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Nukui T, Matsui A, Niimi H, Sugimoto T, Hayashi T, Dougu N, Konishi H, Yamamoto M, Anada R, Matsuda N, Kitajima I, Nakatsuji Y. Increased cerebrospinal fluid adenosine 5'-triphosphate in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:255. [PMID: 34193068 PMCID: PMC8243489 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has been suggested to cause neuroinflammation and motor neuron degeneration by activating microglia and astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since we have developed a highly sensitive ATP assay system, we examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ATP levels in patients with ALS whether it can be a useful biomarker in ALS. METHODS Forty-eight CSF samples from 44 patients with ALS were assayed for ATP with a newly established, highly sensitive assay system using luciferase luminous reaction. CSF samples from patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) were assayed as a control. Patients were divided into two groups depending on their disease severity, as evaluated using the Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score. Correlations between the CSF ATP levels and other factors, including clinical data and serum creatinine levels, were evaluated. RESULTS CSF ATP levels were significantly higher in patients with ALS than in the iNPH (716 ± 411 vs. 3635 ± 5465 pmol/L, p < 0.01). CSF ATP levels were significantly higher in the more severe group than in the iNPH group (6860 ± 8312 vs. 716 ± 411 pmol/L, p < 0.05) and mild group (6860 ± 8312 vs. 2676 ± 3959 pmol/L, p < 0.05) respectively. ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R) (37.9 ± 5.7 vs. 42.4 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and serum creatinine levels (0.51 ± 0.13 vs. 0.68 ± 0.23 mg/dL, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the severe group than in the mild group respectively. A negative correlation of CSF ATP levels with MRC sum score was demonstrated in the correlation analysis adjusted for age and sex (r = -0.3, p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Extracellular ATP is particularly increased in the CSF of patients with advanced ALS. CSF ATP levels may be a useful biomarker for evaluating disease severity in patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Nukui
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hideki Niimi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sugimoto
- Faculty of Data Science, Graduate School of Data Science, University of Shiga, 1-1-1 Banba Hikone, Shiga, 522-8522, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Dougu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Konishi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryoko Anada
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Isao Kitajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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202
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D’Amico E, Grosso G, Nieves JW, Zanghì A, Factor-Litvak P, Mitsumoto H. Metabolic Abnormalities, Dietary Risk Factors and Nutritional Management in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072273. [PMID: 34209133 PMCID: PMC8308334 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons, leading to a relentless paralysis of skeletal muscles and eventual respiratory failure. Although a small percentage of patients may have a longer survival time (up to 10 years), in most cases, the median survival time is from 20 to 48 months. The pathogenesis and risk factors for ALS are still unclear: among the various aspects taken into consideration, metabolic abnormalities and nutritional factors have been the focus of recent interests. Although there are no consistent findings regarding prior type-2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and ALS incidence, abnormalities in lipid and glucose metabolism may be linked to disease progression, leading to a relatively longer survival (probably as a result of counteract malnutrition and cachexia in the advanced stages of the disease). Among potential dietary risk factors, a higher risk of ALS has been associated with an increased intake of glutamate, while the consumption of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, such as vitamin E, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and carotenoids, has been related to lower incidence. Poor nutritional status and weight loss in ALS resulting from poor oral intake, progressive muscle atrophy, and the potential hypermetabolic state have been associated with rapid disease progression. It seems important to routinely perform a nutritional assessment of ALS patients at the earliest referral: weight maintenance (if adequate) or gain (if underweight) is suggested from the scientific literature; evidence of improved diet quality (in terms of nutrients and limits for pro-inflammatory dietary factors) and glucose and lipid control is yet to be confirmed, but it is advised. Further research is warranted to better understand the role of nutrition and the underlying metabolic abnormalities in ALS, and their contribution to the pathogenic mechanisms leading to ALS initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele D’Amico
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.D.); (A.Z.)
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0954-781-187
| | - Jeri W. Nieves
- Mailman School of Public Health and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.W.N.); (P.F.-L.)
| | - Aurora Zanghì
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.D.); (A.Z.)
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Mailman School of Public Health and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.W.N.); (P.F.-L.)
| | - Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, The Neurological Institute of New York Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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203
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D'Errico M, Parlanti E, Pascucci B, Filomeni G, Mastroberardino PG, Dogliotti E. The interplay between mitochondrial functionality and genome integrity in the prevention of human neurologic diseases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 710:108977. [PMID: 34174223 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As mitochondria are vulnerable to oxidative damage and represent the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), they are considered key tuners of ROS metabolism and buffering, whose dysfunction can progressively impact neuronal networks and disease. Defects in DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) may also affect neuronal health and lead to neuropathology. A number of congenital DNA repair and DDR defective syndromes, indeed, show neurological phenotypes, and a growing body of evidence indicate that defects in the mechanisms that control genome stability in neurons acts as aging-related modifiers of common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson's, Huntington diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In this review we elaborate on the established principles and recent concepts supporting the hypothesis that deficiencies in either DNA repair or DDR might contribute to neurodegeneration via mechanisms involving mitochondrial dysfunction/deranged metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Parlanti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Pascucci
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Redox Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Mastroberardino
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IFOM- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eugenia Dogliotti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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204
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Cheng H, Yang B, Ke T, Li S, Yang X, Aschner M, Chen P. Mechanisms of Metal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders. TOXICS 2021; 9:142. [PMID: 34204190 PMCID: PMC8235163 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metals are actively involved in multiple catalytic physiological activities. However, metal overload may result in neurotoxicity as it increases formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevates oxidative stress in the nervous system. Mitochondria are a key target of metal-induced toxicity, given their role in energy production. As the brain consumes a large amount of energy, mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent decrease in levels of ATP may significantly disrupt brain function, resulting in neuronal cell death and ensuing neurological disorders. Here, we address contemporary studies on metal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (H.C.); (X.Y.)
| | - Bobo Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China;
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (H.C.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
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205
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Giagnorio E, Malacarne C, Mantegazza R, Bonanno S, Marcuzzo S. MyomiRs and their multifaceted regulatory roles in muscle homeostasis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:269129. [PMID: 34137441 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of both upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). The main clinical features of ALS are motor function impairment, progressive muscle weakness, muscle atrophy and, ultimately, paralysis. Intrinsic skeletal muscle deterioration plays a crucial role in the disease and contributes to ALS progression. Currently, there are no effective treatments for ALS, highlighting the need to obtain a deeper understanding of the molecular events underlying degeneration of both MNs and muscle tissue, with the aim of developing successful therapies. Muscle tissue is enriched in a group of microRNAs called myomiRs, which are effective regulators of muscle homeostasis, plasticity and myogenesis in both physiological and pathological conditions. After providing an overview of ALS pathophysiology, with a focus on the role of skeletal muscle, we review the current literature on myomiR network dysregulation as a contributing factor to myogenic perturbations and muscle atrophy in ALS. We argue that, in view of their critical regulatory function at the interface between MNs and skeletal muscle fiber, myomiRs are worthy of further investigation as potential molecular targets of therapeutic strategies to improve ALS symptoms and counteract disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Giagnorio
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy.,PhD program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Claudia Malacarne
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy.,PhD program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonanno
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcuzzo
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
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206
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Lin BC, Phung TH, Higgins NR, Greenslade JE, Prado MA, Finley D, Karbowski M, Polster BM, Monteiro MJ. ALS/FTD mutations in UBQLN2 are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction through loss-of-function in mitochondrial protein import. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1230-1246. [PMID: 33891006 PMCID: PMC8212775 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UBQLN2 mutations cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the pathogenic mechanisms by which they cause disease remain unclear. Proteomic profiling identified 'mitochondrial proteins' as comprising the largest category of protein changes in the spinal cord (SC) of the P497S UBQLN2 mouse model of ALS/FTD. Immunoblots confirmed P497S animals have global changes in proteins predictive of a severe decline in mitochondrial health, including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondrial protein import and network dynamics. Functional studies confirmed mitochondria purified from the SC of P497S animals have age-dependent decline in nearly all steps of OXPHOS. Mitochondria cristae deformities were evident in spinal motor neurons of aged P497S animals. Knockout (KO) of UBQLN2 in HeLa cells resulted in changes in mitochondrial proteins and OXPHOS activity similar to those seen in the SC. KO of UBQLN2 also compromised targeting and processing of the mitochondrial import factor, TIMM44, resulting in accumulation in abnormal foci. The functional OXPHOS deficits and TIMM44-targeting defects were rescued by reexpression of WT UBQLN2 but not by ALS/FTD mutant UBQLN2 proteins. In vitro binding assays revealed ALS/FTD mutant UBQLN2 proteins bind weaker with TIMM44 than WT UBQLN2 protein, suggesting that the loss of UBQLN2 binding may underlie the import and/or delivery defect of TIMM44 to mitochondria. Our studies indicate a potential key pathogenic disturbance in mitochondrial health caused by UBQLN2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Lin
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Trong H Phung
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicole R Higgins
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jessie E Greenslade
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Miguel A Prado
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mariusz Karbowski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mervyn J Monteiro
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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207
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Obrador E, Salvador-Palmer R, López-Blanch R, Jihad-Jebbar A, Vallés SL, Estrela JM. The Link between Oxidative Stress, Redox Status, Bioenergetics and Mitochondria in the Pathophysiology of ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126352. [PMID: 34198557 PMCID: PMC8231819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common neurodegenerative disease of the motor system. It is characterized by the degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, which leads to muscle weakness and paralysis. ALS is incurable and has a bleak prognosis, with median survival of 3-5 years after the initial symptomatology. In ALS, motor neurons gradually degenerate and die. Many features of mitochondrial dysfunction are manifested in neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. Mitochondria have shown to be an early target in ALS pathophysiology and contribute to disease progression. Disruption of their axonal transport, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, disruption of the mitochondrial structure, dynamics, mitophagy, energy production, calcium buffering and apoptotic triggering have all been directly involved in disease pathogenesis and extensively reported in ALS patients and animal model systems. Alterations in energy production by motor neurons, which severely limit their survival capacity, are tightly linked to the redox status and mitochondria. The present review focuses on this link. Placing oxidative stress as a main pathophysiological mechanism, the molecular interactions and metabolic flows involved are analyzed. This leads to discussing potential therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial biology to slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
| | | | | | | | | | - José M. Estrela
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
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208
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Diabetes Mellitus and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060867. [PMID: 34200812 PMCID: PMC8230511 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder which affects the motor neurons. Growing evidence suggests that ALS may impact the metabolic system, including the glucose metabolism. Several studies investigated the role of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) as risk and/or prognostic factor. However, a clear correlation between DM and ALS has not been defined. In this review, we focus on the role of DM in ALS, examining the different hypotheses on how perturbations of glucose metabolism may interact with the pathophysiology and the course of ALS. METHODS We undertook an independent PubMed literature search, using the following search terms: ((ALS) OR (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) OR (Motor Neuron Disease)) AND ((Diabetes) OR (Glucose Intolerance) OR (Hyperglycemia)). Review and original articles were considered. RESULTS DM appears not to affect ALS severity, progression, and survival. Contrasting data suggested a protective role of DM on the occurrence of ALS in elderly and an opposite effect in younger subjects. CONCLUSIONS The actual clinical and pathophysiological correlation between DM and ALS is unclear. Large longitudinal prospective studies are needed. Achieving large sample sizes comparable to those of common complex diseases like DM is a challenge for a rare disease like ALS. Collaborative efforts could overcome this specific issue.
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209
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Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Origin or Prognostic Factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Development? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061449. [PMID: 34207859 PMCID: PMC8226541 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive and selective loss of motor neurons, amyotrophy and skeletal muscle paralysis usually leading to death due to respiratory failure. While generally considered an intrinsic motor neuron disease, data obtained in recent years, including our own, suggest that motor neuron protection is not sufficient to counter the disease. The dismantling of the neuromuscular junction is closely linked to chronic energy deficit found throughout the body. Metabolic (hypermetabolism and dyslipidemia) and mitochondrial alterations described in patients and murine models of ALS are associated with the development and progression of disease pathology and they appear long before motor neurons die. It is clear that these metabolic changes participate in the pathology of the disease. In this review, we summarize these changes seen throughout the course of the disease, and the subsequent impact of glucose–fatty acid oxidation imbalance on disease progression. We also highlight studies that show that correcting this loss of metabolic flexibility should now be considered a major goal for the treatment of ALS.
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210
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Lian Y, Lin Z, Zhang Z, Wang XD. Active-Targeting Polymeric Dual Nanosensor for Ratiometrically Measuring Proton and Oxygen Concentrations in Mitochondria. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8291-8299. [PMID: 34082526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of mitochondria is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases, heart diseases, cancers, and so on. Because both proton and oxygen participate in vital biochemical reactions occurring in mitochondria such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, measuring proton and oxygen concentrations in mitochondria is therefore crucial for monitoring mitochondria activities and understanding cellular behavior. For this purpose, we developed a ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor for simultaneously sensing and imaging O2 and pH in mitochondria. The steps are as follows: (1) Styrene was copolymerized with 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride to produce amino-functionalized polymer nanoparticles. (2) The reference dye rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC) and oxygen-sensitive dye platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) were encapsulated into a polymer sphere during polymerization, while the pH indicator fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and mitochondrial-targeting molecule (3-carboxypropyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP) were further modified on the surface of the nanoparticles. The developed nanosensor shows a narrow distribution of particle size, high sensitivity toward O2 and pH, excellent stability, and low cytotoxicity. These remarkable features of the dual nanosensor render them capable of real-time sensing and imaging of O2 and pH in mitochondria with high spatial resolution. Applying the mitochondrial-targeted dual nanosensor in HeLa cells, we quantitatively measured and imaged mitochondrial proton and oxygen concentration variations after carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
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211
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Foster AD, Flynn LL, Cluning C, Cheng F, Davidson JM, Lee A, Polain N, Mejzini R, Farrawell N, Yerbury JJ, Layfield R, Akkari PA, Rea SL. p62 overexpression induces TDP-43 cytoplasmic mislocalisation, aggregation and cleavage and neuronal death. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11474. [PMID: 34075102 PMCID: PMC8169680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) that exist on a spectrum of neurodegenerative disease. A hallmark of pathology is cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates within neurons, observed in 97% of ALS cases and ~ 50% of FTLD cases. This mislocalisation from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and TDP-43 cleavage are associated with pathology, however, the drivers of these changes are unknown. p62 is invariably also present within these aggregates. We show that p62 overexpression causes TDP-43 mislocalisation into cytoplasmic aggregates, and aberrant TDP-43 cleavage that was dependent on both the PB1 and ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains of p62. We further show that p62 overexpression induces neuron death. We found that stressors (proteasome inhibition and arsenic) increased p62 expression and that this shifted the nuclear:cytoplasmic TDP-43 ratio. Overall, our study suggests that environmental factors that increase p62 may thereby contribute to TDP-43 pathology in ALS and FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Foster
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - L L Flynn
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - C Cluning
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - F Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - J M Davidson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Polain
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - R Mejzini
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - N Farrawell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia
| | - J J Yerbury
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia
| | - R Layfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P A Akkari
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - S L Rea
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
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212
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Amen T, Kaganovich D. Stress granules inhibit fatty acid oxidation by modulating mitochondrial permeability. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109237. [PMID: 34133922 PMCID: PMC8220302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of stress granules (SGs) is an essential aspect of the cellular response to many kinds of stress, but its adaptive role is far from clear. SG dysfunction is implicated in aging-onset neurodegenerative diseases, prompting interest in their physiological function. Here, we report that during starvation stress, SGs interact with mitochondria and regulate metabolic remodeling. We show that SG formation leads to a downregulation of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) through the modulation of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), which import fatty acids (FAs) into mitochondria. The subsequent decrease in FAO during long-term starvation reduces oxidative damage and rations FAs for longer use. Failure to form SGs, whether caused by the genetic deletion of SG components or an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated mutation, translates into an inability to downregulate FAO. Because metabolic dysfunction is a common pathological element of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS, our findings provide a direction for studying the clinical relevance of SGs. Stress granules inhibit fatty acid oxidation Stress granules regulate VDAC levels Stress granules control mitochondrial permeability to fatty acids Stress granules redirect fatty acids to lipid droplets
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Amen
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- 1Base Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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213
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Fross S, Mansel C, McCormick M, Vohra BPS. Tributyltin Alters Calcium Levels, Mitochondrial Dynamics, and Activates Calpains Within Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:342-355. [PMID: 33481012 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) remains a global health concern. The primary route of human exposure to TBT is either through ingestion or skin absorption, but TBT's effects on the peripheral nervous system have still not been investigated. Therefore, we exposed in vitro sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to TBT at a concentration of 50-200 nM, which is similar to the observed concentrations of TBT in human blood samples. We observed that TBT causes extensive axon degeneration and neuronal death in the DRG neurons. Furthermore, we discovered that TBT causes an increase in both cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium levels, disrupts mitochondrial dynamics, decreases neuronal ATP levels, and leads to the activation of calpains. Additional experiments demonstrated that inhibition of calpain activation prevented TBT-induced fragmentation of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins and neuronal cell death. Thus, we conclude that calpain activation is the key executioner of TBT-induced peripheral neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneann Fross
- Department of Biology, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri 64068, USA
| | - Clayton Mansel
- Department of Biology, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri 64068, USA
| | - Madison McCormick
- Department of Biology, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri 64068, USA
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214
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Obrador E, Salvador R, Marchio P, López-Blanch R, Jihad-Jebbar A, Rivera P, Vallés SL, Banacloche S, Alcácer J, Colomer N, Coronado JA, Alandes S, Drehmer E, Benlloch M, Estrela JM. Nicotinamide Riboside and Pterostilbene Cooperatively Delay Motor Neuron Failure in ALS SOD1 G93A Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1345-1371. [PMID: 33174130 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced damage is a major mechanism in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A recent human clinical trial showed that the combination of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and pterostilbene (PT), molecules with potential to interfere in that mechanism, was efficacious in ALS patients. We examined the effect of these molecules in SOD1G93A transgenic mice, a well-stablished model of ALS. Assessment of neuromotor activity and coordination was correlated with histopathology, and measurement of proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid. Cell death, Nrf2- and redox-dependent enzymes and metabolites, and sirtuin activities were studied in isolated motor neurons. NR and PT increased survival and ameliorated ALS-associated loss of neuromotor functions in SOD1G93A transgenic mice. NR and PT also decreased the microgliosis and astrogliosis associated with ALS progression. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice and humans with ALS. NR and PT ameliorated TNFα-induced oxidative stress and motor neuron death in vitro. Our results support the involvement of oxidative stress, specific Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defenses, and sirtuins in the pathophysiology of ALS. NR and PT interfere with the mechanisms leading to the release of proapoptotic molecular signals by mitochondria, and also promote mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Marchio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ali Jihad-Jebbar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Rivera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Soraya L Vallés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Banacloche
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Alcácer
- Pathology Laboratory, Quirón Hospital, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Colomer
- Pathology Laboratory, Quirón Hospital, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Alandes
- Pathology Laboratory, Quirón Hospital, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eraci Drehmer
- Department of Health and Functional Valorization, Catholic University of San Vicente Martir, 46001, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Health and Functional Valorization, Catholic University of San Vicente Martir, 46001, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Estrela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 15 Av. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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215
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Ullah H, Di Minno A, Santarcangelo C, Khan H, Daglia M. Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene: A Focus on the Nervous System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040546. [PMID: 33915950 PMCID: PMC8066981 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction results in a series of defective cellular events, including decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) output, and altered proteastasis and cellular quality control. An enhanced output of ROS may damage mitochondrial components, such as mitochondrial DNA and elements of the electron transport chain, resulting in the loss of proper electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane and an ensuing shutdown of mitochondrial energy production. Neurons have an increased demand for ATP and oxygen, and thus are more prone to damage induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction, damaged electron transport chains, altered membrane permeability and Ca2+ homeostasis, and impaired mitochondrial defense systems induced by oxidative stress, are pathological changes involved in neurodegenerative disorders. A growing body of evidence suggests that the use of antioxidants could stabilize mitochondria and thus may be suitable for preventing neuronal loss. Numerous natural products exhibit the potential to counter oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction; however, science is still looking for a breakthrough in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. β-caryophyllene is a bicyclic sesquiterpene, and an active principle of essential oils derived from a large number of spices and food plants. As a selective cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist, several studies have reported it as possessing numerous pharmacological activities such as antibacterial (e.g., Helicobacter pylori), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic (e.g., neuropathic pain), anti-neurodegenerative and anticancer properties. The present review mainly focuses on the potential of β-caryophyllene in reducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and its possible links with neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.); (C.S.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Santarcangelo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; or
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.); (C.S.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence:
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216
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Stimulation of mTOR-independent autophagy and mitophagy by rilmenidine exacerbates the phenotype of transgenic TDP-43 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105359. [PMID: 33798740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, which mediates the delivery of cytoplasmic substrates to the lysosome for degradation, is essential for maintaining proper cell homeostasis in physiology, ageing, and disease. There is increasing evidence that autophagy is defective in neurodegenerative disorders, including motor neurons affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Restoring impaired autophagy in motor neurons may therefore represent a rational approach for ALS. Here, we demonstrate autophagy impairment in spinal cords of mice expressing mutant TDP-43Q331K or co-expressing TDP-43WTxQ331K transgenes. The clinically approved anti-hypertensive drug rilmenidine was used to stimulate mTOR-independent autophagy in double transgenic TDP-43WTxQ331K mice to alleviate impaired autophagy. Although rilmenidine treatment induced robust autophagy in spinal cords, this exacerbated the phenotype of TDP-43WTxQ331K mice, shown by truncated lifespan, accelerated motor neuron loss, and pronounced nuclear TDP-43 clearance. Importantly, rilmenidine significantly promoted mitophagy in spinal cords TDP-43WTxQ331K mice, evidenced by reduced mitochondrial markers and load in spinal motor neurons. These results suggest that autophagy induction accelerates the phenotype of this TDP-43 mouse model of ALS, most likely through excessive mitochondrial clearance in motor neurons. These findings also emphasise the importance of balancing autophagy stimulation with the potential negative consequences of hyperactive mitophagy in ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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217
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Ciervo Y, Gatto N, Allen C, Grierson A, Ferraiuolo L, Mead RJ, Shaw PJ. Adipose-derived stem cells protect motor neurons and reduce glial activation in both in vitro and in vivo models of ALS. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:413-433. [PMID: 33869658 PMCID: PMC8044387 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative condition for which new therapeutic options are urgently needed. We injected GFP+ adipose-derived stem cells (EGFP-ADSCs) directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of transgenic SOD1G93A mice, a well-characterized model of familial ALS. Despite short-term survival of the injected cells and limited engraftment efficiency, EGFP-ADSCs improved motor function and delayed disease onset by promoting motor neuron (MN) survival and reducing glial activation. We then tested the in vitro neuroprotective potential of mouse ADSCs in astrocyte/MN co-cultures where ALS astrocytes show neurotoxicity. ADSCs were able to rescue MN death caused by ALS astrocytes derived from symptomatic SOD1G93A mice. Further, ADSCs were found to reduce the inflammatory signature of ALS astrocytes by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and inducing the secretion of neuroprotective factors. Finally, mouse ADSCs were able to protect MNs from the neurotoxicity mediated by human induced astrocytes (iAstrocytes) derived from patients with either sporadic or familial ALS, thus for the first time showing the potential therapeutic translation of ADSCs across the spectrum of human ALS. These data in two translational models of ALS show that, through paracrine mechanisms, ADSCs support MN survival and modulate the toxic microenvironment that contributes to neurodegeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ciervo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Noemi Gatto
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Chloe Allen
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Andrew Grierson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Richard J. Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Corresponding author: Richard J. Mead, PhD, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Corresponding author: Pamela J. Shaw, Professor, Dame, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Rd., Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
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218
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Lehmkuhl EM, Loganathan S, Alsop E, Blythe AD, Kovalik T, Mortimore NP, Barrameda D, Kueth C, Eck RJ, Siddegowda BB, Joardar A, Ball H, Macias ME, Bowser R, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Zarnescu DC. TDP-43 proteinopathy alters the ribosome association of multiple mRNAs including the glypican Dally-like protein (Dlp)/GPC6. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:52. [PMID: 33762006 PMCID: PMC7992842 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease in which 97% of patients exhibit cytoplasmic aggregates containing the RNA binding protein TDP-43. Using tagged ribosome affinity purifications in Drosophila models of TDP-43 proteinopathy, we identified TDP-43 dependent translational alterations in motor neurons impacting the spliceosome, pentose phosphate and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. A subset of the mRNAs with altered ribosome association are also enriched in TDP-43 complexes suggesting that they may be direct targets. Among these, dlp mRNA, which encodes the glypican Dally like protein (Dlp)/GPC6, a wingless (Wg/Wnt) signaling regulator is insolubilized both in flies and patient tissues with TDP-43 pathology. While Dlp/GPC6 forms puncta in the Drosophila neuropil and ALS spinal cords, it is reduced at the neuromuscular synapse in flies suggesting compartment specific effects of TDP-43 proteinopathy. These findings together with genetic interaction data show that Dlp/GPC6 is a novel, physiologically relevant target of TDP-43 proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M. Lehmkuhl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Suvithanandhini Loganathan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Eric Alsop
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Alexander D. Blythe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Tina Kovalik
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | - Nicholas P. Mortimore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Dianne Barrameda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Chuol Kueth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Randall J. Eck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Bhavani B. Siddegowda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Archi Joardar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Hannah Ball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Maria E. Macias
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | | | - Daniela C. Zarnescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, 1040 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
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219
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Identification of Genetic Modifiers of TDP-43: Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes for Neuroinflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030676. [PMID: 33803845 PMCID: PMC8003223 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a ubiquitously expressed DNA/RNA-binding protein linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). TDP-43 has been implicated in numerous aspects of the mRNA life cycle, as well as in cell toxicity and neuroinflammation. In this study, we used the toxicity of the TDP-43 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an assay to identify TDP-43 genetic interactions. Specifically, we transformed human TDP-43 cDNAs of wild-type or disease-associated mutants (M337V and Q331K) en masse into 4653 homozygous diploid yeast deletion mutants and then used next-generation sequencing readouts of growth to identify yeast toxicity modifiers. Genetic interaction analysis provided a global view of TDP-43 pathways, some of which are known to be involved in cellular metabolic processes. Selected putative loci with the potential of genetic interactions with TDP-43 were assessed for associations with neurotoxicity and inflammatory activation of astrocytes. The pharmacological inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA) and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 3 (VDAC3) suppressed TDP-43-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in astrocytes, indicating the critical roles played by SDHA and VDAC3 in TDP-43 pathways during inflammatory activation of astrocytes and neuroinflammation. Thus, the findings of our TDP-43 genetic interaction screen provide a global landscape of TDP-43 pathways and may help improve our understanding of the roles of glia and neuroinflammation in ALS and FTD pathogenesis.
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220
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Tsai YL, Manley JL. Multiple ways to a dead end: diverse mechanisms by which ALS mutant genes induce cell death. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:631-646. [PMID: 33722167 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1886661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a deadly neuromuscular disorder caused by progressive motor neuron loss in the brain and spinal cord. Over the past decades, a number of genetic mutations have been identified that cause or are associated with ALS disease progression. Numerous genes harbor ALS mutations, and they encode proteins displaying a wide range of physiological functions, with limited overlap. Despite the divergent functions, mutations in these genes typically trigger protein aggregation, which can confer gain- and/or loss-of-function to a number of essential cellular processes. Nuclear processes such as mRNA splicing and the response to DNA damage are significantly affected in ALS patients. Cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria are damaged by ALS mutant proteins. Processes that maintain cellular homeostasis such as autophagy, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and nucleocytoplasmic transport, are also impaired by ALS mutations. Here, we review the multiple mechanisms by which mutations in major ALS-associated genes, such as TARDBP, C9ORF72 and FUS, lead to impairment of essential cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Lin Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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221
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Lobar Degenerations: Similarities in Genetic Background. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030509. [PMID: 33805659 PMCID: PMC7998502 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, uniformly lethal progressive degenerative disorder of motor neurons that overlaps with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) clinically, morphologically, and genetically. Although many distinct mutations in various genes are known to cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it remains poorly understood how they selectively impact motor neuron biology and whether they converge on common pathways to cause neuronal degeneration. Many of the gene mutations are in proteins that share similar functions. They can be grouped into those associated with cell axon dynamics and those associated with cellular phagocytic machinery, namely protein aggregation and metabolism, apoptosis, and intracellular nucleic acid transport. Analysis of pathways implicated by mutant ALS genes has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of both familial forms of ALS (fALS) and sporadic forms (sALS), although, regrettably, this has not yet yielded definitive treatments. Many genes play an important role, with TARDBP, SQSTM1, VCP, FUS, TBK1, CHCHD10, and most importantly, C9orf72 being critical genetic players in these neurological disorders. In this mini-review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of these two diseases.
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222
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Keller N, Paketci C, Altmueller J, Fuhrmann N, Wunderlich G, Schrank B, Unver O, Yilmaz S, Boostani R, Karimiani EG, Motameny S, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Maroofian R, Yis U, Wirth B, Karakaya M. Genomic variants causing mitochondrial dysfunction are common in hereditary lower motor neuron disease. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:460-472. [PMID: 33600046 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary lower motor neuron diseases (LMND) other than 5q-spinal muscular atrophy (5q-SMA) can be classified according to affected muscle groups. Proximal and distal forms of non-5q-SMA represent a clinically and genetically heterogeneous spectrum characterized by significant overlaps with axonal forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. A consensus for the best approach to molecular diagnosis needs to be reached, especially in light of continuous novel gene discovery and falling costs of next-generation sequencing (NGS). We performed exome sequencing (ES) in 41 families presenting with non-5q-SMA or axonal CMT, 25 of which had undergone a previous negative neuromuscular disease (NMD) gene panel analysis. The total diagnostic yield of ES was 41%. Diagnostic success in the cohort with a previous NMD-panel analysis was significantly extended by ES, primarily due to novel gene associated-phenotypes and uncharacteristic phenotypic presentations. We recommend early ES for individuals with hereditary LMND presenting uncharacteristic or significantly overlapping features. As mitochondrial dysfunction was the underlying pathomechanism in 47% of the solved individuals, we highlight the sensitivity of the anterior horn cell and peripheral nerve to mitochondrial imbalance as well as the necessity to screen for mitochondrial disorders in individuals presenting predominant lower motor neuron symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Keller
- Institute of Human Genetics and Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cem Paketci
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Janine Altmueller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nico Fuhrmann
- Institute of Human Genetics and Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gilbert Wunderlich
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bertold Schrank
- Department of Neurology, DKD HELIOS Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Olcay Unver
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sanem Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Susanne Motameny
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Uluc Yis
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics and Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute of Human Genetics and Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Sassani M, Alix JJ, McDermott CJ, Baster K, Hoggard N, Wild JM, Mortiboys HJ, Shaw PJ, Wilkinson ID, Jenkins TM. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2021; 143:3603-3618. [PMID: 33439988 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is postulated to be central to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathophysiology. Evidence comes primarily from disease models and conclusive data to support bioenergetic dysfunction in vivo in patients is currently lacking. This study is the first to assess mitochondrial dysfunction in brain and muscle in individuals living with ALS using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), the modality of choice to assess energy metabolism in vivo. We recruited 20 patients and 10 healthy age and gender-matched control subjects in this cross-sectional clinico-radiological study. 31P-MRS was acquired from cerebral motor regions and from tibialis anterior during rest and exercise. Bioenergetic parameter estimates were derived including: ATP, phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, adenosine diphosphate, Gibbs free energy of ATP hydrolysis (ΔGATP), phosphomonoesters, phosphodiesters, pH, free magnesium concentration, and muscle dynamic recovery constants. Linear regression was used to test for associations between brain data and clinical parameters (revised amyotrophic functional rating scale, slow vital capacity, and upper motor neuron score) and between muscle data and clinico-neurophysiological measures (motor unit number and size indices, force of contraction, and speed of walking). Evidence for primary dysfunction of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was detected in the brainstem where ΔGATP and phosphocreatine were reduced. Alterations were also detected in skeletal muscle in patients where resting inorganic phosphate, pH, and phosphomonoesters were increased, whereas resting ΔGATP, magnesium, and dynamic phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate recovery were decreased. Phosphocreatine in brainstem correlated with respiratory dysfunction and disability; in muscle, energy metabolites correlated with motor unit number index, muscle power, and speed of walking. This study provides in vivo evidence for bioenergetic dysfunction in ALS in brain and skeletal muscle, which appears clinically and electrophysiologically relevant. 31P-MRS represents a promising technique to assess the pathophysiology of mitochondrial function in vivo in ALS and a potential tool for future clinical trials targeting bioenergetic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Sassani
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James J Alix
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kathleen Baster
- Statistical Service Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nigel Hoggard
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jim M Wild
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heather J Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Iain D Wilkinson
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas M Jenkins
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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224
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and traffic jams in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:102-110. [PMID: 33639271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive neuronal loss anatomically or physiologically and accumulation of protein in the cells. Mitochondria provide energy to these neuronal cells consuming 20% of the body's oxygen. Mitochondria are the dynamic membrane-bound cell organelles that function to generate ATP, regulate calcium homeostasis, and produce reactive oxygen species. Because of alterations in the electron transport chain, mutation, and environmental toxins, there is reduced ATP production, calcium dyshomeostasis, and increased oxidative stress, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS. ALS is described as the loss of upper and lower motor neurons resulting in progressive muscle denervation and loss of voluntary movements. There are multiple shreds of evidence in the literature regarding the mechanism involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and possible therapeutic targets to treat the condition. Moreover, different studies reported the role of different gene mutations and malfunctions in transport system responsible for the accumulation and aggregation of the proteins inside the brain cells. This accumulation and/or aggregation of proteins in the neuronal cells is known as neuronal traffic jam, which also plays the leading role in the progressive neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have elucidated the critical insights into mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal traffic jam; and its role in the initiation and progression of ALS. Moreover, the pharmacological targets and possible conducts to this scenario are also brought together.
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225
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Woo J, Cho H, Seol Y, Kim SH, Park C, Yousefian-Jazi A, Hyeon SJ, Lee J, Ryu H. Power Failure of Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration and Its Computational Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020229. [PMID: 33546471 PMCID: PMC7913624 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain needs more energy than other organs in the body. Mitochondria are the generator of vital power in the living organism. Not only do mitochondria sense signals from the outside of a cell, but they also orchestrate the cascade of subcellular events by supplying adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP), the biochemical energy. It is known that impaired mitochondrial function and oxidative stress contribute or lead to neuronal damage and degeneration of the brain. This mini-review focuses on addressing how mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. In addition, we discuss state-of-the-art computational models of mitochondrial functions in relation to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Together, a better understanding of brain disease-specific mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress can pave the way to developing antioxidant therapeutic strategies to ameliorate neuronal activity and prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunHyuk Woo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Theoretical Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyesun Cho
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - YunHee Seol
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Soon Ho Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Ali Yousefian-Jazi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Correspondence:
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226
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Genç B, Gautam M, Gözütok Ö, Dervishi I, Sanchez S, Goshu GM, Koçak N, Xie E, Silverman RB, Özdinler PH. Improving mitochondria and ER stability helps eliminate upper motor neuron degeneration that occurs due to mSOD1 toxicity and TDP-43 pathology. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e336. [PMID: 33634973 PMCID: PMC7898037 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper motor neurons (UMNs) are a key component of motor neuron circuitry. Their degeneration is a hallmark for diseases, such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Currently there are no preclinical assays investigating cellular responses of UMNs to compound treatment, even for diseases of the UMNs. The basis of UMN vulnerability is not fully understood, and no compound has yet been identified to improve the health of diseased UMNs: two major roadblocks for building effective treatment strategies. METHODS Novel UMN reporter models, in which UMNs that are diseased because of misfolded superoxide dismutase protein (mSOD1) toxicity and TDP-43 pathology are labeled with eGFP expression, allow direct assessment of UMN response to compound treatment. Electron microscopy reveals very precise aspects of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial damage. Administration of NU-9, a compound initially identified based on its ability to reduce mSOD1 toxicity, has profound impact on improving the health and stability of UMNs, as identified by detailed cellular and ultrastructural analyses. RESULTS Problems with mitochondria and ER are conserved in diseased UMNs among different species. NU-9 has drug-like pharmacokinetic properties. It lacks toxicity and crosses the blood brain barrier. NU-9 improves the structural integrity of mitochondria and ER, reduces levels of mSOD1, stabilizes degenerating UMN apical dendrites, improves motor behavior measured by the hanging wire test, and eliminates ongoing degeneration of UMNs that become diseased both because of mSOD1 toxicity and TDP-43 pathology, two distinct and important overarching causes of motor neuron degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Mechanism-focused and cell-based drug discovery approaches not only addressed key cellular defects responsible for UMN loss, but also identified NU-9, the first compound to improve the health of diseased UMNs, neurons that degenerate in ALS, HSP, PLS, and ALS/FTLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Genç
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Mukesh Gautam
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Öge Gözütok
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ina Dervishi
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Santana Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Gashaw M. Goshu
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Nuran Koçak
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Edward Xie
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental TherapeuticsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Chemistry of Life Processes InstituteNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208
| | - P. Hande Özdinler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental TherapeuticsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
- Chemistry of Life Processes InstituteNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's DiseaseNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL60611
- Les Turner ALS CenterNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL60611
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227
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Ngo ST, Wang H, Henderson RD, Bowers C, Steyn FJ. Ghrelin as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12938. [PMID: 33512025 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gut hormone best known for its role in regulating appetite and stimulating the secretion of the anabolic hormone growth hormone (GH). However, there is considerable evidence to show wider-ranging biological actions of ghrelin that favour improvements in cellular and systemic metabolism, as well as neuroprotection. Activation of these ghrelin-mediated pathways may alleviate pathogenic processes that are assumed to contribute to accelerated progression of disease in patients with neurodegenerative disease. Here, we provide a brief overview on the history of discoveries that led to the identification of ghrelin. Focussing on the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we also present an overview of emerging evidence that suggests that ghrelin and ghrelin mimetics may serve as potential therapies for the treatment of ALS. Given that ALS is a highly heterogeneous disease, where multiple disease mechanisms contribute to variability in disease onset and rate of disease progression, we speculate that the wide-ranging biological actions of ghrelin might offer therapeutic benefit through modulating multiple disease-relevant processes observed in ALS. Expanding on the well-known actions of ghrelin in regulating food intake and GH secretion, we consider the potential of ghrelin-mediated pathways in improving body weight regulation, metabolism and the anabolic and neuroprotective actions of GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). This is of clinical significance because loss of body weight, impairments in systemic and cellular metabolism, and reductions in IGF-1 are associated with faster disease progression and worse disease outcome in patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cyril Bowers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Centre, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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228
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Odnokoz O, Nakatsuka K, Wright C, Castellanos J, Klichko VI, Kretzschmar D, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Mitochondrial Redox Signaling Is Critical to the Normal Functioning of the Neuronal System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:613036. [PMID: 33585478 PMCID: PMC7876342 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.613036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction often leads to neurodegeneration and is considered one of the main causes of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other age-related diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction is tightly linked to oxidative stress and accumulating evidence suggests the association between oxidative stress and neurological disorders. However, there is insufficient knowledge about the role of pro-oxidative shift in cellular redox and impairment of redox-sensitive signaling in the development of neurodegenerative pathological conditions. To gain a more complete understanding of the relationship between mitochondria, redox status, and neurodegenerative disorders, we investigated the effect of mitochondrial thiol-dependent peroxidases, peroxiredoxins (Prxs), on the physiological characteristics of flies, which change with pathologies such as PD, ALS and during aging. We previously found that through their ability to sense changes in redox and regulate redox-sensitive signaling, Prxs play a critical role in maintaining global thiol homeostasis, preventing age-related apoptosis and chronic activation of the immune response. We also found that the phenotype of flies under-expressing Prxs in mitochondria shares many characteristics with the phenotype of Drosophila models of neurological disorders such as ALS, including impaired locomotor activity and compromised redox balance. Here, we expanded the study and found that under-expression of mitochondrial Prxs leads to behavioral changes associated with neural function, including locomotor ability, sleep-wake behavior, and temperature-sensitive paralysis. We also found that under-expression of mitochondrial Prxs with a motor-neuron-specific driver, D42-GAL4, was a determining factor in the development of the phenotype of shortened lifespan and impaired motor activity in flies. The results of the study suggest a causal link between mitochondrial Prx activity and the development of neurological disorders and pre-mature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Odnokoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Nakatsuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Corbin Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jovelyn Castellanos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Vladimir I Klichko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Doris Kretzschmar
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - William C Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Svetlana N Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
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229
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Debska-Vielhaber G, Miller I, Peeva V, Zuschratter W, Walczak J, Schreiber S, Petri S, Machts J, Vogt S, Szczepanowska J, Gellerich FN, Hermann A, Vielhaber S, Kunz WS. Impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skin fibroblasts of SALS and FALS patients is rescued by in vitro treatment with ROS scavengers. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113620. [PMID: 33497646 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, rapidly progressive, neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Approximately 10% of patients suffer from familial ALS (FALS) with mutations in different ubiquitously expressed genes including SOD1, C9ORF72, TARDBP, and FUS. There is compelling evidence for mitochondrial involvement in the pathogenic mechanisms of FALS and sporadic ALS (SALS), which is believed to be relevant for disease. Owing to the ubiquitous expression of relevant disease-associated genes, mitochondrial dysfunction is also detectable in peripheral patient tissue. We here report results of a detailed investigation of the functional impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in cultured skin fibroblasts from 23 SALS and 17 FALS patients, harboring pathogenic mutations in SOD1, C9ORF72, TARDBP and FUS. A considerable functional and structural mitochondrial impairment was detectable in fibroblasts from patients with SALS. Similarly, fibroblasts from patients with FALS, harboring pathogenic mutations in TARDBP, FUS and SOD1, showed mitochondrial defects, while fibroblasts from C9ORF72 associated FALS showed a very mild impairment detectable in mitochondrial ATP production rates only. While we could not detect alterations in the mtDNA copy number in the SALS or FALS fibroblast cultures, the impairment of OXPHOS in SALS fibroblasts and SOD1 or TARDBP FALS could be rescued by in vitro treatments with CoQ10 (5 μM for 3 weeks) or Trolox (300 μM for 5 days). This underlines the role of elevated oxidative stress as a potential cause for the observed functional effects on mitochondria, which might be relevant disease modifying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Debska-Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irina Miller
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Peeva
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Zuschratter
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Laboratory for Electron- and Laserscanning- Microscopy, Brenneckestr.6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jaroslaw Walczak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-993 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5b Pawińskiego St, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Leipziger Str.44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Machts
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Leipziger Str.44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Vogt
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Szczepanowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-993 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frank N Gellerich
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology and Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Leipziger Str.44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Boddy SL, Giovannelli I, Sassani M, Cooper-Knock J, Snyder MP, Segal E, Elinav E, Barker LA, Shaw PJ, McDermott CJ. The gut microbiome: a key player in the complexity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). BMC Med 2021; 19:13. [PMID: 33468103 PMCID: PMC7816375 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much progress has been made in mapping genetic abnormalities linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the majority of cases still present with no known underlying cause. Furthermore, even in families with a shared genetic abnormality there is significant phenotypic variability, suggesting that non-genetic elements may modify pathogenesis. Identification of such disease-modifiers is important as they might represent new therapeutic targets. A growing body of research has begun to shed light on the role played by the gut microbiome in health and disease with a number of studies linking abnormalities to ALS. MAIN BODY The microbiome refers to the genes belonging to the myriad different microorganisms that live within and upon us, collectively known as the microbiota. Most of these microbes are found in the intestines, where they play important roles in digestion and the generation of key metabolites including neurotransmitters. The gut microbiota is an important aspect of the environment in which our bodies operate and inter-individual differences may be key to explaining the different disease outcomes seen in ALS. Work has begun to investigate animal models of the disease, and the gut microbiomes of people living with ALS, revealing changes in the microbial communities of these groups. The current body of knowledge will be summarised in this review. Advances in microbiome sequencing methods will be highlighted, as their improved resolution now enables researchers to further explore differences at a functional level. Proposed mechanisms connecting the gut microbiome to neurodegeneration will also be considered, including direct effects via metabolites released into the host circulation and indirect effects on bioavailability of nutrients and even medications. CONCLUSION Profiling of the gut microbiome has the potential to add an environmental component to rapidly advancing studies of ALS genetics and move research a step further towards personalised medicine for this disease. Moreover, should compelling evidence of upstream neurotoxicity or neuroprotection initiated by gut microbiota emerge, modification of the microbiome will represent a potential new avenue for disease modifying therapies. For an intractable condition with few current therapeutic options, further research into the ALS microbiome is of crucial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Boddy
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ilaria Giovannelli
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matilde Sassani
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Division of Cancer-Microbiome Research, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lynne A Barker
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Mani S, Swargiary G, Chadha R. Mitophagy impairment in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:270-293. [PMID: 33476770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are specialized cells, requiring a lot of energy for its proper functioning. Mitochondria are the key cellular organelles and produce most of the energy in the form of ATP, required for all the crucial functions of neurons. Hence, the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control is important for maintaining neuronal health. As a part of mitochondrial quality control, the aged and damaged mitochondria are removed through a selective mode of autophagy called mitophagy. However, in different pathological conditions, this process is impaired in neuronal cells and lead to a variety of neurodegenerative disease (NDD). Various studies indicate that specific protein aggregates, the characteristics of different NDDs, affect this process of mitophagy, adding to the severity and progression of diseases. Though, the detailed process of this association is yet to be explored. In light of the significant role of impaired mitophagy in NDDs, further studies have also investigated a large number of therapeutic strategies to target mitophagy in these diseases. Our current review summarizes the abnormalities in different mitophagy pathways and their association with different NDDs. We have also elaborated upon various novel therapeutic strategies and their limitations to enhance mitophagy in NDDs that may help in the management of symptoms and increasing the life expectancy of NDD patients. Thus, our study provides an overview of mitophagy in NDDs and emphasizes the need to elucidate the mechanism of impaired mitophagy prevalent across different NDDs in future research. This will help designing better treatment options with high efficacy and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Emerging Disease, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India.
| | - Geeta Swargiary
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Emerging Disease, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Radhika Chadha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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232
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Layalle S, They L, Ourghani S, Raoul C, Soustelle L. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020904. [PMID: 33477509 PMCID: PMC7831090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motoneurons. Most ALS cases are sporadic but approximately 10% of ALS cases are due to inherited mutations in identified genes. ALS-causing mutations were identified in over 30 genes with superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), fused in sarcoma (FUS), and TAR DNA-binding protein (TARDBP, encoding TDP-43) being the most frequent. In the last few decades, Drosophila melanogaster emerged as a versatile model for studying neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. In this review, we describe the different Drosophila ALS models that have been successfully used to decipher the cellular and molecular pathways associated with SOD1, C9orf72, FUS, and TDP-43. The study of the known fruit fly orthologs of these ALS-related genes yielded significant insights into cellular mechanisms and physiological functions. Moreover, genetic screening in tissue-specific gain-of-function mutants that mimic ALS-associated phenotypes identified disease-modifying genes. Here, we propose a comprehensive review on the Drosophila research focused on four ALS-linked genes that has revealed novel pathogenic mechanisms and identified potential therapeutic targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Layalle
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (S.L.); (L.T.); (S.O.)
| | - Laetitia They
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (S.L.); (L.T.); (S.O.)
| | - Sarah Ourghani
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (S.L.); (L.T.); (S.O.)
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (S.L.); (L.T.); (S.O.)
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Laurent Soustelle
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; (S.L.); (L.T.); (S.O.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (L.S.)
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233
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Madruga E, Maestro I, Martínez A. Mitophagy Modulation, a New Player in the Race against ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020740. [PMID: 33450997 PMCID: PMC7828440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal neurodegenerative disease that usually results in respiratory paralysis in an interval of 2 to 4 years. ALS shows a multifactorial pathogenesis with an unknown etiology, and currently lacks an effective treatment. The vast majority of patients exhibit protein aggregation and a dysfunctional mitochondrial accumulation in their motoneurons. As a result, autophagy and mitophagy modulators may be interesting drug candidates that mitigate key pathological hallmarks of the disease. This work reviews the most relevant evidence that correlate mitophagy defects and ALS, and discusses the possibility of considering mitophagy as an interesting target in the search for an effective treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Madruga
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Inés Maestro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (I.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-918373112
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234
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Biomarker of the Future? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010063. [PMID: 33440662 PMCID: PMC7827030 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and is characterised pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid beta and tau protein aggregates. Currently, there are no approved disease modifying therapies for clearance of either of these proteins from the brain of people with AD. As well as abnormalities in protein aggregation, other pathological changes are seen in this condition. The function of mitochondria in both the nervous system and rest of the body is altered early in this disease, and both amyloid and tau have detrimental effects on mitochondrial function. In this review article, we describe how the function and structure of mitochondria change in AD. This review summarises current imaging techniques that use surrogate markers of mitochondrial function in both research and clinical practice, but also how mitochondrial functions such as ATP production, calcium homeostasis, mitophagy and reactive oxygen species production are affected in AD mitochondria. The evidence reviewed suggests that the measurement of mitochondrial function may be developed into a future biomarker for early AD. Further work with larger cohorts of patients is needed before mitochondrial functional biomarkers are ready for clinical use.
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235
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Mentis AFA, Bougea AM, Chrousos GP. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the endocrine system: Are there any further ties to be explored? AGING BRAIN 2021; 1:100024. [PMID: 36911507 PMCID: PMC9997134 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2021.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) belongs to the family of neurodegenerative disorders and is classified as fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), progressive muscular atrophy, primary lateral sclerosis, and pseudobulbar palsy. Even though endocrine dysfunction independently impacts the ALS-related survival rate, the complex connection between ALS and the endocrine system has not been studied in depth. Here we review earlier and recent findings on how ALS interacts with hormones a) of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, b) the thyroid gland, c) the pancreas, d) the adipose tissue, e) the parathyroid glands, f) the bones, g) the adrenal glands, and h) the gonads (ovaries and testes). Of note, endocrine issues should always be explored in patients with ALS, especially those with low skeletal muscle and bone mass, vitamin D deficiency, and decreased insulin sensitivity (diabetes mellitus). Because ALS is a progressively deteriorating disease, addressing any potential endocrine co-morbidities in patients with this malady is quite important for decreasing the overall ALS-associated disease burden. Importantly, as this burden is estimated to increase globally in the decades to follow, in part because of an increasingly aging population, it is high time for future multi-center, multi-ethnic studies to assess the link between ALS and the endocrine system in significantly larger patient populations. Last, the psychosocial stress experienced by patients with ALS and its psycho-neuro-endocrinological sequelae, including hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal dysregulation, should become an area of intensive study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia M Bougea
- Memory & Movement Disorders Clinic, 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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236
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Santana-Codina N, Gikandi A, Mancias JD. The Role of NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy in Ferroptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1301:41-57. [PMID: 34370287 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62026-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) is a selective cargo receptor that mediates the autophagic degradation of ferritin, the cytosolic iron storage complex, in a process known as ferritinophagy. NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy is required to maintain intracellular and systemic iron homeostasis and thereby iron-dependent physiologic processes such as erythropoiesis. Given this role of ferritinophagy in regulating iron homeostasis, modulating NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagic flux alters sensitivity to ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic iron-dependent form of cell death triggered by peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A role for ferroptosis has been established in the pathophysiology of cancer and neurodegeneration; however, the importance of ferritinophagy in these pathologies remains largely unknown. Here, we review the available evidence on biochemical regulation of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and its role in modulating sensitivity to innate and induced ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Finally, we evaluate the potential of modulating ferritinophagy in combination with ferroptosis inducers as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Santana-Codina
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajami Gikandi
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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237
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Altman T, Perlson E. Neuromuscular junction mitochondrial enrichment: a "double-edged sword" underlying the selective motor neuron vulnerability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:115-116. [PMID: 32788460 PMCID: PMC7818885 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Topaz Altman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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238
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Ihenacho UK, Meacham KA, Harwig MC, Widlansky ME, Hill RB. Mitochondrial Fission Protein 1: Emerging Roles in Organellar Form and Function in Health and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:660095. [PMID: 33841340 PMCID: PMC8027123 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.660095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1) was identified in yeast as being essential for mitochondrial division or fission and subsequently determined to mediate human mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Yet, its exact functions in humans, especially in regard to mitochondrial fission, remains an enigma as genetic deletion of Fis1 elongates mitochondria in some cell types, but not others. Fis1 has also been identified as an important component of apoptotic and mitophagic pathways suggesting the protein may have multiple, essential roles. This review presents current perspectives on the emerging functions of Fis1 and their implications in human health and diseases, with an emphasis on Fis1's role in both endocrine and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey A. Meacham
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Megan Cleland Harwig
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael E. Widlansky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - R. Blake Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: R. Blake Hill,
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239
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Swerdlow NS, Wilkins HM. Mitophagy and the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249661. [PMID: 33352896 PMCID: PMC7765816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress mechanisms have long been associated with neuronal loss and neurodegenerative diseases. The origin of cell stress and neuronal loss likely stems from multiple pathways. These include (but are not limited to) bioenergetic failure, neuroinflammation, and loss of proteostasis. Cells have adapted compensatory mechanisms to overcome stress and circumvent death. One mechanism is mitophagy. Mitophagy is a form of macroautophagy, were mitochondria and their contents are ubiquitinated, engulfed, and removed through lysosome degradation. Recent studies have implicated mitophagy dysregulation in several neurodegenerative diseases and clinical trials are underway which target mitophagy pathways. Here we review mitophagy pathways, the role of mitophagy in neurodegeneration, potential therapeutics, and the need for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Correspondence:
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240
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c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Mediates Ligand-independent p75 NTR Signaling in Mesencephalic Cells Subjected to Oxidative Stress. Neuroscience 2020; 453:222-236. [PMID: 33253821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a multifunctional protein that regulates cellular responses to pathological conditions in specific regions of the nervous system. Activation of p75NTR in certain neuronal populations induces proteolytic processing of the receptor, thereby generating p75NTR fragments that facilitate downstream signaling. Expression of p75NTR has been reported in neurons of the ventral midbrain, but p75NTR signaling mechanisms in such cells are poorly understood. Here, we used Lund Human Mesencephalic cells, a population of neuronal cells derived from the ventral mesencephalon, to evaluate the effects of oxidative stress on p75NTR signaling. Subjection of the cells to oxidative stress resulted in decreased cell-surface localization of p75NTR and intracellular accumulation of p75NTR fragments. Oxidative stress-induced p75NTR processing was reduced by pharmacological inhibition of metalloproteases or γ-secretase, but was unaltered by blockade of the ligand-binding domain of p75NTR. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) decreased p75NTR cleavage induced by oxidative damage. Altogether, these results support a mechanism of p75NTR activation in which oxidative stress stimulates JNK signaling, thereby facilitating p75NTR processing via a ligand-independent mechanism involving induction of metalloprotease and γ-secretase activity. These findings reveal a novel role for JNK in ligand-independent p75NTR signaling, and, considering the susceptibility of mesencephalic neurons to oxidative damage associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), merit further investigation into the effects of p75NTR on PD-related neurodegeneration.
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241
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Xu Z, Jiang J, Xu S, Xie Z, He P, Jiang S, Xu R. Nerve Growth Factor is a Potential Treated Target in Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:1035-1046. [PMID: 33236288 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a protective factor of neural cells; the possible relationship between the NGF and the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) hasn't been completely known. In this study, we observed and analyzed the expression and distribution of NGF, as well as the possible relationship between the NGF expression and distribution and the neural cell death in both SOD1 wild-type (WT) and Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur (TG) mice applying the fluorescence immunohistochemistry method. The results showed that the expression and distribution of NGF in the anterior horn (AH), the lateral horn (LH), and the surrounding central canal (CC) significantly increased at the supper early stage of ALS (Pre-onset stage) and the early stage (Onset stage), but the NGF expression and distribution in the AH, the LH, and the surrounding CC significantly reduced at the progression stage. The astrocyte, neuron, and oligodendrocyte produced the NGF and the neural precursor cells (NPCs) produced the NGF. The neural cell death gradually increased accompanying with the reduction of NGF expression and distribution. Our data suggested that the NGF was a protective factor of neural cells, because the neural cells in the AH, the LH, and the surrounding CC produced more NGF at the supper early and early stage of ALS; moreover, the NPCs produced the NGF. It implied that the NGF exerted the protective effect of neural cells, prevented from the neural cell death and aroused the potential of self-repair in the development of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianxiang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengyuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zunchun Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei He
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shishi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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242
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Nakagawa Y, Yamada S. A novel hypothesis on metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Potential pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic implications. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173737. [PMID: 33220280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunctions resulting from the loss of upper (UMNs) and lower (LMNs) motor neurons. While ALS symptoms are coincidental with pathological changes in LMNs and UMNs, the causal relationship between the two is unclear. For example, research on the extra-motor symptoms associated with this condition suggests that an imbalance of metals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, is initially induced in the sensory ganglia due to a malfunction of metal binding proteins and transporters. It is proposed that the resultant metal dyshomeostasis may promote mitochondrial dysfunction in the satellite glial cells of these sensory ganglia, causing sensory neuron disturbances and sensory symptoms. Sensory neuron hyperactivation can result in LMN impairments, while metal dyshomeostasis in spinal cord and brain stem parenchyma induces mitochondrial dysfunction in LMNs and UMNs. These events could prompt intracellular calcium dyshomeostasis, pathological TDP-43 formation, and reactive microglia with neuroinflammation, which in turn activate the apoptosis signaling pathways within the LMNs and UMNs. Our model suggests that the degeneration of LMNs and UMNs is incidental to the metal-induced changes in the spinal cord and brain stem. Over time psychiatric symptoms may appear as the metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction affect other brain regions, including the reticular formation, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. It is proposed that metal dyshomeostasis in combination with mitochondrial dysfunction could be the underlying mechanism responsible for the initiation and progression of the pathological changes associated with both the motor and extra-motor symptoms of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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243
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Dudman J, Qi X. Stress Granule Dysregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:598517. [PMID: 33281563 PMCID: PMC7705167 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.598517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no current cure. ALS causes degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons leading to atrophy of the innervating muscles and progressive paralysis. The exact mechanism of the pathology of ALS is unknown. However, 147 genes have been identified that are causative, associated with, or modify disease progression. While the causative mechanism is unknown, a number of pathological processes have been associated with ALS. These include mitochondrial dysfunction, protein accumulation, and defects in RNA metabolism. RNA metabolism is a complicated process that is regulated by many different RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). A small defect in RNA metabolism can produce results as dramatic as determining cell survival. Stress granules (SGs) control RNA translation during stressed conditions. This is a protective reaction, but in conditions of chronic stress can become pathogenic. SGs are even hypothesized to act as a seeding mechanism for the pathological aggregation of proteins seen in many neurodegenerative diseases, including TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in ALS. In this review, we will be summarizing the current findings of SG pathology in ALS. We also focus on the role of SG dysregulation in protein aggregate formation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, we outline therapeutic strategies that target SG components in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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244
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Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Pathophysiology and Opportunities for Pharmacological Intervention. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5021694. [PMID: 33274002 PMCID: PMC7683149 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5021694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease or Charcot disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons (MNs) and leads to death within 2–5 years of diagnosis, without any effective therapy available. Although the pathological mechanisms leading to ALS are still unknown, a wealth of evidence indicates that an excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated with an inefficient antioxidant defense represents an important pathological feature in ALS. Substantial evidence indicates that oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in the loss of MNs and in mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing decisively to neurodegeneration in ALS. Although the modulation of OS represents a promising approach to protect MNs from degeneration, the fact that several antioxidants with beneficial effects in animal models failed to show any therapeutic benefit in patients raises several questions that should be analyzed. Using specific queries for literature search on PubMed, we review here the role of OS-related mechanisms in ALS, including the involvement of altered mitochondrial function with repercussions in neurodegeneration. We also describe antioxidant compounds that have been mostly tested in preclinical and clinical trials of ALS, also describing their respective mechanisms of action. While the description of OS mechanism in the different mutations identified in ALS has as principal objective to clarify the contribution of OS in ALS, the description of positive and negative outcomes for each antioxidant is aimed at paving the way for novel opportunities for intervention. In conclusion, although antioxidant strategies represent a very promising approach to slow the progression of the disease, it is of utmost need to invest on the characterization of OS profiles representative of each subtype of patient, in order to develop personalized therapies, allowing to understand the characteristics of antioxidants that have beneficial effects on different subtypes of patients.
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Castellanos-Montiel MJ, Chaineau M, Durcan TM. The Neglected Genes of ALS: Cytoskeletal Dynamics Impact Synaptic Degeneration in ALS. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:594975. [PMID: 33281562 PMCID: PMC7691654 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.594975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that selectively affects motor neurons (MNs) of the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Several genes have been linked to both familial (fALS) and sporadic (sALS) cases of ALS. Among all the ALS-related genes, a group of genes known to directly affect cytoskeletal dynamics (ALS2, DCTN1, PFN1, KIF5A, NF-L, NF-H, PRPH, SPAST, and TUBA4A) is of high importance for MN health and survival, considering that MNs are large polarized cells with axons that can reach up to 1 m in length. In particular, cytoskeletal dynamics facilitate the transport of organelles and molecules across the long axonal distances within the cell, playing a key role in synapse maintenance. The majority of ALS-related genes affecting cytoskeletal dynamics were identified within the past two decades, making it a new area to explore for ALS. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into ALS-associated cytoskeletal genes and outline how recent studies have pointed towards novel pathways that might be impacted in ALS. Further studies making use of extensive analysis models to look for true hits, the newest technologies such as CRIPSR/Cas9, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and axon sequencing, as well as the development of more transgenic animal models could potentially help to: differentiate the variants that truly act as a primary cause of the disease from the ones that act as risk factors or disease modifiers, identify potential interactions between two or more ALS-related genes in disease onset and progression and increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to cytoskeletal defects. Altogether, this information will give us a hint on the real contribution of the cytoskeletal ALS-related genes during this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde Chaineau
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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246
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Haigh JL, New LE, Filippi BM. Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Brain Are Associated With Feeding, Glucose Homeostasis, and Whole-Body Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:580879. [PMID: 33240218 PMCID: PMC7680879 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.580879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is responsible for maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis by changing energy input and availability. The hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) are the primary sites of metabolic control, able to sense both hormones and nutrients and adapt metabolism accordingly. The mitochondria respond to the level of nutrient availability by fusion or fission to maintain energy homeostasis; however, these processes can be disrupted by metabolic diseases including obesity and type II diabetes (T2D). Mitochondrial dynamics are crucial in the development and maintenance of obesity and T2D, playing a role in the control of glucose homeostasis and whole-body metabolism across neurons and glia in the hypothalamus and DVC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatrice M. Filippi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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247
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Amin A, Perera ND, Beart PM, Turner BJ, Shabanpoor F. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Autophagy: Dysfunction and Therapeutic Targeting. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112413. [PMID: 33158177 PMCID: PMC7694295 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been a drastically increased understanding of the genetic basis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Despite the identification of more than 40 different ALS-causing mutations, the accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded proteins, inclusions, and aggregates within motor neurons is the main pathological hallmark in all cases of ALS. These protein aggregates are proposed to disrupt cellular processes and ultimately result in neurodegeneration. One of the main reasons implicated in the accumulation of protein aggregates may be defective autophagy, a highly conserved intracellular “clearance” system delivering misfolded proteins, aggregates, and damaged organelles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is one of the primary stress response mechanisms activated in highly sensitive and specialised neurons following insult to ensure their survival. The upregulation of autophagy through pharmacological autophagy-inducing agents has largely been shown to reduce intracellular protein aggregate levels and disease phenotypes in different in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the intriguing interface between ALS and autophagy, provide a most comprehensive summary of autophagy-targeted drugs that have been examined or are being developed as potential treatments for ALS to date, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting autophagy in ALS.
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248
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Choi SY, Lee JH, Chung AY, Jo Y, Shin JH, Park HC, Kim H, Lopez-Gonzalez R, Ryu JR, Sun W. Prevention of mitochondrial impairment by inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:888. [PMID: 33087694 PMCID: PMC7578657 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by progressive loss of motor neurons (MNs) and subsequent muscle weakness. These pathological features are associated with numerous cellular changes, including alteration in mitochondrial morphology and function. However, the molecular mechanisms associating mitochondrial structure with ALS pathology are poorly understood. In this study, we found that Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was dephosphorylated in several ALS models, including those with SOD1 and TDP-43 mutations, and the dephosphorylation was mediated by the pathological induction of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity in these models. Suppression of the PP1-Drp1 cascade effectively prevented ALS-related symptoms, including mitochondrial fragmentation, mitochondrial complex I impairment, axonal degeneration, and cell death, in primary neuronal culture models, iPSC-derived human MNs, and zebrafish models in vivo. These results suggest that modulation of PP1-Drp1 activity may be a therapeutic target for multiple pathological features of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yoen Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 plus, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical school, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 plus, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Chung
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Youhwa Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 plus, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 plus, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Ryun Ryu
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 plus, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 plus, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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249
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Air Pollution-Related Brain Metal Dyshomeostasis as a Potential Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence links air pollution (AP) exposure to effects on the central nervous system structure and function. Particulate matter AP, especially the ultrafine (nanoparticle) components, can carry numerous metal and trace element contaminants that can reach the brain in utero and after birth. Excess brain exposure to either essential or non-essential elements can result in brain dyshomeostasis, which has been implicated in both neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs; autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and neurodegenerative diseases (NDGDs; Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). This review summarizes the current understanding of the extent to which the inhalational or intranasal instillation of metals reproduces in vivo the shared features of NDDs and NDGDs, including enlarged lateral ventricles, alterations in myelination, glutamatergic dysfunction, neuronal cell death, inflammation, microglial activation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered social behaviors, cognitive dysfunction, and impulsivity. Although evidence is limited to date, neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are reproduced by numerous metals. Understanding the specific contribution of metals/trace elements to this neurotoxicity can guide the development of more realistic animal exposure models of human AP exposure and consequently lead to a more meaningful approach to mechanistic studies, potential intervention strategies, and regulatory requirements.
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250
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The Impact of Mitochondrial Deficiencies in Neuromuscular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100964. [PMID: 33050147 PMCID: PMC7600520 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are a heterogeneous group of acquired or inherited rare disorders caused by injury or dysfunction of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord (lower motor neurons), peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions, or skeletal muscles leading to muscle weakness and waste. Unfortunately, most of them entail serious or even fatal consequences. The prevalence rates among NMDs range between 1 and 10 per 100,000 population, but their rarity and diversity pose difficulties for healthcare and research. Some molecular hallmarks are being explored to elucidate the mechanisms triggering disease, to set the path for further advances. In fact, in the present review we outline the metabolic alterations of NMDs, mainly focusing on the role of mitochondria. The aim of the review is to discuss the mechanisms underlying energy production, oxidative stress generation, cell signaling, autophagy, and inflammation triggered or conditioned by the mitochondria. Briefly, increased levels of inflammation have been linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which is key in mitochondrial genomic instability and mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) dysfunction. ROS burst, impaired autophagy, and increased inflammation are observed in many NMDs. Increasing knowledge of the etiology of NMDs will help to develop better diagnosis and treatments, eventually reducing the health and economic burden of NMDs for patients and healthcare systems.
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