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Nordin K, Herlitz A, Larsson EM, Söderlund H. Overlapping effects of age on associative memory and the anterior hippocampus from middle to older age. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:350-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wisse LE, Daugherty AM, Olsen RK, Berron D, Carr VA, Stark CE, Amaral RS, Amunts K, Augustinack JC, Bender AR, Bernstein JD, Boccardi M, Bocchetta M, Burggren A, Chakravarty MM, Chupin M, Ekstrom A, de Flores R, Insausti R, Kanel P, Kedo O, Kennedy KM, Kerchner GA, LaRocque KF, Liu X, Maass A, Malykhin N, Mueller SG, Ofen N, Palombo DJ, Parekh MB, Pluta JB, Pruessner JC, Raz N, Rodrigue KM, Schoemaker D, Shafer AT, Steve TA, Suthana N, Wang L, Winterburn JL, Yassa MA, Yushkevich PA, la Joie R. A harmonized segmentation protocol for hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions: Why do we need one and what are the key goals? Hippocampus 2017; 27:3-11. [PMID: 27862600 PMCID: PMC5167633 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enabled in vivo research in a variety of populations and diseases on the structure and function of hippocampal subfields and subdivisions of the parahippocampal gyrus. Because of the many extant and highly discrepant segmentation protocols, comparing results across studies is difficult. To overcome this barrier, the Hippocampal Subfields Group was formed as an international collaboration with the aim of developing a harmonized protocol for manual segmentation of hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions on high-resolution MRI. In this commentary we discuss the goals for this protocol and the associated key challenges involved in its development. These include differences among existing anatomical reference materials, striking the right balance between reliability of measurements and anatomical validity, and the development of a versatile protocol that can be adopted for the study of populations varying in age and health. The commentary outlines these key challenges, as well as the proposed solution of each, with concrete examples from our working plan. Finally, with two examples, we illustrate how the harmonized protocol, once completed, is expected to impact the field by producing measurements that are quantitatively comparable across labs and by facilitating the synthesis of findings across different studies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E.M. Wisse
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ana M. Daugherty
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Rosanna K. Olsen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Berron
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Valerie A. Carr
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
- Department of Psychology, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA
| | - Craig E.L. Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Robert S.C. Amaral
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean C. Augustinack
- AA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Andrew R. Bender
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D. Bernstein
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Marina Boccardi
- LANVIE Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Alison Burggren
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie Chupin
- INSERM, CNRS, UMR-S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Arne Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Robin de Flores
- INSERM U1077, Université de Caen Normandie, UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Ricardo Insausti
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory and C.R.I.B., School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Olga Kedo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kristen M. Kennedy
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Kerchner
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA
| | | | - Xiuwen Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Anne Maass
- School of Public Health and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Nicolai Malykhin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- The Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Susanne G. Mueller
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA
| | - Noa Ofen
- Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Mansi B. Parekh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | - John B. Pluta
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jens C. Pruessner
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Naftali Raz
- Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Karen M. Rodrigue
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, USA
| | - Dorothee Schoemaker
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea T. Shafer
- Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Trevor A. Steve
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nanthia Suthana
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Julie L. Winterburn
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael A. Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Paul A. Yushkevich
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Renaud la Joie
- INSERM U1077, Université de Caen Normandie, UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
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Maller JJ, Anderson RJ, Thomson RH, Daskalakis ZJ, Rosenfeld JV, Fitzgerald PB. Occipital bending in schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:32-41. [PMID: 27066817 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416642023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of occipital bending (an occipital lobe crossing or twisting across the midline) in subjects with schizophrenia and matched healthy controls. METHOD Occipital bending prevalence was investigated in 37 patients with schizophrenia and 44 healthy controls. RESULTS Ratings showed that prevalence was nearly three times higher among schizophrenia patients (13/37 [35.1%]) than in control subjects (6/44 [13.6%]). Furthermore, those with schizophrenia had greater normalized gray matter volume but less white matter volume and had larger brain-to-cranial ratio. CONCLUSION The results suggest that occipital bending is more prevalent among schizophrenia patients than healthy subjects and that schizophrenia patients have different gray matter-white matter proportions. Although the cause and clinical ramifications of occipital bending are unclear, the results infer that occipital bending may be a marker of psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome J Maller
- 1 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney J Anderson
- 1 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard H Thomson
- 1 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- 2 Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey V Rosenfeld
- 3 The Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC, Australia
- 4 Monash Institute of Medical Engineering (MIME), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 5 F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- 1 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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204
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Valdés Hernández MDC, Cox SR, Kim J, Royle NA, Muñoz Maniega S, Gow AJ, Anblagan D, Bastin ME, Park J, Starr JM, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Hippocampal morphology and cognitive functions in community-dwelling older people: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 52:1-11. [PMID: 28104542 PMCID: PMC5364373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Structural measures of the hippocampus have been linked to a variety of memory processes and also to broader cognitive abilities. Gross volumetry has been widely used, yet the hippocampus has a complex formation, comprising distinct subfields which may be differentially sensitive to the deleterious effects of age, and to different aspects of cognitive performance. However, a comprehensive analysis of multidomain cognitive associations with hippocampal deformations among a large group of cognitively normal older adults is currently lacking. In 654 participants of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (mean age = 72.5, SD = 0.71 years), we examined associations between the morphology of the hippocampus and a variety of memory tests (spatial span, letter-number sequencing, verbal recall, and digit backwards), as well as broader cognitive domains (latent measures of speed, fluid intelligence, and memory). Following correction for age, sex, and vascular risk factors, analysis of memory subtests revealed that only right hippocampal associations in relation to spatial memory survived type 1 error correction in subiculum and in CA1 at the head (β = 0.201, p = 5.843 × 10-4, outward), and in the ventral tail section of CA1 (β = -0.272, p = 1.347 × 10-5, inward). With respect to latent measures of cognitive domains, only deformations associated with processing speed survived type 1 error correction in bilateral subiculum (βabsolute ≤ 0.247, p < 1.369 × 10-4, outward), bilaterally in the ventral tail section of CA1 (βabsolute ≤ 0.242, p < 3.451 × 10-6, inward), and a cluster at the left anterior-to-dorsal region of the head (β = 0.199, p = 5.220 × 10-6, outward). Overall, our results indicate that a complex pattern of both inward and outward hippocampal deformations are associated with better processing speed and spatial memory in older age, suggesting that complex shape-based hippocampal analyses may provide valuable information beyond gross volumetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Carmen Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jaeil Kim
- School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan J Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Devasuda Anblagan
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jinah Park
- School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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205
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O'Shea A, Cohen RA, Porges EC, Nissim NR, Woods AJ. Cognitive Aging and the Hippocampus in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:298. [PMID: 28008314 PMCID: PMC5143675 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the most well studied structures in the human brain. While age-related decline in hippocampal volume is well documented, most of our knowledge about hippocampal structure-function relationships was discovered in the context of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. The relationship between cognitive aging and hippocampal structure in the absence of disease remains relatively understudied. Furthermore, the few studies that have investigated the role of the hippocampus in cognitive aging have produced contradictory results. To address these issues, we assessed 93 older adults from the general community (mean age = 71.9 ± 9.3 years) on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a brief cognitive screening measure for dementia, and the NIH Toolbox-Cognitive Battery (NIHTB-CB), a computerized neurocognitive battery. High-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to estimate hippocampal volume. Lower MoCA Total (p = 0.01) and NIHTB-CB Fluid Cognition (p < 0.001) scores were associated with decreased hippocampal volume, even while controlling for sex and years of education. Decreased hippocampal volume was significantly associated with decline in multiple NIHTB-CB subdomains, including episodic memory, working memory, processing speed and executive function. This study provides important insight into the multifaceted role of the hippocampus in cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O'Shea
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole R Nissim
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
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206
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Chalavi S, Adab HZ, Pauwels L, Beets IAM, van Ruitenbeek P, Boisgontier MP, Monteiro TS, Maes C, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP. Anatomy of Subcortical Structures Predicts Age-Related Differences in Skill Acquisition. Cereb Cortex 2016; 28:459-473. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Chalavi
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hamed Zivari Adab
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Pauwels
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iseult A M Beets
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- BrainCTR, Lilid bvba, 3290 Diest, Belgium
| | - Peter van Ruitenbeek
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thiago Santos Monteiro
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celine Maes
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Translational MRI Unit, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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207
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Vanicek T, Kutzelnigg A, Philippe C, Sigurdardottir HL, James GM, Hahn A, Kranz GS, Höflich A, Kautzky A, Traub-Weidinger T, Hacker M, Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R. Altered interregional molecular associations of the serotonin transporter in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder assessed with PET. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:792-802. [PMID: 27770470 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered serotonergic neurotransmission has been found to cause impulsive and aggressive behavior, as well as increased motor activity, all exemplifying key symptoms of ADHD. The main objectives of this positron emission tomography (PET) study were to investigate the serotonin transporter binding potential (SERT BPND ) in patients with ADHD and to assess associations of SERT BPND between the brain regions. 25 medication-free patients with ADHD (age ± SD; 32.39 ± 10.15; 10 females) without any psychiatric comorbidity and 25 age and sex matched healthy control subjects (33.74 ± 10.20) were measured once with PET and the highly selective and specific radioligand [11 C]DASB. SERT BPND maps in nine a priori defined ROIs exhibiting high SERT binding were compared between groups by means of a linear mixed model. Finally, adopted from structural and functional connectivity analyses, we performed correlational analyses using regional SERT binding potentials to examine molecular interregional associations between all selected ROIs. We observed significant differences in the interregional correlations between the precuneus and the hippocampus in patients with ADHD compared to healthy controls, using SERT BPND of the investigated ROIs (P < 0.05; Bonferroni corrected). When correlating SERT BPND and age in the ADHD and the healthy control group, we confirmed an age-related decline in brain SERT binding in the thalamus and insula (R2 = 0.284, R2 = 0.167, Ps < 0.05; Bonferroni corrected). The results show significantly different interregional molecular associations of the SERT expression for the precuneus with hippocampus in patients with ADHD, indicating presumably altered functional coupling. Altered interregional coupling between brain regions might be a sensitive approach to demonstrate functional and molecular alterations in psychiatric conditions. Hum Brain Mapp 38:792-802, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanicek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kutzelnigg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Cecile Philippe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gregory M James
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Höflich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Kautzky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Traub-Weidinger
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Hippocampal volume reduction is associated with intellectual functions in adolescents with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:531-7. [PMID: 27356084 PMCID: PMC8920533 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents undergoing early cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) may demonstrate a variety of neurocognitive impairments. These impairments can affect overall intellectual functions, but also specific memory deficits, language, and executive functions. As the hippocampus is a critical structure involved in these functions, we sought to determine whether hippocampal volume was reduced in adolescents with CHD and whether altered volumes were related to functional outcome. METHODS At a mean age of 13.8 y, 48 adolescent survivors of childhood cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for CHD and 32 healthy controls underwent neurocognitive testing and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Images were quantitatively analyzed using an automated regional segmentation tool (FSL-FIRST). RESULTS Adolescents with CHD had 10% lower total hippocampal volumes compared with controls. After controlling for total brain volume, total hippocampal volume correlated with total IQ, with working memory, and verbal comprehension in CHD patients, but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS In adolescent survivors of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for CHD, specific brain regions such as the hippocampus may show long-term persistent alteration and correlate with intellectual deficits, particularly with verbal and memory functions.
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209
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Multiple determinants of lifespan memory differences. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32527. [PMID: 27600595 PMCID: PMC5013267 DOI: 10.1038/srep32527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory problems are among the most common complaints as people grow older. Using structural equation modeling of commensurate scores of anterograde memory from a large (N = 315), population-derived sample (www.cam-can.org), we provide evidence for three memory factors that are supported by distinct brain regions and show differential sensitivity to age. Associative memory and item memory are dramatically affected by age, even after adjusting for education level and fluid intelligence, whereas visual priming is not. Associative memory and item memory are differentially affected by emotional valence, and the age-related decline in associative memory is faster for negative than for positive or neutral stimuli. Gray-matter volume in the hippocampus, parahippocampus and fusiform cortex, and a white-matter index for the fornix, uncinate fasciculus and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, show differential contributions to the three memory factors. Together, these data demonstrate the extent to which differential ageing of the brain leads to differential patterns of memory loss.
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210
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Memory performance is related to the cortisol awakening response in older people, but not to the diurnal cortisol slope. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:136-46. [PMID: 27266967 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There are large individual differences in age-related cognitive decline. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) functioning has been suggested as one of the mechanisms underlying these differences. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between the diurnal cortisol cycle, measured as the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and the diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) and the memory performance of healthy older people. To do so, we assessed the verbal, visual, and working memory performance of 64 participants (32 men) from 57 to 76 years old who also provided 14 saliva samples on two consecutive weekdays to determine their diurnal cortisol cycle. The CAR was linearly and negatively associated with verbal (significantly) and visual (marginally) memory domains, but not with working memory. Sex did not moderate these relationships. Furthermore, no associations were found between the DCS and any of the three memory domains assessed. Our results indicate that the two components of the diurnal cortisol cycle have different relationships with memory performance, with the CAR being more relevant than DCS in understanding the link from HPA-axis activity and regulation to different types of memory. These results suggest that the CAR is related to memory domains dependent on hippocampal functioning (i.e., declarative memory), but not to those that are more dependent on prefrontal cortex functioning (i.e., working memory).
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211
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Schlichting ML, Guarino KF, Schapiro AC, Turk-Browne NB, Preston AR. Hippocampal Structure Predicts Statistical Learning and Associative Inference Abilities during Development. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:37-51. [PMID: 27575916 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of learning and remembering across the lifespan, little is known about how the episodic memory system develops to support the extraction of associative structure from the environment. Here, we relate individual differences in volumes along the hippocampal long axis to performance on statistical learning and associative inference tasks-both of which require encoding associations that span multiple episodes-in a developmental sample ranging from ages 6 to 30 years. Relating age to volume, we found dissociable patterns across the hippocampal long axis, with opposite nonlinear volume changes in the head and body. These structural differences were paralleled by performance gains across the age range on both tasks, suggesting improvements in the cross-episode binding ability from childhood to adulthood. Controlling for age, we also found that smaller hippocampal heads were associated with superior behavioral performance on both tasks, consistent with this region's hypothesized role in forming generalized codes spanning events. Collectively, these results highlight the importance of examining hippocampal development as a function of position along the hippocampal axis and suggest that the hippocampal head is particularly important in encoding associative structure across development.
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212
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Ezzati A, Katz MJ, Zammit AR, Lipton ML, Zimmerman ME, Sliwinski MJ, Lipton RB. Differential association of left and right hippocampal volumes with verbal episodic and spatial memory in older adults. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:380-385. [PMID: 27542320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a critical role in verbal and spatial memory, thus any pathological damage to this formation may lead to cognitive impairment. It is suggested that right and left hippocampi are affected differentially in healthy or pathologic aging. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that verbal episodic memory performance is associated with left hippocampal volume (HV) while spatial memory is associated with right HV. 115 non-demented adults over age 70 were drawn from the Einstein Aging Study. Verbal memory was measured using the free recall score from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test - immediate recall (FCSRT-IR), logical memory immediate and delayed subtests (LM-I and LM-II) from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). Spatial Memory was measured using a computerized dot memory paradigm that has been validated for use in older adults. All participants underwent 3T MRI with subsequent automatized measurement of the volume of each hippocampus. The sample had a mean age of 78.7 years (SD=5.0); 57% were women, and 52% were white. Participants had a mean of 14.3 years (SD=3.5) of education. In regression models, two tests of verbal memory (FCSRT-IR free recall and LM-II) were positively associated with left HV, but not with right HV. Performance on the spatial memory task was associated with right HV, but not left HV. Our findings support the hypothesis that the left hippocampus plays a critical role in episodic verbal memory, while right hippocampus might be more important for spatial memory processing among non-demented older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ezzati
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
| | - Mindy J Katz
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrea R Zammit
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael L Lipton
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Departments of Radiology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Molly E Zimmerman
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10604, USA
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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213
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Vecchio F, Miraglia F, Piludu F, Granata G, Romanello R, Caulo M, Onofrj V, Bramanti P, Colosimo C, Rossini PM. “Small World” architecture in brain connectivity and hippocampal volume in Alzheimer’s disease: a study via graph theory from EEG data. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:473-485. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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214
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Bettcher BM, Mungas D, Patel N, Elofson J, Dutt S, Wynn M, Watson CL, Stephens M, Walsh CM, Kramer JH. Neuroanatomical substrates of executive functions: Beyond prefrontal structures. Neuropsychologia 2016; 85:100-9. [PMID: 26948072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions are often considered lynchpin "frontal lobe tasks", despite accumulating evidence that a broad network of anterior and posterior brain structures supports them. Using a latent variable modelling approach, we assessed whether prefrontal grey matter volumes independently predict executive function performance when statistically differentiated from global atrophy and individual non-frontal lobar volume contributions. We further examined whether fronto-parietal white matter microstructure underlies and independently contributes to executive functions. We developed a latent variable model to decompose lobar grey matter volumes into a global grey matter factor and specific lobar volumes (i.e. prefrontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) that were independent of global grey matter. We then added mean fractional anisotropy (FA) for the superior longitudinal fasciculus (dorsal portion), corpus callosum, and cingulum bundle (dorsal portion) to models that included grey matter volumes related to cognitive variables in previous analyses. Results suggested that the 2-factor model (shifting/inhibition, updating/working memory) plus an information processing speed factor best explained our executive function data in a sample of 202 community dwelling older adults, and was selected as the base measurement model for further analyses. Global grey matter was related to the executive function and speed variables in all four lobar models, but independent contributions of the frontal lobes were not significant. In contrast, when assessing the effect of white matter microstructure, cingulum FA made significant independent contributions to all three executive function and speed variables and corpus callosum FA was independently related to shifting/inhibition and speed. Findings from the current study indicate that while prefrontal grey matter volumes are significantly associated with cognitive neuroscience measures of shifting/inhibition and working memory in healthy older adults, they do not independently predict executive function when statistically isolated from global atrophy and individual non-frontal lobar volume contributions. In contrast, better microstructure of fronto-parietal white matter, namely the corpus callosum and cingulum, continued to predict executive functions after accounting for global grey matter atrophy. These findings contribute to a growing literature suggesting that prefrontal contributions to executive functions cannot be viewed in isolation from more distributed grey and white matter effects in a healthy older adult cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M Bettcher
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz School of Medicine, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Dan Mungas
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nihar Patel
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Elofson
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shubir Dutt
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Wynn
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christa L Watson
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melanie Stephens
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christine M Walsh
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel H Kramer
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
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215
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van der Leeuw G, Eggermont LHP, Shi L, Milberg WP, Gross AL, Hausdorff JM, Bean JF, Leveille SG. Pain and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults Living in the Community. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71:398-405. [PMID: 26433218 PMCID: PMC5013972 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain related to many age-related chronic conditions is a burdensome problem in elderly adults and may also interfere with cognitive functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between measures of pain severity and pain interference and cognitive performance in community-living older adults. METHODS We studied 765 participants in the Maintenance of Balance Independent Living Intellect and Zest (MOBILIZE) Boston Study, a population-based study of persons aged 70 and older. Global pain severity and interference were measured using the Brief Pain Inventory subscales. The neuropsychological battery included measures of attentional capacity (Trail Making Test A, WORLD Test), executive function (Trail Making Test B and Delta, Clock-in-a-Box, Letter Fluency), memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test), and a global composite measure of cognitive function. Multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between pain and cognitive functioning. RESULTS Elderly adults with more severe pain or more pain interference had poorer performance on memory tests and executive functioning compared to elders with none or less pain. Pain interference was also associated with impaired attentional capacity. Additional adjustment for chronic conditions, behaviors, and psychiatric medication resulted in attenuation of many of the observed associations. However, the association between pain interference and general cognitive function persisted. CONCLUSIONS Our findings point to the need for further research to understand how chronic pain may contribute to decline in cognitive function and to determine strategies that may help in preventing or managing these potential consequences of pain on cognitive function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura H P Eggermont
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Shi
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - William P Milberg
- Geriatric Neuropsychology Laboratory, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, Brockton/West Roxbury Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alden L Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey M Hausdorff
- Laboratory for Gait and Neurodynamics, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel. Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Jonathan F Bean
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts. New England Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, Boston Veterans Administration Health System, Massachusetts. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suzanne G Leveille
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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216
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Correa-Burrows P, Burrows R, Blanco E, Reyes M, Gahagan S. Nutritional quality of diet and academic performance in Chilean students. Bull World Health Organ 2016; 94:185-92. [PMID: 26966329 PMCID: PMC4773934 DOI: 10.2471/blt.15.161315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore associations between the nutritional quality of diet at age 16 years and academic performance in students from Santiago, Chile. Methods We assessed the nutritional quality of diet, using a validated food frequency questionnaire, in 395 students aged 16.8 ± 0.5 years. Depending on the amount of saturated fat, fibre, sugar and salt in the foods, diet was categorized as unhealthy, fair or healthy. Academic performance was assessed using high school grade-point average (GPA) and tests for college admission in language and mathematics. Academic results on or above the 75th percentile in our sample were considered good academic performance. We tested associations between nutritional quality of diet and good academic performance using logistic regression models. We considered sociodemographic, educational and body-mass index (BMI) factors as potential confounders. Findings After controlling for potential confounding factors, an unhealthy diet at age 16 years was associated with reduced academic performance. Compared to participants with healthy diets, those with unhealthy diets were significantly less likely to perform well based on language tests (odds ratio, OR: 0.42; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.18–0.98) mathematics tests (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.15–0.82) or GPA (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.09–0.56). Conclusion In our sample, excessive consumption of energy-dense, low-fibre, high-fat foods at age 16 years was associated with reduced academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Correa-Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Macul, CP 7830490, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Macul, CP 7830490, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Estela Blanco
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Marcela Reyes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Avda. El Líbano 5524, Macul, CP 7830490, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
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217
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Luciano M, Marioni RE, Hernández MV, Maniega SM, Hamilton IF, Royle NA, Scotland G, Chauhan G, Bis JC, Debette S, DeCarli C, Fornage M, Schmidt R, Ikram MA, Launer LJ, Seshadri S, Bastin ME, Porteous DJ, Wardlaw J, Deary IJ. Structural Brain MRI Trait Polygenic Score Prediction of Cognitive Abilities. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:738-45. [PMID: 26427786 PMCID: PMC4747328 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) traits share part of their genetic variance with cognitive traits. Here, we use genetic association results from large meta-analytic studies of genome-wide association (GWA) for brain infarcts (BI), white matter hyperintensities, intracranial, hippocampal, and total brain volumes to estimate polygenic scores for these traits in three Scottish samples: Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS), and the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1936 (LBC1936) and 1921 (LBC1921). These five brain MRI trait polygenic scores were then used to: (1) predict corresponding MRI traits in the LBC1936 (numbers ranged 573 to 630 across traits), and (2) predict cognitive traits in all three cohorts (in 8,115-8,250 persons). In the LBC1936, all MRI phenotypic traits were correlated with at least one cognitive measure, and polygenic prediction of MRI traits was observed for intracranial volume. Meta-analysis of the correlations between MRI polygenic scores and cognitive traits revealed a significant negative correlation (maximal r = 0.08) between the HV polygenic score and measures of global cognitive ability collected in childhood and in old age in the Lothian Birth Cohorts. The lack of association to a related general cognitive measure when including the GS:SFHS points to either type 1 error or the importance of using prediction samples that closely match the demographics of the GWA samples from which prediction is based. Ideally, these analyses should be repeated in larger samples with data on both MRI and cognition, and using MRI GWA results from even larger meta-analysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Munoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Iona F Hamilton
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Generation Scotland
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- Inserm Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897) - Team Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Inserm Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897) - Team Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology at Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study
| | - the CHARGE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Attuquayefio T, Stevenson RJ. A systematic review of longer-term dietary interventions on human cognitive function: Emerging patterns and future directions. Appetite 2015; 95:554-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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219
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Persson N, Ghisletta P, Dahle CL, Bender AR, Yang Y, Yuan P, Daugherty AM, Raz N. Regional brain shrinkage and change in cognitive performance over two years: The bidirectional influences of the brain and cognitive reserve factors. Neuroimage 2015; 126:15-26. [PMID: 26584866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined relationships between regional brain shrinkage and changes in cognitive performance, while taking into account the influence of chronological age, vascular risk, Apolipoprotein E variant and socioeconomic status. Regional brain volumes and cognitive performance were assessed in 167 healthy adults (age 19-79 at baseline), 90 of whom returned for the follow-up after two years. Brain volumes were measured in six regions of interest (ROIs): lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), prefrontal white matter (PFw), hippocampus (Hc), parahippocampal gyrus (PhG), cerebellar hemispheres (CbH), and primary visual cortex (VC), and cognitive performance was evaluated in three domains: episodic memory (EM), fluid intelligence (Gf), and vocabulary (V). Average volume loss was observed in Hc, PhG and CbH, but reliable individual differences were noted in all examined ROIs. Average positive change was observed in EM and V performance but not in Gf scores, yet only the last evidenced individual differences in change. We observed reciprocal influences among neuroanatomical and cognitive variables. Larger brain volumes at baseline predicted greater individual gains in Gf, but differences in LPFC volume change were in part explained by baseline level of cognitive performance. In one region (PFw), individual change in volume was coupled with change in Gf. Larger initial brain volumes did not predict slower shrinkage. The results underscore the complex role of brain maintenance and cognitive reserve in adult development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninni Persson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden; Stockholm Brain Institute, Sweden
| | - Paolo Ghisletta
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Distance Learning University, Sierre, Switzerland
| | - Cheryl L Dahle
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Andrew R Bender
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Yiqin Yang
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Peng Yuan
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Ana M Daugherty
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Naftali Raz
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA; Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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220
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Bonner-Jackson A, Mahmoud S, Miller J, Banks SJ. Verbal and non-verbal memory and hippocampal volumes in a memory clinic population. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:61. [PMID: 26468086 PMCID: PMC4607093 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Better characterization of the relationship between episodic memory and hippocampal volumes is crucial in early detection of neurodegenerative disease. We examined these relationships in a memory clinic population. Methods Participants (n = 226) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and tests of verbal (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, HVLT-R) and non-verbal (Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, BVMT-R) memory. Correlational analyses were performed, and analyses on clinical subgroups (i.e., amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, non-amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, probable Alzheimer’s disease, intact memory) were conducted. Results Positive associations were identified between bilateral hippocampal volumes and both memory measures, and BVMT-R learning slope was more strongly positively associated with hippocampal volumes than HVLT-R learning slope. Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) participants showed specific positive associations between BVMT-R performance and hippocampal volumes bilaterally. Additionally, analyses of the aMCI group showed trend-level evidence of material-specific lateralization, such that retention of verbal information was positively associated with left hippocampal volume, whereas learning curve and retention of non-verbal information was positively associated with right hippocampal volume. Conclusions Findings support the link between episodic memory and hippocampal volumes in a memory clinic population. Non-verbal memory measures also may have higher diagnostic value, particularly in individuals at elevated risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bonner-Jackson
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Shamseldeen Mahmoud
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Justin Miller
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Sarah J Banks
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Daugherty AM, Bender AR, Raz N, Ofen N. Age differences in hippocampal subfield volumes from childhood to late adulthood. Hippocampus 2015; 26:220-8. [PMID: 26286891 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is composed of distinct subfields: the four cornu ammonis areas (CA1-CA4), dentate gyrus (DG), and subiculum. The few in vivo studies of human hippocampal subfields suggest that the extent of age differences in volume varies across subfields during healthy childhood development and aging. However, the associations between age and subfield volumes across the entire lifespan are unknown. Here, we used a high-resolution imaging technique and manually measured hippocampal subfield and entorhinal cortex volumes in a healthy lifespan sample (N = 202), ages 8-82 yrs. The magnitude of age differences in volume varied among the regions. Combined CA1-2 volume evidenced a negative linear association with age. In contrast, the associations between age and volumes of CA3-DG and the entorhinal cortex were negative in mid-childhood and attenuated in later adulthood. Volume of the subiculum was unrelated to age. The different magnitudes and patterns of age differences in subfield volumes may reflect dynamic microstructural factors and have implications for cognitive functions across the lifespan. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Daugherty
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Andrew R Bender
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Naftali Raz
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Noa Ofen
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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222
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Becker N, Laukka EJ, Kalpouzos G, Naveh-Benjamin M, Bäckman L, Brehmer Y. Structural brain correlates of associative memory in older adults. Neuroimage 2015; 118:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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223
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Voineskos AN, Winterburn JL, Felsky D, Pipitone J, Rajji TK, Mulsant BH, Chakravarty MM. Hippocampal (subfield) volume and shape in relation to cognitive performance across the adult lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:3020-37. [PMID: 25959503 PMCID: PMC6869683 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Newer approaches to characterizing hippocampal morphology can provide novel insights regarding cognitive function across the lifespan. We comprehensively assessed the relationships among age, hippocampal morphology, and hippocampal-dependent cognitive function in 137 healthy individuals across the adult lifespan (18-86 years of age). They underwent MRI, cognitive assessments and genotyping for Apolipoprotein E status. We measured hippocampal subfield volumes using a new multiatlas segmentation tool (MAGeT-Brain) and assessed vertex-wise (inward and outward displacements) and global surface-based descriptions of hippocampus morphology. We examined the effects of age on hippocampal morphology, as well as the relationship among age, hippocampal morphology, and episodic and working memory performance. Age and volume were modestly correlated across hippocampal subfields. Significant patterns of inward and outward displacement in hippocampal head and tail were associated with age. The first principal shape component of the left hippocampus, characterized by a lengthening of the antero-posterior axis was prominently associated with working memory performance across the adult lifespan. In contrast, no significant relationships were found among subfield volumes and cognitive performance. Our findings demonstrate that hippocampal shape plays a unique and important role in hippocampal-dependent cognitive aging across the adult lifespan, meriting consideration as a biomarker in strategies targeting the delay of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotle N Voineskos
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Geriatric Mental Health Service, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie L Winterburn
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Felsky
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jon Pipitone
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Geriatric Mental Health Service, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Geriatric Mental Health Service, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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224
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Weston PS, Simpson IJ, Ryan NS, Ourselin S, Fox NC. Diffusion imaging changes in grey matter in Alzheimer's disease: a potential marker of early neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Res Ther 2015; 7:47. [PMID: 26136857 PMCID: PMC4487800 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized to have a long presymptomatic period, during which there is progressive accumulation of molecular pathology, followed by inexorable neuronal damage. The ability to identify presymptomatic individuals with evidence of neurodegenerative change, to stage their disease, and to track progressive changes will be important for early diagnosis and for prevention trials. Despite recent advances, particularly in magnetic resonance imaging, our ability to identify early neurodegenerative changes reliably is limited. The development of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, which is sensitive to microstructural changes not visible with conventional volumetric techniques, has led to a number of diffusion imaging studies in AD; these have largely focused on white matter changes. However, in AD cerebral grey matter is affected very early, with pathological studies suggesting that grey matter changes predate those in white matter. In this article we review the growing number of studies that assess grey matter diffusivity changes in AD. Although use of the technique is still at a relatively early stage, results so far have been promising. Initial studies identified changes in diffusion measures in the hippocampi of patients with mild cognitive impairment, which predated macroscopic volume loss, with positive predictive value for progression to AD dementia. More recent studies have identified abnormalities in multiple neocortical areas (particularly the posterior cingulate) at various stages of disease progression. Studies of patients who carry genetic mutations predisposing to autosomal dominant familial AD have shown cortical and subcortical grey matter diffusivity changes several years before the expected onset of the first clinical symptoms. The technique is not without potential methodological difficulties, especially relating to partial volume effects, although recent advances appear to be reducing such issues. Going forward, further utilization of grey matter diffusion measurements in AD may improve our understanding with regards to the timing and nature of the earliest presymptomatic neurodegenerative changes. This imaging technique may also be useful in comparing and contrasting subtle variations in different disease subgroups, and as a sensitive outcome measure for presymptomatic clinical trials in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S.J. Weston
- />Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Ivor J.A. Simpson
- />Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
- />Centre for Medical Image Computing, The Engineering Front Building, University College London, Malet Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Natalie S. Ryan
- />Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- />Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
- />Centre for Medical Image Computing, The Engineering Front Building, University College London, Malet Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Nick C. Fox
- />Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
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225
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Cole JH, Filippetti ML, Allin MPG, Walshe M, Nam KW, Gutman BA, Murray RM, Rifkin L, Thompson PM, Nosarti C. Subregional Hippocampal Morphology and Psychiatric Outcome in Adolescents Who Were Born Very Preterm and at Term. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130094. [PMID: 26091104 PMCID: PMC4474892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hippocampus has been reported to be structurally and functionally altered as a sequel of very preterm birth (<33 weeks gestation), possibly due its vulnerability to hypoxic-ischemic damage in the neonatal period. We examined hippocampal volumes and subregional morphology in very preterm born individuals in mid- and late adolescence and their association with psychiatric outcome. METHODS Structural brain magnetic resonance images were acquired at two time points (baseline and follow-up) from 65 ex-preterm adolescents (mean age = 15.5 and 19.6 years) and 36 term-born controls (mean age=15.0 and 19.0 years). Hippocampal volumes and subregional morphometric differences were measured from manual tracings and with three-dimensional shape analysis. Psychiatric outcome was assessed with the Rutter Parents' Scale at baseline, the General Health Questionnaire at follow-up and the Peters Delusional Inventory at both time points. RESULTS In contrast to previous studies we did not find significant difference in the cross-sectional or longitudinal hippocampal volumes between individuals born preterm and controls, despite preterm individual having significantly smaller whole brain volumes. Shape analysis at baseline revealed subregional deformations in 28% of total bilateral hippocampal surface, reflecting atrophy, in ex-preterm individuals compared to controls, and in 22% at follow-up. In ex-preterm individuals, longitudinal changes in hippocampal shape accounted for 11% of the total surface, while in controls they reached 20%. In the whole sample (both groups) larger right hippocampal volume and bilateral anterior surface deformations at baseline were associated with delusional ideation scores at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a dynamic association between cross-sectional hippocampal volumes, longitudinal changes and surface deformations and psychosis proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Cole
- The Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Laura Filippetti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. G. Allin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Walshe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kie Woo Nam
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, California, United States of America
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Larry Rifkin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, California, United States of America
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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226
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Chakrabarty T, Kozicky JM, Torres IJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN. Verbal memory impairment in new onset bipolar disorder: Relationship with frontal and medial temporal morphology. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16:249-60. [PMID: 25708742 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2014.1000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Verbal memory (VM) impairment is a trait feature of bipolar I disorder (BDI) that is present at illness onset and associated with functional outcome. However, little is known about the morphological abnormalities underlying this deficit early in the disease course. This study examined the neurobiological correlates of VM impairment in euthymic newly diagnosed patients, with attention to frontal and medial temporal (MT) structures known to contribute to VM. METHODS Euthymic patients with BDI recently recovered from their first episode of mania (n = 42) were compared with healthy subjects (n = 37) using measures of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II) associated with frontal and MT functioning. A subset of participants had 3T MRI scan (n = 31 patient group, n = 30 healthy subject group). Hippocampal and prefrontal volumes were analyzed using FreeSurfer 5.1 and correlated with their corresponding CVLT-II subscores. RESULTS Patients showed decreased performance in total learning as well as short and long delay verbal recall. Consistent with MT dysfunction, they also showed deficits in recognition discriminability and learning slope. In the patient group only, left hippocampal volumes were negatively correlated with these measures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that anomalous MT functioning is involved with VM impairment early in the course of BDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Chakrabarty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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227
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Angel L, Isingrini M. Le vieillissement neurocognitif : entre pertes et compensation. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.152.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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228
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Ezzati A, Katz MJ, Lipton ML, Lipton RB, Verghese J. The association of brain structure with gait velocity in older adults: a quantitative volumetric analysis of brain MRI. Neuroradiology 2015; 57:851-61. [PMID: 25921321 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-015-1536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While cortical processes play an important role in controlling locomotion, the underlying structural brain changes associated with slowing of gait in aging are not yet fully established. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical gray matter volume (GM), white matter volume (WM), ventricular volume (VV), hippocampal and hippocampal subfield volumes, and gait velocity in older adults free of dementia. METHODS Gait and cognitive performance was tested in 112 community-residing adults, age 70 years and over, participating in the Einstein Aging Study. Gait velocity (cm/s) was obtained using an instrumented walkway. Volumetric MRI measures were estimated using a FreeSurfer software. We examined the cross-sectional relationship of GM, WM, VV, and hippocampal total and subfield volumes and gait velocity using linear regression models. In complementary models, the effect of memory performance on the relationship between gait velocity and regional volumes was evaluated. RESULTS Slower gait velocity was associated with smaller cortical GM and total hippocampal volumes. There was no association between gait velocity and WM or VV. Among hippocampal subfields, only smaller presubiculum volume was significantly associated with decrease in gait velocity. Addition of the memory performance to the models attenuated the association between gait velocity and all volumetric measures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that total GM and hippocampal volumes as well as specific hippocampal subfield volumes are inversely associated with locomotor function. These associations are probably affected by cognitive status of study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ezzati
- Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Rousso Bldg. Rm. 330, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA,
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229
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Kwon D, Maillet D, Pasvanis S, Ankudowich E, Grady CL, Rajah MN. Context Memory Decline in Middle Aged Adults is Related to Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Function. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2440-60. [PMID: 25882039 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to encode and retrieve spatial and temporal contextual details of episodic memories (context memory) begins to decline at midlife. In the current study, event-related fMRI was used to investigate the neural correlates of context memory decline in healthy middle aged adults (MA) compared with young adults (YA). Participants were scanned while performing easy and hard versions of spatial and temporal context memory tasks. Scans were obtained at encoding and retrieval. Significant reductions in context memory retrieval accuracy were observed in MA, compared with YA. The fMRI results revealed that overall, both groups exhibited similar patterns of brain activity in parahippocampal cortex, ventral occipito-temporal regions and prefrontal cortex (PFC) during encoding. In contrast, at retrieval, there were group differences in ventral occipito-temporal and PFC activity, due to these regions being more activated in MA, compared with YA. Furthermore, only in YA, increased encoding activity in ventrolateral PFC, and increased retrieval activity in occipital cortex, predicted increased retrieval accuracy. In MA, increased retrieval activity in anterior PFC predicted increased retrieval accuracy. These results suggest that there are changes in PFC contributions to context memory at midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2T5
| | - David Maillet
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2T5
| | - Stamatoula Pasvanis
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1
| | | | - Cheryl L Grady
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M6A 2E
| | - M Natasha Rajah
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1
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230
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Breton YA, Seeland KD, Redish AD. Aging impairs deliberation and behavioral flexibility in inter-temporal choice. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:41. [PMID: 25870560 PMCID: PMC4375985 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-temporal choice depends on multiple, interacting systems, some of which may be compromised with age. Some of these systems may be responsible for ongoing trial-by-trial choice strategies. Some may represent the consequences of action. Some may be necessary for the coupling between anticipated consequences and strategies currently in use, flexibly guiding behavior. When faced with a difficult decision, rats will orient back and forth, a behavior termed "vicarious trial and error" (VTE). Recent experiments have linked the occurrence of VTE to hippocampal search processes and behavioral flexibility. We tested 5 month (n = 6), 9 month (n = 8) and over-27 month-old (n = 10) rats on a Spatial Adjusting Delay Discounting task to examine how aging impacted lap-by-lap strategies and VTE during inter-temporal choice. Rats chose between spatially separated food goals that provided a smaller-sooner or larger-later reward. On each lap, the delay to the larger-later reward was adjusted as a function of the rat's decisions, increasing by 1 s after delayed-side choices and decreasing by 1 s after non-delayed side choices. The strategies that aged rats used differed from those used in young and adult rats. Moreover, aged rats produced reliably more VTE behaviors, for protracted periods of time, uncoupled from behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey D Seeland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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231
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Catheline G, Amieva H, Dilharreguy B, Bernard C, Duperron MG, Helmer C, Dartigues JF, Allard M. Semantic retrieval over time in the aging brain: Structural evidence of hippocampal contribution. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1008-16. [PMID: 25614980 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates relationship between regional cerebral volumes and performances over time of a categorical fluency task, in a sample of older adults (n = 316). Using voxel-wise technique, the relationship between local grey matter volume and Isaacs Set Test (IST) scores at its early (first 15 sec) and late (last 15 sec) phase production was analyzed with a linear regression model adjusting for age, sex, educational level, ApoEɛ4 allele, handedness and Grey Matter atrophy. Lower early IST scores were associated with smaller volumes in bilateral inferior frontal gyri and in right thalamus, whereas lower late IST scores were associated to smaller left inferior parietal gyrus and left anterior hippocampus. An analysis based on automatic segmentation of hippocampus confirmed the latest relationship which cannot be attributed to the correlation of each variable with global cognitive impairment because it remained when MMSE was accounted for. We observed a switch from frontal to temporo-parietal regions as words retrieval become more difficult over time. Automatic speech production of the early phase of the category fluency task is dependent on executive networks integrity whereas controlled speech production of the late phase is dependent on memory networks integrity, including left hippocampus. These results are concordant with recent imaging studies expanding the implication of hippocampus to semantic memory performances and they underlie the need to consider verbal fluency task over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Catheline
- Univ. Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Talence, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Talence, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Amieva
- ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de Recherche Inserm U897, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bixente Dilharreguy
- Univ. Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Talence, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Talence, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Helmer
- ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de Recherche Inserm U897, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de Recherche Inserm U897, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michèle Allard
- Univ. Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Talence, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Talence, France.,EPHE, Paris, France.,Chu de Bordeaux, France
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232
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Strike LT, Couvy-Duchesne B, Hansell NK, Cuellar-Partida G, Medland SE, Wright MJ. Genetics and Brain Morphology. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:63-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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233
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The relationship between CSF tau markers, hippocampal volume and delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2015; 1:81-86. [PMID: 26258161 PMCID: PMC4527326 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Primacy performance in recall has been shown to predict cognitive decline in cognitively intact elderly and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Delayed primacy performance, but not delayed nonprimacy performance, has been shown to be associated with hippocampal volume in cognitively intact older individuals. Because presence of neurofibrillary tangles is an early sign of AD-related pathology, we set out to test whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tau had an effect on delayed primacy performance, while controlling for hippocampal volume and CSF amyloid-β 1-42 levels. Methods Forty-seven individuals, aged 60 years or older and cognitively intact, underwent a multisession study including lumbar puncture, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head, and memory testing. Results Our regression analyses show that CSF levels of hyperphosphorylated (P) tau are only associated with reduced delayed primacy performance when hippocampal volumes are smaller. Conclusion Our findings suggest that hippocampal size may play a protective role against the negative effects of P tau on memory.
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235
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Wolz R, Schwarz AJ, Yu P, Cole PE, Rueckert D, Jack CR, Raunig D, Hill D. Robustness of automated hippocampal volumetry across magnetic resonance field strengths and repeat images. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 10:430-438.e2. [PMID: 24985688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low HCV has recently been qualified by the European Medicines Agency as a biomarker for enrichment of clinical trials in predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease. For automated methods to meet the necessary regulatory requirements, it is essential they be standardized and their performance be well characterized. METHODS The within-image and between-field strength reproducibility of automated hippocampal volumetry using the Learning Embeddings for Atlas Propagation (or LEAP) algorithm was assessed on 153 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative subjects. RESULTS Tests/retests at 1.5 T and 3 T, and a comparison between 1.5 T and 3 T, yielded average unsigned variabilities in HCVs of 1.51%, 1.52%, and 2.68%. A small bias between field strengths (mean signed difference, 1.17%; standard deviation, 3.07%) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The measured reproducibility characteristics confirm the suitability of using automated magnetic resonance imaging analyses to assess HCVs quantitatively and to represent a fundamental characterization that is critical to meet the regulatory requirements for using hippocampal volumetry in clinical trials and health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wolz
- IXICO Plc, London, UK; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Peng Yu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Daniel Rueckert
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
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236
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Using regional homogeneity to reveal altered spontaneous activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:807093. [PMID: 25738156 PMCID: PMC4337114 DOI: 10.1155/2015/807093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are thought to be in an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging reflects spontaneous brain activity and/or the endogenous/background neurophysiological process of the human brain. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) rapidly maps regional brain activity across the whole brain. In the present study, we used the ReHo index to explore whole brain spontaneous activity pattern in MCI. Our results showed that MCI subjects displayed an increased ReHo index in the paracentral lobe, precuneus, and postcentral and a decreased ReHo index in the medial temporal gyrus and hippocampus. Impairments in the medial temporal gyrus and hippocampus may serve as important markers distinguishing MCI from healthy aging. Moreover, the increased ReHo index observed in the postcentral and paracentral lobes might indicate compensation for the cognitive function losses in individuals with MCI.
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Colle R, Chupin M, Cury C, Vandendrie C, Gressier F, Hardy P, Falissard B, Colliot O, Ducreux D, Corruble E. Depressed suicide attempters have smaller hippocampus than depressed patients without suicide attempts. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 61:13-8. [PMID: 25555305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite known relationship between hippocampal volumes and major depressive episodes (MDE) and the increased suicidality in MDE, the links between hippocampal volumes and suicidality remain unclear in major depressive disorders (MDD). If the hippocampus could be a biomarker of suicide attempts in depression, it could be useful for prevention matters. This study assessed the association between hippocampal volumes and suicide attempts in MDD. METHODS Hippocampal volumes assessed with automatic segmentation were compared in 63 patients with MDD, with (n = 24) or without (n = 39) suicide attempts. Acute (<one month) and past (>one month) suicide attempts were studied. RESULTS Although not different in terms of socio-demographic, MDD and MDE clinical features, suicide attempters had lower total hippocampus volumes than non-attempters (4.61 (± 1.15) cm(3) vs 5.22 (± 0.99) cm(3); w = 625.5; p = 0.03), especially for acute suicide attempts (4.19 (± 0.81) cm(3) vs 5.22 (± 0.99) cm(3); w = 334; p = 0.005), even after adjustment on brain volumes, sex, age, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores and MDD duration. A ROC analysis showed that a total hippocampal volume threshold of 5.00 cm(3) had a 98.2% negative predictive value for acute suicide attempts. CONCLUSION Depressed suicide attempters have smaller hippocampus than depressed patients without suicide attempts, independently from socio-demographics and MDD characteristics. This difference is related to acute suicide attempts but neither to past suicide attempts nor to duration since the first suicide attempt, suggesting that hippocampal volume could be a suicidal state marker in MDE. Further studies are required to better understand this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Colle
- INSERM UMR 1178, Team "Depression and Antidepressants", Univ Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - Marie Chupin
- INSERM, U1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225 ICM, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris, Rocquencourt, France
| | - Claire Cury
- INSERM, U1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225 ICM, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris, Rocquencourt, France
| | - Christophe Vandendrie
- CNRS IR4M, UMR 8081, Neuroradiology Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Florence Gressier
- INSERM UMR 1178, Team "Depression and Antidepressants", Univ Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrick Hardy
- INSERM UMR 1178, Team "Depression and Antidepressants", Univ Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- INSERM UMR 1178, Département de Biostatistiques, Univ Paris Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94400 Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Colliot
- INSERM, U1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225 ICM, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris, Rocquencourt, France
| | - Denis Ducreux
- CNRS IR4M, UMR 8081, Neuroradiology Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- INSERM UMR 1178, Team "Depression and Antidepressants", Univ Paris Sud, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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238
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Bruno D, Grothe MJ, Nierenberg J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Teipel SJ, Pomara N. A study on the specificity of the association between hippocampal volume and delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:1-8. [PMID: 25613646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Delayed recall at the primacy position (first few items on a list) has been shown to predict cognitive decline in cognitively intact elderly participants, with poorer delayed primacy performance associated with more pronounced generalized cognitive decline during follow-up. We have previously suggested that this association is due to delayed primacy performance indexing memory consolidation, which in turn is thought to depend upon hippocampal function. Here, we test the hypothesis that hippocampal size is associated with delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals. Data were analyzed from a group (N=81) of cognitively intact participants, aged 60 or above. Serial position performance was measured with the Buschke selective reminding test (BSRT). Hippocampal size was automatically measured via MRI, and unbiased voxel-based analyses were also conducted to explore further regional specificity of memory performance. We conducted regression analyses of hippocampus volumes on serial position performance; other predictors included age, family history of Alzheimer's disease (AD), APOE ε4 status, education, and total intracranial volume. Our results collectively suggest that there is a preferential association between hippocampal volume and delayed primacy performance. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that delayed primacy consolidation is associated with hippocampal size, and shed light on the relationship between delayed primacy performance and generalized cognitive decline in cognitively intact individuals, suggesting that delayed primacy consolidation may serve as a sensitive marker of hippocampal health in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bruno
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Michel J Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jay Nierenberg
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nunzio Pomara
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
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239
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Costa V, Lugert S, Jagasia R. Role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in cognition in physiology and disease: pharmacological targets and biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 228:99-155. [PMID: 25977081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a remarkable form of brain structural plasticity by which new functional neurons are generated from adult neural stem cells/precursors. Although the precise role of this process remains elusive, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for learning and memory and it is affected in disease conditions associated with cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety. Immature neurons in the adult brain exhibit an enhanced structural and synaptic plasticity during their maturation representing a unique population of neurons to mediate specific hippocampal function. Compelling preclinical evidence suggests that hippocampal neurogenesis is modulated by a broad range of physiological stimuli which are relevant in cognitive and emotional states. Moreover, multiple pharmacological interventions targeting cognition modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, recent genetic approaches have shown that promoting neurogenesis can positively modulate cognition associated with both physiology and disease. Thus the discovery of signaling pathways that enhance adult neurogenesis may lead to therapeutic strategies for improving memory loss due to aging or disease. This chapter endeavors to review the literature in the field, with particular focus on (1) the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in cognition in physiology and disease; (2) extrinsic and intrinsic signals that modulate hippocampal neurogenesis with a focus on pharmacological targets; and (3) efforts toward novel strategies pharmacologically targeting neurogenesis and identification of biomarkers of human neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Costa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases (NORD), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 124 Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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240
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Ward AM, Mormino EC, Huijbers W, Schultz AP, Hedden T, Sperling RA. Relationships between default-mode network connectivity, medial temporal lobe structure, and age-related memory deficits. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:265-72. [PMID: 25113793 PMCID: PMC4268379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced aging negatively impacts memory performance. Brain aging has been associated with shrinkage in medial temporal lobe structures essential for memory--including hippocampus and entorhinal cortex--and with deficits in default-mode network connectivity. Yet, whether and how these imaging markers are relevant to age-related memory deficits remains a topic of debate. Using a sample of 182 older (age 74.6 ± 6.2 years) and 66 young (age 22.2 ± 3.6 years) participants, this study examined relationships among memory performance, hippocampus volume, entorhinal cortex thickness, and default-mode network connectivity across aging. All imaging markers and memory were significantly different between young and older groups. Each imaging marker significantly mediated the relationship between age and memory performance and collectively accounted for most of the variance in age-related memory performance. Within older participants, default-mode connectivity and hippocampus volume were independently associated with memory. Structural equation modeling of cross-sectional data within older participants suggest that entorhinal thinning may occur before reduced default-mode connectivity and hippocampal volume loss, which in turn lead to deficits in memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ward
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Mormino
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Willem Huijbers
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Aaron P Schultz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Trey Hedden
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA; Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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241
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Doxey CR, Kirwan CB. Structural and functional correlates of behavioral pattern separation in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe. Hippocampus 2014; 25:524-33. [PMID: 25394655 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are known to be involved in declarative memory processes. However, little is known about how age-related changes in MTL structures, white matter integrity, and functional connectivity affect pattern separation processes in the MTL. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the volumes of MTL regions of interest, including hippocampal subfields (dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and subiculum) in healthy older and younger adults. Additionally, we used diffusion tensor imaging to measure white matter integrity for both groups. Finally, we used functional MRI to acquire resting functional connectivity measures for both groups. We show that, along with age, the volume of left CA3/dentate gyrus predicts memory performance. Differences in fractional anisotropy and the strength of resting functional connections between the hippocampus and other cortical structures implicated in memory processing were not significant predictors of performance. As previous studies have only hinted, it seems that the size of left CA3/dentate gyrus contributes more to successful discrimination between similar mnemonic representations than other hippocampal sub-fields, MTL structures, and other neuroimaging correlates. Accordingly, the implications of aging and atrophy on lure discrimination capacities are discussed.
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242
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Lövdén M, Köhncke Y, Laukka EJ, Kalpouzos G, Salami A, Li TQ, Fratiglioni L, Bäckman L. Changes in perceptual speed and white matter microstructure in the corticospinal tract are associated in very old age. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:520-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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243
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Espeseth T, Vangkilde SA, Petersen A, Dyrholm M, Westlye LT. TVA-based assessment of attentional capacities-associations with age and indices of brain white matter microstructure. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1177. [PMID: 25374549 PMCID: PMC4204453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the primary aims were to characterize the effects of age on basic components of visual attention derived from assessments based on a theory of visual attention (TVA) in 325 healthy volunteers covering the adult lifespan (19-81 years). Furthermore, we aimed to investigate how age-related differences on TVA parameters are associated with white matter (WM) microstructure as indexed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Finally, we explored how TVA parameter estimates were associated with complex, or multicomponent indices of processing speed (Digit-symbol substitution, DSS) and fluid intelligence (gF). The results indicated that the TVA parameters for visual short-term memory capacity, K, and for attentional selectivity, α, were most strongly associated with age before the age of 50. However, in this age range, it was the parameter for processing speed, C, that was most clearly associated with DTI indices, in this case fractional anisotropy (FA), particularly in the genu and body of the corpus callosum. Furthermore, differences in the C parameter partially mediated differences in DSS within this age range. After the age of 50, the TVA parameter for the perceptual threshold, t 0, as well as K, were most strongly related to participant age. Both parameters, but t 0 more strongly so than K, were associated WM diffusivity, particularly in projection fibers such as the internal capsule, the sagittal stratum, and the corona radiata. Within this age range, t 0 partially mediated age-related differences in gF. The results are consistent with, and provide novel empirical support for the neuroanatomical localization of TVA computations as outlined in the neuronal interpretation of TVA (NTVA). Furthermore, the results indicate that to understand the biological sources of age-related changes in processing speed and fluid cognition, it may be useful to employ methods that allow for computational fractionation of these multicomponent measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Signe A. Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, Center for Visual Cognition, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Petersen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Visual Cognition, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Dyrholm
- Department of Psychology, Center for Visual Cognition, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), and KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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244
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Persson J, Spreng RN, Turner G, Herlitz A, Morell A, Stening E, Wahlund LO, Wikström J, Söderlund H. Sex differences in volume and structural covariance of the anterior and posterior hippocampus. Neuroimage 2014; 99:215-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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245
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Sindi S, Fiocco AJ, Juster RP, Lord C, Pruessner J, Lupien SJ. Now you see it, now you don't: Testing environments modulate the association between hippocampal volume and cortisol levels in young and older adults. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1623-32. [PMID: 25112535 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis production of the stress hormone cortisol interacts with the hippocampal formation and impacts memory function. A growing interest is to determine whether hippocampal volume (HV) predicts basal and/or reactive cortisol levels in young and older adults. Recent evidence shows that contextual features in testing environments might be stressful and inadvertently induce a stress response in young and/or older populations. This latter result suggests that variations in testing environments might influence associations between HV and cortisol levels in young and older adults. To this end, we investigated 28 healthy young adults (ages 18-35) and 32 healthy older adults (ages 60-75) in two different environments constructed to be more or less stressful for each age group (Favoring-Young versus Favoring-Old conditions). Cortisol levels were repeatedly assessed in each environment, and young and older participants underwent an anatomical magnetic resonance imaging scan for subsequent assessment of HV. Results in both age groups showed that HV was significantly associated with cortisol levels only in the unfavorable stressful testing conditions specific for each age group. This association was absent when testing environments were designed to decrease stress for each age group. These findings are fundamental in showing that unless the nature of the testing environment is taken into consideration, detected associations between HV and cortisol levels in both young and older populations might be confounded by environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Sindi
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Mental Health Research Centre Fernand Seguin, Hospital Louis H Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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246
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Downer B, Jiang Y, Zanjani F, Fardo D. Effects of alcohol consumption on cognition and regional brain volumes among older adults. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 30:364-74. [PMID: 25202027 DOI: 10.1177/1533317514549411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized data from the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort to examine the relationship between midlife and late-life alcohol consumption, cognitive functioning, and regional brain volumes among older adults without dementia or a history of abusing alcohol. The results from multiple linear regression models indicate that late life, but not midlife, alcohol consumption status is associated with episodic memory and hippocampal volume. Compared to late life abstainers, moderate consumers had larger hippocampal volume, and light consumers had higher episodic memory. The differences in episodic memory according to late life alcohol consumption status were no longer significant when hippocampal volume was included in the regression model. The findings from this study provide new evidence that hippocampal volume may contribute to the observed differences in episodic memory among older adults and late life alcohol consumption status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Downer
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Sealy Center on Aging, Galveston, KY
| | - Yang Jiang
- University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science, Lexington, KY
| | - Faika Zanjani
- University of Maryland, SPHL-Behavioral & Community Health, College Park, MD
| | - David Fardo
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics, Lexington, KY
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247
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Koen JD, Yonelinas AP. The effects of healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease on recollection and familiarity: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24:332-54. [PMID: 25119304 PMCID: PMC4260819 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that healthy aging, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are associated with substantial declines in episodic memory. However, there is still debate as to how two forms of episodic memory - recollection and familiarity - are affected by healthy and pathological aging. To address this issue we conducted a meta-analytic review of the effect sizes reported in studies using remember/know (RK), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and process dissociation (PD) methods to examine recollection and familiarity in healthy aging (25 published reports), aMCI (9 published reports), and AD (5 published reports). The results from the meta-analysis revealed that healthy aging is associated with moderate-to-large recollection impairments. Familiarity was not impaired in studies using ROC or PD methods but was impaired in studies that used the RK procedure. aMCI was associated with large decreases in recollection whereas familiarity only tended to show a decrease in studies with a patient sample comprised of both single-domain and multiple-domain aMCI patients. Lastly, AD was associated with large decreases in both recollection and familiarity. The results are consistent with neuroimaging evidence suggesting that the hippocampus is critical for recollection whereas familiarity is dependent on the integrity of the surrounding perirhinal cortex. Moreover, the results highlight the relevance of method selection when examining aging, and suggest that familiarity deficits might be a useful behavioral marker for identifying individuals that will develop dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Koen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA,
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248
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Niemann C, Godde B, Voelcker-Rehage C. Not only cardiovascular, but also coordinative exercise increases hippocampal volume in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:170. [PMID: 25165446 PMCID: PMC4131191 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular activity has been shown to be positively associated with gray and white matter volume of, amongst others, frontal and temporal brain regions in older adults. This is particularly true for the hippocampus, a brain structure that plays an important role in learning and memory, and whose decline has been related to the development of Alzheimer's disease. In the current study, we were interested in whether not only cardiovascular activity but also other types of physical activity, i.e., coordination training, were also positively associated with the volume of the hippocampus in older adults. For this purpose we first collected cross-sectional data on "metabolic fitness" (cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength) and "motor fitness" (e.g., balance, movement speed, fine coordination). Second, we performed a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Results revealed that motor fitness but not metabolic fitness was associated with hippocampal volume. After the 12-month intervention period, both, cardiovascular and coordination training led to increases in hippocampal volume. Our findings suggest that a high motor fitness level as well as different types of physical activity were beneficial to diminish age-related hippocampal volume shrinkage or even increase hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Niemann
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Ben Godde
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
- AgeAct Research Center, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
- AgeAct Research Center, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
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249
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Lerner A, Mogensen MA, Kim PE, Shiroishi MS, Hwang DH, Law M. Clinical Applications of Diffusion Tensor Imaging. World Neurosurg 2014; 82:96-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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250
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Dissociable roles for hippocampal and amygdalar volume in human fear conditioning. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2575-86. [PMID: 24903827 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fear conditioning is a basic learning process which involves the association of a formerly neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with a biologically relevant aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). Previous studies conducted in brain-lesioned patients have shown that while the acquisition of autonomic fear responses requires an intact amygdala, a spared hippocampus is necessary for the development of the CS-US contingency awareness. Although these data have been supported by studies using functional neuroimaging techniques in healthy people, attempts to extend these findings to the morphological aspects of amygdala and hippocampus are missing. Here we tested the hypothesis that amygdalar and hippocampal volumes play dissociable roles in determining autonomic responses and contingency awareness during fear conditioning. Fifty-two healthy individuals (mean age 21.83) underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. We used a differential delay fear conditioning paradigm while assessing skin conductance responses (SCRs), subjective ratings of CS-US contingency, as well as emotional valence and perceived arousal. Left amygdalar volume significantly predicted the magnitude of differential SCRs during fear acquisition, but had no impact on contingency learning. Conversely, bilateral hippocampal volumes were significantly related to contingency ratings, but not to SCRs. Moreover, left amygdalar volume predicted SCRs to the reinforced CS alone, but not those elicited by the US. Our findings bridge the gap between previous lesion and functional imaging studies, by showing that amygdalar and hippocampal volumes differentially modulate the acquisition of conditioned fear. Further, our results reveal that the morphology of these limbic structures moderate learning and memory already in healthy persons.
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