201
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Xu Z, Ma Y, Dai H, Tan S, Han B. Advancements and Applications in the Composites of Silk Fibroin and Graphene-Based Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153110. [PMID: 35956625 PMCID: PMC9370577 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin and three kinds of graphene-based materials (graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide) have been widely investigated in biomedical fields. Recently, the hybrid composites of silk fibroin and graphene-based materials have attracted much attention owing to their combined advantages, i.e., presenting outstanding biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and excellent electrical conductivity. However, maintaining bio-toxicity and biodegradability at a proper level remains a challenge for other applications. This report describes the first attempt to summarize the hybrid composites’ preparation methods, properties, and applications to the best of our knowledge. We strongly believe that this review will open new doors for coming researchers.
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202
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Patel M, Singh SP, Dubey DK. In‐silico investigations of dynamic mechanical behavior of
Bombyx mori
silk fibroin nanostructure under cyclic deformations and associated molecular mechanisms. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Patel
- Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Satinder Paul Singh
- Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Devendra K. Dubey
- Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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203
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Sampieri A, Monroy-Contreras R, Asanov A, Vaca L. Design of Hydrogel Silk-Based Microarrays and Molecular Beacons for Reagentless Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:881679. [PMID: 35957640 PMCID: PMC9361048 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.881679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel microarray system based on three technologies: 1) molecular beacons designed to interact with DNA targets at room temperature (25-27°C), 2) tridimensional silk-based microarrays containing the molecular beacons immersed in the silk hydrogel, and 3) shallow angle illumination, which uses separated optical pathways for excitation and emission. Unlike conventional microarrays that exhibit reduced signal-to-background ratio, require several stages of incubation, rinsing, and stringency control, and measure only end-point results, our microarray technology provides enhanced signal-to-background ratio (achieved by separating the optical pathways for excitation and emission, resulting in reduced stray light), performs analysis rapidly in one step without the need for labeling DNA targets, and measures the entire course of association kinetics between target DNA and the molecular beacons. To illustrate the benefits of our technology, we conducted microarray assays designed for the identification of influenza viruses. We show that in a single microarray slide, we can identify the virus subtype according to the molecular beacons designed for hemagglutinin (H1, H2, and H3) and neuraminidase (N1, N2). We also show the identification of human and swine influenza using sequence-specific molecular beacons. This microarray technology can be easily implemented for reagentless point-of-care diagnostics of several contagious diseases, including coronavirus variants responsible for the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sampieri
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Monroy-Contreras
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Vaca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, Mexico
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204
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Karimi F, Lau K, Kim HN, Och Z, Lim KS, Whitelock J, Lord M, Rnjak-Kovacina J. Surface Biofunctionalization of Silk Biomaterials Using Dityrosine Cross-Linking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31551-31566. [PMID: 35793155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofunctionalization of silk biomaterial surfaces with extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, cell binding peptides, or growth factors is important in a range of applications, including tissue engineering and development of implantable medical devices. Passive adsorption is the most common way to immobilize molecules of interest on preformed silk biomaterials but can lead to random molecular orientations and displacement from the surface, limiting their applications. Herein, we developed techniques for covalent immobilization of biomolecules using enzyme- or photoinitiated formation of dityrosine bonds between the molecule of interest and silk. Using recombinantly expressed domain V of the human basement membrane proteoglycan perlecan (rDV) as a model molecule, we demonstrated that rDV can be covalently immobilized via dityrosine cross-linking without the need to modify rDV or silk biomaterials. Dityrosine-based immobilization resulted in a different molecular orientation to passively absorbed rDV with less C- and N-terminal region exposure on the surface. Dityrosine-based immobilization supported functional rDV immobilization where immobilized rDV supported endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and proliferation. These results demonstrate the utility of dityrosine-based cross-linking in covalent immobilization of tyrosine-containing molecules on silk biomaterials in the absence of chemical modification, adding a simple and accessible technique to the silk biofunctionalization toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kieran Lau
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zachary Och
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Khoon S Lim
- Light Activated Biomaterials (LAB) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - John Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Megan Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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205
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Tissue Adhesives in Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery—Application of Silk Fibroin-Based Biomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147687. [PMID: 35887050 PMCID: PMC9320471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue adhesives have been successfully used in various kind of surgeries such as oral and maxillofacial surgery for some time. They serve as a substitute for suturing of tissues and shorten treatment time. Besides synthetic-based adhesives, a number of biological-based formulations are finding their way into research and clinical application. In natural adhesives, proteins play a crucial role, mediating adhesion and cohesion at the same time. Silk fibroin, as a natural biomaterial, represents an interesting alternative to conventional medical adhesives. Here, the most commonly used bioadhesives as well as the potential of silk fibroin as natural adhesives will be discussed.
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206
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Aznar-Cervantes SD, Cenis JL, Lozano-Picazo P, Bruno AL, Pagán A, Ruiz-León Y, Candel MJ, González-Nieto D, Rojo FJ, Elices M, Guinea GV, Pérez-Rigueiro J. Unexpected high toughness of Samia cynthia ricini silk gut. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4973-4982. [PMID: 35748816 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00340f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silk gut fibers were produced from the silkworm Samia cynthia ricini silk glands by the usual procedure of immersion in a mildly acidic solution and subsequent stretching. The morphology of the silk guts was assessed by scanning electron microscopy, and their microstructure was assessed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was found that both naturally spun and Samia silk guts share a common semicrystalline microstructure. The mechanical characterization of the silk guts revealed that these fibers show an elastomeric behavior when tested in water, and exhibit a genuine ground state to which the fiber may revert independently of its previous loading history. In spite of its large cross-sectional area compared with naturally spun silk fibers, Samia silk guts show values of work to fracture up to 160 MJ m-3, much larger than those of most of their natural counterparts, and establish a new record value for this parameter in silk guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador D Aznar-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Luis Cenis
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paloma Lozano-Picazo
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Augusto Luis Bruno
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pagán
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Ruiz-León
- Research Support Unit, Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Candel
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Daniel González-Nieto
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Rojo
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle Prof. Martín Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Elices
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Víctor Guinea
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle Prof. Martín Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle Prof. Martín Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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207
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Tan XH, Liu L, Mitryashkin A, Wang Y, Goh JCH. Silk Fibroin as a Bioink - A Thematic Review of Functionalization Strategies for Bioprinting Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3242-3270. [PMID: 35786841 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting is an emerging tissue engineering technique that has attracted the attention of researchers around the world, for its ability to create tissue constructs that recapitulate physiological function. While the technique has been receiving hype, there are still limitations to the use of bioprinting in practical applications, much of which is due to inappropriate bioink design that is unable to recapitulate complex tissue architecture. Silk fibroin (SF) is an exciting and promising bioink candidate that has been increasingly popular in bioprinting applications because of its processability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility properties. However, due to its lack of optimum gelation properties, functionalization strategies need to be employed so that SF can be effectively used in bioprinting applications. These functionalization strategies are processing methods which allow SF to be compatible with specific bioprinting techniques. Previous literature reviews of SF as a bioink mainly focus on discussing different methods to functionalize SF as a bioink, while a comprehensive review on categorizing SF functional methods according to their potential applications is missing. This paper seeks to discuss and compartmentalize the different strategies used to functionalize SF for bioprinting and categorize the strategies for each bioprinting method (namely, inkjet, extrusion, and light-based bioprinting). By compartmentalizing the various strategies for each printing method, the paper illustrates how each strategy is better suited for a target tissue application. The paper will also discuss applications of SF bioinks in regenerating various tissue types and the challenges and future trends that SF can take in its role as a bioink material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Hao Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore.,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, #05-03, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Alexander Mitryashkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - James Cho Hong Goh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore.,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, #05-03, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore
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208
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Injectable PEG-induced silk nanofiber hydrogel for vancomycin delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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209
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Asakura T, Naito A. Structure of silk I (Bombyx mori silk fibroin before spinning) in the dry and hydrated states studied using 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:282-290. [PMID: 35788005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, much attention has been paid to Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) by many researchers because of excellent physical properties and biocompatibility. These superior properties originate from the structure of SF and therefore, the structural analysis is a key to clarify the superiority. Here we concentrated on silk I structure (SF structure before spinning). We showed that silk I* (the structure of (GAGAGS)n which is a main part of SF) is a repeated type II β-turn, neither α-helix nor random coil, from the conformation-dependent 13C NMR chemical shift data. This conclusion is different from that obtained using IR by many researchers. Next, the formation of silk I* structure was investigated at molecular level using 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Three kinds of 13C INEPT, CP/MAS and DD/MAS NMR spectra were observed for SF, [3-13C] Ser- and [3-13C] Tyr-SF, the crystalline fraction obtained by chymotrypsin treatment of SF and their model peptide with silk I structures in the dry and hydrated states. Especially, the presence of the sequences containing Tyr, (((GX)m1GY)m2 where X = A or V) with random coil conformations adjacent to (GAGAGS)n is an essence to get water-soluble SF and the formation of silk I* structure of (GAGAGS)n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Asakura
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Akira Naito
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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210
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Shi C, Liao X, Pu X, Li X, Wu R, Deng D, Zhou Y, Huang X. Degradation of internal fixation materials based on antibacterial and absorbable silk containing different gentamicin concentrations. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:33-39. [PMID: 35452336 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221084959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adding gentamicin to silk fibroin enhances both the antibacterial performance and degradation rate of silk-based materials. The increased material degradation rate can affect the strength of early internal fixation, resulting in internal fixation failure. This study sought to adjust the gentamicin concentration to control the material degradation rate, thereby better meeting clinical application requirements. The in vitro degradation, water absorption rate, and expansion rate of silk-based materials containing different gentamicin concentrations were studied. A gentamicin-loaded silk-based screw was implanted into the femurs of New Zealand rabbits. Micro-computed tomography was used to measure the screw diameter, which was then used to calculate the degradation rate. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome. The in vitro results revealed increasing material degradation rates with increasing gentamicin concentration but no significant differences in water absorption rates with different gentamicin concentrations. The degradation rates of gentamicin-loaded (4 mg/g) silk-based rod-like materials were approximately 11.08% at three months in vitro and 9.4% in the animal experiment. The time for complete degradation was predicted from the fitting curve to be approximately 16 months. No inflammatory hyperplasia was observed in bone or soft tissue. The degradation and biocompatibility of the material containing 4 mg/g gentamicin meet clinical application requirements, and previous experimental results demonstrate good antibacterial performance of materials containing this gentamicin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Shi
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xuqiang Liao
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaobing Pu
- West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdou, UK
| | - Xiushi Li
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Ruihui Wu
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Donghai Deng
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yunfei Zhou
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xingqiu Huang
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
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211
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Strategies for the Biofunctionalization of Straining Flow Spinning Regenerated Bombyx mori Fibers. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134146. [PMID: 35807389 PMCID: PMC9267934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance regenerated silkworm (Bombyx mori) silk fibers can be produced efficiently through the straining flow spinning (SFS) technique. In addition to an enhanced biocompatibility that results from the removal of contaminants during the processing of the material, regenerated silk fibers may be functionalized conveniently by using a range of different strategies. In this work, the possibility of implementing various functionalization techniques is explored, including the production of fluorescent fibers that may be tracked when implanted, the combination of the fibers with enzymes to yield fibers with catalytic properties, and the functionalization of the fibers with cell-adhesion motifs to modulate the adherence of different cell lineages to the material. When considered globally, all these techniques are a strong indication not only of the high versatility offered by the functionalization of regenerated fibers in terms of the different chemistries that can be employed, but also on the wide range of applications that can be covered with these functionalized fibers.
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212
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Maltseva ES, Nikolaeva VO, Savin AM, Dobryakov MY, Koshel EI, Krivoshapkin PV, Krivoshapkina EF. Fluorescent Hybrid Material Based on Natural Spider Silk and Carbon Dots for Bioapplication. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3310-3319. [PMID: 35763797 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the outcome of an operation largely depends on the quality of wound healing, it is one of the most challenging stages in surgery. Today, wound closure is mostly undertaken by means of a surgical suture. Good surgical sutures are biocompatible and biodegradable and possess excellent mechanical properties. Preferably, these sutures demonstrate optical activity for bacteria detection as there is a risk of surgical site infections. In this study, a solution, which fulfills all the requirements for manufacturing a multifunctional hybrid material, is proposed. In this work, a method for the in situ modification of spider silk with fluorescent carbon dots has been developed. The basic concept is the use of silk fibers as both the main framework for tissue regeneration and a carbon source during carbon dot synthesis. The resulting hybrid material exhibits strong photoluminescence in the red region of the spectrum (590 nm) when irradiated with blue light (480 nm). The proposed approach potentially allows for simultaneous wound closure and pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta S Maltseva
- Institute of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, Lomonosova Street 9, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Valeria O Nikolaeva
- Institute of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, Lomonosova Street 9, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Artemii M Savin
- Institute of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, Lomonosova Street 9, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y Dobryakov
- Institute of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, Lomonosova Street 9, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Elena I Koshel
- Institute of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, Lomonosova Street 9, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Pavel V Krivoshapkin
- Institute of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, Lomonosova Street 9, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Elena F Krivoshapkina
- Institute of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, Lomonosova Street 9, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
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213
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Yazawa K, Hidaka K, Negishi J. Cell Adhesion Behaviors on Spider Silk Fibers, Films, and Nanofibers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7766-7774. [PMID: 35687821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silk-based materials have garnered attention for use as medical supplies due to their mechanical toughness and low cytotoxicity. Silkworm silk has been applied as surgical sutures for decades. In contrast, the utilization of spider silk is limited mainly because of its scarcity. Although the biomimicry of spider silk has been developed using recombinant protein expression systems with the use of genetic engineering, the product often results in lower molecular weight and a lack of the N- or C-terminal regions. The incomplete sequence of the spider silk-like protein prevents the objective evaluation of the native spider silk as a medical application and retards the development of spider silk-inspired materials. Here, we reeled the native spider silk directly from live spiders and investigated the cell adhesion behavior based on three kinds of surface topography of spider silk-based substrates, namely, fibers, films, and non-woven fabrics. The cell adhesion behavior was largely influenced by the surface micro/nanostructure rather than the wettability of the surface. This study will contribute to promote the utilization of spider silk in the medical field as a candidate for promising bio-based fibers in the context of sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Yazawa
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
- Division of Biological and Medical Fibers, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Institute for Fiber Engineering, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hidaka
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Jun Negishi
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
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214
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Muralidhar S, Gangaraju V, Shastri M, Marilingaiah NR, dey A, Singh SK, Rangappa D. Silk Fiber Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Based Micro-/Nanofiber Composite as a Conductive Fiber and a Force Sensor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20809-20818. [PMID: 35755328 PMCID: PMC9219082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silk cocoon fibers (SFs) are natural polymers that are made up of fibroin protein. These natural fibers have higher mechanical stability and good elasticity properties. In this work, we coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the surface of SFs using a simple stirring technique with vinegar as the medium. This SF-MWCNT micro-/nanofiber composite was prepared without any adhesives. The characterization results revealed that the SF-MWCNT micro-/nanofiber composite exhibited excellent electrical conductivity (995 Ω cm-1), tensile strength (up to 200% greater elongation), and durability characteristics. In addition, this micro-/nanofiber composite shows a change in resistance from 1450 to 960 Ω cm-1 for an applied mechanical force of 0.3-1 N kg-1. Based on our findings, SF-MWCNT micro-/nanofiber composite-based conductive fibers (CFs) and force sensors (FSs) were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu
Sree Muralidhar
- Department
of Applied Sciences, Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Center for Postgraduate Studies, Muddenahalli, Chikkaballapur District, Bengaluru 562 101, India
| | - Vinay Gangaraju
- Department
of Applied Sciences, Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Center for Postgraduate Studies, Muddenahalli, Chikkaballapur District, Bengaluru 562 101, India
| | - Mahesh Shastri
- Department
of Electronics and communications, Nagarjuna
College of Engineering and Technology, Devanahalli 562110, India
| | - Navya Rani Marilingaiah
- Department
of Applied Sciences, Dayanand Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru 560111, India
| | - Arjun dey
- Thermal
Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore 560017, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Acoustic
Sensor Division, Solid State Physics Laboratory, Defence Research Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Dinesh Rangappa
- Department
of Applied Sciences, Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Center for Postgraduate Studies, Muddenahalli, Chikkaballapur District, Bengaluru 562 101, India
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215
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Joshi A, Kaur T, Singh N. 3D Bioprinted Alginate-Silk-Based Smart Cell-Instructive Scaffolds for Dual Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2870-2879. [PMID: 35679315 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Designing smart bioinks, which can provide multifunctionality and instructive cues to cells, is a current need of the tissue engineering field. Addressing these parameters, this work aims at developing a smart dual 3D bioprinted scaffold that is capable of differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells into two different lineages within the same construct without providing any exogenous cues. Here, biocompatible alginate- and silk-based bioinks were developed to print self-standing structures with the ability of spatially controlled differentiation of the encapsulated hMSCs. We present this proof of concept and have demonstrated a smart design where the incorporation of phosphate groups enhanced the osteogenic differentiation, whereas the addition of silk promoted the chondrogenic differentiation. Altogether, the present work suggests the potential of the developed bioinks for use in creating clinically viable osteochondral grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Joshi
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tejinder Kaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.,Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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216
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Peng Z, Li M, Wang Y, Yang H, Wei W, Liang M, Shi J, Liu R, Li R, Zhang Y, Liu J, Shi X, Wan R, Fu Y, Xie R, Wang Y. Self-Assembling Imageable Silk Hydrogels for the Focal Treatment of Osteosarcoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:698282. [PMID: 35794868 PMCID: PMC9251127 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.698282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The standard treatment for osteosarcoma comprises complete surgical resection and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which may cause serious side effects and partial or total limb loss. Therefore, to avoid the disadvantages of traditional treatment, we developed self-assembling imageable silk hydrogels for osteosarcoma. Methods: We analysed whether iodine induced apoptosis in MG-63 and Saos-2 cells by using CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays and transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to analyse the pathway of iodine-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. PEG400, silk fibroin solution, polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP-I), and meglumine diatrizoate (MD) were mixed to produce an imageable hydrogel. A nude mouse model of osteosarcoma was established, and the hydrogel was injected locally into the interior of the osteosarcoma with X-ray guidance. The therapeutic effect and biosafety of the hydrogel were evaluated. Results: Iodine treatment at 18 and 20 µM for 12 h resulted in cell survival rate reduced to 50 ± 2.1% and 50.5 ± 2.7% for MG-63 and Sao-2 cells, respectively (p < 0.01). The proportion of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the iodine-treatment group than in the control group (p < 0.05), and apoptotic bodies were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Iodine could regulate the death receptor pathway and induce MG-63 and Saos-2 cell apoptosis. The hydrogels were simple to assemble, and gels could be formed within 38 min. A force of less than 50 N was required to inject the gels with a syringe. The hydrogels were readily loaded and led to sustained iodine release over 1 week. The osteosarcoma volume in the PEG-iodine-silk/MD hydrogel group was significantly smaller than that in the other three groups (p < 0.001). Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) expression levels were significantly higher in the PEG-iodine-silk/MD hydrogel group than in the other three groups (p < 0.001). Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed no abnormalities in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, pancreas or thyroid in any group. Conclusions: Self-assembling imageable silk hydrogels could be injected locally into osteosarcoma tissues with X-ray assistance. With the advantages of good biosafety, low systemic toxicity and minimal invasiveness, self-assembling imageable silk hydrogels provide a promising approach for improving the locoregional control of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Innovation and Entrepreneurship Square, Science and Technology Innovation City, Hi-Tech Zone, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harbin 242 Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhui Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingsong Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harbin 242 Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ran Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Digestive Internal Medicine and Photodynamic Therapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yansong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yansong Wang,
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217
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Asakura T, Matsuda H, Naito A, Abe Y. Formylation of Recombinant Spider Silk in Formic Acid and Wet Spinning Studied Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Infrared Spectroscopies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2390-2402. [PMID: 35532754 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We reported wet spinning of recombinant spider silk protein (RSSP) and formylation of RSSP in formic acid (FA). First, FA was selected as the spinning solvent and the detailed spinning condition was determined. Next, the mechanical property was compared between the RSSP fiber spun after allowing the spinning solution dissolved in FA to stand for 2 days and the fiber spun immediately after being dissolved in FA for 4 h. The tensile strength of the former fiber was lower than the strength of the latter fiber. This difference can be explained by the difference in the degree of formylation as follows. FA is a known formylating agent, although most researchers who prepared silk fiber by wet spinning with FA have not pointed out about formylation. The formylation of the Ser OH group was confirmed by 13C solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the time course of formylation of the RSSP film prepared from the FA solution was tracked by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The 13C solid-state NMR spectra were also compared between two kinds of the formylated RSSP fibers and indicated that the packing state was tighter for the latter fiber than the former one, which could explain higher tensile strength of the latter fiber in the dry state. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that the RSSP sample decomposed gradually with storage time in FA and the decomposition has begun partly even at 2 h after dissolution in FA. The decomposition by formylation seems to have no significant effect on the backbone structure of the RSSP fiber, although the packing of the fiber becomes loose as a whole. Finally, preliminary trial of deformylation of the formylated RSSP fiber was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Asakura
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hironori Matsuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Akira Naito
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yunoske Abe
- Spiber Inc., 234-1 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
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218
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Extensive cell seeding densities adaptable SF/PGA electrospinning scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212834. [PMID: 35929266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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219
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Gao D, Lv J, Lee PS. Natural Polymer in Soft Electronics: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105020. [PMID: 34757632 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pollution caused by nondegradable plastics has been a serious threat to environmental sustainability. Natural polymers, which can degrade in nature, provide opportunities to replace petroleum-based polymers, meanwhile driving technological advances and sustainable practices. In the research field of soft electronics, regenerated natural polymers are promising building blocks for passive dielectric substrates, active dielectric layers, and matrices in soft conductors. Here, the natural-polymer polymorphs and their compatibilization with a variety of inorganic/organic conductors through interfacial bonding/intermixing and surface functionalization for applications in various device modalities are delineated. Challenges that impede the broad utilization of natural polymers in soft electronics, including limited durability, compromises between conductivity and deformability, and limited exploration in controllable degradation, etc. are explicitly inspected, while the potential solutions along with future prospects are also proposed. Finally, integrative considerations on material properties, device functionalities, and environmental impact are addressed to warrant natural polymers as credible alternatives to synthetic ones, and provide viable options for sustainable soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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220
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Preparation and Characterization of Natural Silk Fibroin Hydrogel for Protein Drug Delivery. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113418. [PMID: 35684356 PMCID: PMC9181960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, hydrogels have been widely used as drug carriers, especially in the area of protein delivery. The natural silk fibroin produced from cocoons of the Bombyx mori silkworm possesses excellent biocompatibility, significant bioactivity, and biodegradability. Therefore, silk fibroin-based hydrogels are arousing widespread interest in biomedical research. In this study, a process for extracting natural silk fibroin from raw silk textile yarns was established, and three aqueous solutions of silk fibroin with different molecular weight distributions were successfully prepared by controlling the degumming time. Silk fibroin was dispersed in the aqueous solution as “spherical” aggregate particles, and the smaller particles continuously accumulated into large particles. Finally, a silk fibroin hydrogel network was formed. A rheological analysis showed that as the concentration of the silk fibroin hydrogel increased its storage modulus increased significantly. The degradation behavior of silk fibroin hydrogel in different media verified its excellent stability, and the prepared silk fibroin hydrogel had good biocompatibility and an excellent drug-loading capacity. After the protein model drug BSA was loaded, the cumulative drug release within 12 h reached 80%. We hope that these investigations will promote the potential utilities of silk fibroin hydrogels in clinical medicine.
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221
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Gomes JM, Silva SS, Fernandes EM, Lobo FC, Martín-Pastor M, Taboada P, Reis RL. Silk fibroin/cholinium gallate-based architectures as therapeutic tools. Acta Biomater 2022; 147:168-184. [PMID: 35580828 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The combination of natural resources with biologically active biocompatible ionic liquids (Bio-IL) is presented as a combinatorial approach for developing tools to manage inflammatory diseases. Innovative biomedical solutions were constructed combining silk fibroin (SF) and Ch[Gallate], a Bio-IL with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features, as freeze-dried 3D-based sponges. An evaluation of the effect of the Ch[Gallate] concentration (≤3% w/v) on the SF/Ch[Gallate] sponges was studied. Structural changes observed on the sponges revealed that the Ch[Gallate] presence positively affected the β-sheet formation while not influencing the silk native structure, which was suggested by the FTIR and solid-state NMR results, respectively. Also, it was possible to modulate their mechanical properties, antioxidant activity and stability/degradation in an aqueous environment, by changing the Ch[Gallate] concentration. The architectures showed high water uptake ability and a weight loss that follows the controlled Ch[Gallate] release rate studied for 7 days. Furthermore, the sponges supported human adipose stem cells growth and proliferation, up to 7 days. TNF-α, IL-6 (pro-inflammatory) and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) release quantification from a human monocyte cell line revealed a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations in samples containing Ch[Gallate]. These outcomes encourage the use of the developed architectures as tissue engineering solutions, potentially targeting inflammation processes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Combining natural resources with active biocompatible ionic liquids (Bio-IL) is herein presented as a combinatorial approach for the development of tools to manage inflammatory diseases. We propose using silk fibroin (SF), a natural protein, with cholinium gallate, a Bio-IL, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, to construct 3D-porous sponges through a sustainable methodology. The morphological features, swelling, and stability of the architectures were controlled by Bio-IL content in the matrices. The sponges were able to support human adipose stem cells growth and proliferation, and their therapeutic effect was proved by the blockage of TNF-α from activated and differentiated THP-1 monocytes. We believe that these bio-friendly and bioactive SF/Bio-IL-based sponges are effective for targeting pathologies with associated inflammatory processes.
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222
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Huo P, Ding H, Tang Z, Liang X, Xu J, Wang M, Liang R, Sun G. Conductive silk fibroin hydrogel with semi-interpenetrating network with high toughness and fast self-recovery for strain sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:1-10. [PMID: 35577196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) hydrogels have been extensively studied in the fields of biomedicine and wearable devices in recent years due to their outstanding biocompatibility. However, the pure RSF hydrogels usually exhibited frangibility and low ductility, limiting their application in many aspects severely. Herein, we demonstrate a tough RSF/poly (N, N-dimethylallylamine) hydrogel with semi-interpenetrating network, which possesses good mechanical properties with high stretchability (εb = 900%), tensile strength (σb = 101.7 kPa), toughness (Wf = 516.7 kJ/m3) and tearing fracture energy (T = 407.3 J/m2). Besides, the gels show low residual strain in the cyclic tests and rapid self-recovery (80% toughness recovery within 5 min with the maximum strain of 400%). Moreover, the gels also show high ionic conductivity due to the incorporation of the NaCl and the hydrogel can act as an ideal candidate for strain sensor with high sensitivity (GF = 1.84), admirable linearity, and good durability (1000 cycles with the strain of 100%). When used as a wearable strain sensor for monitoring human movements, it also can detect small and large deformations with high sensitivity. It is expected that this work can provide a new strategy for the fabrication of smart RSF-based hydrogels and expand their application in multiple scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixian Huo
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hongyao Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ziqing Tang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiaoxu Liang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510725, China
| | - Jianyu Xu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Guoxing Sun
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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223
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Silk Fibroin Hydrogels Could Be Therapeutic Biomaterials for Neurological Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2076680. [PMID: 35547640 PMCID: PMC9085322 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2076680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin, a natural macromolecular protein without physiological activity, has been widely used in different fields, such as the regeneration of bones, cartilage, nerves, and other tissues. Due to irrevocable neuronal injury, the treatment and prognosis of neurological diseases need to be investigated. Despite attempts to propel neuroprotective therapeutic approaches, numerous attempts to translate effective therapies for brain disease have been largely unsuccessful. As a good candidate for biomedical applications, hydrogels based on silk fibroin effectively amplify their advantages. The ability of nerve tissue regeneration, inflammation regulation, the slow release of drugs, antioxidative stress, regulation of cell death, and hemostasis could lead to a new approach to treating neurological disorders. In this review, we introduced the preparation of SF hydrogels and then delineated the probable mechanism of silk fibroin in the treatment of neurological diseases. Finally, we showed the application of silk fibroin in neurological diseases.
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224
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Wu J, Sahoo JK, Li Y, Xu Q, Kaplan DL. Challenges in delivering therapeutic peptides and proteins: A silk-based solution. J Control Release 2022; 345:176-189. [PMID: 35157939 PMCID: PMC9133086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide- and protein-based therapeutics have drawn significant attention over the past few decades for the treatment of infectious diseases, genetic disorders, oncology, and many other clinical needs. Yet, protecting peptide- and protein-based drugs from degradation and denaturation during processing, storage and delivery remain significant challenges. In this review, we introduce the properties of peptide- and protein-based drugs and the challenges associated with their stability and delivery. Then, we discuss delivery strategies using synthetic polymers and their advantages and limitations. This is followed by a focus on silk protein-based materials for peptide/protein drug processing, storage, and delivery, as a path to overcome stability and delivery challenges with current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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225
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Fathi M, Akbari B, Taheriazam A, Sodagar A. Surface functionalization of Titania Nanotubes arrays and vancomycin controlled release using Silk Fibroin Nanofibers coating. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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226
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Kumar SP, Asokan Y, Balamurugan K, Harsha B. A review of wound dressing materials and its fabrication methods: emphasis on three-dimensional printed dressings. J Med Eng Technol 2022; 46:318-334. [PMID: 35212596 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2022.2041750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A wound is a trauma caused by some adverse external or blunt forces that can damage the body tissues. Wound healing is a complex process that occurs post-injury which involves the revamping of the structure and function of damaged tissues. Scaffolds are engineered tissue structures manufactured using different materials and methods for facilitating the wound healing process. For external wounds, the antimicrobial property and ability to absorb moisture play an important role in the material selection of the scaffold. Among different methods that exist for designing scaffolds, three-dimensional printing has emerged as a promising technique wherein customised scaffolds can be designed. However, the literature on three-dimensional printed dressings is very much limited compared to conventional ones. Therefore, this review specifically focuses on the methods used to design the scaffolds with special emphasis on different three-dimensional printing techniques. It covers the process of external wound healing, different materials used in the fabrication of scaffolds, and their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pravin Kumar
- Center for Healthcare Technologies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar college of Engineering, Chennai, India
| | - Yuvasri Asokan
- Center for Healthcare Technologies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar college of Engineering, Chennai, India
| | - Keerthana Balamurugan
- Center for Healthcare Technologies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar college of Engineering, Chennai, India
| | - B Harsha
- Center for Healthcare Technologies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar college of Engineering, Chennai, India
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227
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Yang J, Yu H, Wang L, Liu J, Liu X, Hong Y, Huang Y, Ren S. Advances in adhesive hydrogels for tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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228
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Sultan MT, Hong H, Lee OJ, Ajiteru O, Lee YJ, Lee JS, Lee H, Kim SH, Park CH. Silk Fibroin-Based Biomaterials for Hemostatic Applications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050660. [PMID: 35625588 PMCID: PMC9138874 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis plays an essential role in all surgical procedures. Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the primary cause of death during surgeries, and effective blood loss control can significantly reduce mortality. For modern surgeons to select the right agent at the right time, they must understand the mechanisms of action, the effectiveness, and the possible adverse effects of each agent. Over the past decade, various hemostatic agents have grown intensely. These agents vary from absorbable topical hemostats, including collagen, gelatins, microfibrillar, and regenerated oxidized cellulose, to biologically active topical hemostats such as thrombin, biological adhesives, and other combined agents. Commercially available products have since expanded to include topical hemostats, surgical sealants, and adhesives. Silk is a natural protein consisting of fibroin and sericin. Silk fibroin (SF), derived from silkworm Bombyx mori, is a fibrous protein that has been used mostly in fashion textiles and surgical sutures. Additionally, SF has been widely applied as a potential biomaterial in several biomedical and biotechnological fields. Furthermore, SF has been employed as a hemostatic agent in several studies. In this review, we summarize the several morphologic forms of SF and the latest technological advances on the use of SF-based hemostatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tipu Sultan
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Heesun Hong
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Ok Joo Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Olatunji Ajiteru
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Ji Seung Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Hanna Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Soon Hee Kim
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (M.T.S.); (H.H.); (O.J.L.); (O.A.); (Y.J.L.); (J.S.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24253, Korea
- Correspondence:
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229
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A Biomimetic Electrospun Membrane Supports the Differentiation and Maturation of Kidney Epithelium from Human Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050188. [PMID: 35621466 PMCID: PMC9137565 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells are enabling studies of kidney development and disease. However, many of these studies are carried out in traditional tissue culture plates that do not accurately recapitulate the molecular and mechanical features necessary for modeling tissue- and organ-level functionalities. Overcoming these limitations requires the design and application of tunable biomaterial scaffolds. Silk fibroin is an attractive biomaterial due to its biocompatibility and versatility, which include its ability to form hydrogels, sponge-like scaffolds, and electrospun fibers and membranes appropriate for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. In this study, we show that hiPS cells can be differentiated into post-mitotic kidney glomerular podocytes on electrospun silk fibroin membranes functionalized with laminin. The resulting podocytes remain viable and express high levels of podocyte-specific markers consistent with the mature cellular phenotype. The resulting podocytes were propagated for at least two weeks, enabling secondary cell-based applications and analyses. This study demonstrates for the first time that electrospun silk fibroin membrane can serve as a supportive biocompatible platform for human podocyte differentiation and propagation. We anticipate that the results of this study will pave the way for the use of electrospun membranes and other biomimetic scaffolds for kidney tissue engineering, including the development of co-culture systems and organs-on-chips microphysiological devices.
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230
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Liang Q, Ma Y, Yao X, Wei W. Advanced 3D-Printing Bioinks for Articular Cartilage Repair. Int J Bioprint 2022; 8:511. [PMID: 36105138 PMCID: PMC9468847 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v8i3.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondral lesions caused by stressors, such as injury or inflammation, lead to osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a degenerative joint disease that has become a challenge worldwide. As the articular cartilage is incapable of self-regeneration due to the absence of vessels and nerves, novel cartilage repair techniques are urgently needed. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, which allows the precise control of internal architecture and geometry of printed scaffolds, has stepped up to be a promising strategy in cartilage restoration. With regards to 3D bioprinting, bioinks with proper chemical and mechanical properties play one of the most critical roles in designing successful cartilage tissue constructs. In particular, hydrogels as 3D hydrophilic cross-linked polymer networks are highly recommended as bioinks because of their fine biocompatibility, easy fabrication, and tunable mechanical strength. Herein, we highlight the widely used polymers for hydrogel preparation and further provide a non-exhaustive overview of various functional modified additives (such as cells, drugs, bioactive factors and ceramic) to exploit the unique properties suitable for bioprinted cartilage. Finally, a prospective on future development for 3D-bioprinting in cartilage repair is elucidated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Liang
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yuanzhu Ma
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Wei Wei
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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231
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Low JT, Yusoff NISM, Othman N, Wong T, Wahit MU. Silk fibroin‐based films in food packaging applications: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2253-2273. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tee Low
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor 81310 Malaysia
| | | | - Norhayani Othman
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor 81310 Malaysia
| | - Tuck‐Whye Wong
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor 81310 Malaysia
| | - Mat Uzir Wahit
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor 81310 Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor 81310 Malaysia
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232
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Parimala Chelvi Ratnamani M, Zhang X, Wang H. A Comprehensive Assessment on the Pivotal Role of Hydrogels in Scaffold-Based Bioprinting. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040239. [PMID: 35448140 PMCID: PMC9028353 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The past a few decades have seen exponential growth in the field of regenerative medicine. What began as extirpative (complete tissue or organ removal), with little regard to the effects of tissue loss and/or disfigurement, has evolved towards fabricating engineered tissues using personalized living cells (e.g., stem cells), and customizing a matrix or structural organization to support and guide tissue development. Biofabrication, largely accomplished through three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, provides precise, controlled, and layered assemblies of cells and biomaterials, emulating the heterogenous microenvironment of the in vivo tissue architecture. This review provides a concise framework for the bio-manufacturing process and addresses the contributions of hydrogels to biological modeling. The versatility of hydrogels in bioprinting is detailed along with an extensive elaboration of their physical, mechanical, and biological properties, as well as their assets and limitations in bioprinting. The scope of various hydrogels in tissue formation has been discussed through the case studies of biofabricated 3D constructs in order to provide the readers with a glimpse into the barrier-breaking accomplishments of biomedical sciences. In the end, the restraints of bioprinting itself are discussed, accompanied with the identification of available engineering strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
- Correspondence:
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233
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Hartigan D, Adelfio M, Shutt ME, Jones SM, Patel S, Marchand JT, McGuinness PD, Buchholz BO, Ghezzi CE. In Vitro Nasal Tissue Model for the Validation of Nasopharyngeal and Midturbinate Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 Testing. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12193-12201. [PMID: 35449955 PMCID: PMC9016850 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale population testing is a key tool to mitigate the spread of respiratory pathogens, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, where swabs are used to collect samples in the upper airways (e.g., nasopharyngeal and midturbinate nasal cavities) for diagnostics. However, the high volume of supplies required to achieve large-scale population testing has posed unprecedented challenges for swab manufacturing and distribution, resulting in a global shortage that has heavily impacted testing capacity worldwide and prompted the development of new swabs suitable for large-scale production. Newly designed swabs require rigorous preclinical and clinical validation studies that are costly and time-consuming (i.e., months to years long); reducing the risks associated with swab validation is therefore paramount for their rapid deployment. To address these shortages, we developed a 3D-printed tissue model that mimics the nasopharyngeal and midturbinate nasal cavities, and we validated its use as a new tool to rapidly test swab performance. In addition to the nasal architecture, the tissue model mimics the soft nasal tissue with a silk-based sponge lining, and the physiological nasal fluid with asymptomatic and symptomatic viscosities of synthetic mucus. We performed several assays comparing standard flocked and injection-molded swabs. We quantified the swab pickup and release and determined the effect of viral load and mucus viscosity on swab efficacy by spiking the synthetic mucus with heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus. By molecular assay, we found that injected molded swabs performed similarly or superiorly in comparison to standard flocked swabs, and we underscored a viscosity-dependent difference in cycle threshold values between the asymptomatic and symptomatic mucuses for both swabs. To conclude, we developed an in vitro nasal tissue model that corroborated previous swab performance data from clinical studies; this model will provide to researchers a clinically relevant, reproducible, safe, and cost-effective validation tool for the rapid development of newly designed swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon
R. Hartigan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts—Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Miryam Adelfio
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts—Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Molly E. Shutt
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts—Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Jones
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts—Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Shreya Patel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts—Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Joshua T. Marchand
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts—Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Pamela D. McGuinness
- Massachusetts
Medical Device Development Center (M2D2), University of Massachusetts—Lowell, 110 Canal St. Lowell, Massachusetts 01852, United States
| | - Bryan O. Buchholz
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts—Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Chiara E. Ghezzi
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts—Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- E-mail:
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234
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Gao ZF, Zheng LL, Fu WL, Zhang L, Li JZ, Chen P. Feeding Alginate-Coated Liquid Metal Nanodroplets to Silkworms for Highly Stretchable Silk Fibers. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071177. [PMID: 35407295 PMCID: PMC9000898 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we fed the larval of Bombyx mori silkworms with nanodroplets of liquid metal (LM) coated with microgels of marine polysaccharides to obtain stretchable silk. Alginate-coated liquid metal nanodroplets (LM@NaAlg) were prepared with significant chemical stability and biocompatibility. This study demonstrates how the fed LM@NaAlg acts on the as-spun silk fiber. We also conducted a series of characterizations and steered molecular dynamics simulations, which showed that the LM@NaAlg additions impede the conformation transition of silk fibroins from the random coil and α-helix to the β-sheet by the formation of hydrogen bonds between LM@NaAlg and the silk fibroins, thus enhancing the elongation at the breakpoints in addition to the tensile properties. The intrinsically highly stretchable silk showed outstanding mechanical properties compared with regular silk due to its 814 MPa breaking strength and a breaking elongation of up to 70%—the highest reported performance so far. We expect that the proposed method can expand the fabrication of multi-functional silks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Feng Gao
- Advanced Materials Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250014, China;
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China; (L.-L.Z.); (J.-Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-F.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Lin-Lin Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China; (L.-L.Z.); (J.-Z.L.)
| | - Wen-Long Fu
- Advanced Materials Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Jin-Ze Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China; (L.-L.Z.); (J.-Z.L.)
| | - Pu Chen
- Advanced Materials Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250014, China;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (Z.-F.G.); (P.C.)
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235
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Proteomic characterization of the fibroin-based silk fibers produced by weaver ant Camponotus textor. J Proteomics 2022; 261:104579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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236
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Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P. Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23:467-477. [PMID: 35945843 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM This review aims to explore the importance of silk hydrogel and its potential in tissue engineering (TE). BACKGROUND Tissue engineering is a procedure that incorporates cells into the scaffold materials with suitable growth factors to regenerate injured tissue. For tissue formation in TE, the scaffold material plays a key role. Different forms of silk fibroin (SF), such as films, mats, hydrogels, and sponges, can be easily manufactured when SF is disintegrated into an aqueous solution. High precision procedures such as micropatterning and bioprinting of SF-based scaffolds have been used for enhanced fabrication. REVIEW RESULTS In this narrative review, SF physicochemical and mechanical properties have been presented. We have also discussed SF fabrication techniques like electrospinning, spin coating, freeze-drying, and physiochemical cross-linking. The application of SF-based scaffolds for skeletal, tissue, joint, muscle, epidermal, tissue repair, and tympanic membrane regeneration has also been addressed. CONCLUSION SF has excellent mechanical properties, tunability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bioresorbability. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Silk hydrogels are an ideal scaffold matrix material that will significantly impact tissue engineering applications, given the rapid scientific advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranti Kiran Reddy Ealla
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, e-mail:
| | | | - Nikitha Reddy Ravula
- Center for Research Development and Sustenance, Malla Reddy Health City, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Pratibha Ramani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vikas Sahu
- Center for Research Development and Sustenance, Malla Reddy Health City, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashanth Panta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, e-mail:
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Aznar-Cervantes SD, Pagán A, Candel MJ, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Cenis JL. Silkworm Gut Fibres from Silk Glands of Samia cynthia ricini-Potential Use as a Scaffold in Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073888. [PMID: 35409245 PMCID: PMC8998787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance fibroin fibres are ideal candidates for the manufacture of scaffolds with applications in tissue engineering due to the excellent mechanical properties and optimal biocompatibility of this protein. In this work, the manufacture of high-strength fibres made from the silk glands of Samia cynthia ricini is explored. The glands were subjected to soaking in aqueous dissolutions of acetic acid and stretched to manufacture the fibres. The materials produced were widely characterized, in terms of morphology, mechanical properties, crystallinity and content of secondary structures, comparing them with those produced by the standard procedure published for Bombyx mori. In addition, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of a braided scaffold produced from these fibres was evaluated. The results obtained show that the fibres from B. mori present a higher degree of crystallinity than those from S. c. ricini, which is reflected in higher values of elastic modulus and lower values of strain at break. Moreover, a decrease in the elongation values of the fibres from S. c. ricini was observed as the concentration of acetic acid was increased during the manufacture. On the other hand, the study of the braided scaffolds showed higher values of tensile strength and strain at break in the case of S. c. ricini materials and similar values of elastic modulus, compared to those of B. mori, displaying both scaffolds optimal biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador D. Aznar-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (S.D.A.-C.); (M.J.C.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Ana Pagán
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (S.D.A.-C.); (M.J.C.); (J.L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968366719
| | - María J. Candel
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (S.D.A.-C.); (M.J.C.); (J.L.C.)
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Cenis
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (S.D.A.-C.); (M.J.C.); (J.L.C.)
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Lu H, Xia K, Jian M, Liang X, Yin Z, Zhang M, Wang H, Wang H, Li S, Zhang Y. Mechanically Reinforced Silkworm Silk Fiber by Hot Stretching. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9854063. [PMID: 35445199 PMCID: PMC8992573 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9854063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkworm silk, which is obtained from domesticated Bombyx mori (B. mori), can be produced in a large scale. However, the mechanical properties of silkworm silk are inferior to its counterpart, spider dragline silk. Therefore, researchers are continuously exploring approaches to reinforce silkworm silk. Herein, we report a facile and scalable hot stretching process to reinforce natural silk fibers obtained from silkworm cocoons. Experimental results show that the obtained hot-stretched silk fibers (HSSFs) retain the chemical components of the original silk fibers while being endowed with increased β-sheet nanocrystal content and crystalline orientation, leading to enhanced mechanical properties. Significantly, the average modulus of the HSSFs reaches 21.6 ± 2.8 GPa, which is about twice that of pristine silkworm silk fibers (11.0 ± 1.7 GPa). Besides, the tensile strength of the HSSFs reaches 0.77 ± 0.13 GPa, which is also obviously higher than that of the pristine silk (0.56 ± 0.08 GPa). The results show that the hot stretching treatment is effective and efficient for producing superstiff, strong, and tough silkworm silk fibers. We anticipate this approach may be also effective for reinforcing other natural or artificial polymer fibers or films containing abundant hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kailun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhe Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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239
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Ke X, Tang S, Dong Z, Wang H, Xu X, Qiu R, Yang J, Luo J, Li J. A silk fibroin based bioadhesive with synergistic photothermal-reinforced antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:608-617. [PMID: 35367271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioadhesives have gained considerable popularity for application in wound closure. However, applying bioadhesives incurs risks associated with bacterial infection during wound healing. Hence, in this study, a silk fibroin based bioadhesive was constructed via employing natural macromolecule, silk fibroin (SF), to spontaneously coassemble with natural plant polyphenol, tannic acid (TA), and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs). In the system, the natural macromolecule SF plays a key role in fabricating the macromolecular network matrix due to the change of the secondary structure of SF (from random coil to β-sheet) under the trigger of TA. Importantly, the strong hydrogen bonding interactions between SF and TA, and the coordination bonds between TA and Fe3O4 NPs endow the bioadhesive with high extensibility, self-healing properties, and considerable wet adhesion. Meanwhile, the synergy between the inherent photothermal properties of Fe3O4 NPs and TA/Fe3+ complexes under near-infrared (NIR) radiation enables the bioadhesive superior photothermal-reinforced antibacterial activity. The multifunctional natural macromolecule bioadhesive is a potential candidate in clinical wound management for improved outcomes, especially in infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shuxian Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiyun Dong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rongmin Qiu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China..
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China..
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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240
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Fatimi A, Okoro OV, Podstawczyk D, Siminska-Stanny J, Shavandi A. Natural Hydrogel-Based Bio-Inks for 3D Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering: A Review. Gels 2022; 8:179. [PMID: 35323292 PMCID: PMC8948717 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is well acknowledged to constitute an important technology in tissue engineering, largely due to the increasing global demand for organ replacement and tissue regeneration. In 3D bioprinting, which is a step ahead of 3D biomaterial printing, the ink employed is impregnated with cells, without compromising ink printability. This allows for immediate scaffold cellularization and generation of complex structures. The use of cell-laden inks or bio-inks provides the opportunity for enhanced cell differentiation for organ fabrication and regeneration. Recognizing the importance of such bio-inks, the current study comprehensively explores the state of the art of the utilization of bio-inks based on natural polymers (biopolymers), such as cellulose, agarose, alginate, decellularized matrix, in 3D bioprinting. Discussions regarding progress in bioprinting, techniques and approaches employed in the bioprinting of natural polymers, and limitations and prospects concerning future trends in human-scale tissue and organ fabrication are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fatimi
- Department of Chemistry, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, P.O. Box 592 Mghila, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco
- ERSIC, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, P.O. Box 592 Mghila, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (O.V.O.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - Daria Podstawczyk
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Julia Siminska-Stanny
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (O.V.O.); (J.S.-S.)
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (O.V.O.); (J.S.-S.)
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241
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Lujerdean C, Baci GM, Cucu AA, Dezmirean DS. The Contribution of Silk Fibroin in Biomedical Engineering. INSECTS 2022; 13:286. [PMID: 35323584 PMCID: PMC8950689 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein (biopolymer) extracted from the cocoons of Bombyx mori L. (silkworm). It has many properties of interest in the field of biotechnology, the most important being biodegradability, biocompatibility and robust mechanical strength with high tensile strength. SF is usually dissolved in water-based solvents and can be easily reconstructed into a variety of material formats, including films, mats, hydrogels, and sponges, by various fabrication techniques (spin coating, electrospinning, freeze-drying, and physical or chemical crosslinking). Furthermore, SF is a feasible material used in many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering (3D scaffolds, wounds dressing), cancer therapy (mimicking the tumor microenvironment), controlled drug delivery (SF-based complexes), and bone, eye and skin regeneration. In this review, we describe the structure, composition, general properties, and structure-properties relationship of SF. In addition, the main methods used for ecological extraction and processing of SF that make it a green material are discussed. Lastly, technological advances in the use of SF-based materials are addressed, especially in healthcare applications such as tissue engineering and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Lujerdean
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Gabriela-Maria Baci
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (D.S.D.)
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242
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Yu CH, Chen W, Chiang YH, Guo K, Martin Moldes Z, Kaplan DL, Buehler MJ. End-to-End Deep Learning Model to Predict and Design Secondary Structure Content of Structural Proteins. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1156-1165. [PMID: 35129957 PMCID: PMC9347213 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural proteins are the basis of many biomaterials and key construction and functional components of all life. Further, it is well-known that the diversity of proteins' function relies on their local structures derived from their primary amino acid sequences. Here, we report a deep learning model to predict the secondary structure content of proteins directly from primary sequences, with high computational efficiency. Understanding the secondary structure content of proteins is crucial to designing proteins with targeted material functions, especially mechanical properties. Using convolutional and recurrent architectures and natural language models, our deep learning model predicts the content of two essential types of secondary structures, the α-helix and the β-sheet. The training data are collected from the Protein Data Bank and contain many existing protein geometries. We find that our model can learn the hidden features as patterns of input sequences that can then be directly related to secondary structure content. The α-helix and β-sheet content predictions show excellent agreement with training data and newly deposited protein structures that were recently identified and that were not included in the original training set. We further demonstrate the features of the model by a search for de novo protein sequences that optimize max/min α-helix/β-sheet content and compare the predictions with folded models of these sequences based on AlphaFold2. Excellent agreement is found, underscoring that our model has predictive potential for rapidly designing proteins with specific secondary structures and could be widely applied to biomedical industries, including protein biomaterial designs and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hua Yu
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Kai Guo
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zaira Martin Moldes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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243
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Gu J, Guo Y, Li Y, Wang J, Wang W, Cao Y, Xue B. Tuning Strain Stiffening of Protein Hydrogels by Charge Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3032. [PMID: 35328457 PMCID: PMC8950043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain-stiffening properties derived from biological tissue have been widely observed in biological hydrogels and are essential in mimicking natural tissues. Although strain-stiffening has been studied in various protein-based hydrogels, effective approaches for tuning the strain-stiffening properties of protein hydrogels have rarely been explored. Here, we demonstrated a new method to tune the strain-stiffening amplitudes of protein hydrogels. By adjusting the surface charge of proteins inside the hydrogel using negatively/positively charged molecules, the strain-stiffening amplitudes could be quantitively regulated. The strain-stiffening of the protein hydrogels could even be enhanced 5-fold under high deformations, while the bulk property, recovery ability and biocompatibility remained almost unchanged. The tuning of strain-stiffening amplitudes using different molecules or in different protein hydrogels was further proved to be feasible. We anticipate that surface charge adjustment of proteins in hydrogels represents a general principle to tune the strain-stiffening property and can find wide applications in regulating the mechanical behaviors of protein-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (J.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yu Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Yiran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (J.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Juan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (J.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (J.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (J.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Bin Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (J.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (W.W.); (Y.C.)
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244
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Characterization of polyurethane and a silk fibroin-polyurethane composite fiber studied with NMR spectroscopies. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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245
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Silk fibroin nanofibers containing chondroitin sulfate and silver sulfadiazine for wound healing treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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246
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Bonaccini Calia A, Masvidal-Codina E, Smith TM, Schäfer N, Rathore D, Rodríguez-Lucas E, Illa X, De la Cruz JM, Del Corro E, Prats-Alfonso E, Viana D, Bousquet J, Hébert C, Martínez-Aguilar J, Sperling JR, Drummond M, Halder A, Dodd A, Barr K, Savage S, Fornell J, Sort J, Guger C, Villa R, Kostarelos K, Wykes RC, Guimerà-Brunet A, Garrido JA. Full-bandwidth electrophysiology of seizures and epileptiform activity enabled by flexible graphene microtransistor depth neural probes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:301-309. [PMID: 34937934 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mapping the entire frequency bandwidth of brain electrophysiological signals is of paramount importance for understanding physiological and pathological states. The ability to record simultaneously DC-shifts, infraslow oscillations (<0.1 Hz), typical local field potentials (0.1-80 Hz) and higher frequencies (80-600 Hz) using the same recording site would particularly benefit preclinical epilepsy research and could provide clinical biomarkers for improved seizure onset zone delineation. However, commonly used metal microelectrode technology suffers from instabilities that hamper the high fidelity of DC-coupled recordings, which are needed to access signals of very low frequency. In this study we used flexible graphene depth neural probes (gDNPs), consisting of a linear array of graphene microtransistors, to concurrently record DC-shifts and high-frequency neuronal activity in awake rodents. We show here that gDNPs can reliably record and map with high spatial resolution seizures, pre-ictal DC-shifts and seizure-associated spreading depolarizations together with higher frequencies through the cortical laminae to the hippocampus in a mouse model of chemically induced seizures. Moreover, we demonstrate the functionality of chronically implanted devices over 10 weeks by recording with high fidelity spontaneous spike-wave discharges and associated infraslow oscillations in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Altogether, our work highlights the suitability of this technology for in vivo electrophysiology research, and in particular epilepsy research, by allowing stable and chronic DC-coupled recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonaccini Calia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eduard Masvidal-Codina
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Trevor M Smith
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan Schäfer
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Daman Rathore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elisa Rodríguez-Lucas
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavi Illa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M De la Cruz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Del Corro
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elisabet Prats-Alfonso
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Damià Viana
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jessica Bousquet
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Clement Hébert
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Aguilar
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Justin R Sperling
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Matthew Drummond
- Nanomedicine Lab, National Graphene Institute and Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Arnab Halder
- Nanomedicine Lab, National Graphene Institute and Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abbie Dodd
- Nanomedicine Lab, National Graphene Institute and Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katharine Barr
- Nanomedicine Lab, National Graphene Institute and Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sinead Savage
- Nanomedicine Lab, National Graphene Institute and Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jordina Fornell
- Departament de Fisica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sort
- Departament de Fisica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christoph Guger
- g.tec medical engineering, Guger Technologies, Schiedlberg, Austria
| | - Rosa Villa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Nanomedicine Lab, National Graphene Institute and Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rob C Wykes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
- Nanomedicine Lab, National Graphene Institute and Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Anton Guimerà-Brunet
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose A Garrido
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
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247
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Han Y, Pan J, Ma Y, Zhou D, Xu W. Protein-based biomaterials for combating viral infections: current status and future prospects for development. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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248
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Antunes M, Bonani W, Reis RL, Migliaresi C, Ferreira H, Motta A, Neves NM. Development of alginate-based hydrogels for blood vessel engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 134:112588. [PMID: 35525739 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular diseases are among the primary causes of death worldwide. In serious conditions, replacement of the damaged vessel is required. Autologous grafts are preferred, but their limited availability and difficulty of the harvesting procedures favour synthetic alternatives' use. However, as synthetic grafts may present significant drawbacks, tissue engineering-based solutions are proposed. Herein, tubular hydrogels of alginate combined with collagen type I and/or silk fibroin were prepared by ionotropic gelation using gelatin hydrogel sacrificial moulds loaded with calcium ions (Ca2+). The time of exposure of alginate solutions to Ca2+-loaded gelatin was used to control the wall thickness of the hydrogels (0.47 ± 0.10 mm-1.41 ± 0.21 mm). A second crosslinking step with barium chloride prevented their degradation for a 14 day period and improved mechanical properties by two-fold. Protein leaching tests showed that collagen type I, unlike silk fibroin, was strongly incorporated in the hydrogels. The presence of silk fibroin in the alginate matrix, containing or not collagen, did not significantly improve hydrogels' properties. Conversely, hydrogels enriched only with collagen were able to better support EA.hy926 and MRC-5 cells' growth and characteristic phenotype. These results suggest that a two-step crosslinking procedure combined with the use of collagen type I allow for producing freestanding vascular substitutes with tuneable properties in terms of size, shape and wall thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Antunes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Walter Bonani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; BIOtech Research Centre, University of Trento, via delle Regole 101, 38123 Mattarello, Trento, Italy
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Claudio Migliaresi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; BIOtech Research Centre, University of Trento, via delle Regole 101, 38123 Mattarello, Trento, Italy
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Antonella Motta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; BIOtech Research Centre, University of Trento, via delle Regole 101, 38123 Mattarello, Trento, Italy
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Lyu H, Sun Z, Liu Y, Yu X, Guo C. Processing-Structure-Properties Relationships of Glycerol-Plasticized Silk Films. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041339. [PMID: 35209124 PMCID: PMC8877885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Silk possesses excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility due to its unique protein sequences and hierarchical structures. Thus, it has been widely used as a biomaterial in a broad spectrum of biomedical applications. In this study, an in-depth investigation of glycerol-plasticized silk films was carried out to understand the processing-structure-properties relationships. A series of glycerol-plasticized silk films with glycerol contents in the range of 0 to 30% (w/w) were prepared. The molecular structures and organizations of silk proteins and the interactions between glycerol and proteins were studied using FTIR, XRD, and DSC. At a low glycerol content (<12%), DSC revealed that the glass transition temperature and thermally induced crystallization temperature decreased as the glycerol content increased, implying that glycerol mainly interacts with silk proteins through hydrogen bonding. As the glycerol content further increased, the chain mobility of the silk proteins was promoted, leading to the formation of β-sheet structures, water insolubility, and increased crystallinity. In addition, the stretchability and toughness of the films were significantly enhanced. The role of glycerol as a plasticizer in regulating the silk protein structures and determining the properties of the films was thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lyu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Ziyang Sun
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China;
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (C.G.)
| | - Chengchen Guo
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (C.G.)
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Wu Y, Du J, Wu Q, Zheng A, Cao L, Jiang X. The osteogenesis of Ginsenoside Rb1 incorporated silk/micro-nano hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate composite scaffolds for calvarial defect. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:10. [PMID: 35153297 PMCID: PMC8841501 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGinsenoside Rb1, the effective constituent of ginseng, has been demonstrated to play favorable roles in improving the immunity system. However, there is little study on the osteogenesis and angiogenesis effect of Ginsenoside Rb1. Moreover, how to establish a delivery system of Ginsenoside Rb1 and its repairment ability in bone defect remains elusive. In this study, the role of Ginsenoside Rb1 in cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, osteogenic genes expression, ALP activity of rat BMSCs were evaluated firstly. Then, micro-nano HAp granules combined with silk were prepared to establish a delivery system of Ginsenoside Rb1, and the osteogenic and angiogenic effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 loaded on micro-nano HAp/silk in rat calvarial defect models were assessed by sequential fluorescence labeling, and histology analysis, respectively. It revealed that Ginsenoside Rb1 could maintain cell viability, significantly increased ALP activity, osteogenic and angiogenic genes expression. Meanwhile, micro-nano HAp granules combined with silk were fabricated smoothly and were a delivery carrier for Ginsenoside Rb1. Significantly, Ginsenoside Rb1 loaded on micro-nano HAp/silk could facilitate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. All the outcomes hint that Ginsenoside Rb1 could reinforce the osteogenesis differentiation and angiogenesis factor’s expression of BMSCs. Moreover, micro-nano HAp combined with silk could act as a carrier for Ginsenoside Rb1 to repair bone defect.
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