201
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Dong S, Liu YL, Li ZH. The Opposite Roles of White Light in Regulating Germination of Fresh and Aged Seed in Tobacco. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112457. [PMID: 34834820 PMCID: PMC8618267 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Light is one of the important environmental factors for seeds to evaluate whether the natural environment is appropriate for germination and subsequent seedlings emergence. The mechanism of light-mediated germination is mainly concerned with fresh seeds (FS) of model plants but is poorly understood in aged seeds. Here, the effects of light on germination of FS and naturally aged seeds (NAS) in tobacco and their relationship with plant hormones gibberellins (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated. The results demonstrated that light promoted and inhibited the germination of FS and NAS, respectively. GA and ABA were involved in the germination control of NAS, as well as in FS. However, light suppressed GA signal and stimulated ABA signal in NAS, whereas it stimulated GA signal and suppressed ABA signal in FS. In addition, light stimulated the GA accumulation and reduction in ABA in FS while inhibiting the increase in GA level in NAS. Together, the present study demonstrates that light has opposite effects on the germination of FS and NAS, which are closely related to the metabolism and/or signaling of plant hormones ABA and GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Agriculture, University of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agriculture, University of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Shuai Dong
- College of Agriculture, University of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Yi-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), University of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Zhen-Hua Li
- College of Agriculture, University of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence:
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202
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OsABF1 Represses Gibberellin Biosynthesis to Regulate Plant Height and Seed Germination in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212220. [PMID: 34830102 PMCID: PMC8622533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are diterpenoid phytohormones regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, such as internode elongation and seed germination. Although the GA biosynthesis pathways have been identified, the transcriptional regulatory network of GA homeostasis still remains elusive. Here, we report the functional characterization of a GA-inducible OsABF1 in GA biosynthesis underpinning plant height and seed germination. Overexpression of OsABF1 produced a typical GA-deficient phenotype with semi-dwarf and retarded seed germination. Meanwhile, the phenotypes could be rescued by exogenous GA3, suggesting that OsABF1 is a key regulator of GA homeostasis. OsABF1 could directly suppress the transcription of green revolution gene SD1, thus reducing the endogenous GA level in rice. Moreover, OsABF1 interacts with and transcriptionally antagonizes to the polycomb repression complex component OsEMF2b, whose mutant showed as similar but more severe phenotype to OsABF1 overexpression lines. It is suggested that OsABF1 recruits RRC2-mediated H3K27me3 deposition on the SD1 promoter, thus epigenetically silencing SD1 to maintain the GA homeostasis for growth and seed germination. These findings shed new insight into the functions of OsABF1 and regulatory mechanism underlying GA homeostasis in rice.
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203
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Wang L, Chandrasekaran U, Luo X, Wei S, Shu K. Parental Shading Regulates Subsequent Seed Germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748760. [PMID: 34819940 PMCID: PMC8606882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xiaofeng Luo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaowei Wei
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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204
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Song T, Das D, Ye NH, Wang GQ, Zhu FY, Chen MX, Yang F, Zhang JH. Comparative transcriptome analysis of coleorhiza development in japonica and Indica rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:514. [PMID: 34736393 PMCID: PMC8567703 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coleorhiza hairs, are sheath-like outgrowth organs in the seeds of Poaceae family that look like root hair but develop from the coleorhiza epidermal cells during seed imbibition. The major role of coleorhiza hair in seed germination involves facilitating water uptake and nutrient supply for seed germination. However, molecular basis of coleorhiza hair development and underlying genes and metabolic pathways during seed germination are largely unknown and need to be established. RESULTS In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis of coleorhiza hairs from japonica and indica rice suggested that DEGs in embryo samples from seeds with embryo in air (EIA) as compared to embryo from seeds completely covered by water (CBW) were enriched in water deprivation, abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin metabolism, carbohydrate catabolism and phosphorus metabolism in coleorhiza hairs in both cultivars. Up-regulation of key metabolic genes in ABA, auxin and dehydrin and aquaporin genes may help maintain the basic development of coleorhiza hair in japonica and indica in EIA samples during both early and late stages. Additionally, DEGs involved in glutathione metabolism and carbon metabolism are upregulated while DEGs involved in amino acid and nucleotide sugar metabolism are downregulated in EIA suggesting induction of oxidative stress-alleviating genes and less priority to primary metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results in this study could provide novel aspects about the molecular signaling that could be involved in coleorhiza hair development in different types of rice cultivars during seed germination and may give some hints for breeders to improve seed germination efficiency under moderate drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Debatosh Das
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Neng-Hui Ye
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guan-Qun Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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205
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Walker M, Pérez M, Steinbrecher T, Gawthrop F, Pavlović I, Novák O, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, Marone F, Nakabayashi K, Leubner-Metzger G. Molecular mechanisms and hormonal regulation underpinning morphological dormancy: a case study using Apium graveolens (Apiaceae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1020-1036. [PMID: 34510583 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Underdeveloped (small) embryos embedded in abundant endosperm tissue, and thus having morphological dormancy (MD) or morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), are considered to be the ancestral state in seed dormancy evolution. This trait is retained in the Apiaceae family, which provides excellent model systems for investigating the underpinning mechanisms. We investigated Apium graveolens (celery) MD by combined innovative imaging and embryo growth assays with the quantification of hormone metabolism, as well as the analysis of hormone and cell-wall related gene expression. The integrated experimental results demonstrated that embryo growth occurred inside imbibed celery fruits in association with endosperm degradation, and that a critical embryo size was required for radicle emergence. The regulation of these processes depends on gene expression leading to gibberellin and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production by the embryo and on crosstalk between the fruit compartments. ABA degradation associated with distinct spatiotemporal patterns in ABA sensitivity control embryo growth, endosperm breakdown and radicle emergence. This complex interaction between gibberellins, IAA and ABA metabolism, and changes in the tissue-specific sensitivities to these hormones is distinct from non-MD seeds. We conclude that the embryo growth to reach the critical size and the associated endosperm breakdown inside MD fruits constitute a unique germination programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
- Tozer Seeds, Tozer Seeds Ltd, Cobham, KT11 3EH, UK
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Tina Steinbrecher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | | | - Iva Pavlović
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Kazumi Nakabayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
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206
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Depuydt T, Vandepoele K. Multi-omics network-based functional annotation of unknown Arabidopsis genes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1193-1212. [PMID: 34562334 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling gene function is pivotal to understanding the signaling cascades that control plant development and stress responses. As experimental profiling is costly and labor intensive, there is a clear need for high-confidence computational annotation. In contrast to detailed gene-specific functional information, transcriptomics data are widely available for both model and crop species. Here, we describe a novel automated function prediction method, which leverages complementary information from multiple expression datasets by analyzing study-specific gene co-expression networks. First, we benchmarked the prediction performance on recently characterized Arabidopsis thaliana genes, and showed that our method outperforms state-of-the-art expression-based approaches. Next, we predicted biological process annotations for known (n = 15 790) and unknown (n = 11 865) genes in A. thaliana and validated our predictions using experimental protein-DNA and protein-protein interaction data (covering >220 000 interactions in total), obtaining a set of high-confidence functional annotations. Our method assigned at least one validated annotation to 5054 (42.6%) unknown genes, and at least one novel validated function to 3408 (53.0%) genes with computational annotations only. These omics-supported functional annotations shed light on a variety of developmental processes and molecular responses, such as flower and root development, defense responses to fungi and bacteria, and phytohormone signaling, and help fill the information gap on biological process annotations in Arabidopsis. An in-depth analysis of two context-specific networks, modeling seed development and response to water deprivation, shows how previously uncharacterized genes function within the respective networks. Moreover, our automated function prediction approach can be applied in future studies to facilitate gene discovery for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Depuydt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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207
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Zhu X, Wang B, Wang X, Wei X. Screening of stable internal reference gene of Quinoa under hormone treatment and abiotic stress. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2459-2470. [PMID: 34924704 PMCID: PMC8639980 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction is the most commonly used method to accurately detect gene expression patterns. The method requires stable internal reference genes to standardize the data. However, studies have shown that there is no stable expression of internal reference genes in different tissues and under different treatments. Therefore, in order to study the optimal reference genes of quinoa under different hormones and abiotic stress, leaves and stems from quinoa seedlings treated with low temperature (4 °C), salt (200 mmol/L) and abscisic acid (200 mmol/L) were used as experimental materials. Using ACT-1, eIF, EF1α, GAPDH, TUA, TUB-9, TUB-1, H2A and L8-1 as candidate reference genes, the expression stability of these 9 quinoa candidate reference genes under different hormone treatment and abiotic stress was evaluated by using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. The results showed that TUB-1 gene under salt stress, L8-1 gene under low temperature stress, EF-1α gene induced by ABA. PLIM2c WLIM1and WLIM2b were selected to verify the candidate internal reference genes, and finally the expression of GAPDH was most unstable under the three treatments, which was not suitable to be the internal reference gene of quinoa under specific conditions, while EF1α showed good stability under the three different treatments and was suitable to be used as the internal reference gene. In conclusion, the results of this study could provide an important reference for quantifying the expression level of reference genes in quinoa. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01094-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Baoqiang Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xian Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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208
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Seed Dormancy and Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Rice-An Updated Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111804. [PMID: 34769234 PMCID: PMC8583970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting is a critical phenomenon involving the germination of seeds in the mother plant before harvest under relative humid conditions and reduced dormancy. As it results in reduced grain yield and quality, it is a common problem for the farmers who have cultivated the rice and wheat across the globe. Crop yields need to be steadily increased to improve the people’s ability to adapt to risks as the world’s population grows and natural disasters become more frequent. To improve the quality of grain and to avoid pre-harvest sprouting, a clear understanding of the crops should be known with the use of molecular omics approaches. Meanwhile, pre-harvest sprouting is a complicated phenomenon, especially in rice, and physiological, hormonal, and genetic changes should be monitored, which can be modified by high-throughput metabolic engineering techniques. The integration of these data allows the creation of tailored breeding lines suitable for various demands and regions, and it is crucial for increasing the crop yields and economic benefits. In this review, we have provided an overview of seed dormancy and its regulation, the major causes of pre-harvest sprouting, and also unraveled the novel avenues to battle pre-harvest sprouting in cereals with special reference to rice using genomics and transcriptomic approaches.
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209
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Koramutla MK, Negi M, Ayele BT. Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Abscisic Acid Signaling and Its Regulation of Seed Dormancy and Drought Tolerance. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1620. [PMID: 34681014 PMCID: PMC8535772 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development and interactions with the environment are regulated by phytohormones and other signaling molecules. During their evolution, plants have developed strategies for efficient signal perception and for the activation of signal transduction cascades to maintain proper growth and development, in particular under adverse environmental conditions. Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the phytohormones known to regulate plant developmental events and tolerance to environmental stresses. The role of ABA is mediated by both its accumulated level, which is regulated by its biosynthesis and catabolism, and signaling, all of which are influenced by complex regulatory mechanisms. Under stress conditions, plants employ enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant strategies to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitigate the negative effects of oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) is one of the main antioxidant molecules playing a critical role in plant survival under stress conditions through the detoxification of excess ROS, maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and regulating protein functions. GSH has recently emerged as an important signaling molecule regulating ABA signal transduction and associated developmental events, and response to stressors. This review highlights the current knowledge on the interplay between ABA and GSH in regulating seed dormancy, germination, stomatal closure and tolerance to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Belay T. Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (M.K.K.); (M.N.)
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210
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Hydro-Electro Hybrid Priming Promotes Carrot ( Daucus carota L.) Seed Germination by Activating Lipid Utilization and Respiratory Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011090. [PMID: 34681749 PMCID: PMC8538415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is widely cultivated as one of the most important root crops, and developing an effective presowing treatment method can promote the development of modern mechanized precision sowing. In the present study, a novel seed priming technology, named hydro-electro hybrid priming (HEHP), was used to promote the germination of carrot seeds. Seed germination experiments showed that HEHP was able to increase the germination index (GI) and vigor index (VI) by 3.1-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively, and the effect was significantly superior to that of hydro-priming (HYD) and electrostatic field treatment (EF). The consumption and utilization rate of seed storage reserves were also greatly improved. Meanwhile, both glyoxysomes and mitochondria were found to appear ahead of time in the endosperm cells of HEHP through observations of the subcellular structure of the endosperm. Activities of isocitrate lyase (ICL), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were significantly increased by HEHP. From transcriptome results, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to the glyoxylate cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citrate cycle were significantly enriched and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed the expression pattern of 15 critical differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these pathways. All DEGs encoding MDH, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and PK were upregulated in HEHP; thus, it is reasonable to infer that the transformation of malate, oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate in the cytoplasm may be pivotal for the energy supply during early germination. The results suggest that the optimal effect of HEHP is achieved by initiating stored lipid utilization and respiratory metabolism pathways related to germination.
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211
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Wang L, Ruan C, Bao A, Li H. Small RNA profiling for identification of microRNAs involved in regulation of seed development and lipid biosynthesis in yellowhorn. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:464. [PMID: 34641783 PMCID: PMC8513341 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium), an endemic woody oil-bearing tree, has become economically important and is widely cultivated in northern China for bioactive oil production. However, the regulatory mechanisms of seed development and lipid biosynthesis affecting oil production in yellowhorn are still elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in diverse aspects of biological and metabolic processes in seeds, especially in seed development and lipid metabolism. It is still unknown how the miRNAs regulate the seed development and lipid biosynthesis in yellowhorn. RESULTS Here, based on investigations of differences in the seed growth tendency and embryo oil content between high-oil-content and low-oil-content lines, we constructed small RNA libraries from yellowhorn embryos at four seed development stages of the two lines and then profiled small RNA expression using high-throughput sequencing. A total of 249 known miRNAs from 46 families and 88 novel miRNAs were identified. Furthermore, by pairwise comparisons among the four seed development stages in each line, we found that 64 miRNAs (53 known and 11 novel miRNAs) were differentially expressed in the two lines. Across the two lines, 15, 11, 10, and 7 differentially expressed miRNAs were detected at 40, 54, 68, and 81 days after anthesis, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict a total of 2654 target genes for 141 differentially expressed miRNAs (120 known and 21 novel miRNAs). Most of these genes were involved in the fatty acid biosynthetic process, regulation of transcription, nucleus, and response to auxin. Using quantitative real-time PCR and an integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression, miRNA-target regulatory modules that may be involved in yellowhorn seed size, weight, and lipid biosynthesis were identified, such as miR172b-ARF2 (auxin response factor 2), miR7760-p3_1-AGL61 (AGAMOUS-LIKE 61), miR319p_1-FAD2-2 (omega-6 fatty acid desaturase 2-2), miR5647-p3_1-DGAT1 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1), and miR7760-p5_1-MED15A (Mediator subunit 15a). CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the important regulatory roles of miRNAs in the seed development and lipid biosynthesis in yellowhorn. Our results will be valuable for dissecting the post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation of seed development and lipid biosynthesis, as well as improving yellowhorn in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (OUC), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chengjiang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Aomin Bao
- Institute of Economic Forest, Tongliao Academy of Forestry Science and Technology, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
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212
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Integument-Specific Transcriptional Regulation in the Mid-Stage of Flax Seed Development Influences the Release of Mucilage and the Seed Oil Content. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102677. [PMID: 34685657 PMCID: PMC8534900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed oil, which accumulates in the embryo, and mucilage, which is synthesized in the seed coat, are of great economic importance for food, pharmaceutical as well as chemical industries. Theories on the link between oil and mucilage production in seeds consist in the spatio-temporal competition of both compounds for photosynthates during the very early stages of seed development. In this study, we demonstrate a positive relationship between seed oil production and seed coat mucilage extrusion in the agronomic model, flax. Three recombinant inbred lines were selected for low, medium and high mucilage and seed oil contents. Metabolite and transcript profiling (1H NMR and DNA oligo-microarrays) was performed on the seeds during seed development. These analyses showed main changes in the seed coat transcriptome during the mid-phase of seed development (25 Days Post-Anthesis), once the mucilage biosynthesis and modification processes are thought to be finished. These transcriptome changes comprised genes that are putatively involved in mucilage chemical modification and oil synthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA) metabolism. The results of this integrative biology approach suggest that transcriptional regulations of seed oil and fatty acid (FA) metabolism could occur in the seed coat during the mid-stage of seed development, once the seed coat carbon supplies have been used for mucilage biosynthesis and mechanochemical properties of the mucilage secretory cells.
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Alizadeh M, Hoy R, Lu B, Song L. Team effort: Combinatorial control of seed maturation by transcription factors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102091. [PMID: 34343847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seed development is under tight spatiotemporal regulation. Here, we summarize how transcriptional regulation helps shape the major traits during seed maturation, which include storage reserve accumulation, dormancy, desiccation tolerance, and longevity. The regulation is rarely a solo task by an individual transcription factor (TF). Rather, it often involves coordinated recruitment or replacement of multiple TFs to achieve combinatorial regulation. We highlight recent progress on the transcriptional integration of activation and repression of seed maturation genes, and discuss potential research directions to further understand the TF networks of seed maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Alizadeh
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bailan Lu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Liang Song
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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214
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Chen B, Fiers M, Dekkers BJW, Maas L, van Esse GW, Angenent GC, Zhao Y, Boutilier K. ABA signalling promotes cell totipotency in the shoot apex of germinating embryos. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6418-6436. [PMID: 34175924 PMCID: PMC8483786 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a type of induced cell totipotency where embryos develop from vegetative tissues of the plant instead of from gamete fusion after fertilization. SE can be induced in vitro by exposing explants to growth regulators, such as the auxinic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been proposed to be a downstream signalling component at the intersection between 2,4-D- and stress-induced SE, but it is not known how these pathways interact to induce cell totipotency. Here we show that 2,4-D-induced SE from the shoot apex of germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds is characterized by transcriptional maintenance of an ABA-dependent seed maturation pathway. Molecular-genetic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants revealed a role for ABA in promoting SE at three different levels: ABA biosynthesis, ABA receptor complex signalling, and ABA-mediated transcription, with essential roles for the ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) and ABI4 transcription factors. Our data suggest that the ability of mature Arabidopsis embryos to maintain the ABA seed maturation environment is an important first step in establishing competence for auxin-induced cell totipotency. This finding provides further support for the role of ABA in directing processes other than abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Chen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AP, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Fiers
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bas J W Dekkers
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, AA, Netherlands
| | - Lena Maas
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AP, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - G Wilma van Esse
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AP, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AP, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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215
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Recent Advances in Phytohormone Regulation of Apple-Fruit Ripening. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102061. [PMID: 34685870 PMCID: PMC8539861 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) is, globally, one of the largest fruits in terms of cultivated area and yield. Apple fruit is generally marketed after storage, which is of great significance for regulating the market supply in the off-season of fruit production. Apple-fruit ripening, which culminates in desirable changes in structural and textural properties, is governed by a complex regulatory network. Much is known about ethylene as one of the most important factors promoting apple-fruit ripening. However, the dynamic interplay between phytohormones also plays an important part in apple-fruit ripening. Here, we review and evaluate the complex regulatory network concerning the action of phytohormones during apple-fruit ripening. Interesting future research areas are discussed.
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216
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Li R, Jiang M, Song Y, Zhang H. Melatonin Alleviates Low-Temperature Stress via ABI5-Mediated Signals During Seed Germination in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:727596. [PMID: 34646287 PMCID: PMC8502935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.727596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With increasing areas of direct sowing, low-temperature (LT) stress drastically affects global rice production. Exogenous applications of melatonin (MT) serve as one of the effective ways to improve seed germination under various stress conditions. In this study, we found that MT treatment greatly improved the LT stress-induced loss of germination percentage and the weak performance of seedlings under LT of constant 20°C (LT20). This was largely dependent on the activated antioxidant system and enhanced activities of storage substance utilization-associated enzymes. Moreover, we also detected that exogenous feeding of MT significantly increased the biosynthesis of gibberellin (GA) and endogenous MT but simultaneously inhibited the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under LT20 stress. These results suggested that MT had antagonistic effects on ABA and H2O2. In addition, MT treatment also significantly enhanced the expression of CATALYSE 2 (OsCAT2), which was directly regulated by ABA-INSENSITIVE 5 (OsABI5), a core module of ABA-stressed signals, and thus promoting the H2O2 scavenging to reach reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, which consequently increased GA biosynthesis. However, in abi5 mutants, OsCAT2 failed in response to LT20 stress irrespective of MT treatment, indicating that OsABI5 is essential for MT-mediated seed germination under LT20 stress. Collectively, we now demonstrated that MT showed a synergistic interaction with an ABI5-mediated signal to mediate seed germination, partially through the direct regulation of OsCAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Song
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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217
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Non-Deep Simple Morphophysiological Dormancy and Germination Characteristics of Gentiana triflora var. japonica (Kusn.) H. Hara (Gentianaceae), a Rare Perennial Herb in Korea. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10101979. [PMID: 34685788 PMCID: PMC8539912 DOI: 10.3390/plants10101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the kind of seed dormancy and seed germination of Gentiana triflora var. japonica (Kusn.) H. Hara for developing a seed propagation method. The seeds were collected in October 2020 from plants at Mt. Sobaeksan, Korea. In a water imbibition experiment, seed weights increased by >101.9% of their initial masses over 12 h. Effects of incubation temperature (5, 15, 20, 25, 15/6, or 25/15 °C), cold stratification period (5 °C; 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks), and gibberellic acid (GA3; 0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg∙L−1) and potassium nitrate treatment (KNO3; 0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 mg∙L−1) on seed germination were investigated to characterize seed dormancy. These seeds exhibited underdeveloped embryos during seed dispersal. The seeds failed to reach the final germination of 15.0% after treatment at 5, 15, 20, 25, 15/6, or 25/15 °C. After cold stratification for 8 weeks, the germination increased dramatically by >90.0% compared to that at 0 weeks. After the GA3 treatment, the germination reached >80.0% within 5 days. The final germination was 90.0% in the 100 mg∙L−1 GA3 treatment group. However, the KNO3 treatment had no effect on seed germination. Therefore, the G. triflora var. japonica seeds exhibited non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy.
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218
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Smolikova G, Strygina K, Krylova E, Leonova T, Frolov A, Khlestkina E, Medvedev S. Transition from Seeds to Seedlings: Hormonal and Epigenetic Aspects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1884. [PMID: 34579418 PMCID: PMC8467299 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transition from seed to seedling is one of the critical developmental steps, dramatically affecting plant growth and viability. Before plants enter the vegetative phase of their ontogenesis, massive rearrangements of signaling pathways and switching of gene expression programs are required. This results in suppression of the genes controlling seed maturation and activation of those involved in regulation of vegetative growth. At the level of hormonal regulation, these events are controlled by the balance of abscisic acid and gibberellins, although ethylene, auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, and jasmonates are also involved. The key players include the members of the LAFL network-the transcription factors LEAFY COTYLEDON1 and 2 (LEC 1 and 2), ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), and FUSCA3 (FUS3), as well as DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1). They are the negative regulators of seed germination and need to be suppressed before seedling development can be initiated. This repressive signal is mediated by chromatin remodeling complexes-POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2), as well as PICKLE (PKL) and PICKLE-RELATED2 (PKR2) proteins. Finally, epigenetic methylation of cytosine residues in DNA, histone post-translational modifications, and post-transcriptional downregulation of seed maturation genes with miRNA are discussed. Here, we summarize recent updates in the study of hormonal and epigenetic switches involved in regulation of the transition from seed germination to the post-germination stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Smolikova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ksenia Strygina
- Postgenomic Studies Laboratory, Federal Research Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia; (K.S.); (E.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Krylova
- Postgenomic Studies Laboratory, Federal Research Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia; (K.S.); (E.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Tatiana Leonova
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (T.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (T.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Khlestkina
- Postgenomic Studies Laboratory, Federal Research Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia; (K.S.); (E.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Sergei Medvedev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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219
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Liu S, Yang L, Li J, Tang W, Li J, Lin R. FHY3 interacts with phytochrome B and regulates seed dormancy and germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:289-302. [PMID: 33764465 PMCID: PMC8418400 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy and germination are fundamental processes for plant propagation, both of which are tightly regulated by internal and external cues. Phytochrome B (phyB) is a major red/far-red-absorbing photoreceptor that senses light signals that modulate seed dormancy and germination. However, the components that directly transduce that signal downstream of phyB are mostly unknown. Here, we show that the transposase-derived transcription factor FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) inhibits seed dormancy and promotes phyB-mediated seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. FHY3 physically interacts with phyB in vitro and in vivo. RNA-sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that FHY3 regulates multiple downstream genes, including REVEILLE2 (RVE2), RVE7, and SPATULA (SPT). Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoresis mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that FHY3 directly binds these genes via a conserved FBS cis-element in their promoters. Furthermore, RVE2, RVE7, and GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE 2 (GA3ox2) genetically act downstream of FHY3. Strikingly, light and phyB promote FHY3 protein accumulation. Our study reveals a transcriptional cascade consisting of phyB-FHY3-RVE2/RVE7/SPT-GA3ox2 that relays environmental light signals and thereby controls seed dormancy and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Author for communication:
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220
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Cervantes S, Vuosku J, Pyhäjärvi T. Atlas of tissue-specific and tissue-preferential gene expression in ecologically and economically significant conifer Pinus sylvestris. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11781. [PMID: 34466281 PMCID: PMC8380025 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their ecological and economical importance, conifers genomic resources are limited, mainly due to the large size and complexity of their genomes. Additionally, the available genomic resources lack complete structural and functional annotation. Transcriptomic resources have been commonly used to compensate for these deficiencies, though for most conifer species they are limited to a small number of tissues, or capture only a fraction of the genes present in the genome. Here we provide an atlas of gene expression patterns for conifer Pinus sylvestris across five tissues: embryo, megagametophyte, needle, phloem and vegetative bud. We used a wide range of tissues and focused our analyses on the expression profiles of genes at tissue level. We provide comprehensive information of the per-tissue normalized expression level, indication of tissue preferential upregulation and tissue-specificity of expression. We identified a total of 48,001 tissue preferentially upregulated and tissue specifically expressed genes, of which 28% have annotation in the Swiss-Prot database. Even though most of the putative genes identified do not have functional information in current biological databases, the tissue-specific patterns discovered provide valuable information about their potential functions for further studies, as for example in the areas of plant physiology, population genetics and genomics in general. As we provide information on tissue specificity at both diploid and haploid life stages, our data will also contribute to the understanding of evolutionary rates of different tissue types and ploidy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cervantes
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Vuosku
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanja Pyhäjärvi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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221
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Sato H, Santos-González J, Köhler C. Combinations of maternal-specific repressive epigenetic marks in the endosperm control seed dormancy. eLife 2021; 10:e64593. [PMID: 34427186 PMCID: PMC8456740 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2)-mediated trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and methylation of histone 3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me) are two repressive epigenetic modifications that are typically localized in distinct regions of the genome. For reasons unknown, however, they co-occur in some organisms and special tissue types. In this study, we show that maternal alleles marked by H3K27me3 in the Arabidopsis endosperm were targeted by the H3K27me3 demethylase REF6 and became activated during germination. In contrast, maternal alleles marked by H3K27me3, H3K9me2, and CHG methylation (CHGm) are likely to be protected from REF6 targeting and remained silenced. Our study unveils that combinations of different repressive epigenetic modifications time a key adaptive trait by modulating access of REF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sato
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Centre for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Juan Santos-González
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Centre for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Centre for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
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222
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Attri P, Koga K, Okumura T, Takeuchi N, Shiratani M. Green route for ammonium nitrate synthesis: fertilizer for plant growth enhancement. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28521-28529. [PMID: 35478561 PMCID: PMC9037994 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil fertility management is of great importance for farmers. The use of synthetic nitrogen (N)-fertilizer increased by 20 fold in the last 50 years to feed the increasingly hungry population. This study aims to enrich the plant soil with nitrogen content (NH4NO3 fertilizer in soil) using the low-temperature and low-pressure plasma [without H2 and catalyst]. Subsequently, we used plasma N-enriched soil for plant (radish and tomato) growth. We investigated the germination percentage, seedling growth, seedling weight, phytohormones and antioxidant activity of radish and tomato plants after treatment with plasma N-enriched soil and compared with control soil and soil + commercial N-fertilizer. The plasma N-enriched soil treatment results in significant growth enhancement for both radish and tomato plants. Further, substantial changes in phytohormone and antioxidant levels were observed for the plants grown in plasma N-enriched soil compared to control soil and soil + commercial N-fertilizer. The energy consumption (EC) for total N-fixation was 12 MJ mol-1. EC for ammonia and nitrate fixation was 17 and 41 MJ mol-1, respectively, without H2 gas. Further to understand the plasma chemistry, we performed 1D simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics® software. This study showed that direct N-fixation in the soil by plasma could be used as fertilizer for the plants and open a new window for future decentralized N-fertilizer production at the farm site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Attri
- Center of Plasma Nano-interface Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kazunori Koga
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institute of Natural Science Tokyo 105-0001 Japan
| | - Takamasa Okumura
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nozomi Takeuchi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Masaharu Shiratani
- Center of Plasma Nano-interface Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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223
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Liao D, An R, Wei J, Wang D, Li X, Qi J. Transcriptome profiles revealed molecular mechanisms of alternating temperatures in breaking the epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy of Polygonatum sibiricum seeds. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:370. [PMID: 34384392 PMCID: PMC8359049 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To adapt seasonal climate changes under natural environments, Polygonatum sibiricum seeds have a long period of epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy, which limits their wide-utilization in the large-scale plant progeny propagation. It has been proven that the controlled consecutive warm and cold temperature treatments can effectively break and shorten this seed dormancy status to promote its successful underdeveloped embryo growth, radicle emergence and shoot emergence. To uncover the molecular basis of seed dormancy release and seedling establishment, a SMRT full-length sequencing analysis and an Illumina sequencing-based comparison of P. sibiricum seed transcriptomes were combined to investigate transcriptional changes during warm and cold stratifications. RESULTS A total of 87,251 unigenes, including 46,255 complete sequences, were obtained and 77,148 unigenes (88.42%) were annotated. Gene expression analyses at four stratification stages identified a total of 27,059 DEGs in six pairwise comparisons and revealed that more differentially expressed genes were altered at the Corm stage than at the other stages, especially Str_S and Eme. The expression of 475 hormone metabolism genes and 510 hormone signaling genes was modulated during P. sibiricum seed dormancy release and seedling emergence. One thousand eighteen transcription factors and five hundred nineteen transcription regulators were detected differentially expressed during stratification and germination especially at Corm and Str_S stages. Of 1246 seed dormancy/germination known DEGs, 378, 790, and 199 DEGs were associated with P. sibiricum MD release (Corm vs Seed), epicotyl dormancy release (Str_S vs Corm), and the seedling establishment after the MPD release (Eme vs Str_S). CONCLUSIONS A comparison with dormancy- and germination-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds revealed that genes related to multiple plant hormones, chromatin modifiers and remodelers, DNA methylation, mRNA degradation, endosperm weakening, and cell wall structures coordinately mediate P. sibiricum seed germination, epicotyl dormancy release, and seedling establishment. These results provided the first insights into molecular regulation of P. sibiricum seed epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy release and seedling emergence. They may form the foundation of future studies regarding gene interaction and the specific roles of individual tissues (endosperm, newly-formed corm) in P. sibiricum bulk seed dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqun Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruipeng An
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Xianen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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224
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Park M, Choi W, Shin SY, Moon H, Lee D, Gho YS, Jung KH, Jeon JS, Shin C. Identification of Genes and MicroRNAs Affecting Pre-harvest Sprouting in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) by Transcriptome and Small RNAome Analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:727302. [PMID: 34421977 PMCID: PMC8377729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.727302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the primary problems associated with seed dormancy in rice (Oryza sativa L.). It causes yield loss and reduces grain quality under unpredictable humid conditions at the ripening stage, thus affecting the economic value of the rice crop. To resolve this issue, understanding the molecular mechanism underlying seed dormancy in rice is important. Recent studies have shown that seed dormancy is affected by a large number of genes associated with plant hormone regulation. However, understanding regarding the effect of heat stress on seed dormancy and plant hormones is limited. This study compared the transcriptome and small RNAome of the seed embryo and endosperm of two contrasting japonica rice accessions, PHS susceptible (with low seed dormancy) and PHS resistant (with high seed dormancy), at three different maturation stages. We found that 9,068 genes and 35 microRNAs (miRNAs) were differentially expressed in the embryo, whereas 360 genes were differentially expressed in the endosperm. Furthermore, we identified and verified the candidate genes associated with seed dormancy and heat stress-related responses in rice using quantitative real-time PCR. We newly discovered eight hormone-related genes, four heat shock protein-related genes, and two miRNAs potentially involved in PHS. These findings provide a strong foundation for understanding the dynamics of transcriptome and small RNAome of hormone- and heat stress-related genes, which affect PHS during seed maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woochang Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hongman Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dowhan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Shil Gho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Chanseok Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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225
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Gu Q, Ke H, Liu C, Lv X, Sun Z, Liu Z, Rong W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Wu L, Zhang G, Wang X, Ma Z. A stable QTL qSalt-A04-1 contributes to salt tolerance in the cotton seed germination stage. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2399-2410. [PMID: 33928409 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A stable QTL qSalt-A04-1 for salt tolerance in the cotton seed germination stage, and two candidate genes, GhGASA1 and GhADC2, that play negative roles by modulating the GA and PA signalling pathways, respectively, were identified. The successful transition of a seed into a seedling is a prerequisite for plant propagation and crop yield. Germination is a vulnerable stage in a plant's life cycle that is strongly affected by environmental conditions, such as salinity. In this study, we identified a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) qRGR-A04-1 associated with the relative germination rate (RGR) after salt stress treatment based on a high-density genetic map under phytotron and field conditions, with LOD values that ranged from 6.65 to 16.83 and 6.11-12.63% phenotypic variations in all five environmental tests. Two candidate genes with significantly differential expression between the two parents were finally identified through RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses. Further functional analyses showed that GhGASA1- and GhADC2-overexpression lines were more sensitive to salt stress than wild-type Arabidopsis based on the regulation of the transcript levels of gibberellic acid (GA)- and polyamine (PA)- related genes in GA and PA biosynthesis and the reduction in the accumulation of GA and PA, respectively, under salt stress. Virus-induced gene silencing analysis showed that TRV:GASA1 and TRV:ADC2 were more tolerant to salt stress than TRV:00 based on the increased expression of GA synthesis genes and decreased H2O2 content, respectively. Taken together, our results suggested that QTL qRGR-A04-1 and its two harboured genes, GhGASA1 and GhADC2, are promising candidates for salt tolerance improvement in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Huifeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhengwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Rong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
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226
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Liu H, Wu W. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals function of TERF1 in promoting seed germination. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1659-1674. [PMID: 34539109 PMCID: PMC8405750 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Seed germination marks a new life cycle of a plant. Although ethylene promotes seed germination, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Ethylene Responsive Factors (ERFs) play an essential role in ethylene signaling. Here we show that overexpression of Tomato Ethylene Responsive Factor 1 (TERF1), an ERF transcription factor isolated from tomato, can promote tobacco seed germination at 23 °C in darkness. Hormones analysis showed that salicylic acid (SA), 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acids (GAs) were significantly increased by TERF1, while jasmonic acid (JA) was significantly reduced in TERF1 seeds. Transcriptome analysis identified 7,961 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 6,213 mRNAs, 25 miRNAs, 1,581 lncRNAs and 141 circRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that cell cycles, sugar metabolism, microtubule-based processes were activated by TERF1, while DNA repair, lipid metabolism were repressed by TERF1. We also identified differentially expressed regulatory genes for ABA and GA biosynthesis or signaling in TERF1 seed, including transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases and ubiquitin protein ligases, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). At posttranscriptional level TERF1 also regulates gene expression through alternative splicing (AS). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed three key biological processes regulated by TERF1, including nitrogen metabolism, light related processes and mitosis. Pheynotype and gene expression analysis showed that TERF1 significantly reduced seed sensitivity to ABA and auxin during germination through repressing key components of ABA signaling pathway. Our results unraveled the function of TERF1 in promoting seed germination. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01049-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Liu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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227
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Post-Embryonic Phase Transitions Mediated by Polycomb Repressive Complexes in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147533. [PMID: 34299153 PMCID: PMC8305008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct timing of developmental phase transitions is critical for the survival and fitness of plants. Developmental phase transitions in plants are partially promoted by controlling relevant genes into active or repressive status. Polycomb Repressive Complex1 (PRC1) and PRC2, originally identified in Drosophila, are essential in initiating and/or maintaining genes in repressive status to mediate developmental phase transitions. Our review summarizes mechanisms in which the embryo-to-seedling transition, the juvenile-to-adult transition, and vegetative-to-reproductive transition in plants are mediated by PRC1 and PRC2, and suggests that PRC1 could act either before or after PRC2, or that they could function independently of each other. Details of the exact components of PRC1 and PRC2 in each developmental phase transitions and how they are recruited or removed will need to be addressed in the future.
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228
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Li P, Zheng T, Zhang Z, Liu W, Qiu L, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Integrative Identification of Crucial Genes Associated With Plant Hormone-Mediated Bud Dormancy in Prunus mume. Front Genet 2021; 12:698598. [PMID: 34295354 PMCID: PMC8290171 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.698598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus mume is an important ornamental woody plant with winter-flowering property, which is closely related to bud dormancy. Despite recent scientific headway in deciphering the mechanism of bud dormancy in P. mume, the overall picture of gene co-expression regulating P. mume bud dormancy is still unclear. Here a total of 23 modules were screened by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), of which 12 modules were significantly associated with heteroauxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA), including GA1, GA3, and GA4. The yellow module, which was positively correlated with the content of ABA and negatively correlated with the content of GA, was composed of 1,426 genes, among which 156 transcription factors (TFs) were annotated with transcriptional regulation function. An enrichment analysis revealed that these genes are related to the dormancy process and plant hormone signal transduction. Interestingly, the expression trends of PmABF2 and PmABF4 genes, the core members of ABA signal transduction, were positively correlated with P. mume bud dormancy. Additionally, the PmSVP gene had attracted lots of attention because of its co-expression, function enrichment, and expression level. PmABF2, PmABF4, and PmSVP were the genes with a high degree of expression in the co-expression network, which was upregulated by ABA treatment. Our results provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanism of plant hormone-regulated dormancy and screen the hub genes involved in bud dormancy in P. mume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment; Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangchun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment; Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichao Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment; Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Like Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment; Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment; Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment; Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment; Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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229
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Jiang A, Guo Z, Pan J, Yang Y, Zhuang Y, Zuo D, Hao C, Gao Z, Xin P, Chu J, Zhong S, Li L. The PIF1-miR408-PLANTACYANIN repression cascade regulates light-dependent seed germination. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1506-1529. [PMID: 33616669 PMCID: PMC8254493 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Light-dependent seed germination is a vital process for many seed plants. A decisive event in light-induced germination is degradation of the central repressor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1). The balance between gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) helps to control germination. However, the cellular mechanisms linking PIF1 turnover to hormonal balancing remain elusive. Here, employing far-red light-induced Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination as the experimental system, we identified PLANTACYANIN (PCY) as an inhibitor of germination. It is a blue copper protein associated with the vacuole that is both highly expressed in mature seeds and rapidly silenced during germination. Molecular analyses showed that PIF1 binds to the miR408 promoter and represses miR408 accumulation. This in turn posttranscriptionally modulates PCY abundance, forming the PIF1-miR408-PCY repression cascade for translating PIF1 turnover to PCY turnover during early germination. Genetic analysis, RNA-sequencing, and hormone quantification revealed that PCY is necessary and sufficient to maintain the PIF1-mediated seed transcriptome and the low-GA-high-ABA state. Furthermore, we found that PCY domain organization and regulation by miR408 are conserved features in seed plants. These results revealed a cellular mechanism whereby PIF1-relayed external light signals are converted through PCY turnover to internal hormonal profiles for controlling seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhonglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiawei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaoxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peiyong Xin
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shangwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Author for correspondence:
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230
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Tuan PA, Nguyen TN, Jordan MC, Ayele BT. A shift in abscisic acid/gibberellin balance underlies retention of dormancy induced by seed development temperature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2230-2244. [PMID: 33249604 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Through a combination of physiological, pharmacological, molecular and targeted metabolomics approaches, we showed that retention of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed dormancy levels induced by low and high seed development temperatures during post-desiccation phases is associated with modulation of gibberellin (GA) level and seed responsiveness to abscisic acid (ABA) and GA via expression of TaABI5 and TaGAMYB, respectively. Dormancy retention during imbibition, however, is associated with modulations of both ABA level and responsiveness via expression of specific ABA metabolism (TaNCED2 and TaCYP707A1) and signalling (TaPYL2, TaSnRK2, TaABI3, TaABI4 and TaABI5) genes, and alterations of GA levels and responsiveness through expression of specific GA biosynthesis (TaGA20ox1, TaGA20ox2 and TaGA3ox2) and signalling (TaGID1 and TaGID2) genes, respectively. Expression patterns of GA signalling genes, TaRHT1 and TaGAMYB, lacked positive correlation with that of GA regulated genes and dormancy level observed in seeds developed at the two temperatures, implying their regulation at post-transcriptional level. Our results overall implicate that a shift in ABA/GA balance underlies retention of dormancy levels induced by seed development temperature during post-desiccation and imbibition phases. Consistently, genes regulated by ABA and GA during imbibition overlapped with those differentially expressed between imbibed seeds developed at the two temperatures and mediate different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham A Tuan
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tran-Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark C Jordan
- Morden Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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231
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Zhu T, De Lima CFF, De Smet I. The Heat is On: How Crop Growth, Development and Yield Respond to High Temperature. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021:erab308. [PMID: 34185832 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a wide range of temperatures during their life cycle and need to continuously adapt. These adaptations need to deal with temperature changes on a daily and seasonal level and with temperatures affected by climate change. Increasing global temperatures negatively impact crop performance, and several physiological, biochemical, morphological and developmental responses to increased temperature have been described that allow plants to mitigate this. In this review, we assess various growth, development, and yield-related responses of crops to extreme and moderate high temperature, focusing on knowledge gained from both monocot (e.g. wheat, barley, maize, rice) and dicot crops (e.g. soybean and tomato) and incorporating information from model plants (e.g. Arabidopsis and Brachypodium). This revealed common and different responses between dicot and monocot crops, and defined different temperature thresholds depending on the species, growth stage and organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cassio Flavio Fonseca De Lima
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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232
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Zhong C, Patra B, Tang Y, Li X, Yuan L, Wang X. A transcriptional hub integrating gibberellin-brassinosteroid signals to promote seed germination in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4708-4720. [PMID: 33963401 PMCID: PMC8219041 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is regulated by multiple phytohormones, including gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs); however, the molecular mechanism underlying GA and BR co-induced seed germination is not well elucidated. We demonstrated that BRs induce seed germination through promoting testa and endosperm rupture in Arabidopsis. BRs promote cell elongation, rather than cell division, at the hypocotyl-radicle transition region of the embryonic axis during endosperm rupture. Two key basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in the BR signaling pathway, HBI1 and BEE2, are involved in the regulation of endosperm rupture. Expression of HBI1 and BEE2 was induced in response to BR and GA treatment. In addition, HBI1- or BEE2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants are less sensitive to the BR biosynthesis inhibitor, brassinazole, and the GA biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol. HBI1 and BEE2 promote endosperm rupture and seed germination by directly regulating the GA-Stimulated Arabidopsis 6 (GASA6) gene. Expression of GASA6 was altered in Arabidopsis overexpressing HBI1, BEE2, or SRDX-repressor forms of the two transcription factors. In addition, HBI1 interacts with BEE2 to synergistically activate GASA6 expression. Our findings define a new role for GASA6 in GA and BR signaling and reveal a regulatory module that controls GA and BR co-induced seed germination in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhong
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Barunava Patra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xukun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence: or
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233
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IPA1 Negatively Regulates Early Rice Seedling Development by Interfering with Starch Metabolism via the GA and WRKY Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126605. [PMID: 34203082 PMCID: PMC8234402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal Plant Architecture 1 (IPA1) encodes SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 14 (SPL14) with a pleiotropic effect on regulating rice development and biotic stress responses. To investigate the role of IPA1 in early seedling development, we developed a pair of IPA1/ipal-NILs and found that seed germination and early seedling growth were retarded in the ipa1-NIL. Analysis of the soluble sugar content, activity of amylase, and expression of the α-amylase genes revealed that the starch metabolism was weakened in the ipa1-NIL germinating seeds. Additionally, the content of bioactive gibberellin (GA) was significantly lower than that in the IPA1-NIL seeds at 48 h of imbibition. Meanwhile, the expression of GA synthesis-related gene OsGA20ox1 was downregulated, whereas the expression of GA inactivation-related genes was upregulated in ipa1-NIL seeds. In addition, the expression of OsWRKY51 and OsWRKY71 was significantly upregulated in ipa1-NIL seeds. Using transient dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays, IPA1 was found to directly activate the expression of OsWRKY51 and OsWRKY71, which would interfere with the binding affinity of GA-induced transcription factor OsGAMYB to inhibit the expression of α-amylase genes. In summary, our results suggest that IPA1 negatively regulates seed germination and early seedling growth by interfering with starch metabolism via the GA and WRKY pathways.
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234
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Ren LY, Zhao H, Liu XL, Zong TK, Qiao M, Liu SY, Liu XY. Transcriptome Reveals Roles of Lignin-Modifying Enzymes and Abscisic Acid in the Symbiosis of Mycena and Gastrodia elata. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6557. [PMID: 34207287 PMCID: PMC8235111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata is a well-known medicinal and heterotrophic orchid. Its germination, limited by the impermeability of seed coat lignin and inhibition by abscisic acid (ABA), is triggered by symbiosis with fungi such as Mycena spp. However, the molecular mechanisms of lignin degradation by Mycena and ABA biosynthesis and signaling in G. elata remain unclear. In order to gain insights into these two processes, this study analyzed the transcriptomes of these organisms during their dynamic symbiosis. Among the 25 lignin-modifying enzyme genes in Mycena, two ligninolytic class II peroxidases and two laccases were significantly upregulated, most likely enabling Mycena hyphae to break through the lignin seed coats of G. elata. Genes related to reduced virulence and loss of pathogenicity in Mycena accounted for more than half of annotated genes, presumably contributing to symbiosis. After coculture, upregulated genes outnumbered downregulated genes in G. elata seeds, suggesting slightly increased biological activity, while Mycena hyphae had fewer upregulated than downregulated genes, indicating decreased biological activity. ABA biosynthesis in G. elata was reduced by the downregulated expression of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED-2), and ABA signaling was blocked by the downregulated expression of a receptor protein (PYL12-like). This is the first report to describe the role of NCED-2 and PYL12-like in breaking G. elata seed dormancy by reducing the synthesis and blocking the signaling of the germination inhibitor ABA. This study provides a theoretical basis for screening germination fungi to identify effective symbionts and for reducing ABA inhibition of G. elata seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (X.-L.L.)
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (X.-L.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (X.-L.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong-Kai Zong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China;
| | - Min Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shu-Yan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (X.-L.L.)
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Saidi A, Hajibarat Z. Phytohormones: plant switchers in developmental and growth stages in potato. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:89. [PMID: 34142228 PMCID: PMC8211815 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato is one of the most important food crops worldwide, contributing key nutrients to the human diet. Plant hormones act as vital switchers in the regulation of various aspects of developmental and growth stages in potato. Due to the broad impacts of hormones on many developmental processes, their role in potato growth and developmental stages has been investigated. This review presents a description of hormonal basic pathways, various interconnections between hormonal network and reciprocal relationships, and clarification of molecular events underlying potato growth. In the last decade, new findings have emerged regarding their function during sprout development, vegetative growth, tuber initiation, tuber development, and maturation in potato. Hormones can control the regulation of various aspects of growth and development in potato, either individually or in combination with other hormones. The molecular characterization of interplay between cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), and auxin and/or gibberellins (GAs) during tuber formation requires further undertaking. Recently, new evidences regarding the relative functions of hormones during various stages and an intricate network of several hormones controlling potato tuber formation are emerging. Although some aspects of their functions are widely covered, remarkable breaks in our knowledge and insights yet exist in the regulation of hormonal networks and their interactions during different stages of growth and various aspects of tuber formation. SHORT CONCLUSION The present review focuses on the relative roles of hormones during various developmental stages with a view to recognize their mechanisms of function in potato tuber development. For better insight, relevant evidences available on hormonal interaction during tuber development in other species are also described. We predict that the present review highlights some of the conceptual developments in the interplay of hormones and their associated downstream events influencing tuber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Saidi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hajibarat
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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236
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Huang X, Tian T, Chen J, Wang D, Tong B, Liu J. Transcriptome analysis of Cinnamomum migao seed germination in medicinal plants of Southwest China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:270. [PMID: 34116632 PMCID: PMC8194011 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum migao is an endangered evergreen woody plant species endemic to China. Its fruit is used as a traditional medicine by the Miao nationality of China and has a high commercial value. However, its seed germination rate is extremely low under natural and artificial conditions. As the foundation of plant propagation, seed germination involves a series of physiological, cellular, and molecular changes; however, the molecular events and systematic changes occurring during C. migao seed germination remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, combined with the changes in physiological indexes and transcription levels, we revealed the regulation characteristics of cell structures, storage substances, and antioxidant capacity during seed germination. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that abundant smooth and full oil bodies were present in the cotyledons of the seeds. With seed germination, oil bodies and other substances gradually degraded to supply energy; this was consistent with the content of storage substances. In parallel to electron microscopy and physiological analyses, transcriptome analysis showed that 80-90 % of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) appeared after seed imbibition, reflecting important development and physiological changes. The unigenes involved in material metabolism (glycerolipid metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and starch and sucrose metabolism) and energy supply pathways (pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis pathway, pyruvate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation) were differentially expressed in the four germination stages. Among these DEGs, a small number of genes in the energy supply pathway at the initial stage of germination maintained high level of expression to maintain seed vigor and germination ability. Genes involved in lipid metabolism were firstly activated at a large scale in the LK (seed coat fissure) stage, and then genes involved in carbohydrates (CHO) metabolism were activated, which had their own species specificity. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the transcriptional levels of genes and the sequence of their corresponding metabolic pathways during seed germination. The changes in cell structure and physiological indexes also confirmed these events. Our findings provide a foundation for determining the molecular mechanisms underlying seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Huang
- Department of Ecology, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
- Forest Ecology Research Center of Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), Institute of Agro-bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingzhong Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
- Forest Ecology Research Center of Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Deng Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
- Forest Ecology Research Center of Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Bingli Tong
- Department of Ecology, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
- Forest Ecology Research Center of Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiming Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China.
- Forest Ecology Research Center of Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China.
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237
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Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealing the potential mechanism of seed germination in Polygonatum cyrtonema. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12161. [PMID: 34108536 PMCID: PMC8190097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (Huangjing, HJ) has medicinal and edible value in China. However, the seeds of this plant are naturally difficult to germinate. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanism underlying the germination of this plant in order to meet the market demand, the metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed in this study. We observed that plant hormones and α-amylase activity were differentially regulated when comparing germinated and un-germinated seeds. In addition, the metabolites related to phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly up-accumulated in germinated seeds. Hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives and organic acids were observed to be significantly decreased during germination. The results of this study suggested that compared to un-germinated seeds, germinated seeds promote flavonoid synthesis and inhibit lignin synthesis which could be beneficial to the germination of HJ seeds. Furthermore, these results suggested that starch if hydrolyzed into glucose, which could provide the necessary energy for germination. Our results may help to establish a foundation for further research investigating the regulatory networks of seed germination and may facilitate the propagation of HJ seeds.
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238
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Abley K, Formosa-Jordan P, Tavares H, Chan EY, Afsharinafar M, Leyser O, Locke JC. An ABA-GA bistable switch can account for natural variation in the variability of Arabidopsis seed germination time. eLife 2021; 10:59485. [PMID: 34059197 PMCID: PMC8169117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically identical plants growing in the same conditions can display heterogeneous phenotypes. Here we use Arabidopsis seed germination time as a model system to examine phenotypic variability and its underlying mechanisms. We show extensive variation in seed germination time variability between Arabidopsis accessions and use a multiparent recombinant inbred population to identify two genetic loci involved in this trait. Both loci include genes implicated in modulating abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity. Mutually antagonistic regulation between ABA, which represses germination, and gibberellic acid (GA), which promotes germination, underlies the decision to germinate and can act as a bistable switch. A simple stochastic model of the ABA-GA network shows that modulating ABA sensitivity can generate the range of germination time distributions we observe experimentally. We validate the model by testing its predictions on the effects of exogenous hormone addition. Our work provides a foundation for understanding the mechanism and functional role of phenotypic variability in germination time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Abley
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pau Formosa-Jordan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Tavares
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Yt Chan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mana Afsharinafar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Cw Locke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lv Y, Pan J, Wang H, Reiter RJ, Li X, Mou Z, Zhang J, Yao Z, Zhao D, Yu D. Melatonin inhibits seed germination by crosstalk with abscisic acid, gibberellin, and auxin in Arabidopsis. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12736. [PMID: 33811388 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seed germination, an important developmental stage in the life cycle of seed plants, is regulated by complex signals. Melatonin is a signaling molecule associated with seed germination under stressful conditions, although the underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we showed that a low concentration (10 µM or 100 µM) of melatonin had no effect on seed germination, but when the concentration of melatonin increased to 500 µM or 1000 µM, seed germination was significantly inhibited in Arabidopsis. RNA sequencing analysis showed that melatonin regulated seed germination correlated to phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and auxin. Further investigation revealed that ABA and melatonin synergistically inhibited seed germination, while GA and auxin antagonized the inhibitory effect of seed germination by melatonin. Disruption of the melatonin biosynthesis enzyme gene serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) or N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) promoted seed germination, while overexpression of ASMT inhibited seed germination. Taken together, our study sheds new light on the function and mechanism of melatonin in modulating seed germination in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinjing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Houping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zongmin Mou
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiemei Zhang
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengping Yao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Dake Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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240
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Chen H, Liu N, Xu R, Chen X, Zhang Y, Hu R, Lan X, Tang Z, Lin G. Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the response mechanism of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to imbibitional chilling stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:517-527. [PMID: 33502082 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Imbibitional chilling stress inhibits normal seed germination and seedling establishment and leads to large losses in peanut production. This is a major limiting factor when sowing peanut earlier and further north. To reveal the response mechanism of peanut to imbibitional chilling stress, a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics analysis was conducted to identify differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) under imbibitional chilling stress. Hormone profiling and transcriptional analysis were performed to confirm the proteomics data. Further seed priming analysis with exogenous cytokinins was conducted to validate the role of cytokinins in alleviating imbibitional chilling injury. A total of 5029 proteins were identified and quantified in all of the experimental groups. Among these, 104 proteins were DAPs as compared with the control. Enrichment analysis revealed that these DAPs were significant in various molecular functional and biological processes, especially for biosynthesis and metabolism of plant hormones. Hormone profiling and transcription analysis suggested that the reduced abundance of cytokinin oxidase may be caused by down-regulation of gene expression of the corresponding genes and leads to an elevated content of cytokinins under chilling stress. Seed priming analysis suggested that exogenous application of cytokinins may alleviate injury caused by imbibitional chilling. Our study provides a comprehensive proteomics analysis of peanut under imbibitional chilling stress, suggesting the role of plant hormones in the response mechanism. The results provide a better understanding of the imbibitional chilling stress response mechanism in peanut that will aid in peanut production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Upland Crops Breeding, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - N Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - R Xu
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Upland Crops Breeding, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - X Chen
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Upland Crops Breeding, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Upland Crops Breeding, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - R Hu
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Upland Crops Breeding, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - X Lan
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Upland Crops Breeding, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Z Tang
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Upland Crops Breeding, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - G Lin
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Upland Crops Breeding, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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241
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Gao W, Liu Y, Huang J, Chen Y, Chen C, Lu L, Zhao H, Men S, Zhang X. MES7 Modulates Seed Germination via Regulating Salicylic Acid Content in Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050903. [PMID: 33946173 PMCID: PMC8146826 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seed germination is an important phase transitional period of angiosperm plants during which seeds are highly sensitive to different environmental conditions. Although seed germination is under the regulation of salicylic acid (SA) and other hormones, the molecular mechanism underlying these regulations remains mysterious. In this study, we determined the expression of SA methyl esterase (MES) family genes during seed germination. We found that MES7 expression decreases significantly in imbibed seeds, and the dysfunction of MES7 decreases SA content. Furthermore, MES7 reduces and promotes seed germination under normal and salt stress conditions, respectively. The application of SA restores the seed germination deficiencies of mes7 mutants under different conditions. Taking together, our observations uncover a MeSA hydrolytic enzyme, MES7, regulates seed germination via altering SA titer under normal and abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Gao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tianjin 300071, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tianjin 300071, China;
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (X.Z.)
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242
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Yu H, Cui H, Chen J, Chen P, Ji M, Huang S, Li X. Regulation of 2,4-D Isooctyl Ester on Triticum aestivum and Aegilops tauschii Tillering and Endogenous Phytohormonal Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:642701. [PMID: 33995440 PMCID: PMC8113871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tillering is an important agronomic trait essential for the yield of Triticum aestivum and the propagation of Aegilops tauschii. However, the effect of phytohormones on T. aestivum and Ae. tauschii tillering and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the study, we found that T. aestivum and Ae. tauschii exhibited different tillering sensitivities to the auxin herbicide 2,4-D isooctyl ester. At 3 days post-application, tiller bud growth was inhibited by 77.50% in T. aestivum, corresponding to 2.0-fold greater inhibition than that in Ae. tauschii (38.71%). Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the T. aestivum response to 2,4-D isooctyl ester were mainly enriched in plant hormone metabolism and signal transduction pathways, but similar changes were not observed in Ae. tauschii. Among that, the auxin biosynthesis and signaling induced by 2,4-D isooctyl ester was quite different between the two species. A total of nine candidate genes involved in varied tillering responses were selected from the DEGs and validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Endogenous hormone levels were assayed to further verify the RNA-seq results. After 2,4-D isooctyl ester treatment, a significant increase in abscisic acid (ABA) levels was observed in T. aestivum, whereas ABA levels were relatively stable in Ae. tauschii. The herbicide induced more cytokinin (CTK) accumulation in Ae. tauschii than in T. aestivum. External ABA clearly restricted tiller bud growth in both T. aestivum and Ae. tauschii, while 6-benzyl aminopurine had no significant effect. These results indicate that ABA and CTK may be related with 2,4-D isooctyl ester-regulated tillering differences between the two species, which will help to further understand the mechanism of the auxin-mediated regulation of tillering.
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243
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Xue X, Jiao F, Xu H, Jiao Q, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Du S, Xi M, Wang A, Chen J, Wang M. The role of RNA-binding protein, microRNA and alternative splicing in seed germination: a field need to be discovered. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:194. [PMID: 33882821 PMCID: PMC8061022 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is the process through which a quiescent organ reactivates its metabolism culminating with the resumption cell divisions. It is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed and results in the formation of a seedling. Post-transcriptional regulation plays an important role in gene expression. In cells, post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by many factors, such as RNA-binding proteins, microRNAs, and the spliceosome. This review provides an overview of the relationship between seed germination and post-transcriptional regulation. It addresses the relationship between seed germination and RNA-binding proteins, microRNAs and alternative splicing. This presentation of the current state of the knowledge will promote new investigations into the relevance of the interactions between seed germination and post-transcriptional regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xue
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fuchao Jiao
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Dryland-Technology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Haicheng Xu
- Administrative Committee of Yellow River Delta Agri-High-Tech Industry Demonstration Zone, Dongying, 257347, China
| | - Qiqing Jiao
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Co-operatives, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Shangyi Du
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Menghan Xi
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jingtang Chen
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Dryland-Technology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Dryland-Technology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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244
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Integrated Analysis of the Transcriptome and Metabolome Revealed Candidate Genes Involved in GA 3-Induced Dormancy Release in Leymus chinensis Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084161. [PMID: 33920519 PMCID: PMC8074249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leymus chinensis is a perennial forage grass that has good palatability, high yield and high feed value, but seed dormancy is a major problem limiting the widespread cultivation of L. chinensis. Here, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of hulled and de-hulled seeds of L. chinensis treated with or without GA3 to investigate the changes in gene and metabolites associated with dormancy release induced by GA3. The germination test revealed that the optimum concentration of GA3 for disruption of L. chinensis seed dormancy was 577 μM. A total of 4327 and 11,919 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 871 and 650 differentially abundant metabolites were identified in de-hulled and hulled seeds treated with GA3, respectively, compared with seeds soaked in sterile water. Most of the DEGs were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, endocytosis and ribosomes. Furthermore, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism were significantly enriched pathways. Integrative analysis of the transcriptomic and metabolomic data revealed that starch and sucrose metabolism is one of the most important pathways that may play a key role in providing carbon skeletons and energy supply for the transition of L. chinensis seeds from a dormant state to germination by suppressing the expression of Cel61a, egID, cel1, tpsA, SPAC2E11.16c and TPP2, enhancing the expression of AMY1.1, AMY1.2, AMY1.6 and GLIP5, and inhibiting the synthesis of cellobiose, cellodextrin, and trehalose while promoting the hydrolysis of sucrose, starch, cellobiose, cellodextrin, and trehalose to glucose. This study identified several key genes and provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of seed dormancy release induced by GA3 in L. chinensis. These putative genes will be valuable resources for improving the seed germination rate in future breeding studies.
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Layat E, Bourcy M, Cotterell S, Zdzieszyńska J, Desset S, Duc C, Tatout C, Bailly C, Probst AV. The Histone Chaperone HIRA Is a Positive Regulator of Seed Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084031. [PMID: 33919775 PMCID: PMC8070706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone chaperones regulate the flow and dynamics of histone variants and ensure their assembly into nucleosomal structures, thereby contributing to the repertoire of histone variants in specialized cells or tissues. To date, not much is known on the distribution of histone variants and their modifications in the dry seed embryo. Here, we bring evidence that genes encoding the replacement histone variant H3.3 are expressed in Arabidopsis dry seeds and that embryo chromatin is characterized by a low H3.1/H3.3 ratio. Loss of HISTONE REGULATOR A (HIRA), a histone chaperone responsible for H3.3 deposition, reduces cellular H3 levels and increases chromatin accessibility in dry seeds. These molecular differences are accompanied by increased seed dormancy in hira-1 mutant seeds. The loss of HIRA negatively affects seed germination even in the absence of HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION 1 or TRANSCRIPTION ELONGATION FACTOR II S, known to be required for seed dormancy. Finally, hira-1 mutant seeds show lower germination efficiency when aged under controlled deterioration conditions or when facing unfavorable environmental conditions such as high salinity. Altogether, our results reveal a dependency of dry seed chromatin organization on the replication-independent histone deposition pathway and show that HIRA contributes to modulating seed dormancy and vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Layat
- IBPS, UMR 7622 Biologie du Développement, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (E.L.); (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Marie Bourcy
- IBPS, UMR 7622 Biologie du Développement, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (E.L.); (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Sylviane Cotterell
- iGReD, CNRS, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.C.); (S.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Julia Zdzieszyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sophie Desset
- iGReD, CNRS, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.C.); (S.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Céline Duc
- UFIP UMR-CNRS 6286, Épigénétique et Dynamique de la Chromatine, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France;
| | - Christophe Tatout
- iGReD, CNRS, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.C.); (S.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Christophe Bailly
- IBPS, UMR 7622 Biologie du Développement, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (E.L.); (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Aline V. Probst
- iGReD, CNRS, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.C.); (S.D.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Swathy PS, Kiran KR, Joshi MB, Mahato KK, Muthusamy A. He-Ne laser accelerates seed germination by modulating growth hormones and reprogramming metabolism in brinjal. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7948. [PMID: 33846419 PMCID: PMC8042036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant’s ability to maximize seed germination, growth, and photosynthetic productivity depends on its aptitude to sense, evaluate, and respond to the quality, quantity, and direction of the light. Among diverse colors of light possessing different wavelengths and red light shown to have a high impact on the photosynthetic and growth responses of the plants. The use of artificial light sources where the quality, intensity, and duration of exposure can be controlled would be an efficient method to increase the efficiency of the crop plants. The coherent, collimated, and monochromatic properties of laser light sources enabled as biostimulator compared to the normal light. The present study was attempted to use the potential role of the He–Ne laser as a bio-stimulator device to improve the germination and growth of brinjal and to investigate the possible interactions of plant and laser photons. A substantial enhancement was observed in germination index, germination time and seed vigor index of laser-irradiated than control groups. The enhanced germination rate was correlated with higher GA content and its biosynthetic genes whereas decreased ABA content and its catabolic genes and GA/ABA ratio were noted in laser-irradiated groups during seed germination than control groups. Further the expression of phytochrome gene transcripts, PhyA and PhyB1 were upregulated in laser-irradiated seedlings which correlate with enhanced seed germination than control. Elevated levels of primary metabolites were noted in the early stages of germination whereas modulation of secondary metabolites was observed in later growth. Consequently, significantly increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate was perceived in laser-irradiated seedlings compare with control. The current study showed hormone and phytochrome-mediated mechanisms of seed germination in laser-irradiated groups along with the enhanced photosynthetic rate, primary and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthanvila Surendrababu Swathy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kodsara Ramachandra Kiran
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krishna Kishore Mahato
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Annamalai Muthusamy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Jia Z, Zhao B, Liu S, Lu Z, Chang B, Jiang H, Cui H, He Q, Li W, Jin B, Wang L. Embryo transcriptome and miRNA analyses reveal the regulatory network of seed dormancy in Ginkgo biloba. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:571-588. [PMID: 32159802 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy is crucial for plant survival and prevents seed germination out of season. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of morphophysiological seed dormancy. Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the most ancient gymnosperms, and the completion of seed germination in this species requires cold and moist stratification. Here, we observed that at the mature seed stage, the embryo was not fully developed in G. biloba seeds. During dormancy stages, the length and weight of the embryo significantly increased, and nutrients accumulated in cotyledons. We further found that abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin and ethylene were integrated in the seed dormancy induction, maintenance and release processes, and GA biosynthesis and signaling transduction specifically act on dormancy release. Combining mRNA and miRNA analyses, we demonstrated that miRNA156 is involved in the regulation of morphophysiological dormancy. Our analyses revealed that G. biloba seed dormancy belongs to the ancestral morphophysiological dormancy type, which is not only regulated by the balance of ABA/GA, but also by other hormones associated with embryo morphological development, as well as genes related to embryo differentiation and development. These findings helped with elucidating the comprehensive regulatory network of morphophysiological dormancy in tree seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Jia
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sian Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaogeng Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bang Chang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huiru Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hui Cui
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qingsong He
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weixing Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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A Raf-like kinase is required for smoke-induced seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020636118. [PMID: 33795513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020636118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants sense and integrate diverse stimuli to determine the timing for germination. A smoke compound, 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (trimethylbutenolide, TMB), has been identified to inhibit the seed germination of higher plants. To understand the mode of action, we examined various physiological and molecular aspects of the TMB-dependent inhibition of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana The results indicated that the effect of TMB is due to the enhanced physiological dormancy, which is modulated by other dormancy regulatory cues such as after-ripening, stratification, and ABA/GA signaling. In addition, gene expression profiling showed that TMB caused genome-wide transcriptional changes, altering the expression of a series of dormancy-related genes. Based on the TMB-responsive physiological contexts in Arabidopsis, we performed mutant screening to isolate genetic components that underpin the TMB-induced seed dormancy. As a result, the TMB-RESISTANT1 (TES1) gene in Arabidopsis, encoding a B2 group Raf-like kinase, was identified. Phenotypic analysis of the tes1 mutant implicated that TES1 has a critical role in the TMB-responsive gene expression and the inhibition of seed germination. Taken together, we propose that plants have been equipped with a TMB sensory pathway through which the TMB induces the seed dormancy in a TES1-dependent way.
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes of Flooding-Tolerant and Flooding-Sensitive Rapeseeds Differentially Respond to Flooding at the Germination Stage. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040693. [PMID: 33916802 PMCID: PMC8065761 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Flooding results in significant crop yield losses due to exposure of plants to hypoxic stress. Various studies have reported the effect of flooding stress at seedling establishment or later stages. However, the molecular mechanism prevailing at the germination stage under flooding stress remains enigmatic. The present study highlights the comparative transcriptome analysis in two rapeseed lines, i.e., flooding-tolerant (Santana) and -sensitive (23651) lines under control and 6-h flooding treatments at the germination stage. A total of 1840 up-regulated and 1301 down-regulated genes were shared by both lines in response to flooding. There were 4410 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with increased expression and 4271 DEGs with reduced expression shared in both control and flooding conditions. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that “transcription regulation”, “structural constituent of cell wall”, “reactive oxygen species metabolic”, “peroxidase”, oxidoreductase”, and “antioxidant activity” were the common processes in rapeseed flooding response. In addition, the processes such as “hormone-mediated signaling pathway”, “response to organic substance response”, “motor activity”, and “microtubule-based process” are likely to confer rapeseed flooding resistance. Mclust analysis clustered DEGs into nine modules; genes in each module shared similar expression patterns and many of these genes overlapped with the top 20 DEGs in some groups. This work provides a comprehensive insight into gene responses and the regulatory network in rapeseed flooding stress and provides guidelines for probing the underlying molecular mechanisms in flooding resistance.
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Tai L, Wang HJ, Xu XJ, Sun WH, Ju L, Liu WT, Li WQ, Sun J, Chen KM. Pre-harvest sprouting in cereals: genetic and biochemical mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2857-2876. [PMID: 33471899 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the growth of the global population and the increasing frequency of natural disasters, crop yields must be steadily increased to enhance human adaptability to risks. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), a term mainly used to describe the phenomenon in which grains germinate on the mother plant directly before harvest, is a serious global problem for agricultural production. After domestication, the dormancy level of cultivated crops was generally lower than that of their wild ancestors. Although the shortened dormancy period likely improved the industrial performance of cereals such as wheat, barley, rice, and maize, the excessive germination rate has caused frequent PHS in areas with higher rainfall, resulting in great economic losses. Here, we systematically review the causes of PHS and its consequences, the major indicators and methods for PHS assessment, and emphasize the biological significance of PHS in crop production. Wheat quantitative trait loci functioning in the control of PHS are also comprehensively summarized in a meta-analysis. Finally, we use Arabidopsis as a model plant to develop more complete PHS regulatory networks for wheat. The integration of this information is conducive to the development of custom-made cultivated lines suitable for different demands and regions, and is of great significance for improving crop yields and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei-Hang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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