Sublingual Immunotherapy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36:71-86. [PMID: 26617228 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective way to treat allergic disorders, targeting the underlying mechanisms and altering the disease course by inducing a long-lasting clinical and immune tolerance to allergens. Although sublingual and subcutaneous routes are used in daily practice, many novel ways to decrease side effects and duration and increase efficacy have been pursued. Further studies are needed to develop biomarkers for the identification of AIT responder patients and also to use the developed knowledge in allergy prevention studies. Future directions in AIT include treatments for autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, organ transplantation, and breaking immune tolerance to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevdet Ozdemir
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Memorial Atasehir Hospital, Memorial Health Group, Vedat Gunyol Cad. 28-30, Istanbul 34758, Turkey
| | - Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Vakif Gureba Cad, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Obere Strasse, CH-7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Obere Strasse, CH-7270, Davos, Switzerland.
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219
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Stier MT, Bloodworth MH, Toki S, Newcomb DC, Goleniewska K, Boyd KL, Quitalig M, Hotard AL, Moore ML, Hartert TV, Zhou B, McKenzie AN, Peebles RS. Respiratory syncytial virus infection activates IL-13-producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells through thymic stromal lymphopoietin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:814-824.e11. [PMID: 27156176 PMCID: PMC5014571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major health care burden with a particularly high worldwide morbidity and mortality rate among infants. Data suggest that severe RSV-associated illness is in part caused by immunopathology associated with a robust type 2 response. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the capacity of RSV infection to stimulate group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and the associated mechanism in a murine model. METHODS Wild-type (WT) BALB/c, thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) knockout (KO), or WT mice receiving an anti-TSLP neutralizing antibody were infected with the RSV strain 01/2-20. During the first 4 to 6 days of infection, lungs were collected for evaluation of viral load, protein concentration, airway mucus, airway reactivity, or ILC2 numbers. Results were confirmed with 2 additional RSV clinical isolates, 12/11-19 and 12/12-6, with known human pathogenic potential. RESULTS RSV induced a 3-fold increase in the number of IL-13-producing ILC2s at day 4 after infection, with a concurrent increase in total lung IL-13 levels. Both thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-33 levels were increased 12 hours after infection. TSLPR KO mice did not mount an IL-13-producing ILC2 response to RSV infection. Additionally, neutralization of TSLP significantly attenuated the RSV-induced IL-13-producing ILC2 response. TSLPR KO mice displayed reduced lung IL-13 protein levels, decreased airway mucus and reactivity, attenuated weight loss, and similar viral loads as WT mice. Both 12/11-19 and 12/12-6 similarly induced IL-13-producing ILC2s through a TSLP-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that multiple pathogenic strains of RSV induce IL-13-producing ILC2 proliferation and activation through a TSLP-dependent mechanism in a murine model and suggest the potential therapeutic targeting of TSLP during severe RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Stier
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Melissa H Bloodworth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Shinji Toki
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Dawn C Newcomb
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Kasia Goleniewska
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Marc Quitalig
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Anne L Hotard
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Martin L Moore
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Baohua Zhou
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Andrew N McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn.
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220
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Maggi L, Montaini G, Mazzoni A, Rossettini B, Capone M, Rossi MC, Santarlasci V, Liotta F, Rossi O, Gallo O, De Palma R, Maggi E, Cosmi L, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. Human circulating group 2 innate lymphoid cells can express CD154 and promote IgE production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:964-976.e4. [PMID: 27576126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protection against helminths consists of adaptive responses by TH2 cells and innate responses by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), with these latter being well characterized in mice but less so in human subjects. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize human circulating ILC2s and compare their functional profile with that of autologous TH2 cells. METHODS Circulating ILC2s and TH2 cells were isolated by means of fluorescence-activated cell sorting and magnetic cell sorting and expanded in vitro. ILC2s were then stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin, IL-25 plus IL-33 (IL-25/IL-33), or a mixture of Toll-like receptor ligands to evaluate their ability to produce cytokines, express CD154, and induce IgE production by autologous B cells. Cytokines and transcription factor gene methylation were assessed. RESULTS ILC2s expressed GATA-3, retinoic acid orphan receptor (RORC) 2, and RORα; were able to produce IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4; and, accordingly, were characterized by demethylation of IL4, IL13, IL5, GATA3, and RORC2, whereas the IFNG, IFNG promoter, and TBX21 regions of interest were methylated. ILC2s expressed TLR1, TLR4, and TLR6, and TLR stimulation induced IL-5 and IL-13 production. Moreover, ILC2s expressed CD154 in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin, IL-25/IL-33, or a mixture of TLR ligands. Stimulated ILC2s also induced IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE production by B cells. Finally, circulating ILC2s from atopic patients were not different in numbers and frequency but expressed higher IL-4 levels than those from nonatopic subjects. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that human ILC2s can express CD154 and stimulate the production of IgE by B lymphocytes through IL-25/IL-33 stimulation or TLR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianni Montaini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rossettini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Veronica Santarlasci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Oliviero Rossi
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Oreste Gallo
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples and Center for Biomolecular Studies Supporting Human Health, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, Florence, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy.
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221
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Knowlden SA, Hillman SE, Chapman TJ, Patil R, Miller DD, Tigyi G, Georas SN. Novel Inhibitory Effect of a Lysophosphatidic Acid 2 Agonist on Allergen-Driven Airway Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:402-9. [PMID: 26248018 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0124oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid signaling molecule associated with asthma pathobiology. LPA elicits its effects by binding to at least six known cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6) that are expressed in the lung in a cell type-specific manner. LPA2 in particular has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in asthma because it appears to transduce inhibitory or cell-protective signals. We studied a novel and specific small molecule LPA2 agonist (2-[4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzoisoquinolin-2-yl)butylsulfamoyl] benzoic acid [DBIBB]) in a mouse model of house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation. Mice injected with DBIBB developed significantly less airway and lung inflammation compared with vehicle-treated controls. Levels of lung Th2 cytokines were also significantly attenuated by DBIBB. We conclude that pharmacologic activation of LPA2 attenuates Th2-driven allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Targeting LPA receptor signaling holds therapeutic promise in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Knowlden
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Sara E Hillman
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- 3 Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and.,4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Duane D Miller
- 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- 3 Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Steve N Georas
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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The IL-33 receptor (ST2) regulates early IL-13 production in fungus-induced allergic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:937-49. [PMID: 26555705 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in response to environmental antigens is an increasing medical problem, especially in the Western world. Type 2 interleukins (IL) are central in the pathological response but their importance and cellular source(s) often rely on the particular allergen. Here, we highlight the cellular sources and regulation of the prototypic type 2 cytokine, IL-13, during the establishment of AAI in a fungal infection model using Cryptococcus neoformans. IL-13 reporter mice revealed a rapid onset of IL-13 competence within innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) and IL-33R(+) T helper (Th) cells. ILC2 showed IL-33-dependent proliferation upon infection and significant IL-13 production. Th cells essentially required IL-33 to become either GATA3(+) or GATA3(+)/Foxp3(+) hybrids. GATA3(+) Th cells almost exclusively contributed to IL-13 production but hybrid GATA3(+)/Foxp3(+) Th cells did not. In addition, alveolar macrophages upregulated the IL-33R and subsequently acquired a phenotype of alternative activation (Ym1(+), FIZZ1(+), and arginase-1(+)) linked to type 2 immunity. Absence of adaptive immunity in rag2(-/-) mice resulted in attenuated AAI, revealing the need for Th2 cells for full AAI development. Taken together, in pulmonary cryptococcosis ILC2 and GATA3(+) Th2 cells produce early IL-13 largely IL-33R-dependent, thereby promoting goblet cell metaplasia, pulmonary eosinophilia, and alternative activation of alveolar macrophages.
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223
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Biologics and the lung: TSLP and other epithelial cell-derived cytokines in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 169:104-112. [PMID: 27365223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disorder with characteristic symptoms of dyspnea, wheeze, chest tightness and cough, and physiological abnormalities of variable airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and in some patients with chronic long standing disease reduced lung function. The physiological abnormalities are due to chronic airway inflammation and underlying structural changes to the airway wall. The interaction between the airway epithelium and the environment is crucial to the pathobiology of asthma. Several recent discoveries have highlighted a crucial role of airway epithelial derived cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). These cytokines are collectively known as epithelial "alarmins", which act solely or in concert to activate and potentiate the innate and humoral arms of the immune system in the presence of actual or perceive damage. Understanding the role of alarmins and how they are activated and released may allow the development of novel new therapeutics to treat asthma. This review describes the interactions between inhaled air, the pulmonary microbiome, airway epithelial cell layer and the alarmins, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP. There is already compelling evidence for a role of TSLP in the airway responses to environmental allergens in allergic asthmatics, as well as in maintaining airway eosinophilic inflammation in these subjects. Further work is required to develop human monoclonal antibodies (hMabs) directed against IL-25 and IL-33 or their receptors, to help understand their role in the initiation and/or persistence of asthma.
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224
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Regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Cytokine 2016; 87:1-8. [PMID: 27255596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) exert critical roles in type 2 immune responses, epithelial repair at mucosal tissues and metabolic homeostasis. ILC2 rapidly provide large amounts of type 2 signature cytokines, thereby driving type 2 immune responses such as the defense against helminths. However, if deregulated, ILC2 facilitate tissue fibrosis and trigger unwanted type 2 immunopathologies such as allergies, asthma and atopic dermatitis. Therefore, ILC2 need to be tightly regulated and we are just beginning to understand which mediators activate or inhibit this rare but important cell population. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about positive and negative regulation of ILC2 and discuss its immunological consequences.
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225
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Hardman C, Ogg G. Interleukin-33, friend and foe in type-2 immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:16-24. [PMID: 27254379 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-33 is the most recent addition to the IL-1 cytokine family, identified in 2005 as the ligand of T1/ST2 and inducer of type-2 immune responses. IL-33 has been implicated in a wide range of disease settings, in anti-inflammatory responses and homeostasis, and thus signalling must be strictly regulated. Altered gene expression, post-translational modification, decoy receptor, and receptor signalling are all modulatory mechanisms used to control the IL-33 pathway. Understanding both the genetic and post-translational factors influencing IL-33 activity will be critical for provision of safe effective treatment of type-2 disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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226
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De Grove KC, Provoost S, Hendriks RW, McKenzie ANJ, Seys LJM, Kumar S, Maes T, Brusselle GG, Joos GF. Dysregulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and T H2 cells impairs pollutant-induced allergic airway responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:246-257.e4. [PMID: 27315767 PMCID: PMC5420012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prominent role of TH2 cells in type 2 immune responses is well established, the newly identified type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) can also contribute to orchestration of allergic responses. Several experimental and epidemiologic studies have provided evidence that allergen-induced airway responses can be further enhanced on exposure to environmental pollutants, such as diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). However, the components and pathways responsible remain incompletely known. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the relative contribution of ILC2 and adaptive TH2 cell responses in a murine model of DEP-enhanced allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Wild-type, Gata-3+/nlslacZ (Gata-3-haploinsufficient), RAR-related orphan receptor α (RORα)fl/flIL7RCre (ILC2-deficient), and recombination-activating gene (Rag) 2-/- mice were challenged with saline, DEPs, or house dust mite (HDM) or DEP+HDM. Airway hyperresponsiveness, as well as inflammation, and intracellular cytokine expression in ILC2s and TH2 cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue were assessed. RESULTS Concomitant DEP+HDM exposure significantly enhanced allergic airway inflammation, as characterized by increased airway eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, accumulation of ILC2s and TH2 cells, type 2 cytokine production, and airway hyperresponsiveness compared with sole DEPs or HDM. Reduced Gata-3 expression decreased the number of functional ILC2s and TH2 cells in DEP+HDM-exposed mice, resulting in an impaired DEP-enhanced allergic airway inflammation. Interestingly, although the DEP-enhanced allergic inflammation was marginally reduced in ILC2-deficient mice that received combined DEP+HDM, it was abolished in DEP+HDM-exposed Rag2-/- mice. CONCLUSION These data indicate that dysregulation of ILC2s and TH2 cells attenuates DEP-enhanced allergic airway inflammation. In addition, a crucial role for the adaptive immune system was shown on concomitant DEP+HDM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien C De Grove
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sharen Provoost
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leen J M Seys
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Smitha Kumar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Maes
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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227
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Donovan C, Seow HJ, Bourke JE, Vlahos R. Influenza A virus infection and cigarette smoke impair bronchodilator responsiveness to β-adrenoceptor agonists in mouse lung. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:829-37. [PMID: 27128803 PMCID: PMC5233570 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β2-adrenoceptor agonists are the mainstay therapy for patients with asthma but their effectiveness in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is limited. In addition, bronchodilator efficacy of β2-adrenoceptor agonists is decreased during acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), caused by respiratory viruses including influenza A. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the β2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol (SALB) on small airway reactivity using mouse precision cut lung slices (PCLS) prepared from CS-exposed mice and from CS-exposed mice treated with influenza A virus (Mem71, H3N1). CS exposure alone reduced SALB potency and efficacy associated with decreased β2-adrenoceptor mRNA expression, and increased tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression. This impaired relaxation was restored by day 12 in the absence of further CS exposure. In PCLS prepared after Mem71 infection alone, responses to SALB were transient and were not well maintained. CS exposure prior to Mem71 infection almost completely abolished relaxation, although β2-adrenoceptor and TNFα and IL-1β expression were unaltered. The present study has shown decreased sensitivity to SALB after CS or a combination of CS and Mem71 occurs by different mechanisms. In addition, the PCLS technique and our models of CS and influenza infection provide a novel setting for assessment of alternative bronchodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Donovan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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228
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Ohne Y, Silver JS, Thompson-Snipes L, Collet MA, Blanck JP, Cantarel BL, Copenhaver AM, Humbles AA, Liu YJ. IL-1 is a critical regulator of group 2 innate lymphoid cell function and plasticity. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:646-55. [PMID: 27111142 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) are important for type 2 immune responses and are activated by the epithelial cytokines interleukin 33 (IL-33), IL-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Here we demonstrated that IL-1β was a critical activator of ILC2 cells, inducing proliferation and cytokine production and regulating the expression of epithelial cytokine receptors. IL-1β also governed ILC2 plasticity by inducing low expression of the transcription factor T-bet and the cytokine receptor chain IL-12Rβ2, which enabled the conversion of these cells into an ILC1 phenotype in response to IL-12. This transition was marked by an atypical chromatin landscape characterized by the simultaneous transcriptional accessibility of the locus encoding interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and the loci encoding IL-5 and IL-13. Finally, IL-1β potentiated ILC2 activation and plasticity in vivo, and IL-12 acted as the switch that determined an ILC2-versus-ILC1 response. Thus, we have identified a previously unknown role for IL-1β in facilitating ILC2 maturation and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Ohne
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, Texas, USA.,R&D Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan S Silver
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Magalie A Collet
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Brandi L Cantarel
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Alan M Copenhaver
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison A Humbles
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, Texas, USA.,R&D Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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229
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Abstract
Recent discoveries have led to the identification of a novel group of immune cells, the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The members of this group are divided into three subpopulations: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. ILC2s produce Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, upon activation by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2), and TNF family member TL1A and promote structural and immune cell responses in the airways after antigen exposure. In addition, ILC2 function is also influenced by inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS)/ICOS-ligand (ICOS-L) interactions via direct contact between immune cells. The most common airway antigens are allergens and viruses which are highly linked to the induction of airway diseases with underlying type 2 inflammation including asthma and allergic rhinitis. Based on recent findings linking ILC2s and airway Th2 responses, there is intensive investigation into the role of ILC2s in human disease with the hope of a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the recent advances made in elucidating ILC2 involvement in human Th2 airway disease.
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230
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IL-4 production by group 2 innate lymphoid cells promotes food allergy by blocking regulatory T-cell function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:801-811.e9. [PMID: 27177780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is a major health issue, but its pathogenesis remains obscure. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) promote allergic inflammation. However their role in food allergy is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the role of ILC2s in food allergy. METHODS Food allergy-prone mice with a gain-of-function mutation in the IL-4 receptor α chain (Il4raF709) were orally sensitized with food allergens, and the ILC2 compartment was analyzed. The requirement for ILC2s in food allergy was investigated by using Il4raF709, IL-33 receptor-deficient (Il1rl1(-/-)), IL-13-deficient (Il13(-/-)), and IL-4-deficient (Il4(-/-)) mice and by adoptive transfer of in vitro-expanded ILC2s. Direct effects of ILC2s on regulatory T (Treg) cells and mast cells were analyzed in coculture experiments. Treg cell control of ILC2s was assessed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Il4raF709 mice with food allergy exhibit increased numbers of ILC2s. IL-4 secretion by ILC2s contributes to the allergic response by reducing allergen-specific Treg cell and activating mast cell counts. IL-33 receptor deficiency in Il4raF709 Il1rl1(-/-) mice protects against allergen sensitization and anaphylaxis while reducing ILC2 induction. Adoptive transfer of wild-type and Il13(-/-) but not Il4(-/-) ILC2s restored sensitization in Il4raF709 Il1rl1(-/-) mice. Treg cells suppress ILC2s in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION IL-4 production by IL-33-stimulated ILC2s blocks the generation of allergen-specific Treg cells and favors food allergy. Strategies to block ILC2 activation or the IL-33/IL-33 receptor pathway can lead to innovative therapies in the treatment of food allergy.
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231
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Golebski K, van Tongeren J, van Egmond D, de Groot EJ, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM. Specific Induction of TSLP by the Viral RNA Analogue Poly(I:C) in Primary Epithelial Cells Derived from Nasal Polyps. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152808. [PMID: 27050744 PMCID: PMC4822870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis is an inflammatory disease that, although not directly linked to allergy, often displays a Th2-skewed inflammation characterized by elevated local IgE and IL-5 levels. The nasal cavity is constantly exposed to bacteria and viruses that may trigger epithelial inflammatory responses. To gain more insight into mechanisms by which such a biased inflammation might arise, we have investigated the epithelial expression of the Th2 skewing mediators (TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33) in relationship to disease and microbial triggers. Methods Epithelial cells were obtained from polyp tissues of nasal polyposis patients and from inferior turbinates of non-diseased controls. Cells were exposed to various TLR-specific triggers to study the effect on mRNA and protein expression level of TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 and the potential regulatory mechanisms through the expression profile the transcription factors ATF-3, DUSP-1, EGR-1, and NFKB-1. Results The TLR3 agonist and viral analogue poly(I:C) induced TSLP mRNA 13.0 ± 3.1 fold (p < 0.05) and protein expression by 12.1 ± 2.3-fold (p < 0.05) higher in epithelium isolated from nasal polyposis patients than in epithelium form healthy controls. This enhanced induction of TSLP may be a consequence of a down-regulated expression of DUSP-1 in polyp epithelium. Conclusion The TLR3 induced expression of TSLP introduces a mechanism by which the Th2-skewed tissue environment might arise in nasal polyps and invites a further evaluation of the potential contribution of current or past viral infections to polyposis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korneliusz Golebski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Joost van Tongeren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle van Egmond
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther J. de Groot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wytske J. Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis M. van Drunen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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232
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Kim HY, Umetsu DT, Dekruyff RH. Innate lymphoid cells in asthma: Will they take your breath away? Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:795-806. [PMID: 26891006 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease that is characterized by airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) and airway inflammation. Although asthma was long thought to be driven by allergen-reactive TH 2 cells, it has recently become clear that the pathogenesis of asthma is more complicated and associated with multiple pathways and cell types. A very exciting recent development was the discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) as key players in the pathogenesis of asthma. ILCs do not express antigen receptors but react promptly to "danger signals" from inflamed tissue and produce an array of cytokines that direct the ensuing immune response. The roles of ILCs may differ in distinct asthma phenotypes. ILC2s may be critical for initiation of adaptive immune responses in inhaled allergen-driven AHR, but may also function independently of adaptive immunity, mediating influenza-induced AHR. ILC2s also contribute to resolution of lung inflammation through their production of amphiregulin. Obesity-induced asthma is associated with expansion of IL-17A-producing ILC3s in the lungs. Furthermore, ILCs may also contribute to steroid-resistant asthma. Although the precise roles of ILCs in different types of asthma are still under investigation, it is clear that inhibition of ILC function represents a potential target that could provide novel treatments for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dale T Umetsu
- Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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233
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van Rijt L, von Richthofen H, van Ree R. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells: at the cross-roads in allergic asthma. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:483-96. [PMID: 26965110 PMCID: PMC4896999 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways that affects millions of people worldwide. Allergic asthma is a T helper 2 cell (Th2)-mediated disease, in which Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 are closely associated with the symptoms. IL-4 is needed by B cells to switch toward an IgE response, IL-5 recruits and activates eosinophils while IL-13 increases mucus production. The identification of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which are able to rapidly produce large amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 in response to epithelial derived cytokines, implicated a new key player besides Th2 cells. ILCs constitute a family of innate lymphocytes distinct from T and B cells. ILC2s are located in various epithelial compartments in mice and human, including the lung. The recent finding of increased numbers of ILC2s in the airways of severe asthma patients prompts further research to clarify their immunological function. Murine studies have shown that ILC2s are an early innate source of IL-5 and IL-13 after allergen exposure, which induce airway eosinophilic infiltration, mucus hyperproduction, and airway hyperresponsiveness but not allergen-specific IgE production. ILC2s contribute to the initiation as well as to the maintenance of the adaptive type 2 immune response. Here, we review the recent progress on our understanding of the role of ILC2s in the immunopathology of allergic asthma, in particular by studies using murine models which have elucidated fundamental mechanisms by which ILC2s act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie van Rijt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Room KO-104, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Helen von Richthofen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Room KO-104, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Room KO-104, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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234
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Fan D, Wang X, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Fan E, Cao F, Van Crombruggen K, Zhang L. Allergen-Dependent Differences in ILC2s Frequencies in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:216-22. [PMID: 26922931 PMCID: PMC4773209 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a novel population of lineage-negative cells that induce innate type 2 responses by producing the critical Th2-type cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and IL-33 stimulation. ILC2s accumulation in the peripheral blood of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) is controversial; the precise role of ILC2s in the immunopathogenesis of AR is still not clear. We investigated the role of ILC2s in phenotypic AR sensitized to distinct allergens. Methods Flow cytometric analysis of the peripheral blood of 7 healthy controls (HCs), 9 patients monosensitized to house dust mite (HDM), and 8 patients monosensitized to mugwort was performed to quantify ILC2s frequency. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from HDM-AR and mugwort-AR patients, and Lineage- and Lineage+ cells were separated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). IL-5 and IL-13 levels in the supernatants of PBMCs, and Lineage- and Lineage+ cells stimulated with IL-25 and/or IL-33 combined with IL-2 in vitro were assessed using the Milliplex magnetic bead kit. Results The percentage of ILC2s was significantly elevated in HDM-AR patients compared to mugwort-AR patients and HCs, while no significant difference was found between mugwort-AR patients and HCs. IL-33±IL-25 plus IL-2 induced a significantly greater release of IL-5 and IL-13 in the PBMCs of HDM-AR patients compared to PBMCs of mugwort-AR patients. IL-25 plus IL-2 also induced a significantly greater release of IL-13 in the PBMCs of HDM-AR patients compared to PBMCs of mugwort-AR patients. Stimulation with IL-33 and/or IL-25 combined with IL-2 also induced a significantly greater IL-5 and IL-13 release from Lineage- cells compared to Lineage+ cells. Conclusions AR patients sensitized to HDM or mugwort allergen have distinct phenotypic and functional profiles in ILC2s frequencies. ILC2s mediate major type 2 immunity in the development of HDM-AR and may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Erzhong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Feifei Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Koen Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China.
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235
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Donovan C, Bourke JE, Vlahos R. Targeting the IL-33/IL-13 Axis for Respiratory Viral Infections. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:252-261. [PMID: 26833119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are highly prevalent worldwide. One of the major factors that limits the efficacy of current medication in these patients are viral infections, leading to exacerbations of symptoms and decreased quality of life. Current pharmacological strategies targeting virus-induced lung disease are problematic due to antiviral resistance and the requirement for strain-specific vaccination. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently required. In this Opinion article, we provide state-of-the-art evidence from humans and preclinical animal models implicating the interleukin (IL)-33/IL-13 axis in virus-induced lung disease. Thus, targeting the IL-33/IL-13 axis may be a feasible way to overcome the limitations of current therapy used to treat virus-induced exacerbations of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Donovan
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia.
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236
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Iosifidis T, Garratt LW, Coombe DR, Knight DA, Stick SM, Kicic A. Airway epithelial repair in health and disease: Orchestrator or simply a player? Respirology 2016; 21:438-48. [PMID: 26804630 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells represent the most important surface of contact in the body and form the first line of defence of the body to external environment. Consequently, epithelia have numerous roles in order to maintain a homeostatic defence barrier. Although the epithelium has been extensively studied over several decades, it remains the focus of new research, indicating a lack of understanding that continues to exist around these cells in specific disease settings. Importantly, evidence is emerging that airway epithelial cells in particular have varied complex functions rather than simple passive roles. One area of current interest is its role following injury. In particular, the epithelial-specific cellular mechanisms regulating their migration during wound repair remain poorly understood and remain an area that requires much needed investigation. A better understanding of the physiological, cellular and molecular wound repair mechanisms could assist in elucidating pathological processes that contribute to airway epithelial pathology. This review attempts to highlight migration-specific and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) aspects of repair used by epithelial cells under normal and disease settings, in the context of human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Iosifidis
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deirdre R Coombe
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephen M Stick
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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237
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O'Brien TF, Bao K, Dell'Aringa M, Ang WXG, Abraham S, Reinhardt RL. Cytokine expression by invariant natural killer T cells is tightly regulated throughout development and settings of type-2 inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:597-609. [PMID: 26349658 PMCID: PMC4785102 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells produce cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 during type-2 inflammatory responses. However, the nature in which iNKT cells acquire type-2 cytokine competency and the precise contribution of iNKT cell-derived IL-4 and IL-13 in vivo remains unclear. Using IL-13-reporter mice to fate-map cytokine-expressing cells in vivo, this study reveals that thymic iNKT cells express IL-13 early during development, and this IL-13-expressing intermediate gives rise to mature iNKT1, iNKT2, and iNKT17 subsets. IL-4 and IL-13 reporter mice also reveal that effector iNKT2 cells produce IL-4 but little IL-13 in settings of type-2 inflammation. The preferential production of IL-4 over IL-13 in iNKT2 cells results in part from their reduced GATA-3 expression. In summary, this work helps integrate current models of iNKT cell development, and further establishes non-coordinate production of IL-4 and IL-13 as the predominant pattern of type-2 cytokine expression among innate cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F O'Brien
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - K Bao
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - M Dell'Aringa
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - W X G Ang
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - S Abraham
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - R L Reinhardt
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina USA
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238
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Duerr CU, McCarthy CDA, Mindt BC, Rubio M, Meli AP, Pothlichet J, Eva MM, Gauchat JF, Qureshi ST, Mazer BD, Mossman KL, Malo D, Gamero AM, Vidal SM, King IL, Sarfati M, Fritz JH. Type I interferon restricts type 2 immunopathology through the regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 17:65-75. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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239
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Hristova M, Habibovic A, Veith C, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Dixon AE, Geiszt M, van der Vliet A. Airway epithelial dual oxidase 1 mediates allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and activation of type 2 immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1545-1556.e11. [PMID: 26597162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IL-1 family member IL-33 plays a critical role in type 2 innate immune responses to allergens and is an important mediator of allergic asthma. The mechanisms by which allergens provoke epithelial IL-33 secretion are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Based on previous findings indicating involvement of the NADPH oxidase dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) in epithelial wound responses, we explored the potential involvement of DUOX1 in allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and potential alterations in airways of asthmatic patients. METHODS Cultured human or murine airway epithelial cells or mice were subjected to acute challenge with Alternaria alternata or house dust mite, and secretion of IL-33 and activation of subsequent type 2 responses were determined. The role of DUOX1 was explored by using small interfering RNA approaches and DUOX1-deficient mice. Cultured nasal epithelial cells from healthy subjects or asthmatic patients were evaluated for DUOX1 expression and allergen-induced responses. RESULTS In vitro or in vivo allergen challenge resulted in rapid airway epithelial IL-33 secretion, which depended critically on DUOX1-mediated activation of epithelial epidermal growth factor receptor and the protease calpain-2 through a redox-dependent mechanism involving cysteine oxidation within epidermal growth factor receptor and the tyrosine kinase Src. Primary nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic asthma were found to express increased DUOX1 and IL-33 levels and demonstrated enhanced IL-33 secretion in response to allergen challenge compared with values seen in nasal epithelial cells from nonasthmatic subjects. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate epithelial DUOX1 as a pivotal mediator of IL-33-dependent activation of innate airway type 2 immune responses to common airborne allergens and indicate that enhanced DUOX1 expression and IL-33 secretion might present important contributing features of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | - Aida Habibovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | - Carmen Veith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | | | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | - Miklos Geiszt
- Department of Physiology and Lendület Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.
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240
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Denney L, Byrne AJ, Shea TJ, Buckley JS, Pease JE, Herledan GMF, Walker SA, Gregory LG, Lloyd CM. Pulmonary Epithelial Cell-Derived Cytokine TGF-β1 Is a Critical Cofactor for Enhanced Innate Lymphoid Cell Function. Immunity 2015; 43:945-58. [PMID: 26588780 PMCID: PMC4658339 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary homeostasis and pathogen defense and play a crucial role in the initiation of allergic immune responses. Maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inappropriate immune activation and associated pathology is particularly complex at mucosal sites that are exposed to billions of potentially antigenic particles daily. We demonstrated that epithelial cell-derived cytokine TGF-β had a central role in the generation of the pulmonary immune response. Mice that specifically lacked epithelial cell-derived TGF-β1 displayed a reduction in type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), resulting in suppression of interleukin-13 and hallmark features of the allergic response including airway hyperreactivity. ILCs in the airway lumen were primed to respond to TGF-β by expressing the receptor TGF-βRII and ILC chemoactivity was enhanced by TGF-β. These data demonstrate that resident epithelial cells instruct immune cells, highlighting the central role of the local environmental niche in defining the nature and magnitude of immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Denney
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Adam J Byrne
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Thomas J Shea
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - James S Buckley
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - James E Pease
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Gaelle M F Herledan
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Simone A Walker
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair & Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK.
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241
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Saravia J, You D, Shrestha B, Jaligama S, Siefker D, Lee GI, Harding JN, Jones TL, Rovnaghi C, Bagga B, DeVincenzo JP, Cormier SA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Is Mediated by Age-Variable IL-33. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005217. [PMID: 26473724 PMCID: PMC4608776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of infant hospitalizations and severe RSV infections are a significant risk factor for childhood asthma. The pathogenic mechanisms responsible for RSV induced immunopathophysiology remain elusive. Using an age-appropriate mouse model of RSV, we show that IL-33 plays a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of severe RSV, which is associated with higher group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) specifically in neonates. Infection with RSV induced rapid IL-33 expression and an increase in ILC2 numbers in the lungs of neonatal mice; this was not observed in adult mice. Blocking IL-33 with antibodies or using an IL-33 receptor knockout mouse during infection was sufficient to inhibit RSV immunopathogenesis (i.e., airway hyperresponsiveness, Th2 inflammation, eosinophilia, and mucus hyperproduction); whereas administration of IL-33 to adult mice during RSV infection was sufficient to induce RSV disease. Additionally, elevated IL-33 and IL-13 were observed in nasal aspirates from infants hospitalized with RSV; these cytokines declined during convalescence. In summary, IL-33 is necessary, either directly or indirectly, to induce ILC2s and the Th2 biased immunopathophysiology observed following neonatal RSV infection. This study provides a mechanism involving IL-33 and ILC2s in RSV mediated human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bishwas Shrestha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Siefker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Greg I. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Harding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tamekia L. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Rovnaghi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bindiya Bagga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John P. DeVincenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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242
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Characteristics of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and their role in immunological disorders (an update). Cell Immunol 2015; 298:66-76. [PMID: 26429626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a novel family of hematopoietic effectors and regulators of innate immunity. Although these cells are morphologically similar to B cells and T cells, however they do not express antigen receptors. ILCs seems to have emerging roles in innate immune responses against infectious or non-infectious microorganisms, protection of the epithelial barrier, lymphoid organogenesis and inflammation, tissue remodeling and regulating homeostasis of tissue stromal cells. In addition, it has recently been reported that ILCs have a crucial role in several disorders such as allergy and autoimmunity. Based on their phenotype and functions, ILCs are classified into three major groups called ILCs1, ILCs2, and ILCs3. Here we reviewed the most recent data concerning diverse ILC phenotypes, subclasses, functions in immune responses as well as in immune mediated disorders.
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243
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Abstract
Type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) belong to an expanding family of innate lymphocytes that provide a potent source of immune effector cytokines at the initiation of immune responses. ILC2 arise, under the control of the transcription factors RORα and GATA3, from lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow, to secrete type-2 cytokines including IL-5 and IL-13. Using experimental models, ILC2 have been implicated in allergic diseases, such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, but also in metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, recent reports have indicated that ILC2 not only play roles at the initiation of type-2 immunity but can also contribute to chronic pathology, such as fibrosis, and can impact on the priming of the adaptive T-cell response. The identification of ILC2 in patients with allergic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis indicates that these cells may represent new therapeutic targets.
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244
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Scanlon ST, McKenzie ANJ. The messenger between worlds: the regulation of innate and adaptive type-2 immunity by innate lymphoid cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:9-20. [PMID: 25423949 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although type-2 immune responses evolved primarily to defend against extracellular helminths, in part through the co-opting of tissue repair and remodeling mechanisms, they are often inappropriately directed towards relatively innocuous allergens resulting in conditions including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. The recent discovery of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) has increased our understanding of the initiation of these responses and the roles played by CD4(+) T helper (Th) 2 cells in their modulation. This review focuses on the important messenger role of ILC2 in translating epithelial-derived alarmins into downstream adaptive type-2 responses via dendritic cells and T cells, with special emphasis on their roles in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Scanlon
- Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry (PNAC) Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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245
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Recent advances in epithelium-derived cytokines (IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin) and allergic inflammation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 15:98-103. [PMID: 25479313 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergic diseases are thought to be driven by aberrant immune responses. Epithelium responds to various environmental factors by releasing key cytokines, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25. Although there are important differences among these cytokines, there are also similarities which confound a clear understanding of the exact roles of these cytokines. The purpose of this review is to analyze the advances in biology and functions of these cytokines over recent years, elucidate their differences and similarities, and provide new conceptual understanding as to their roles in allergic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS There are distinct differences in the timing, onset, and kinetics of the responses and perhaps in the potency of action of TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25. Newer roles of these cytokines have been described, including airway remodeling and fibrosis-related functions (TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25), fetal-maternal interface (IL-33 and TSLP), T-cell biology (TSLP), group 2 innate lymphoid cell biology (TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25), and mast cell-neutrophil axis (IL-33). Novel roles of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and asthma have also been described. SUMMARY TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 are increasingly recognized to play important roles in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. More clear recognition of the differences and similarities of the immunological pathways mediated by these cytokines would help optimize the treatment for allergic diseases.
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246
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Oczypok EA, Milutinovic PS, Alcorn JF, Khare A, Crum LT, Manni ML, Epperly MW, Pawluk AM, Ray A, Oury TD. Pulmonary receptor for advanced glycation end-products promotes asthma pathogenesis through IL-33 and accumulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:747-756.e4. [PMID: 25930197 PMCID: PMC4562894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human gene for the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) are associated with an increased incidence of asthma. RAGE is highly expressed in the lung and has been reported to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of murine models of asthma/allergic airway inflammation (AAI) by promoting expression of the type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. IL-5 and IL-13 are prominently secreted by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), which are stimulated by the proallergic cytokine IL-33. OBJECTIVE We sought to test the hypothesis that pulmonary RAGE is necessary for allergen-induced ILC2 accumulation in the lung. METHODS AAI was induced in wild-type and RAGE knockout mice by using IL-33, house dust mite extract, or Alternaria alternata extract. RAGE's lung-specific role in type 2 responses was explored with bone marrow chimeras and induction of gastrointestinal type 2 immune responses. RESULTS RAGE was found to drive AAI by promoting IL-33 expression in response to allergen and by coordinating the inflammatory response downstream of IL-33. Absence of RAGE impedes pulmonary accumulation of ILC2s in models of AAI. Bone marrow chimera studies suggest that pulmonary parenchymal, but not hematopoietic, RAGE has a central role in promoting AAI. In contrast to the lung, the absence of RAGE does not affect IL-33-induced ILC2 influx in the spleen, type 2 cytokine production in the peritoneum, or mucus hypersecretion in the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, this study demonstrates that a parenchymal factor, RAGE, mediates lung-specific accumulation of ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Oczypok
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Pavle S Milutinovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Anupriya Khare
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Lauren T Crum
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Michelle L Manni
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Adriane M Pawluk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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247
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Halim TYF. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells in disease. Int Immunol 2015; 28:13-22. [PMID: 26306498 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are now recognized as an important innate source of type-2 effector cytokines. Although initially associated with mucosal tissues, it is clear that ILC2 are present in diverse anatomical locations. The function of ILC2 at these sites is equally varied, and although ILC2 represent a relatively minor population, they are fundamentally important regulators of innate and adaptive immune processes. As such, there is much interest to understand the role of ILC2 in diseases with a type-2 inflammatory component. This review explores the known roles of ILC2 in disease, and the diseases that show associations or other strong evidence for the involvement of ILC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotheus Y F Halim
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Taniguchi A, Miyahara N, Waseda K, Kurimoto E, Fujii U, Tanimoto Y, Kataoka M, Yamamoto Y, Gelfand EW, Yamamoto H, Tanimoto M, Kanehiro A. Contrasting roles for the receptor for advanced glycation end-products on structural cells in allergic airway inflammation vs. airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L789-800. [PMID: 26472810 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00087.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. RAGE is reported to be involved in various inflammatory disorders; however, studies that address the role of RAGE in allergic airway disease are inconclusive. RAGE-sufficient (RAGE+/+) and RAGE-deficient (RAGE-/-) mice were sensitized to ovalbumin, and airway responses were monitored after ovalbumin challenge. RAGE-/- mice showed reduced eosinophilic inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia, lower T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine production from spleen and peribronchial lymph node mononuclear cells, and lower numbers of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in the lung compared with RAGE+/+ mice following sensitization and challenge. Experiments using irradiated, chimeric mice showed that the mice expressing RAGE on radio-resistant structural cells but not hematopoietic cells developed allergic airway inflammation; however, the mice expressing RAGE on hematopoietic cells but not structural cells showed reduced airway inflammation. In contrast, absence of RAGE expression on structural cells enhanced innate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In the absence of RAGE, increased interleukin (IL)-33 levels in the lung were detected, and blockade of IL-33 receptor ST2 suppressed innate AHR in RAGE-/- mice. These data identify the importance of RAGE expressed on lung structural cells in the development of allergic airway inflammation, T helper type 2 cell activation, and group 2 innate lymphoid cell accumulation in the airways. RAGE on lung structural cells also regulated innate AHR, likely through the IL-33-ST2 pathway. Thus manipulating RAGE represents a novel therapeutic target in controlling allergic airway responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; Field of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan;
| | - Koichi Waseda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kurimoto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Utako Fujii
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Minami-Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mikio Kataoka
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan; and
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan; and
| | - Mitsune Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Arihiko Kanehiro
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Long Q, Huang W, Yao Y, Yang X, Sun W, Jin X, Li Y, Chu X, Liu C, Peng Z, Ma Y. Virus-like particles presenting interleukin-33 molecules: immunization characteristics and potentials of blockingIL-33/ST2 pathway in allergic airway inflammation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2303-11. [PMID: 25424936 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to develop an IL-33 vaccine and evaluate its efficacy in a mouse model of asthma. The full-length molecules of putative mature IL-33 were inserted into the immunodominant epitope region of hepatitis B core antigen using gene recombination techniques. The expressed chimeric protein presented as virus-like particles (VLPs) under observation using an electron microscopy. To investigate immunization characteristics of the VLPs, mice were immunized by using different doses, adjuvants, and routes. The VLPs induced sustained and high titers of IL-33-specific IgG and IgA even without the use of a conventional adjuvant, and the lowered ratio of IgG1/IgG2a in vaccinated mice indicated a shift from Th2 to Th1-like responses. To assess the vaccine effects on blocking the signaling of IL-33/ST2 pathway, mice receiving 3 vaccinations subjected to intraperitoneal sensitization and intranasal challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Control animals received carrier or PBS in place of the vaccine. Immunization with the VLPs significantly suppressed inflammatory cell number and IL-33 level in BALF. OVA -induced goblet cell hyperplasia and lung tissue inflammatory cell infiltration were significantly suppressed in vaccinated mice. Our data indicate that IL-33 molecule-based vaccine, which may block IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway on a persistent basis, holds potential for treatment of asthma and, by extension, other diseases where overexpressed IL-33 plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Long
- a Lab of Molecular Immunology; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
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Ozyigit LP, Morita H, Akdis M. Innate lymphocyte cells in asthma phenotypes. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:23. [PMID: 26150907 PMCID: PMC4491887 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper type 2 (TH2) cells were previously thought to be the main initiating effector cell type in asthma; however, exaggerated TH2 cell activities alone were insufficient to explain all aspects of asthma. Asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome comprising different phenotypes that are characterized by their different clinical features, treatment responses, and inflammation patterns. The most-studied subgroups of asthma include TH2-associated early-onset allergic asthma, late-onset persistent eosinophilic asthma, virus-induced asthma, obesity-related asthma, and neutrophilic asthma. The recent discovery of human innate lymphoid cells capable of rapidly producing large amounts of cytokines upon activation and the mouse data pointing to an essential role for these cells in asthma models have emphasized the important role of the innate immune system in asthma and have provided a new means of better understanding asthma mechanisms and differentiating its phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Pur Ozyigit
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mubeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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