201
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Flux MC, Lowry CA. Finding intestinal fortitude: Integrating the microbiome into a holistic view of depression mechanisms, treatment, and resilience. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 135:104578. [PMID: 31454550 PMCID: PMC6995775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression affects at least 322 million people globally, or approximately 4.4% of the world's population. While the earnestness of researchers and clinicians to understand and treat depression is not waning, the number of individuals suffering from depression continues to increase over and above the rate of global population growth. There is a sincere need for a paradigm shift. Research in the past decade is beginning to take a more holistic approach to understanding depression etiology and treatment, integrating multiple body systems into whole-body conceptualizations of this mental health affliction. Evidence supports the hypothesis that the gut microbiome, or the collective trillions of microbes inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, is an important factor determining both the risk of development of depression and persistence of depressive symptoms. This review discusses recent advances in both rodent and human research that explore bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of depression. Through interactions with circulating inflammatory markers and hormones, afferent and efferent neural systems, and other, more niche, pathways, the gut microbiome can affect behavior to facilitate the development of depression, exacerbate current symptoms, or contribute to treatment and resilience. While the challenge of depression may be the direst mental health crisis of our age, new discoveries in the gut microbiome, when integrated into a holistic perspective, hold great promise for the future of positive mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Flux
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Senior Fellow, VIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 07093, USA.
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202
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The role of the microbiota in acute stress-induced myeloid immune cell trafficking. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 84:209-217. [PMID: 31812778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing recognition of the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota in the development of stress-related disorders. Acute stress leads to activation of neuroendocrine systems, which in turn orchestrate a large-scale redistribution of innate immune cells. Both these response systems are independently known to be primed by the microbiota, even though much is still unclear about the role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in acute stress-induced immune activation. In this study, we investigated whether the microbiota influences acute stress-induced changes in innate immunity using conventionally colonised mice, mice devoid of any microbiota (i.e. germ-free, GF), and colonised GF mice (CGF). We also explored the kinetics of stress-induced immune cell mobilisation in the blood, the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Mice were either euthanised prior to stress or underwent restraint stress and were then euthanised at various time points (i.e. 0, 45- and 240-minutes) post-stress. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were analysed using ELISA and immune cell levels were quantified using flow cytometry. GF mice had increased baseline levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline, of which adrenaline was normalised in CGF mice. In tandem, GF mice had decreased circulating levels of LY6Chi and LY6Cmid, CCR2+ monocytes, and granulocytes, but not LY6C-, CX3CR1+ monocytes. These deficits were normalised in CGF mice. Acute stress decreased blood LY6Chi and LY6Cmid, CCR2+ monocytes while increasing granulocyte levels in all groups 45 min post-stress. However, only GF mice showed stress-induced changes in LY6Chi monocytes and granulocytes 240 min post-stress, indicating impairments in the recovery from acute stress-induced changes in levels of specific innate immune cell types. LY6C-, CX3CR1+ monocytes remained unaffected by stress, indicating that acute stress impacts systemic innate immunity in a cell-type-specific manner. Overall, these data reveal novel cell-type-specific changes in the innate immune system in response to acute stress, which in turn are impacted by the microbiota. In conclusion, the microbiota influences the priming and recovery of the innate immune system to an acute stressor and may inform future microbiota-targeted therapeutics aimed at modulating stress-induced immune activation in stress-related disorders.
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203
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Mukhina AY, Medvedeva OA, Svishcheva MV, Shevchenko AV, Efremova NN, Bobyntsev II, Kalutsky PV, Andreeva LA, Myasoedov NF. State of rat colon microbiocenosis in chronic restraint stress treated with Selank. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2020. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2019-5-6-805-810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is currently accepted that stress significantly affects composition of microbiocenosis due to changes in permeability of intestinal barrier and pro-inflammatory effects. This, in turn, changes behavioral reactions, anxiety and stress response. In this regard, it seems promising to use regulatory peptide-based neurotropic drugs including Selank to correct stress-induced dysbiosis. Our study was aimed at assessing state of rat colon microbiocenosis in modelled chronic restraint stress and treated with Selankby using 65 Wistar male rats divided into five groups (per 13 rats in each): group 1 — rats injected with saline; group 2 — injected with saline and induced chronic restraint stress; group 3–5 — administered with Selank at dose of 80 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg and 750 μg/kg body weight, respectively, and induced chronic restraint stress. Quantitative and qualitative study of animal colon microbiota was carried out according to the method by L.I. Kafarskaja and V.M. Korshunov. Identification of microorganisms was carried out by using a Maldi Biotyper Microflex mass spectrometer (Bruker, United States). Microbial species-specific composition was presented as lg CFU/g mass of examined sample. For each identified microbial genus, the relative mean and frequency of occurrence were calculated. Statistical significance of differences in mean values was determined by using Student’s t-test. Chronic restraint stress in the experiment did not result in affecting dominant microbiota species in rat colon nor reduce their frequency, however, it significantly influenced examined parameters for commensal microbiota disturbing pattern of pathogenic bacterial strains. Use of Selank led to the reversing changes in composition of colonic microbiocenosis caused by stress model. Moreover, magnitude of parameters examined in experiment after applying Selank at dose of 750 μg/kg reached those in non-stressed animals. Thus, effects related to Selank administration may presumably be mediated due to both central and peripheral effects including immunotropic and anti-inflammatory activities which contributed to restoring colon microbiocenosis composition in stress model.
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204
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Dworsky-Fried Z, Kerr BJ, Taylor AMW. Microbes, microglia, and pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2020; 7:100045. [PMID: 32072077 PMCID: PMC7016021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Explore the connection between the gut microbiome and microglia in chronic pain. Discuss mechanisms by which gut bacteria might influence microglia to contribute to chronic pain. Highlight gaps in knowledge and discuss future directions for the field.
Globally, it is estimated that one in five people suffer from chronic pain, with prevalence increasing with age. The pathophysiology of chronic pain encompasses complex sensory, immune, and inflammatory interactions within both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), are critically involved in the initiation and persistence of chronic pain. Microglia respond to local signals from the CNS but are also modulated by signals from the gastrointestinal tract. Emerging data from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that communication between the gut microbiome, the community of bacteria residing within the gut, and microglia is involved in producing chronic pain. Targeted strategies that manipulate or restore the gut microbiome have been shown to reduce microglial activation and alleviate symptoms associated with inflammation. These data indicate that manipulations of the gut microbiome in chronic pain patients might be a viable strategy in improving pain outcomes. Herein, we discuss the evidence for a connection between microglia and the gut microbiome and explore the mechanisms by which commensal bacteria might influence microglial reactivity to drive chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Dworsky-Fried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2H7, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Anna M W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2H7, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2H7, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2H7, Canada
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205
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Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Orio L. Microbiota and Alcohol Use Disorder: Are Psychobiotics a Novel Therapeutic Strategy? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2426-2437. [PMID: 31969090 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200122153541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an exciting focus of research attempting to understand neuropsychiatric disorders from a holistic perspective in order to determine the role of gut microbiota in the aetiology and pathogenesis of such disorders. Thus, the possible therapeutic benefits of targeting gut microbiota are being explored for conditions such as stress, depression or schizophrenia. Growing evidence indicates that there is bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the brain that has an effect on normal CNS functioning and behavioural responses. Alcohol abuse damages the gastrointestinal tract, alters gut microbiota and induces neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. The relationship between alcohol abuse and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, inflammation and immune regulation has been well documented. In this review, we explore the connection between microbiota, brain function and behaviour, as well as the mechanisms through which alcohol induces microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Finally, we propose the study of psychobiotics as a novel pharmaceutical strategy to treat alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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206
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Zhu S, Jiang Y, Xu K, Cui M, Ye W, Zhao G, Jin L, Chen X. The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:25. [PMID: 31952509 PMCID: PMC6969442 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by the central nervous system. However, it is now becoming clear that many non-nervous system factors, including the gut-resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract, regulate and influence cognitive dysfunction as well as the process of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular diseases. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors including dietary habits can regulate the composition of the microbiota. Microbes release metabolites and microbiota-derived molecules to further trigger host-derived cytokines and inflammation in the central nervous system, which contribute greatly to the pathogenesis of host brain disorders such as pain, depression, anxiety, autism, Alzheimer’s diseases, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke. Change of blood–brain barrier permeability, brain vascular physiology, and brain structure are among the most critical causes of the development of downstream neurological dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the following parts:
Overview of technical approaches used in gut microbiome studies Microbiota and immunity Gut microbiota and metabolites Microbiota-induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction Neuropsychiatric diseases
■ Stress and depression ■ Pain and migraine ■ Autism spectrum disorders
Neurodegenerative diseases
■ Parkinson’s disease ■ Alzheimer’s disease ■ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ■ Multiple sclerosis
Cerebrovascular disease
■ Atherosclerosis ■ Stroke ■ Arteriovenous malformation
Conclusions and perspectives
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China
| | - Kelin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China.,School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Genming Zhao
- School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xingdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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207
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Mathee K, Cickovski T, Deoraj A, Stollstorff M, Narasimhan G. The gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:14-24. [PMID: 31821133 PMCID: PMC7440676 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) all relate to behavioural, cognitive and emotional disturbances that are ultimately rooted in disordered brain function. More specifically, these disorders are linked to various neuromodulators (i.e. serotonin and dopamine), as well as dysfunction in both cognitive and socio-affective brain networks. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut environment, and particularly the microbiome, plays a significant role in individual mental health. Although the presence of a gut-brain communication axis has long been established, recent studies argue that the development and regulation of this axis is dictated by the gut microbiome. Many studies involving both animals and humans have connected the gut microbiome with depression, anxiety and ASD. Microbiome-centred treatments for individuals with these same NPDs have yielded promising results. Despite its recent rise and underlying similarities to other NPDs, both biochemically and symptomatically, connections between the gut microbiome and ADHD currently lag behind those for other NPDs. We demonstrate that all evidence points to the importance of, and dire need for, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the role of the gut microbiome in ADHD, to deepen our understanding of a condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalai Mathee
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| | - Trevor Cickovski
- Bioinformatics Research Group (BioRG), School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| | - Alok Deoraj
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie Stollstorff
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts, Science and Education, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| | - Giri Narasimhan
- Bioinformatics Research Group (BioRG), School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Florida, USA
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208
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Smith KS, Greene MW, Babu JR, Frugé AD. Psychobiotics as treatment for anxiety, depression, and related symptoms: a systematic review. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:963-977. [PMID: 31858898 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1701220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Altering the gut microflora may produce health benefits in individuals suffering from mood disorders. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics as a potential treatment for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (as psychobiotics).Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychINFO, and Web of Science were utilized to identify and evaluate studies through October 31, 2019. Studies were included if subjects were evaluated for altered mood or stress levels at start of the study and consumed probiotics, prebiotics, and/or synbiotics for intervention.Results: Search results yielded 142 articles, while only 12 studies met all inclusion criteria. Nine of the 12 studies identified evaluated the efficacy of various probiotic strains, while only two evaluated synbiotics and one evaluated prebiotics. Six out of 12 studies found probiotics to reduce depression, while two studies found probiotics to reduce anxiety.Discussion: Translational research in this field is limited and further investigation of the efficacy of psychobiotics in mood disorders is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Andrew D Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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209
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Jatrorrhizine Balances the Gut Microbiota and Reverses Learning and Memory Deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19575. [PMID: 31862965 PMCID: PMC6925119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental components and has become a major public health issue throughout the world. Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in the evolution of those major pathological symptoms. Jatrorrhizine (JAT), a main component of a traditional Chinese herbal, coptidis rhizome, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects and we previously showed that it is also able to clear oxygen free radicals and reduce inflammatory responses. In this study, we demonstrated that JAT administration could alleviate the learning and memory deficits in AD. Furthermore, we also found that JAT treatment reduced the levels of Aβ plaques in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice. Other studies suggest that there are gut microbiome alterations in AD. In order to explore the underlying mechanisms between gut microbiota and AD, DNA sequencing for 16s rDNA V3-V4 was performed in fecal samples from APP/PS1 transgenic mice and C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice. Our results indicated that APP/PS1 mice showed less Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) abundance in gut microbiota than WT mice and with different composition. Furthermore, JAT treatment enriched OTUs abundance and alpha diversity in APP/PS1 mice compared to WT mice. High dose of JAT treatment altered the abundance of some specific gut microbiota such as the most predominant phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in APP/PS1 mice. In conclusion, APP/PS1 mice display gut dysbiosis, and JAT treatment not only improved the memory deficits, but also regulated the abundance of the microbiota. This may provide a therapeutic way to balance the gut dysbiosis in AD patients.
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210
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Marrone MC, Coccurello R. Dietary Fatty Acids and Microbiota-Brain Communication in Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010012. [PMID: 31861745 PMCID: PMC7022659 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is a multimodal communication system along which immune, metabolic, autonomic, endocrine and enteric nervous signals can shape host physiology and determine liability, development and progression of a vast number of human diseases. Here, we broadly discussed the current knowledge about the either beneficial or deleterious impact of dietary fatty acids on microbiota-brain communication (MBC), and the multiple mechanisms by which different types of lipids can modify gut microbial ecosystem and contribute to the pathophysiology of major neuropsychiatric diseases (NPDs), such as schizophrenia (SCZ), depression and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Marrone
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Complex System (ISC), 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS–S. Lucia Foundation (FSL), 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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211
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212
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Golofast B, Vales K. The connection between microbiome and schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:712-731. [PMID: 31821833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been an accumulation of knowledge about the human microbiome, some detailed investigations of the gastrointestinal microbiota and its functions, and the highlighting of complex interactions between the gut, the gut microbiota, and the central nervous system. That assumes the involvement of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of various CNS diseases, including schizophrenia. Given this information and the fact, that the gut microbiota is sensitive to internal and environmental influences, we have speculated that among the factors that influence the formation and composition of gut microbiota during life, possible key elements in the schizophrenia development chain are hidden where gut microbiota is a linking component. This article aims to describe and understand the developmental relationships between intestinal microbiota and the risk of developing schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdana Golofast
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Prague East, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Prague East, Czech Republic
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213
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Bulmer LS, Murray JA, Burns NM, Garber A, Wemelsfelder F, McEwan NR, Hastie PM. High-starch diets alter equine faecal microbiota and increase behavioural reactivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18621. [PMID: 31819069 PMCID: PMC6901590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota have been associated with health, disease and behaviour in several species and are an important link in gut-brain axis communication. Diet plays a key role in affecting the composition of gut microbiota. In horses, high-starch diets alter the hindgut microbiota. High-starch diets are also associated with increased behavioural reactivity in horses. These changes in microbiota and behaviour may be associated. This study compares the faecal microbiota and behaviour of 10 naïve ponies. A cross-over design was used with experimental groups fed high-starch (HS) or high-fibre (HF) diets. Results showed that ponies were more reactive and less settled when being fed the HS diet compared to the HF diet. Irrespective of diet, the bacterial profile was dominated by two main phyla, Firmicutes, closely followed by Bacteroidetes. However, at lower taxonomic levels multivariate analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing data showed diet affected faecal microbial community structure. The abundance of 85 OTUs differed significantly related to diet. Correlative relationships exist between dietary induced alterations to faecal microbiota and behaviour. Results demonstrate a clear link between diet, faecal microbial community composition and behaviour. Dietary induced alterations to gut microbiota play a role in affecting the behaviour of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise S Bulmer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Jo-Anne Murray
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Neil M Burns
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Anna Garber
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Francoise Wemelsfelder
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil R McEwan
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Peter M Hastie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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214
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Chen YH, Bai J, Wu D, Yu SF, Qiang XL, Bai H, Wang HN, Peng ZW. Association between fecal microbiota and generalized anxiety disorder: Severity and early treatment response. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:56-66. [PMID: 31437702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between abnormal gut microbiome compositions and anxiety-like behaviors are well established. However, it is unknown whether the gut microbiome composition is associated with the severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and relief from clinical symptoms in patients. METHODS Stool samples from 36 patients with active GAD (A-GAD group) and 24 matched healthy control subjects (HC group) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Anxiety was assessed with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale, and global assessments of functioning were performed at baseline and 1 month after drug treatment. RESULTS Gut microbiome compositions were altered in A-GAD patients, with fewer operational taxonomic units and lower fecal bacterial α-diversity. Specifically, Firmicutes and Tenericutes abundances were lower in A-GAD patients, and several genera were differentially represented in the A-GAD and HC groups. The abundances of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and Prevotella_9 correlated negatively with the anxiety severity and positively with anxiety reduction, whereas the abundances of Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella were positively associated with anxiety severity. Sex, smoking, and alcohol intake influenced the gut microbiome composition. LIMITATIONS The sample sizes were small and the stool samples were collected only at baseline; therefore, a causal association between changes in intestinal flora and disease remission was not established. Moreover, the effects of different drugs on gut microbiome composition were not investigated. CONCLUSIONS Altered gut microbiome composition may contribute to GAD pathogenesis and remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15# Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15# Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15# Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shou-Fen Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15# Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Qiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15# Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15# Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hua-Ning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15# Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Zheng-Wu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15# Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Scheepers IM, Cryan JF, Bastiaanssen TFS, Rea K, Clarke G, Jaspan HB, Harvey BH, Hemmings SMJ, Santana L, van der Sluis R, Malan-Müller S, Wolmarans DW. Natural compulsive-like behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is associated with altered gut microbiota composition. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1419-1427. [PMID: 31663195 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness that significantly impacts affected patients and available treatments yield suboptimal therapeutic response. Recently, the role of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in psychiatric illness has emerged as a potential target for therapeutic exploration. However, studies concerning the role of the GBA in OCD are limited. To investigate whether a naturally occurring obsessive-compulsive-like phenotype in a rodent model, that is large nest building in deer mice, is associated with perturbations in the gut microbiome, we investigated and characterised the gut microbiota in specific-pathogen-free bred and housed large (LNB) and normal (NNB) nest-building deer mice of both sexes (n = 11 per group, including three males and eight females). Following baseline characterisation of nest-building behaviour, a single faecal sample was collected from each animal and the gut microbiota analysed. Our results reveal the overall microbial composition of LNB animals to be distinctly different compared to controls (PERMANOVA p < .05). While no genera were found to be significantly differentially abundant after correcting for multiple comparisons, the normal phenotype showed a higher loading of Prevotella and Anaeroplasma, while the OC phenotype demonstrated a higher loading of Desulfovermiculus, Aestuariispira, Peptococcus and Holdemanella (cut-off threshold for loading at 0.2 in either the first or second component of the PCA). These findings not only provide proof-of-concept for continued investigation of the GBA in OCD, but also highlight a potential underlying aetiological association between alterations in the gut microbiota and the natural development of obsessive-compulsive-like behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Scheepers
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Leonard Santana
- Unit for Business Mathematics and Informatics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - De Wet Wolmarans
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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216
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Vagnerová K, Vodička M, Hermanová P, Ergang P, Šrůtková D, Klusoňová P, Balounová K, Hudcovic T, Pácha J. Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Acute Restraint Stress in Peripheral Structures of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and the Intestine of Male Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2655. [PMID: 31798585 PMCID: PMC6878942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota play an important role in shaping brain functions and behavior, including the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. However, little is known about the effect of the microbiota on the distinct structures (hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenals) of the HPA axis. In the present study, we analyzed the influence of the microbiota on acute restraint stress (ARS) response in the pituitary, adrenal gland, and intestine, an organ of extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis. Using specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) male BALB/c mice, we showed that the plasma corticosterone response to ARS was higher in GF than in SPF mice. In the pituitary, stress downregulated the expression of the gene encoding CRH receptor type 1 (Crhr1), upregulated the expression of the Fkbp5 gene regulating glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and did not affect the expression of the proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) and glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) genes. In contrast, the microbiota downregulated the expression of pituitary Pomc and Crhr1 but had no effect on Fkbp5 and Gr. In the adrenals, the steroidogenic pathway was strongly stimulated by ARS at the level of the steroidogenic transcriptional regulator Sf-1, cholesterol transporter Star and Cyp11a1, the first enzyme of steroidogenic pathway. In contrast, the effect of the microbiota was significantly detected at the level of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes but not at the level of Sf-1 and Star. Unlike adrenal Sf-1, the expression of the gene Lrh-1, which encodes the crucial transcriptional regulator of intestinal steroidogenesis, was modulated by the microbiota and ARS and this effect differed between the ileum and colon. The findings demonstrate that gut microbiota have an impact on the response of the pituitary, adrenals and intestine to ARS and that the interaction between stress and the microbiota during activation of glucocorticoid steroidogenesis differs between organs. The results suggest that downregulated expression of pituitary Pomc and Crhr1 in SPF animals might be an important factor in the exaggerated HPA response of GF mice to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Hermanová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dagmar Šrůtková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | - Petra Klusoňová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Balounová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | - Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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217
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Van Ameringen M, Turna J, Patterson B, Pipe A, Mao RQ, Anglin R, Surette MG. The gut microbiome in psychiatry: A primer for clinicians. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:1004-1025. [PMID: 31356715 DOI: 10.1002/da.22936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the past decade has shown that variations in the gut microbiome may influence behavior, and vice versa. As such, interest in the role of the gut microbiome in psychiatric conditions has drawn immense interest. This is evidenced by the recent surge in published studies examining microbial dysbiosis in clinical psychiatric populations, particularly autism spectrum disorder and depression. However, critical examination of these studies reveals methodological flaws in design and execution, suggesting that they may not be held to the same standards as other bodies of clinical research. Given the complex nature of the gut microbiome, this narrative review attempts to clarify concepts critical to effectively examine its potential role in psychopathology to appropriately inform mental health researchers. More specifically, the numerous variables known to affect the gut microbiome are discussed, including inflammation, diet, weight, and medications. A comprehensive review of the extant microbiome literature in clinical psychiatric populations is also provided, in addition to clinical implications and suggestions for future directions of research. Although there is a clear need for additional studies to elucidate the gut microbiome's role in psychiatric disorders, there is an even greater need for well-designed, appropriately controlled studies to truly impact the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Van Ameringen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmine Turna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beth Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Pipe
- MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Randi Q Mao
- MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Anglin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Researcth Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Researcth Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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218
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Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence alters adult immunological and neurobehavioral responses in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2019; 157:107685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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219
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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220
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Cruz-Pereira JS, Rea K, Nolan YM, O'Leary OF, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Depression's Unholy Trinity: Dysregulated Stress, Immunity, and the Microbiome. Annu Rev Psychol 2019; 71:49-78. [PMID: 31567042 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Depression remains one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, with many patients not responding adequately to available treatments. Chronic or early-life stress is one of the key risk factors for depression. In addition, a growing body of data implicates chronic inflammation as a major player in depression pathogenesis. More recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of brain and behavior and also has been linked to depression. However, how this holy trinity of risk factors interact to maintain physiological homeostasis in the brain and body is not fully understood. In this review, we integrate the available data from animal and human studies on these three factors in the etiology and progression of depression. We also focus on the processes by which this microbiota-immune-stress matrix may influence centrally mediated events and on possible therapeutic interventions to correct imbalances in this triune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , ,
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; , , , , , .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
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221
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Caspani G, Kennedy S, Foster JA, Swann J. Gut microbial metabolites in depression: understanding the biochemical mechanisms. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:454-481. [PMID: 31646148 PMCID: PMC6780009 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.10.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal and central function are intrinsically connected by the gut microbiota, an ecosystem that has co-evolved with the host to expand its biotransformational capabilities and interact with host physiological processes by means of its metabolic products. Abnormalities in this microbiota-gut-brain axis have emerged as a key component in the pathophysiology of depression, leading to more research attempting to understand the neuroactive potential of the products of gut microbial metabolism. This review explores the potential for the gut microbiota to contribute to depression and focuses on the role that microbially-derived molecules – neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids, indoles, bile acids, choline metabolites, lactate and vitamins – play in the context of emotional behavior. The future of gut-brain axis research lies is moving away from association, towards the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut bacteria and depressive behavior. We propose that direct and indirect mechanisms exist through which gut microbial metabolites affect depressive behavior: these include (i) direct stimulation of central receptors, (ii) peripheral stimulation of neural, endocrine, and immune mediators, and (iii) epigenetic regulation of histone acetylation and DNA methylation. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to expand our understanding of the etiology of depression, and to develop new strategies to harness the beneficial psychotropic effects of these molecules. Overall, the review highlights the potential for dietary interventions to represent such novel therapeutic strategies for major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Caspani
- Computational Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Sidney Kennedy
- Centre for Mental Health and Krembil Research Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA.,Mental Health Services, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Swann
- Computational Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
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222
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Tomiga Y, Yoshimura S, Ra SG, Takahashi Y, Goto R, Kugimoto I, Uehara Y, Kawanaka K, Higaki Y. Anxiety-like behaviors and hippocampal nNOS in response to diet-induced obesity combined with exercise. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:711-722. [PMID: 31124076 PMCID: PMC10717450 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) and overweight status can induce hippocampal dysfunction, leading to depression and anxiety. Exercise has beneficial effects on emotional behaviors. We previously reported that exercise training rescues HFD-induced excess hippocampal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression, which is a key regulator of anxiety. Here, we investigated anxiety-like behaviors and hippocampal nNOS expression in response to HFD combined with exercise. Mice were assigned to standard diet, HFD, or HFD with exercise groups for 12 weeks. We found that exercise during the final 6 weeks of the HFD regime improved 12 weeks of HFD-induced defecation, accompanied by rescue of excess nNOS expression. However, anxiety indicators in the elevated plus maze were unchanged. These effects were not apparent after only 1 week of exercise. In conclusion, 6 weeks of exercise training reduced HFD-related anxiety according to one of our measures (defecation), and reversed changes in the hippocampal nNOS/NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tomiga
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Saki Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Song-Gyu Ra
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuri Takahashi
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Rina Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ikumi Kugimoto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Uehara
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawanaka
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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Li JW, Fang B, Pang GF, Zhang M, Ren FZ. Age- and diet-specific effects of chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos on hormones, inflammation and gut microbiota in rats. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:68-79. [PMID: 31400786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide frequently detected in food and has been reported to disturb endocrine and gut health, which was regulated by gut microbiota and enteroendocrine cells. In this study, newly weaned (3 week) and adult (8 week) male rats fed a normal- or high- fat diet were chronically exposed to 0.3 mg chlorpyrifos/kg bodyweight/day. The effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on serum hormone levels, proinflammatory cytokines and gut microbiota were evaluated. Chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos significantly decreased the concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicule stimulating hormone and testosterone, which was found only in the normal-fat diet. The counteracted effect of high-fat diet was also found in gut hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. Significantly higher concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), ghrelin, gastric inhibitory poly-peptide, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and TNF-α were found in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos beginning at newly weaned, whereas only the PYY, ghrelin and IL-6 concentrations increased significantly in rats exposed in adulthood. Furthermore, a decrease in epinephrine induced by chlorpyrifos exposure was found in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos beginning at newly weaned, regardless of their diet. Chlorpyrifos-induced disturbances in the microbiome community structure were more apparent in rats fed a high-fat diet and exposed beginning at newly weaned. The affected bacteria included short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Romboutsia, Turicibacter, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, norank_f_Coriobacteriaceae, Faecalibaculum, Parasutterella and norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae), testosterone-related genus (Turicibacter, Brevibacterium), pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus), and inflammation-related bacteria (unclassified_f__Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-009, Parasutterella, Oscillibacter), which regulated the endocrine system via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as well as the immune response and gut barrier. Early exposure accelerated the endocrine-disturbing effect and immune responses of chlorpyrifos, although these effects can be eased or recovered by a high-fat diet. This study helped clarify the relationship between disrupted endocrine function and gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by food contaminants such as pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Guo-Fang Pang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food Science and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fa-Zheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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224
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Yang T, Richards EM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. The gut microbiota and the brain-gut-kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 14:442-456. [PMID: 29760448 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host has attracted considerable attention owing to its involvement in diverse diseases. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with hypertension and is characterized by immune dysregulation, metabolic disorder and sympathetic activation, which are all linked to gut dysbiosis and altered host-microbiota crosstalk. In this Review, we discuss the complex interplay between the brain, the gut, the microbiota and the kidney in CKD and hypertension and explain our brain-gut-kidney axis hypothesis for the pathogenesis of these diseases. Consideration of the role of the brain-gut-kidney axis in the maintenance of normal homeostasis and of dysregulation of this axis in CKD and hypertension could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. In addition, the discovery of unique microbial communities and their associated metabolites and the elucidation of brain-gut-kidney signalling are likely to fill fundamental knowledge gaps leading to innovative research, clinical trials and treatments for CKD and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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225
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Dempsey JL, Little M, Cui JY. Gut microbiome: An intermediary to neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:41-69. [PMID: 31454513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that the gut microbiome is an important regulator for neurological functions. This review provides a summary on the role of gut microbiota in various neurological disorders including neurotoxicity induced by environmental stressors such as drugs, environmental contaminants, and dietary factors. We propose that the gut microbiome remotely senses and regulates CNS signaling through the following mechanisms: 1) intestinal bacteria-mediated biotransformation of neurotoxicants that alters the neuro-reactivity of the parent compounds; 2) altered production of neuro-reactive microbial metabolites following exposure to certain environmental stressors; 3) bi-directional communication within the gut-brain axis to alter the intestinal barrier integrity; and 4) regulation of mucosal immune function. Distinct microbial metabolites may enter systemic circulation and epigenetically reprogram the expression of host genes in the CNS, regulating neuroinflammation, cell survival, or cell death. We will also review the current tools for the study of the gut-brain axis and provide some suggestions to move this field forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Mallory Little
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States.
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226
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Kraimi N, Dawkins M, Gebhardt-Henrich SG, Velge P, Rychlik I, Volf J, Creach P, Smith A, Colles F, Leterrier C. Influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on behavior and welfare in farm animals: A review. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112658. [PMID: 31430443 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a pivotal role of the gut microbiota (GUT-M) in key physiological functions in vertebrates. Many studies discuss functional implications of the GUT-M not only on immunity, growth, metabolism, but also on brain development and behavior. However, while the influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) on behavior is documented in rodents and humans, data on farm animals are scarce. This review will first report the well-known influence of the MGBA on behavior in rodent and human and then describe its influence on emotion, memory, social and feeding behaviors in farm animals. This corpus of experiments suggests that a better understanding of the effects of the MGBA on behavior could have large implications in various fields of animal production. Specifically, animal welfare and health could be improved by selection, nutrition and management processes that take into account the role of the GUT-M in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjis Kraimi
- INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, UMR 85, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Marian Dawkins
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Velge
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | | | - Adrian Smith
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Colles
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Leterrier
- INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, UMR 85, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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227
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Parker A, Fonseca S, Carding SR. Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health. Gut Microbes 2019; 11:135-157. [PMID: 31368397 PMCID: PMC7053956 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1638722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (gut) microbiota comprises diverse and dynamic populations of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, coexisting in a mutualistic relationship with the host. When intestinal homeostasis is perturbed, the function of the gastrointestinal tract and other organ systems, including the brain, can be compromised. The gut microbiota is proposed to contribute to blood-brain barrier disruption and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. While progress is being made, a better understanding of interactions between gut microbes and host cells, and the impact these have on signaling from gut to brain is now required. In this review, we summarise current evidence of the impact gut microbes and their metabolites have on blood-brain barrier integrity and brain function, and the communication networks between the gastrointestinal tract and brain, which they may modulate. We also discuss the potential of microbiota modulation strategies as therapeutic tools for promoting and restoring brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Sonia Fonseca
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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228
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Shi D, Bai L, Qu Q, Zhou S, Yang M, Guo S, Li Q, Liu C. Impact of gut microbiota structure in heat-stressed broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2405-2413. [PMID: 30715508 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota** play important roles in the health and disease status of both humans and animals. Little is known about whether heat stress changes the composition of the gut microbiota in chicken. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of heat stress on changes in caecal microbiota, including changes in growth performance as well as HSP70 and cortisol levels. Sixty 14-day-old female broilers were equally divided into 2 treatment groups with different housing temperatures for 28 D: a control group (C) at 24 to 26°C and a heat stress (HS) group at 34 to 38°C. The caecal contents of the broiler chicken were then extracted on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified based on the V3∼V4 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequence analyses. The results showed that the average daily gain and average daily feed intake were significantly decreased and that the feed conversion ratio was increased by heat stress. The concentrations of HSP70 and cortisol in the serum were significantly increased. The composition of gut microbiota was influenced by heat stress** through beta diversity analysis and taxon-based analysis. In particular, at the phylum level the composition of Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Proteobacteria in HS group was increased than that of C group, and Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria in HS group were reduced than that of C group. In addition, the composition of Anaeroplasma and Lactobacillus phyla in HS group were increased than that of C group, whereas the Bacteroides, Oscillospira, Faecalibacterium, and Dorea genera in HS group were decreased than that of C group. In conclusion, the gut microbiota in broilers were changed by heat stress. And the changes of the gut microbiota could provide the basis for further research on the heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayou Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qian Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Meimei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shining Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Cui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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229
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Psychobiotics in mental health, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:632-648. [PMID: 31324280 PMCID: PMC9307042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychobiotics are a group of probiotics that affect the central nervous system (CNS) related functions and behaviors mediated by the gut-brain-axis (GBA) via immune, humoral, neural, and metabolic pathways to improve not only the gastrointestinal (GI) function but also the antidepressant and anxiolytic capacity. As a novel class of probiotics, the application of psychobiotics has led researchers to focus on a new area in neuroscience. In the past five years, some psychobiotics strains were reported to inhibit inflammation and decreased cortisol levels, resulting in an amelioration of the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychobiotics are efficacious in improving neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Use of psychobiotics can improve GI function, ASD symptoms, motor functions of patients with PD and cognition in patients with AD. However, the evidence for the effects of psychobiotics on mental and neurological conditions/ disorders remains limited. Further studies of psychobiotics are needed in order to determine into their effectiveness and mechanism as treatments for various psychiatric disorders in the future.
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230
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Yue T, Lu HY, Xue ZY, Xu SQ, Tang W. [Structural features of intestinal flora in preterm rats with cognitive impairment: an analysis based on high-thorough sequencing]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:701-707. [PMID: 31315772 PMCID: PMC7389110 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the structural features of intestinal flora in preterm rats with cognitive impairment and the association of the change in intestinal flora with cognitive impairment in preterm rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats at 16-17 days of gestation were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide for two consecutive days to establish a model of cognitive impairment, and the rats treated with intraperitoneally injected phosphate-buffered saline were established as the control group. Cesarean section was performed on day 21 of gestation, and preterm rats were randomly assigned to healthy maternal rats for feeding. The place navigation test in the Morris water maze was used to evaluate cognition on day 30 after birth. According to the result, the preterm rats were divided into cognitive impairment group with 21 rats and normal control group with 10 rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe pathological changes of the hippocampus, and fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for intestinal flora. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the cognitive impairment group showed degeneration and necrosis of a large number of neurons in the hippocampus. Compared with the normal control group, the cognitive impairment group had significant reductions in the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora (P<0.05), with a significant increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level (P<0.05), as well as significant reductions in the abundance of Prevotella and Lactobacillus and significant increases in the abundance of Staphylococcaceae and Oligella at the order, family, and genus levels (P<0.05). PCA showed a significant difference in the composition of intestinal flora between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant change in the structure of intestinal flora in preterm rats with cognitive impairment, which provides a basis for the treatment and intervention of microecological changes due to cognitive impairment after preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.
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231
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State of Colon Microbiota in Rats during Chronic Restraint Stress and Selank Treatment. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:226-228. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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232
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Tran N, Zhebrak M, Yacoub C, Pelletier J, Hawley D. The gut-brain relationship: Investigating the effect of multispecies probiotics on anxiety in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of healthy young adults. J Affect Disord 2019; 252:271-277. [PMID: 30991255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRO There has been an increased interest in understanding the therapeutic effect of gut-microbiota on health, particularly in mental health. However, limited research into the connection between gut-microbiota and mental health makes this study an important endeavor in exploring the effect of gut-microbiota, through probiotics intervention, on mental health like anxiety and factors related to anxiety (e.g., anxiety control, affect, negative mood regulation, and worry). METHOD Healthy college students (N = 86; 75.6% female), average age of 20.59, participated in a double-blind, placebo-control, and randomization-control study. Eligible participants completed a baseline survey before being assigned to a condition, which consisted of four probiotics conditions and one placebo condition. After 28 days of daily intake, the participants returned to complete their exit survey. RESULT Probiotics were observed to improve panic anxiety, neurophysiological anxiety, negative affect, worry, and increase negative mood regulation. Furthermore, post hoc analyses revealed that the CFU (colony-forming unit) level was more effective than species counts in accounting for the number of significant improvements. A ceiling effect was detected in the study, participants with high distress reported higher number of improvements than those with normative distress. CONCLUSION Overall, this study is the first to examine the effect of CFU and species count on probiotics' efficacy. The study's finding suggested that probiotics may have the therapeutic potential to treat anxiety, however, further research is necessary to make that determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan Tran
- Department of Psychology, Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Rd, Houston, TX 77074, United States.
| | - Masha Zhebrak
- Department of Psychology, Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Rd, Houston, TX 77074, United States
| | - Christine Yacoub
- Department of Psychology, Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Rd, Houston, TX 77074, United States
| | - Joseph Pelletier
- Department of Psychology, Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Rd, Houston, TX 77074, United States.
| | - Darby Hawley
- Department of Psychology, Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Rd, Houston, TX 77074, United States
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233
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Camilleri C, Beiter RM, Puentes L, Aracena-Sherck P, Sammut S. Biological, Behavioral and Physiological Consequences of Drug-Induced Pregnancy Termination at First-Trimester Human Equivalent in an Animal Model. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:544. [PMID: 31191234 PMCID: PMC6549702 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the significant physiological changes that take place during and resulting from pregnancy, as well as the relative absence of such information in relation to pregnancy termination, this study investigated the potential for developing a valid animal model to objectively assess the biological, physiological and behavioral consequences of drug-induced pregnancy termination. Female Long-Evans rats were divided into four groups (n = 19-21/group), controlling for drug [mifepristone (50 mg/kg/3 ml, i.g.)/misoprostol (0.3 mg/kg/ml, i.g.) or vehicle (1% Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium/0.2% Tween® 80 suspension, i.g.)] and pregnancy. Drug administration took place on days 12-14 of gestation (days 28-40 human gestational equivalent). Vehicle was administered to the controls on the same days. Parameters measured included rat body weight, food intake, vaginal impedance, sucrose consumption/preference, locomotor activity, forced swim test, and home-cage activity. At the termination of the study, rats were deeply anesthetized using urethane, and blood, brain, and liver were collected for biochemical analysis. Following drug/vehicle administration, only the pregnancy termination group (pregnant, drug) displayed a significant decrease in body weight, food intake, locomotor activity-related behaviors and home-cage activity relative to the control group (non-pregnant, vehicle). Additionally, the pregnancy termination group was the only group that displayed a significant reduction in sucrose consumption/preference during Treatment Week relative to Pre-Treatment Week. Vaginal impedance did not significantly decrease over time in parous rats in contrast to all other groups, including the rats in the pregnancy termination group. Biochemical analysis indicated putative drug- and pregnancy-specific influences on oxidative balance. Regression analysis indicated that pregnancy termination was a predictor variable for body weight, food intake and all locomotor activity parameters measured. Moreover, pertaining to body weight and food intake, the pregnancy termination group displayed significant changes, which were not present in a group of naturally miscarrying rats following pregnancy loss. Overall, our results appear to suggest negative biological and behavioral effects following pregnancy termination, that appear to also be distinct from natural miscarriage, and potential benefits of parity pertaining to fecundity. Thus, our findings indicate the importance for further objective investigation of the physiological and behavioral consequences of medical abortion, in order to provide further insight into the potential implications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Camilleri
- Department of Psychology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Beiter
- Department of Psychology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
| | - Lisett Puentes
- School of Medicine, Universidad San Sebastián, Conceptión, Chile
| | | | - Stephen Sammut
- Department of Psychology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
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234
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Peirce JM, Alviña K. The role of inflammation and the gut microbiome in depression and anxiety. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1223-1241. [PMID: 31144383 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of the gut microbiome has increasingly revealed an important role in modulating brain function and mental health. In this review, we underscore specific pathways and mechanisms by which the gut microbiome can promote the development of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. First, we review the involvement of the stress response and immune system activation in the development of depression and anxiety. Then, we examine germ-free murine models used to uncover the role of the gut microbiome in developing and modulating pertinent activity in the brain and the immune system. We also document multiple pathways by which stress-induced inflammation harms brain function and ultimately affects mental health, and review how probiotic and prebiotic treatments have shown to be beneficial. Lastly, we provide an overview of gut microbiome-derived compounds (short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan catabolites, microbial pattern recognition) and related mechanisms (vagal nerve activity and fecal microbiota transplants) involved in mediating the influence of the gut microbiome to mental health. Overall, a picture of the gut microbiome playing a facilitating role between stress response, inflammation, and depression, and anxiety is emerging. Future research is needed to firmly establish the microbiome's causal role, to further elucidate the mechanisms by which gut microbes influence brain function and mental health, and to possibly develop treatments that improve mental health through microbiotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Peirce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.,Honors College, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Karina Alviña
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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235
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Bauer KC, Rees T, Finlay BB. The Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis Expands Neurologic Function: A Nervous Rapport. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800268. [PMID: 31099408 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Does exploration of the gut microbiota-brain axis expand our understanding of what it means to be human? Recognition and conceptualization of a gut microbiota-brain axis challenges our study of the nervous system. Here, integrating gut microbiota-brain research into the metaorganism model is proposed. The metaorganism-an expanded, dynamic unit comprising the host and commensal organisms-asserts a radical blurring between man and microbe. The metaorganism nervous system interacts with the exterior world through microbial-colored lenses. Ongoing studies have reported that gut microbes contribute to brain function and pathologies, even shaping higher neurological functions. How will continued collaborative efforts (e.g., between neurobiology and microbiology), including partnerships with the arts (e.g., philosophy), contribute to the knowledge of microbe-to-mind interactions? While this is not a systemic review, this nascent field is briefly described, highlighting ongoing challenges and recommendations for emerging gut microbiota-brain research. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/lP9gOW8StXg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylynda C Bauer
- CIFAR (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), Humans and the Microbiome Program, MaRS Centre, West Tower 661 University Ave. Suite 505, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, #301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tobias Rees
- CIFAR (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), Humans and the Microbiome Program, MaRS Centre, West Tower 661 University Ave. Suite 505, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.,New School for Social Research, The New School, 66 West 12th Street, New York City, NY, 10011, USA.,Transformations of the Human Program, Berggruen Institute, Bradbury Building, 304 S. Broadway, Suite 500, Los Angeles, CA, 90013, USA
| | - Barton Brett Finlay
- CIFAR (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), Humans and the Microbiome Program, MaRS Centre, West Tower 661 University Ave. Suite 505, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, #301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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236
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González-Arancibia C, Urrutia-Piñones J, Illanes-González J, Martinez-Pinto J, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Julio-Pieper M, Bravo JA. Do your gut microbes affect your brain dopamine? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1611-1622. [PMID: 31098656 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows changes in gut microbiota composition in association with psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. Moreover, it has been reported that perturbations in gut microbe diversity and richness influence serotonergic, GABAergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Among these, dopamine is regarded as a main regulator of cognitive functions such as decision making, attention, memory, motivation, and reward. In this work, we will highlight findings that link alterations in intestinal microbiota and dopaminergic neurotransmission, with a particular emphasis on the mesocorticolimbic circuit, which is involved in reward to natural reinforcers, as well as abuse substances. For this, we reviewed evidence from studies carried out on germ-free animals, or in rodents subjected to intestinal dysbiosis using antibiotics, and also through the use of probiotics. All this evidence strongly supports that the microbiota-gut-brain axis is key to the physiopathology of several neuropsychiatric disorders involving those where dopaminergic neurotransmission is compromised. In addition, the gut microbiota appears as a key player when it comes to proposing novel strategies to the treatment of these psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González-Arancibia
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Laboratorio de Química Biológica y Bioquímica de Sistemas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso, Chile.,Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias mención Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Urrutia-Piñones
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Laboratorio de Química Biológica y Bioquímica de Sistemas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias mención Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Javiera Illanes-González
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Laboratorio de Química Biológica y Bioquímica de Sistemas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias mención Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jonathan Martinez-Pinto
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcela Julio-Pieper
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Laboratorio de Química Biológica y Bioquímica de Sistemas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Javier A Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Laboratorio de Química Biológica y Bioquímica de Sistemas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Región de Valparaíso, Chile.
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237
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Bifidobacterium longum R0175 attenuates post-myocardial infarction depressive-like behaviour in rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215101. [PMID: 31009477 PMCID: PMC6476493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3 activation in the limbic system and depressive-like symptoms are observed after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) and studies suggest that inflammation may play a significant role. Combined treatment with the probiotic strains Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus helveticus in rats has been shown to attenuate caspase-3 activation and depressive-like behaviour together with a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines. The present study was designed to determine the respective contribution of these two strains on caspase-3 activity in the limbic system and on depressive-like behaviour. Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of four groups: Vehicle, L. helveticus R0052, B. longum R0175 and L. salivarius HA-118, administered orally for 14 days (109CFU daily) before inducing MI by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery for 40 min followed by 14 days of reperfusion. Animals were then tested for socialisation, passive avoidance and forced swim test to assess depressive-like behaviour. At day 18 the animals were sacrificed; infarct size was estimated, plasma C-reactive protein concentration and brain caspase-3 activity were measured. Results indicated that infarct size did not vary across the different treatments. Rats treated with B. longum spent more time socializing, learned more rapidly the passive avoidance test and spent less time immobile in the forced swim test compared to the vehicle groups. Caspase-3 activity and plasma C-reactive protein concentrations were reduced in the lateral and medial amygdala as well as in the dentate gyrus of B. longum-supplemented animals. The only significant effect in the two groups receiving Lactobacilli compared to vehicle was that rats receiving L. salivarius learned more rapidly in the step-down passive avoidance test. In conclusion, most of the beneficial effects that we previously reported with the combination of two probiotic strains in our experimentation regarding post-myocardial infarction depression are related to Bifidobacterium longum.
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238
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Jang HM, Lee KE, Kim DH. The Preventive and Curative Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri NK33 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis NK98 on Immobilization Stress-Induced Anxiety/Depression and Colitis in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040819. [PMID: 30979031 PMCID: PMC6521032 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut dysbiosis by stressors such as immobilization deteriorates psychiatric disorders through microbiota-gut-brain axis activation. To understand whether probiotics could simultaneously alleviate anxiety/depression and colitis, we examined their effects on immobilization stress (IS)-induced anxiety/depression and colitis in mice. The probiotics Lactobacillus reuteri NK33 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis NK98 were isolated from healthy human feces. Mice with anxiety/depression and colitis were prepared by IS treatment. NK33 and NK98 potently suppressed NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 cells. Treatment with NK33 and/or NK98, which were orally gavaged in mice before or after IS treatment, significantly suppressed the occurrence and development of anxiety/depression, infiltration of Iba1+ and LPS+/CD11b+ cells (activated microglia) into the hippocampus, and corticosterone, IL-6, and LPS levels in the blood. Furthermore, they induced hippocampal BDNF expression while NF-κB activation was suppressed. NK33 and/or NK98 treatments suppressed IS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity, infiltration of CD11b+/CD11c+ cells, and IL-6 expression in the colon. Their treatments also suppressed the IS-induced fecal Proteobacteria population and excessive LPS production. They also induced BDNF expression in LPS-induced SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. In conclusion, NK33 and NK98 synergistically alleviated the occurrence and development of anxiety/depression and colitis through the regulation of gut immune responses and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Min Jang
- Neurobiota Research Center, Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Eon Lee
- Neurobiota Research Center, Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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239
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Liao JF, Hsu CC, Chou GT, Hsu JS, Liong MT, Tsai YC. Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 reduced early-life stress abnormalities in maternal separation mouse model. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:425-436. [PMID: 30882243 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) has been developed as a model for inducing stress and depression in studies using rodents. The concept of the gut-brain axis suggests that gut health is essential for brain health. Here, we present the effects of administration of a probiotic, Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 (PS23), to MS mice against psychological traits including anxiety and depression. The administration of live and heat-killed PS23 cells showed positive behavioural effects on MS animals, where exploratory tendencies and mobility were increased in behavioural tests, indicating reduced anxiety and depression compared to the negative control mice (P<0.05). Mice administered with both live and heat-killed PS23 cells also showed lower serum corticosterone levels accompanied by higher serum anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels, compared to MS separated mice (P<0.05), indicating a stress-elicited response affiliated with increased immunomodulatory properties. Assessment of neurotransmitters in the brain hippocampal region revealed that PS23 affected the concentrations of dopaminergic metabolites differently than the control, suggesting that PS23 may have improved MS-induced stress levels via neurotransmitter pathways, such as dopamine or other mechanisms not addressed in the current study. Our study illustrates the potential of a probiotic in reversing abnormalities induced by early life stress and could be an alternative for brain health along the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Liao
- 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
| | - C C Hsu
- 2 Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei 10448, Taiwan ROC
| | - G T Chou
- 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
| | - J S Hsu
- 2 Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei 10448, Taiwan ROC
| | - M T Liong
- 3 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y C Tsai
- 4 Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
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240
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Yu LM, Zhao KJ, Wang SS, Wang X, Lu B. Corticotropin-releasing factor induces inflammatory cytokines via the NLRP6-inflammatory cytokine axis in a murine model of irritable bowel syndrome. J Dig Dis 2019; 20:143-151. [PMID: 30663229 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the effect of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on regulating the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 6 (NLRP6)-inflammatory cytokine axis in a murine model of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS C57BL/6 mice were subjected to water avoidance stress (WAS) for 1 h per day for 10 days, and the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) and colonic inflammation were assessed. We also measured the levels of CRF, NLRP6 inflammasome components, myeloperoxidase, D-lactate, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18. In vitro experiments with Caco-2 cell line were also performed. In addition, we assessed the effect of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) on IBS mice. RESULTS IBS mice exhibited visceral hypersensitivity and inflammation, accompanied by increases in CRF, myeloperoxidase, D-lactate, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels, but a decrease in NLRP6 expression. In vitro data showed that CRF suppressed NLRP6, but induced IL-1β and IL-18 levels, in Caco-2 cells. C. butyricum restored CRF levels and maintained the NLRP6-inflammatory cytokine axis in IBS mice. CONCLUSIONS CRF induces the NLRP6-inflammatory cytokine axis in IBS mice. C. butyricum could be beneficial in controlling IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Min Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Jia Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Shuang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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241
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Giri P, Hu F, La Gamma EF, Nankova BB. Absence of gut microbial colonization attenuates the sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemic stress in mice: implications for human neonates. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:574-581. [PMID: 30675019 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota plays an important role during early development via bidirectional gut-brain signaling. Catecholamines provide a survival advantage allowing adaptation to common postnatal stressors. We aimed to explore the potential link between gut microbiota/gut-derived metabolites and sympathoadrenal stress responsivity. METHODS The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia was compared in mice with (control, adapted control) and without microbiome (germ-free, GF). Counter-regulatory hormones were analyzed in urine and plasma. Adrenal gene expression levels were evaluated and correlated to cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) content. RESULTS There was a significant association between absent microbiota/SCFA and epinephrine levels at baseline and after stress. Corticosterone (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) and glucagon release (parasympathetic signaling) were similar in all groups. Hypoglycemia-induced c-Fos (marker of trans-synaptic neuronal activation) in both conditions. Delayed increases in adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y messenger RNA were observed in GF mice. Transcriptome analysis provided insight into underlying mechanisms for attenuated epinephrine production and release. CONCLUSION Lack of microbiome selectively impaired adrenal catecholamine responses to hypoglycemia. We speculate that absent/delayed acquisition of flora (e.g., after antibiotic exposure) may compromise sympathoadrenal stress responsivity. Conversely, controlled manipulation of the intestinal microflora may provide a novel therapeutic opportunity to improve survival and overall health in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshani Giri
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Furong Hu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Newborn Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Edmund F La Gamma
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Newborn Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Bistra B Nankova
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Newborn Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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242
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Destrez A, Grimm P, Julliand V. Dietary-induced modulation of the hindgut microbiota is related to behavioral responses during stressful events in horses. Physiol Behav 2019; 202:94-100. [PMID: 30726719 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system named the gut-brain axis has been widely recognized. The gut microbiota has been implicated in a variety of stress-related conditions including anxiety, depression and irritable bowel syndrome based on rodent studies or correlative analysis in human patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent changes in behavior during stressful events and in the microbial composition of the colonic ecosystem were associated in horses. The microbiota alterations were induced by a change from a high-fiber diet (100% hay, H diet) to a progressive low-fiber and high-starch diet (56% hay and 44% barley, HB diet) on six fistulated horses. Colonic total anaerobic, cellulolytic, amylolytic and lactate-utilizing bacteria were enumerated once on H diet and once on HB diet. Bacterial richness, diversity and structure at family and genus level were also determined. The behavior of horses was assessed through two standardized stressful tests: a novelty test and an umbrella test. The different alterations measured in the colonic microbiota demonstrated a lower fibrolytic capacity and a higher amylolytic capacity of the ecosystem when horses received HB compared to H diet. During the novelty test, the frequency of blowing was significantly higher in HB than in H diet and was positively correlated with the concentration of amylolytic bacteria and the Succinivibrionaceae relative abundance. During the umbrella test, behavioral variables were not significantly different between the diets but the colonic content pH was negatively correlated with the frequency of startle response. Behavioral responses of anxiety were related to hindgut microbiota indicators of a high-starch diet. Dietary-induced modulation of the gut microbiota composition may have changed the horses' behavioral reactions in stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Destrez
- AgroSup Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon F-21000, France.
| | | | - Véronique Julliand
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMRA 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France
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243
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Tillmann S, Wegener G. Probiotics reduce risk-taking behavior in the Elevated Plus Maze in the Flinders Sensitive Line rat model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:755-762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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244
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Chen J, Yan Y, Yuan F, Cao J, Li S, Eickhoff SB, Zhang J. Brain grey matter volume reduction and anxiety-like behavior in lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic pulmonary inflammation rats: A structural MRI study with histological validation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:182-197. [PMID: 30472482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While there have been multiple fMRI studies into the brain functional changes after acutely stimulated peripheral infection, knowledge for the effect of chronic peripheral infection on whole brain morphology is still quite limited. The present study was designed to investigate the brain structural and emotional changes after peripheral local infection initiated chronic systemic inflammation and the relationship between circulating inflammatory markers and brain grey matter. Specifically, in-vivo T2-weighted MRI was performed on rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic pulmonary inflammation (CPI) and those without. Grey matter volume was quantified using diffeomorphic anatomical registration through exponentiated lie (DARTEL) enhanced voxel-based morphometry followed by between-group comparison. Open field experiment was conducted to test the potential anxiety-like behaviors after CPI, along with the ELISA estimated inflammatory markers were correlated to grey matter volume. Guided by image findings, we undertook a focused histological investigation with immunefluorescence and Nissl staining. A widespread decrease of grey matter volume in CPI-model rats was revealed. 8 of the 12 measured inflammatory markers presented differential neuroanatomical correlation patterns with three of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and CRP being the most notable. Lower grey matter volumes in some of the inflammatory markers related regions (amygdala, CA2 and cingulate cortex) were associated with more-severe anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, grey matter volumes in amygdala and CA3 were correlated negatively with the expressions of glial proteins (S100β and Nogo-A), while the grey matter volume in hypo-thalamus was changing positively with neural cell area. Overall, the neuroanatomical association patterns and the histopathology underpinning the MRI observations we demonstrated here would probably serve as one explanation for the cerebral and emotional deficits presented in the patients with CPI, which would furthermore yield new insights into the adverse effects the many other systemic inflammation and inflammatory autoimmune diseases would pose on brain morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ya Yan
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fengjuan Yuan
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shanhua Li
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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245
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Bastiaanssen TFS, Cowan CSM, Claesson MJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Making Sense of … the Microbiome in Psychiatry. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:37-52. [PMID: 30099552 PMCID: PMC6313131 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can be found almost anywhere, including in and on the human body. The collection of microorganisms associated with a certain location is called a microbiota, with its collective genetic material referred to as the microbiome. The largest population of microorganisms on the human body resides in the gastrointestinal tract; thus, it is not surprising that the most investigated human microbiome is the human gut microbiome. On average, the gut hosts microbes from more than 60 genera and contains more cells than the human body. The human gut microbiome has been shown to influence many aspects of host health, including more recently the brain.Several modes of interaction between the gut and the brain have been discovered, including via the synthesis of metabolites and neurotransmitters, activation of the vagus nerve, and activation of the immune system. A growing body of work is implicating the microbiome in a variety of psychological processes and neuropsychiatric disorders. These include mood and anxiety disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, and even neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Moreover, it is probable that most psychotropic medications have an impact on the microbiome.Here, an overview will be provided for the bidirectional role of the microbiome in brain health, age-associated cognitive decline, and neurological and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, a primer on the common microbiological and bioinformatics techniques used to interrogate the microbiome will be provided. This review is meant to equip the reader with a primer to this exciting research area that is permeating all areas of biological psychiatry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Marcus J Claesson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
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246
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Kraimi N, Calandreau L, Zemb O, Germain K, Dupont C, Velge P, Guitton E, Lavillatte S, Parias C, Leterrier C. Effects of a gut microbiota transfer on emotional reactivity in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.202879. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the brain has led to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis but data in birds remain scarce. We tested the hypothesis that colonization of germ-free chicks from a quail line selected for a high emotional reactivity (E+) with GM from a line with low emotional reactivity (E-) would reduce their emotional behaviour in comparison with germ-free chicks from E+ line colonized with GM from the same E+ line. The GM composition analysis of both groups revealed a shift in term of microbial diversity and richness between Day 21 and Day 35 and the GM of the two groups of quails were closer to each other at Day 35 than at Day 21 at a phylum level. Quails that received GM from the E- line expressed a lower emotional reactivity than the quails colonized by GM from the E+line in the tonic immobility and the novel environment tests proceeded during the second week of age. This result was reversed in a second tonic immobility test and an open-field run two weeks later. These behavioural and GM modifications over time could be the consequence of the resilience of the GM to recover its equilibrium present in the E+ host, which is in part driven by the host genotype. This study shows for the first time that a gut microbiota transfer can influence emotional reactivity in Japanese quails strengthening the existence of a microbiota-gut-brain axis in this species of bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjis Kraimi
- INRA, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, UMR PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Olivier Zemb
- INRA-INPT-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, GenPhySE, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Karine Germain
- INRA, UE1206 Elevage Alternatif et Santé des Monogastriques, Domaine du Magneraud, F-17700 Saint-Pierred'Amilly, France
| | - Christèle Dupont
- INRA, UE1206 Elevage Alternatif et Santé des Monogastriques, Domaine du Magneraud, F-17700 Saint-Pierred'Amilly, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Edouard Guitton
- INRA, UE Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Céline Parias
- INRA, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, UMR PRC, Nouzilly, France
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247
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Stress and microbiota: Between biology and psychology. Behav Brain Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18002789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This comment expands on Hooks et al.’s criticism of the problematic and overly general uses of “stress” within the microbiota-gut-brain field. The comment concludes that, for the microbiota-gut-brain field (as for other fields drawing on “stress”), much work is yet to be done in terms of how we explore and understand biology vis-à-vis psychology.
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248
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Tournissac M, Vandal M, Tremblay C, Bourassa P, Vancassel S, Emond V, Gangloff A, Calon F. Dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Effects on survival, behavior, and neuropathology. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2018; 4:677-687. [PMID: 30560200 PMCID: PMC6290124 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction High levels of plasmatic branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), commonly used as dietary supplements, are linked to metabolic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). BCAA directly influence amino acid transport to the brain and, therefore, neurotransmitter levels. We thus investigated the impact of BCAA on AD neuropathology in a mouse model. Methods 3xTg-AD mice were fed either a control diet or a high-fat diet from 6 to 18 months of age. For the last 2 months, dietary BCAA content was adjusted to high (+50%), normal (+0%), or low (−50%). Results Mice fed a BCAA-supplemented high-fat diet displayed higher tau neuropathology and only four out of 13 survived. Mice on the low-BCAA diet showed higher threonine and tryptophan cortical levels while performing better on the novel object recognition task. Discussion These preclinical data underscore a potential risk of combining high-fat and high BCAA consumption, and possible benefits from BCAA restriction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Tournissac
- Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada).,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Milene Vandal
- Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada).,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Neuroscience axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Bourassa
- Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada).,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Vancassel
- OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada).,INRA, NutriNeuro UMR INRA 1286, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Emond
- Neuroscience axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Gangloff
- Clinical Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, QC, Canada
| | - Frederic Calon
- Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada).,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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249
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Liu F, Horton-Sparks K, Hull V, Li RW, Martínez-Cerdeño V. The valproic acid rat model of autism presents with gut bacterial dysbiosis similar to that in human autism. Mol Autism 2018; 9:61. [PMID: 30555669 PMCID: PMC6288876 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota has the capacity to impact the regular function of the brain, which can in turn affect the composition of microbiota. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients suffer from gastrointestinal problems and experience changes in gut microbiota; however, it is not yet clear whether the change in the microbiota associated with ASD is a cause or a consequence of the disease. Methods We have investigated the species richness and microbial composition in a valproic acid (VPA)-induced rat model autism. Fecal samples from the rectum were collected at necropsy, microbial total DNA was extracted, 16 rRNA genes sequenced using Illumina, and the global microbial co-occurrence network was constructed using a random matrix theory-based pipeline. Collected rat microbiome data were compared to available data derived from cases of autism. Results We found that VPA administration during pregnancy reduced fecal microbial richness, changed the gut microbial composition, and altered the metabolite potential of the fecal microbial community in a pattern similar to that seen in patients with ASD. However, the global network property and network composition as well as microbial co-occurrence patterns were largely preserved in the offspring of rats exposed to prenatal administration of VPA. Conclusions Our data on the microbiota of the VPA rat model of autism indicate that this model, in addition to behaviorally and anatomically mimicking the autistic brain as previously shown, also mimics the microbiome features of autism, making it one of the best-suited rodent models for the study of autism and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kayla Horton-Sparks
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, 2504 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Vanessa Hull
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, 2504 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Robert W. Li
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, 2504 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
- MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA USA
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250
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Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Marlicz W, Misera A, Koulaouzidis A, Łoniewski I. Microbiome-The Missing Link in the Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Its Role in Gastrointestinal and Mental Health. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E521. [PMID: 30544486 PMCID: PMC6306769 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract communicate through the gut-brain axis (GBA). Such communication is bi-directional and involves neuronal, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms. There is mounting data that gut microbiota is the source of a number of neuroactive and immunocompetent substances, which shape the structure and function of brain regions involved in the control of emotions, cognition, and physical activity. Most GI diseases are associated with altered transmission within the GBA that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Current treatment protocols for GI and non-GI disorders may positively or adversely affect the composition of intestinal microbiota with a diverse impact on therapeutic outcome(s). Alterations of gut microbiota have been associated with mood and depressive disorders. Moreover, mental health is frequently affected in GI and non-GI diseases. Deregulation of the GBA may constitute a grip point for the development of diagnostic tools and personalized microbiota-based therapy. For example, next generation sequencing (NGS) offers detailed analysis of microbiome footprints in patients with mental and GI disorders. Elucidating the role of stem cell⁻host microbiome cross talks in tissues in GBA disorders might lead to the development of next generation diagnostics and therapeutics. Psychobiotics are a new class of beneficial bacteria with documented efficacy for the treatment of GBA disorders. Novel therapies interfering with small molecules involved in adult stem cell trafficking are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Marlicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Agata Misera
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
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