201
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Walter J, Nickels SL, Schwamborn JC. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal progenitors are a suitable and effective drug discovery model for neurological mtDNA disorders. Stem Cell Investig 2018; 4:101. [PMID: 29359140 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.11.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Walter
- Braingineering Technologies SARL, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sarah Louise Nickels
- University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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202
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Selvaraj BT, Livesey MR, Zhao C, Gregory JM, James OT, Cleary EM, Chouhan AK, Gane AB, Perkins EM, Dando O, Lillico SG, Lee YB, Nishimura AL, Poreci U, Thankamony S, Pray M, Vasistha NA, Magnani D, Borooah S, Burr K, Story D, McCampbell A, Shaw CE, Kind PC, Aitman TJ, Whitelaw CBA, Wilmut I, Smith C, Miles GB, Hardingham GE, Wyllie DJA, Chandran S. C9ORF72 repeat expansion causes vulnerability of motor neurons to Ca 2+-permeable AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:347. [PMID: 29367641 PMCID: PMC5783946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in C9ORF72 are the most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, through a combination of RNA-Seq and electrophysiological studies on induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons (MNs), we show that increased expression of GluA1 AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit occurs in MNs with C9ORF72 mutations that leads to increased Ca2+-permeable AMPAR expression and results in enhanced selective MN vulnerability to excitotoxicity. These deficits are not found in iPSC-derived cortical neurons and are abolished by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of the C9ORF72 repeat expansion in MNs. We also demonstrate that MN-specific dysregulation of AMPAR expression is also present in C9ORF72 patient post-mortem material. We therefore present multiple lines of evidence for the specific upregulation of GluA1 subunits in human mutant C9ORF72 MNs that could lead to a potential pathogenic excitotoxic mechanism in ALS. Repeat expansion mutation in C9ORF72 is the most common cause of familial ALS. Here, the authors generate motor neurons from cells of patients with C9ORF72 mutations, and characterize changes in gene expression in these motor neurons compared to genetically corrected lines, which suggest that glutamate receptor subunit GluA1 is dysregulated in this form of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Chen Zhao
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jenna M Gregory
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Owain T James
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Elaine M Cleary
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amit K Chouhan
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Angus B Gane
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Emma M Perkins
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Simon G Lillico
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Youn-Bok Lee
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Agnes L Nishimura
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Global Biomarker and Drug Discovery, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sai Thankamony
- Global Biomarker and Drug Discovery, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Meryll Pray
- Global Biomarker and Drug Discovery, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Navneet A Vasistha
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Dario Magnani
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Shyamanga Borooah
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David Story
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | | | - Christopher E Shaw
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C Bruce A Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian Wilmut
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gareth B Miles
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,UK DRI Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK. .,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK. .,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India.
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK. .,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK. .,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK. .,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India. .,UK DRI Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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203
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Impaired DNA damage response signaling by FUS-NLS mutations leads to neurodegeneration and FUS aggregate formation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:335. [PMID: 29362359 PMCID: PMC5780468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disease. Cytoplasmic fused in sarcoma (FUS) aggregates are pathological hallmarks of FUS-ALS. Proper shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm is essential for physiological cell function. However, the initial event in the pathophysiology of FUS-ALS remains enigmatic. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs)-derived motor neurons (MNs), we show that impairment of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling due to mutations in the FUS nuclear localization sequence (NLS) induces additional cytoplasmic FUS mislocalization which in turn results in neurodegeneration and FUS aggregate formation. Our work suggests that a key pathophysiologic event in ALS is upstream of aggregate formation. Targeting DDR signaling could lead to novel therapeutic routes for ameliorating ALS. Abnormal cytoplasmic aggregates of FUS are a hallmark of some forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, using neurons derived from patients with FUS-ALS, the authors demonstrate that impairment of PARP-dependent DNA damage signaling is an event that occurs upstream of neurodegeneration and cytoplasmic aggregate formation in FUS-ALS.
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204
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Zhou L, Verstreken P. Reprogramming neurodegeneration in the big data era. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:167-173. [PMID: 29331684 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic risk variants for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, deciphering the functional consequences of GWAS data is challenging due to a lack of reliable model systems to study the genetic variants that are often of low penetrance and non-coding identities. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for molecular phenotyping of GWAS variants in human neurons and microglia. Moreover, rapid technological advances in whole-genome RNA-sequencing and epigenome mapping fuel comprehensive and unbiased investigations of molecular alterations in PSC-derived disease models. Here, we review and discuss how integrated studies that utilize PSC technologies and genome-wide approaches may bring new mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zhou
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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205
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Ma L, Jiang Y, Dong Y, Gao J, Du B, Liu D. Anti-TNF-alpha antibody attenuates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced apoptosis in the hypothalamus by inhibiting the activation of Erk. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:525-536. [PMID: 29497296 PMCID: PMC5819588 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s154809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can induce apoptosis in many regions of the brain including the cortex and hippocampus. However, few studies have focused on apoptosis in the hypothalamus after SAH. Although some antiapoptotic strategies have been developed for SAH, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antibody, the molecular mechanisms underlying this condition have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether SAH could induce apoptosis in the hypothalamus and identify the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of anti-TNF-α antibody, as a therapeutic regimen, upon apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS SAH was induced in a rat model. Thirty minutes prior to SAH, anti-TNF-α antibody or U0126, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) inhibitor, was microinjected into the left lateral cerebral ventricle. In addition, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the anti-TNF-α antibody microinjection. Then, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of caspase-3, bax, bcl-2, phosphorylated Erk (p-Erk) and Erk. Finally, anxiety-like behavior was identified by using open field. RESULTS Levels of caspase-3, bax and bcl-2, all showed a temporary rise after SAH in the hypothalamus, indicating the induction of apoptosis in this brain region. Interestingly, we found that the microinjection of anti-TNF-α antibody could selectively block the elevated levels of bax, suggesting the potential role of anti-TNF-α antibody in the inhibition of SAH-induced apoptosis in the hypothalamus. Moreover, we found that Erk activation was necessary for apoptosis after SAH and that the microinfusion of anti-TNF-α antibody could inhibit apoptosis by suppressing the increase of p-Erk in the hypothalamus. Finally, our data indicated that the infusion of anti-TNF-α antibody could improve anxiety-like behavior. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data demonstrate that anti-TNF-α antibody attenuates apoptosis in the hypothalamus by inhibiting the activation of Erk, which plays an important role in the treatment of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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206
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Kumar S, Blangero J, Curran JE. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Disease Modeling and Gene Identification. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1706:17-38. [PMID: 29423791 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7471-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental modeling of human inherited disorders provides insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, and the underlying genetic component influencing, the disease phenotype. The breakthrough development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology represents a quantum leap in experimental modeling of human diseases, providing investigators with a self-renewing and, thus, unlimited source of pluripotent cells for targeted differentiation. In principle, the entire range of cell types found in the human body can be interrogated using an iPSC approach. Therefore, iPSC technology, and the increasingly refined abilities to differentiate iPSCs into disease-relevant target cells, has far-reaching implications for understanding disease pathophysiology, identifying disease-causing genes, and developing more precise therapeutics, including advances in regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we discuss the technological perspectives and recent developments in the application of patient-derived iPSC lines for human disease modeling and disease gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA.
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
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207
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Serio A, Patani R. Concise Review: The Cellular Conspiracy of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Stem Cells 2017; 36:293-303. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serio
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics Division; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; Institute of Neurology, University College London; London United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute; London United Kingdom
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208
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Peng R, Huang X, Zhang C, Yang X, Xu Y, Bai D. Overexpression of UHRF2 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its clinical significance. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5863-5872. [PMID: 29270024 PMCID: PMC5729825 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s149361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 2 (UHRF2) has been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, its roles in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are still unclear. In this study, UHRF2 expression was analyzed in several kinds of cancers by referring to public Oncomine database, and the levels of UHRF2 mRNA and protein were determined in ICC cells and tissues. Then, the roles of UHRF2 in ICC were investigated by UHRF2 interference. Moreover, the relationship between UHRF2 and E-cadherin expression was examined in ICC cells and samples. Finally, the prognostic role of UHRF2 in ICC was analyzed in 139 ICC patients by Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier methods. We found UHRF2 was overexpressed in multiple human cancers, as well as in ICC, and the invasion, migration, proliferation, and antiapoptosis of ICC cells were inhibited by UHRF2 interference. Moreover, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related marker E-cadherin was upregulated in ICC cells which was influenced by UHRF2 expression. Clinically, UHRF2 expression was positively associated with microvascular invasion and lymphatic metastasis of ICC, and patients in the UHRF2high group had much lower overall survival and higher recurrence rates than patients in the UHRF2low group. A multivariate analysis revealed that UHRF2 overexpression was a new prognostic marker for ICC. Thus, our results indicated that high level of UHRF2 might be a novel predictor for the prognosis of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Subei People Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu
| | | | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Subei People Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu
| | - Xuan Yang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai
| | - Yaping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dousheng Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Subei People Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu
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209
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LRRK2 functions as a scaffolding kinase of ASK1-mediated neuronal cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2356-2368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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210
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Decreased Sirtuin Deacetylase Activity in LRRK2 G2019S iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1839-1852. [PMID: 29129681 PMCID: PMC5785678 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial changes have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The glycine to serine mutation (G2019S) in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause for PD and has been shown to impair mitochondrial function and morphology in multiple model systems. We analyzed mitochondrial function in LRRK2 G2019S induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons to determine whether the G2019S mutation elicits similar mitochondrial deficits among central and peripheral nervous system neuron subtypes. LRRK2 G2019S iPSC-derived dopaminergic neuron cultures displayed unique abnormalities in mitochondrial distribution and trafficking, which corresponded to reduced sirtuin deacetylase activity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels despite increased sirtuin levels. These data indicate that mitochondrial deficits in the context of LRRK2 G2019S are not a global phenomenon and point to distinct sirtuin and bioenergetic deficiencies intrinsic to dopaminergic neurons, which may underlie dopaminergic neuron loss in PD. LRRK2 G2019S iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons have unique mitochondrial defects LRRK2 G2019S dopaminergic neurons have increased sirtuin levels but reduced activity LRRK2 G2019S dopaminergic neurons have reduced NAD+ levels compared with other neurons
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211
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Playne R, Connor B. Understanding Parkinson's Disease through the Use of Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:151-169. [PMID: 28083784 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of somatic cell reprogramming offers exciting new possibilities for the study and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Reprogramming technology offers the ability to untangle the diverse contributing risk factors for PD, such as ageing, genetics and environmental toxins. In order to gain novel insights into such a complex disease, cell-based models of PD should represent, as closely as possible, aged human dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. However, the generation of high yields of functionally mature, authentic ventral midbrain dopamine (vmDA) neurons has not been easy to achieve. Furthermore, ensuring cells represent aged rather than embryonic neurons has presented a significant challenge. To date, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have received much attention for modelling PD. Nonetheless, direct reprogramming strategies (either to a neuronal or neural stem/progenitor fate) represent a valid alternative that are yet to be extensively explored. Direct reprogramming is faster and more efficient than iPS cell reprogramming, and appears to conserve age-related markers. At present, however, protocols aiming to derive authentic, mature vmDA neurons by direct reprogramming of adult human somatic cells are sorely lacking. This review will discuss the strategies that have been employed to generate vmDA neurons and their potential for the study and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Playne
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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212
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Tousley A, Kegel-Gleason KB. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Huntington's Disease Research: Progress and Opportunity. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 5:99-131. [PMID: 27372054 PMCID: PMC4942721 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from controls and patients can act as a starting point for in vitro differentiation into human brain cells for discovery of novel targets and treatments for human disease without the same ethical limitations posed by embryonic stem cells. Numerous groups have successfully produced and characterized Huntington’s disease (HD) iPSCs with different CAG repeat lengths, including cells from patients with one or two HD alleles. HD iPSCs and the neural cell types derived from them recapitulate some disease phenotypes found in both human patients and animal models. Although these discoveries are encouraging, the use of iPSCs for cutting edge and reproducible research has been limited due to some of the inherent problems with cell lines and the technological differences in the way laboratories use them. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the HD iPSC field, and to highlight some of the issues that need to be addressed to maximize their potential as research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly B. Kegel-Gleason
- Correspondence to: Kimberly Kegel-Gleason, Assistant Professor in Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Room 2001, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Tel.: +1 617 724 8754; E-mail:
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213
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Mitochondrial Calcium Dysregulation Contributes to Dendrite Degeneration Mediated by PD/LBD-Associated LRRK2 Mutants. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11151-11165. [PMID: 29038245 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3791-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) contribute to development of late-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD), with clinical features of motor and cognitive dysfunction indistinguishable from sporadic PD. Calcium dysregulation plays an important role in PD pathogenesis, but the mechanisms of neurodegeneration remain unclear. Recent reports indicate enhanced excitatory neurotransmission in cortical neurons expressing mutant LRRK2, which occurs before the well-characterized phenotype of dendritic shortening. As mitochondria play a major role in the rapid buffering of cytosolic calcium, we hypothesized that altered mitochondrial calcium handling contributes to dendritic retraction elicited by the LRRK2-G2019S and -R1441C mutations. In primary mouse cortical neurons, we observed increased depolarization-induced mitochondrial calcium uptake. We found that expression of mutant LRRK2 elicited transcriptional upregulation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and the mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 protein (MICU1) with no change in levels of the mitochondrial calcium antiporter NCLX. Elevated MCU and MICU1 were also observed in LRRK2-mutated patient fibroblasts, along with increased mitochondrial calcium uptake, and in postmortem brains of sporadic PD/PDD patients of both sexes. Transcriptional upregulation of MCU and MICU1 was caused by activation of the ERK1/2 (MAPK3/1) pathway. Inhibiting ERK1/2 conferred protection against mutant LRRK2-induced neurite shortening. Pharmacological inhibitors or RNAi knockdown of MCU attenuated mitochondrial calcium uptake and dendritic/neuritic shortening elicited by mutant LRRK2, whereas expression of a constitutively active mutant of NCLX that enhances calcium export from mitochondria was neuroprotective. These data suggest that an increased susceptibility to mitochondrial calcium dysregulation contributes to dendritic injury in mutant LRRK2 pathogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cognitive dysfunction and dementia are common features of Parkinson's disease (PD), causing significant disability. Mutations in LRRK2 represent the most common known genetic cause of PD. We found that PD-linked LRRK2 mutations increased dendritic and mitochondrial calcium uptake in cortical neurons and familial PD patient fibroblasts, accompanied by increased expression of the mitochondrial calcium transporter MCU. Blocking the ERK1/2-dependent upregulation of MCU conferred protection against mutant LRRK2-elicited dendrite shortening, as did inhibiting MCU-mediated calcium import. Conversely, stimulating the export of calcium from mitochondria was also neuroprotective. These results implicate increased susceptibility to mitochondrial calcium overload in LRRK2-driven neurodegeneration, and suggest possible interventions that may slow the progression of cognitive dysfunction in PD.
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Smith DK, He M, Zhang CL, Zheng JC. The therapeutic potential of cell identity reprogramming for the treatment of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:212-229. [PMID: 26844759 PMCID: PMC5848468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural cell identity reprogramming strategies aim to treat age-related neurodegenerative disorders with newly induced neurons that regenerate neural architecture and functional circuits in vivo. The isolation and neural differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells provided the first in vitro models of human neurodegenerative disease. Investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell pluripotency revealed that somatic cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and these cells could be used to model Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, and Parkinson disease. Additional neural precursor and direct transdifferentiation strategies further enabled the induction of diverse neural linages and neuron subtypes both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we highlight neural induction strategies that utilize stem cells, iPSCs, and lineage reprogramming to model or treat age-related neurodegenerative diseases, as well as, the clinical challenges related to neural transplantation and in vivo reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Family Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Neely MD, Davison CA, Aschner M, Bowman AB. From the Cover: Manganese and Rotenone-Induced Oxidative Stress Signatures Differ in iPSC-Derived Human Dopamine Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:366-379. [PMID: 28962525 PMCID: PMC5837701 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Two chemically distinct environmental stressors relevant to PD are the metal manganese and the pesticide rotenone. Both are thought to exert neurotoxicity at least in part via oxidative stress resulting from impaired mitochondrial activity. Identifying shared mechanism of action may reveal clues towards an understanding of the mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis. Here we compare the effects of manganese and rotenone in human-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived postmitotic mesencephalic dopamine neurons by assessing several different oxidative stress endpoints. Manganese, but not rotenone caused a concentration and time-dependent increase in intracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measured by quantifying the fluorescence of oxidized chloromethyl 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF) assay. In contrast, rotenone but not manganese caused an increase in cellular isoprostane levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Manganese and rotenone both caused an initial decrease in cellular reduced glutathione; however, glutathione levels remained low in neurons treated with rotenone for 24 h but recovered in manganese-exposed cells. Neurite length, a sensitive indicator of overall neuronal health was adversely affected by rotenone, but not manganese. Thus, our observations suggest that the cellular oxidative stress evoked by these 2 agents is distinct yielding unique oxidative stress signatures across outcome measures. The protective effect of rasagiline, a compound used in the clinic for PD, had negligible impact on any of oxidative stress outcome measures except a subtle significant decrease in manganese-dependent production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species detected by the DCF assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Diana Neely
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Carrie Ann Davison
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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216
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Transflammation: Innate immune signaling in nuclear reprogramming. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:133-141. [PMID: 28916494 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Induction of pluripotency in somatic cells by retroviral overexpression of four transcription factors has revolutionized the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. The efficient induction of pluripotency requires the activation of innate immune signaling in a process termed "transflammation" (Lee et al., 2012). Specifically, the stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) causes global alterations in the expression and activity of epigenetic modifiers to favor an open chromatin configuration. Activation of toll-like receptors (TLR) or RIG-1-like receptors (RLR) (Sayed et al. 2017) trigger signaling cascades that result in NFκB or IRF-3 mediated changes in epigenetic plasticity that facilitate reprogramming. Another form of nuclear reprogramming is so-called direct reprogramming or transdifferentiation of one somatic cell to another lineage. We have shown that transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts to endothelial cells also involves transflammation (Sayed et al., 2015). Recently, we also identified reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Zhou et al. 2016) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (Meng et al., 2016) as mediators of innate immune signaling in nuclear reprogramming. Innate immune signaling plays a key role in nuclear reprogramming by regulating DNA accessibility (Fig. 1). Here, we review recent progress of innate immunity signaling in nuclear reprogramming and epigenetic plasticity.
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217
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Tong G, Izquierdo P, Raashid RA. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and the Modelling of Alzheimer's Disease: The Human Brain Outside the Dish. Open Neurol J 2017; 11:27-38. [PMID: 29151989 PMCID: PMC5678240 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01711010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are a global health issue primarily in the elderly. Although AD has been investigated using primary cultures, animal models and post-mortem human brain tissues, there are currently no effective treatments. SUMMARY With the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from fully differentiated adult cells such as skin fibroblasts, newer opportunities have arisen to study the pathophysiology of many diseases in more depth. It is envisioned that iPSCs could be used as a powerful tool for neurodegenerative disease modelling and eventually be an unlimited source for cell replacement therapy. This paper provides an overview of; the contribution of iPSCs towards modeling and understanding AD pathogenesis, the novel human/mouse chimeric models in elucidating current AD pathogenesis hypotheses, the possible use of iPSCs in drug screening, and perspectives on possible future directions. KEY MESSAGES Human/mouse chimeric models using iPSCs to study AD offer much promise in better replicating AD pathology and can be further exploited to elucidate disease pathogenesis with regards to the neuroinflammation hypothesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Tong
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Arham Raashid
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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218
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Stem Cell Technology for (Epi)genetic Brain Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:443-475. [PMID: 28523560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous efforts of the scientific community over the years, effective therapeutics for many (epi)genetic brain disorders remain unidentified. The common and persistent failures to translate preclinical findings into clinical success are partially attributed to the limited efficiency of current disease models. Although animal and cellular models have substantially improved our knowledge of the pathological processes involved in these disorders, human brain research has generally been hampered by a lack of satisfactory humanized model systems. This, together with our incomplete knowledge of the multifactorial causes in the majority of these disorders, as well as a thorough understanding of associated (epi)genetic alterations, has been impeding progress in gaining more mechanistic insights from translational studies. Over the last years, however, stem cell technology has been offering an alternative approach to study and treat human brain disorders. Owing to this technology, we are now able to obtain a theoretically inexhaustible source of human neural cells and precursors in vitro that offer a platform for disease modeling and the establishment of therapeutic interventions. In addition to the potential to increase our general understanding of how (epi)genetic alterations contribute to the pathology of brain disorders, stem cells and derivatives allow for high-throughput drugs and toxicity testing, and provide a cell source for transplant therapies in regenerative medicine. In the current chapter, we will demonstrate the validity of human stem cell-based models and address the utility of other stem cell-based applications for several human brain disorders with multifactorial and (epi)genetic bases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), fragile X syndrome (FXS), Angelman syndrome (AS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and Rett syndrome (RTT).
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219
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Han KA, Shin WH, Jung S, Seol W, Seo H, Ko C, Chung KC. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 exacerbates neuronal cytotoxicity through phosphorylation of histone deacetylase 3 and histone deacetylation. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1-18. [PMID: 27798112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by slow, progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The cause of neuronal death in PD is largely unknown, but several genetic loci, including leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), have been identified. LRRK2 has guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) and kinase activities, and mutations in LRRK2 are the major cause of autosomal-dominant familial PD. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from lysine residues on histone tails, promoting transcriptional repression via condensation of chromatin. Here, we demonstrate that LRRK2 binds to and directly phosphorylates HDAC3 at Ser-424, thereby stimulating HDAC activity. Specifically, LRRK2 promoted the deacetylation of Lys-5 and Lys-12 on histone H4, causing repression of gene transcription. Moreover, LRRK2 stimulated nuclear translocation of HDAC3 via the phoshorylation of karyopherin subunit α2 and α6. HDAC3 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation were increased in response to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment. LRRK2 also inhibited myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2D activity, which is required for neuronal survival. LRRK2 ultimately promoted 6-OHDA-induced cell death via positive modulation of HDAC3. These findings suggest that LRRK2 affects epigenetic histone modification and neuronal survival by facilitating HDAC3 activity and regulating its localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Han
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeon Jung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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220
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Chen XR, Sun SC, Teng SW, Li L, Bie YF, Yu H, Li DL, Chen ZY, Wang Y. Uhrf2 deletion impairs the formation of hippocampus-dependent memory by changing the structure of the dentate gyrus. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:609-618. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Combining gene-editing techniques with induced pluripotent stem cells is both powerful and tricky.
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222
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Klein M, Onnink M, van Donkelaar M, Wolfers T, Harich B, Shi Y, Dammers J, Arias-Vásquez A, Hoogman M, Franke B. Brain imaging genetics in ADHD and beyond - Mapping pathways from gene to disorder at different levels of complexity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:115-155. [PMID: 28159610 PMCID: PMC6947924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and often persistent neurodevelopmental disorder. Beyond gene-finding, neurobiological parameters, such as brain structure, connectivity, and function, have been used to link genetic variation to ADHD symptomatology. We performed a systematic review of brain imaging genetics studies involving 62 ADHD candidate genes in childhood and adult ADHD cohorts. Fifty-one eligible research articles described studies of 13 ADHD candidate genes. Almost exclusively, single genetic variants were studied, mostly focussing on dopamine-related genes. While promising results have been reported, imaging genetics studies are thus far hampered by methodological differences in study design and analysis methodology, as well as limited sample sizes. Beyond reviewing imaging genetics studies, we also discuss the need for complementary approaches at multiple levels of biological complexity and emphasize the importance of combining and integrating findings across levels for a better understanding of biological pathways from gene to disease. These may include multi-modal imaging genetics studies, bioinformatic analyses, and functional analyses of cell and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Onnink
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Harich
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Dammers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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223
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Teotia P, Van Hook MJ, Wichman CS, Allingham RR, Hauser MA, Ahmad I. Modeling Glaucoma: Retinal Ganglion Cells Generated from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells of Patients with SIX6 Risk Allele Show Developmental Abnormalities. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2239-2252. [PMID: 28792678 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma represents a group of multifactorial diseases with a unifying pathology of progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, causing irreversible vision loss. To test the hypothesis that RGCs are intrinsically vulnerable in glaucoma, we have developed an in vitro model using the SIX6 risk allele carrying glaucoma patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for generating functional RGCs. Here, we demonstrate that the efficiency of RGC generation by SIX6 risk allele iPSCs is significantly lower than iPSCs-derived from healthy, age- and sex-matched controls. The decrease in the number of RGC generation is accompanied by repressed developmental expression of RGC regulatory genes. The SIX6 risk allele RGCs display short and simple neurites, reduced expression of guidance molecules, and immature electrophysiological signature. In addition, these cells have higher expression of glaucoma-associated genes, CDKN2A and CDKN2B, suggesting an early onset of the disease phenotype. Consistent with the developmental abnormalities, the SIX6 risk allele RGCs display global dysregulation of genes which map on developmentally relevant biological processes for RGC differentiation and signaling pathways such as mammalian target of rapamycin that integrate diverse functions for differentiation, metabolism, and survival. The results suggest that SIX6 influences different stages of RGC differentiation and their survival; therefore, alteration in SIX6 function due to the risk allele may lead to cellular and molecular abnormalities. These abnormalities, if carried into adulthood, may make RGCs vulnerable in glaucoma. Stem Cells 2017;35:2239-2252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Matthew J Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Christopher S Wichman
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - R Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Neuronal Dysfunction in iPSC-Derived Medium Spiny Neurons from Chorea-Acanthocytosis Patients Is Reversed by Src Kinase Inhibition and F-Actin Stabilization. J Neurosci 2017; 36:12027-12043. [PMID: 27881786 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0456-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a fatal neurological disorder characterized by red blood cell acanthocytes and striatal neurodegeneration. Recently, severe cell membrane disturbances based on depolymerized cortical actin and an elevated Lyn kinase activity in erythrocytes from ChAc patients were identified. How this contributes to the mechanism of neurodegeneration is still unknown. To gain insight into the pathophysiology, we established a ChAc patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell model and an efficient differentiation protocol providing a large population of human striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the main target of neurodegeneration in ChAc. Patient-derived MSNs displayed enhanced neurite outgrowth and ramification, whereas synaptic density was similar to controls. Electrophysiological analysis revealed a pathologically elevated synaptic activity in ChAc MSNs. Treatment with the F-actin stabilizer phallacidin or the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 resulted in the significant reduction of disinhibited synaptic currents to healthy control levels, suggesting a Src kinase- and actin-dependent mechanism. This was underlined by increased G/F-actin ratios and elevated Lyn kinase activity in patient-derived MSNs. These data indicate that F-actin stabilization and Src kinase inhibition represent potential therapeutic targets in ChAc that may restore neuronal function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease without a known cure. To gain pathophysiological insight, we newly established a human in vitro model using skin biopsies from ChAc patients to generate disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and developed an efficient iPSC differentiation protocol providing striatal medium spiny neurons. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, we detected a pathologically enhanced synaptic activity in ChAc neurons. Healthy control levels of synaptic activity could be restored by treatment of ChAc neurons with the F-actin stabilizer phallacidin and the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Because Src kinases are involved in bridging the membrane to the actin cytoskeleton by membrane protein phosphorylation, our data suggest an actin-dependent mechanism of this dysfunctional phenotype and potential treatment targets in ChAc.
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225
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Qing X, Walter J, Jarazo J, Arias-Fuenzalida J, Hillje AL, Schwamborn JC. CRISPR/Cas9 and piggyBac-mediated footprint-free LRRK2-G2019S knock-in reveals neuronal complexity phenotypes and α-Synuclein modulation in dopaminergic neurons. Stem Cell Res 2017; 24:44-50. [PMID: 28826027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The p.G2019S mutation of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been identified as the most prevalent genetic cause of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). The Cre-LoxP recombination system has been used to correct the LRRK2-G2019S mutation in patient derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in order to generate isogenic controls. However, the remaining LoxP site can influence gene expression. In this study, we report the generation of a footprint-free LRRK2-G2019S isogenic hiPS cell line edited with the CRISPR/Cas9 and piggyBac technologies. We observed that the percentage of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons with a total neurite length of >2000μm was significantly reduced in LRRK2-G2019S dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The average branch number in LRRK2-G2019S DA neurons was also decreased. In addition, we have shown that in vitro TH positive neurons with a total neurite length of >2000μm were positive for Serine 129 phosphorylated (S129P) alpha-Synuclein (αS) and we hypothesize that S129P-αS plays a role in the maintenance or formation of long neurites. In summary, our footprint-free LRRK2-G2019S isogenic cell lines allow standardized, genetic background independent, in vitro PD modeling and provide new insights into the role of LRRK2-G2019S and S129P-αS in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Qing
- University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jonas Walter
- University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Javier Jarazo
- University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan Arias-Fuenzalida
- University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Anna-Lena Hillje
- University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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226
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Abstract
It is extremely rare for a single experiment to be so impactful and timely that it shapes and forecasts the experiments of the next decade. Here, we review how two such experiments-the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology-have fundamentally reshaped our approach to biomedical research, stem cell biology, and human genetics. We will also highlight the previous knowledge that iPSC and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies were built on as this groundwork demonstrated the need for solutions and the benefits that these technologies provided and set the stage for their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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227
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Obergasteiger J, Überbacher C, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Corti C, Volta M. CADPS2 gene expression is oppositely regulated by LRRK2 and alpha-synuclein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28647363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2) is a member of the CAPS/CADPS protein family that plays crucial roles in synaptic vesicle dynamics. Genomic variability in the CADPS2 gene has been associated to autism spectrum disorders and Alzheimer's disease, both characterized by altered neurotransmission. Biological evidence also linked CADPS2 to Parkinson's disease (PD), as a disease-causing mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) was reported to increase CADPS2 gene and protein expression. Furthermore, restoration of CADPS2 physiologic levels was able to provide neuroprotection in patient-derived neurons, consistent with the synaptic dysfunction postulated to underlie PD. However, little is known about the influence of PD-related proteins on transcriptional regulation of critical synaptic genes such as CADPS2. Here we aimed at investigating the transcriptional effects of LRRK2 and alpha-synuclein (aSyn) on CADPS2 gene expression, using a combination of in silico analyses and cell biology techniques. First, we identified a predicted promoter in the human CADPS2 genomic sequence, which we then utilized in a luciferase-based gene reporter assay. This approach enabled us to disclose a differential effect of high levels of LRRK2 and aSyn on CADPS2 promoter activity. Specifically, CADPS2 transcriptional activity was enhanced by high cellular levels of LRRK2 and reduced by overexpression of aSyn. Consistently, CADPS2 mRNA levels were diminished in aSyn overexpressing cells. Our results indicate that LRRK2 and aSyn participate in the dysregulation of CADPS2 by altering transcription and support the hypothesis that synaptic dysfunctions, through different mechanisms, might contribute to the neuronal defects of diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Obergasteiger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christa Überbacher
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Via Böhler 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Corrado Corti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Mattia Volta
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
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228
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Jungverdorben J, Till A, Brüstle O. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based modeling of neurodegenerative diseases: a focus on autophagy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:705-718. [PMID: 28593578 PMCID: PMC5487699 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of cell reprogramming has enabled the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient skin fibroblasts or blood cells and their subsequent differentiation into tissue-specific cells, including neurons and glia. This approach can be used to recapitulate disease-specific phenotypes in classical cell culture paradigms and thus represents an invaluable asset for disease modeling and drug validation in the framework of personalized medicine. The autophagy pathway is a ubiquitous eukaryotic degradation and recycling system, which relies on lysosomal degradation of unwanted and potentially cytotoxic components. The relevance of autophagy in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is underlined by the observation that disease-linked genetic variants of susceptibility factors frequently result in dysregulation of autophagic-lysosomal pathways. In particular, disrupted autophagy is implied in the accumulation of potentially neurotoxic products such as protein aggregates and their precursors and defective turnover of dysfunctional mitochondria. Here, we review the current state of iPSC-based assessment of autophagic dysfunction in the context of neurodegenerative disease modeling. The collected data show that iPSC technology is capable to reveal even subtle alterations in subcellular homeostatic processes, which form the molecular basis for disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Jungverdorben
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.,Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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229
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Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) was first described more than 10 years ago and is currently used in various basic science and clinical research fields. The aim of this report is to examine the trends in research using iPSCs over the last 10 years. The 2006-2016 PubMed database was searched using the MeSH term "induced pluripotent stem cells." Only original research articles were selected, with a total of 3323 articles. These were classified according to research theme into reprogramming, differentiation protocols for specific cells and/or tissues, pathophysiological research on diseases, and discovery of new drugs, and then the trends over the years were analyzed. We also focused on 232 research publications on the pathophysiological causes of diseases and drug discovery with impact factor (IF; Thomson Reuters) of six or more. The IF of each article was summed up by year, by main target disease, and by country, and the total IF score was expressed as trends of research. The trends of research activities of reprogramming and differentiation on specific cells and/or tissues reached maxima in 2013/2014. On the other hand, research on pathophysiology and drug discovery increased continuously. The 232 articles with IF ≥6 dealt with neurological, immunological/hematological, cardiovascular, and digestive tract diseases, in that order. The majority of articles were published from the United States, followed by Japan, Germany, and United Kingdom. In conclusion, iPSCs have become a general tool for pathophysiological research on disease and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Negoro
- Platform of Therapeutics for Rare Disease, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hanayuki Okura
- Platform of Therapeutics for Rare Disease, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akifumi Matsuyama
- Platform of Therapeutics for Rare Disease, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
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230
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Lauschke K, Frederiksen L, Hall VJ. Paving the Way Toward Complex Blood-Brain Barrier Models Using Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:857-874. [PMID: 28398169 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A tissue with great need to be modeled in vitro is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a tight barrier that covers all blood vessels in the brain and separates the brain microenvironment from the blood system. It consists of three cell types [neurovascular unit (NVU)] that contribute to the unique tightness and selective permeability of the BBB and has been shown to be disrupted in many diseases and brain disorders, such as vascular dementia, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Given the progress that pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have made in the past two decades, it is now possible to produce many cell types from the BBB and even partially recapitulate this complex tissue in vitro. In this review, we summarize the most recent developments in PSC differentiation and modeling of the BBB. We also suggest how patient-specific human-induced PSCs could be used to model BBB dysfunction in the future. Lastly, we provide perspectives on how to improve production of the BBB in vitro, for example by improving pericyte differentiation protocols and by better modeling the NVU in the dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lauschke
- 1 National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- 2 Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lise Frederiksen
- 3 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , København N, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Jane Hall
- 4 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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231
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Lázaro DF, Pavlou MAS, Outeiro TF. Cellular models as tools for the study of the role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:162-171. [PMID: 28526239 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating conditions characterised primarily by progressive neuronal loss and impairment of the nervous system. Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common of these disorders, affecting 1-2% of the population above the age of 65. Although the underlying mechanisms of PD have been extensively studied, we still lack a full understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the disease. Thus, the in vitro and in vivo models currently used are able to only partially recapitulate the typical phenotypes of the disease. Here, we review various cell culture models currently used to study the molecular basis of PD, with a focus on alpha-synuclein-associated molecular pathologies. We also discuss how different cell models may constitute powerful tools for high-throughput screening of molecules capable of modulating alpha-synuclein toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Lázaro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Angeliki S Pavlou
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.
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232
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease which is on the rise worldwide. Despite a wealth of information, genetic factors contributing to the emergence of AD still remain incompletely understood. Sporadic AD is polygenetic in nature and is associated with various environmental risks. Epigenetic mechanisms are well-recognized in the mediation of gene environment interactions, and analysis of epigenetic changes at the genome scale can offer new insights into the relationship between brain epigenomes and AD. In fact, recent epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) indicate that changes in DNA methylation are an early event preceding clinical manifestation and are tightly associated with AD neuropathology. Further, candidate genes from EWAS interact with those from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that can undergo epigenetic changes in their upstream gene regulatory elements. Functionally, AD-associated DNA methylation changes partially influence transcription of candidate genes involved in pathways relevant to AD. The timing of epigenomic changes in AD together with the genes affected indicate a critical role, however, further mechanistic insight is required to corroborate this hypothesis. In this respect, recent advances in neuronal reprogramming of patient-derived cells combined with new genome-editing techniques offer unprecedented opportunities to dissect the functional and mechanistic role of epigenomic changes in AD.
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233
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Park JW, Yan L, Stoddard C, Wang X, Yue Z, Crandall L, Robinson T, Chang Y, Denton K, Li E, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Martins-Taylor K, Yee SP, Nie H, Gu F, Si W, Xie T, Yue L, Xu RH. Recapitulating and Correcting Marfan Syndrome in a Cellular Model. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:588-603. [PMID: 28539832 PMCID: PMC5441176 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in FBN1 gene, which encodes a key extracellular matrix protein FIBRILLIN-1. The haplosufficiency of FBN1 has been implicated in pathogenesis of MFS with manifestations primarily in cardiovascular, muscular, and ocular tissues. Due to limitations in animal models to study the late-onset diseases, human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offer a homogeneic tool for dissection of cellular and molecular pathogenic mechanism for MFS in vitro. Here, we first derived induced PSCs (iPSCs) from a MFS patient with a FBN1 mutation and corrected the mutation, thereby generating an isogenic "gain-of-function" control cells for the parental MFS iPSCs. Reversely, we knocked out FBN1 in both alleles in a wild-type (WT) human embryonic stem cell (ESC) line, which served as a loss-of-function model for MFS with the WT cells as an isogenic control. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from both FBN1-mutant iPSCs and -ESCs demonstrated reduced osteogenic differentiation and microfibril formation. We further demonstrated that vascular smooth muscle cells derived from FBN1-mutant iPSCs showed less sensitivity to carbachol as demonstrated by contractility and Ca2+ influx assay, compared to the isogenic controls cells. These findings were further supported by transcriptomic anaylsis of the cells. Therefore, this study based on both gain- and loss-of-function approaches confirmed the pathogenetic role of FBN1 mutations in these MFS-related phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Park
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Li Yan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Chris Stoddard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhichao Yue
- Agricultural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leann Crandall
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tiwanna Robinson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yuxiao Chang
- Agricultural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kyle Denton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Enqin Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhenwu Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Kristen Martins-Taylor
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Si
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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234
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Wegscheid ML, Anastasaki C, Gutmann DH. Human stem cell modeling in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Exp Neurol 2017; 299:270-280. [PMID: 28392281 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The future of precision medicine is heavily reliant on the use of human tissues to identify the key determinants that account for differences between individuals with the same disorder. This need is exemplified by the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) neurogenetic condition. As such, individuals with NF1 are born with a germline mutation in the NF1 gene, but may develop numerous distinct neurological problems, ranging from autism and attention deficit to brain and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Coupled with accurate preclinical mouse models, the availability of NF1 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides new opportunities to define the critical factors that underlie NF1-associated nervous system disease pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we discuss the generation and potential applications of iPSC technology to the study of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Wegscheid
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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235
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Marinowic DR, Majolo F, Sebben AD, Da Silva VD, Lopes TG, Paglioli E, Palmini A, Machado DC, Da Costa JC. Induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with focal cortical dysplasia and refractory epilepsy. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2049-2056. [PMID: 28260047 PMCID: PMC5364982 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is caused by numerous alterations, which can be divided into abnormalities of the cortical architecture and cytological variations; however, the exact etiology of FCD remains unknown. The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the cells of patients with neurological diseases, and their subsequent tissue‑specific differentiation, serves as an invaluable source for testing and studying the initial development and subsequent progression of diseases associated with the central nervous system. A total of 2 patients demonstrating seizures refractory to drug treatment, characterized as FCD Type IIb, were enrolled in the present study. Fibroblasts were isolated from residual skin fragments obtained from surgical treatment and from brain samples obtained during surgical resection. iPSCs were generated following exposure of fibroblasts to viral vectors containing POU class 5 homeobox 1 (OCT4), sex determining region Y‑box 2 (SOX2), Kruppel‑like factor 4 and c‑MYC genes, and were characterized by immunohistochemical staining for the pluripotent markers homeobox protein NANOG, SOX2, OCT4, TRA1‑60 and TRA1‑81. The brain samples were tested with antibodies against protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated‑AKT, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated‑mTOR. Analysis of the AKT/mTOR pathway revealed a statistically significant difference between the cerebral tissues of the two patients, which were of different ages (45 and 12 years old). Clones with the morphological features of embryonic cells were detected on the 13th day and were characterized following three subcultures. The positive staining characteristics of the embryonic cells confirmed the successful generation of iPSCs derived from the patients' fibroblasts. Therefore, the present study presents a method to obtain a useful cellular source that may help to understand embryonic brain development associated with FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Majolo
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Deise Sebben
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Duval Da Silva
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
| | - Tiago Giuliani Lopes
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Paglioli
- Epilepsy Surgery Program, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
| | - André Palmini
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
- Epilepsy Surgery Program, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
| | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa Da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610000, Brazil
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236
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LRRK2: An Emerging New Molecule in the Enteric Neuronal System That Quantitatively Regulates Neuronal Peptides and IgA in the Gut. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:903-912. [PMID: 28168579 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a recently discovered molecule associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. It regulates many central neuronal functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and axonal extension. However, in contrast to the well-documented function of LRRK2 in central neurons, it is unclear whether LRRK2 is expressed in enteric neurons and affects the physiology of the gut. AIMS By examining LRRK2-KO mice, this study investigated whether enteric neurons express LRRK2 and whether intestinal neuronal peptides and IgA are quantitatively changed. METHODS Intestinal protein lysates and sections prepared from male C57BL/6 J mice were analyzed by Western blotting and immunostaining using anti-LRRK2 antibody, respectively. Intestinal neuronal peptide-mRNAs were quantified by real-time PCR in wild-type mice and LRRK2-KO mice. Intestinal IgA was quantified by ELISA. Lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the ratio of B1 to B2 B cells. RESULTS Western analysis and immunostaining revealed that LRRK2 is expressed in enteric neurons. The amounts of mRNA for vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, and substance P were increased in LRRK2-KO mice accompanied by an increment of IgA. However, the intestinal B cell subpopulations were not altered in LRRK2-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we have revealed that LRRK2 is expressed in enteric neurons and related to quantitative alterations of neuronal peptide and IgA. Our study highlights the importance of LRRK2 in enteric neurons as well as central neurons.
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237
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Nurr1:RXRα heterodimer activation as monotherapy for Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3999-4004. [PMID: 28348207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616874114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra and the gradual depletion of dopamine (DA). Current treatments replenish the DA deficit and improve symptoms but induce dyskinesias over time, and neuroprotective therapies are nonexistent. Here we report that Nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1):Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) activation has a double therapeutic potential for PD, offering both neuroprotective and symptomatic improvement. We designed BRF110, a unique in vivo active Nurr1:RXRα-selective lead molecule, which prevents DAergic neuron demise and striatal DAergic denervation in vivo against PD-causing toxins in a Nurr1-dependent manner. BRF110 also protects against PD-related genetic mutations in patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived DAergic neurons and a genetic mouse PD model. Remarkably, besides neuroprotection, BRF110 up-regulates tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), and GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) transcription; increases striatal DA in vivo; and has symptomatic efficacy in two postneurodegeneration PD models, without inducing dyskinesias on chronic daily treatment. The combined neuroprotective and symptomatic effects of BRF110 identify Nurr1:RXRα activation as a potential monotherapeutic approach for PD.
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238
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Bassett AR. Editing the genome of hiPSC with CRISPR/Cas9: disease models. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:348-364. [PMID: 28303292 PMCID: PMC5569153 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has provided a unique opportunity to establish cellular models of disease from individual patients, and to study the effects of the underlying genetic aberrations upon multiple different cell types, many of which would not normally be accessible. Combining this with recent advances in genome editing techniques such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system has provided an ability to repair putative causative alleles in patient lines, or introduce disease alleles into a healthy “WT” cell line. This has enabled analysis of isogenic cell pairs that differ in a single genetic change, which allows a thorough assessment of the molecular and cellular phenotypes that result from this abnormality. Importantly, this establishes the true causative lesion, which is often impossible to ascertain from human genetic studies alone. These isogenic cell lines can be used not only to understand the cellular consequences of disease mutations, but also to perform high throughput genetic and pharmacological screens to both understand the underlying pathological mechanisms and to develop novel therapeutic agents to prevent or treat such diseases. In the future, optimising and developing such genetic manipulation technologies may facilitate the provision of cellular or molecular gene therapies, to intervene and ultimately cure many debilitating genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bassett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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239
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Hung SSC, Khan S, Lo CY, Hewitt AW, Wong RCB. Drug discovery using induced pluripotent stem cell models of neurodegenerative and ocular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:32-43. [PMID: 28223228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The revolution of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provides a platform for development of cell therapy, disease modeling and drug discovery. Recent technological advances now allow us to reprogram a patient's somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Together with methods to differentiate these iPSCs into disease-relevant cell types, we are now able to model disease in vitro using iPSCs. Importantly, this represents a robust in vitro platform using patient-specific cells, providing opportunity for personalized precision medicine. Here we provide a review of advances using iPSC for drug development, and discuss the potential and limitations of iPSCs for drug discovery in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases. Emerging technologies that can facilitate the search for new drugs by assessment using in vitro disease models will also be discussed, including organoid differentiation, organ-on-chip, direct reprogramming and humanized animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy S C Hung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shahnaz Khan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camden Y Lo
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Raymond C B Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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240
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Ahfeldt T, Litterman NK, Rubin LL. Studying human disease using human neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1656:40-48. [PMID: 27060768 PMCID: PMC5053850 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing patient derived cells has enormous promise for discovering new drugs for diseases of the nervous system, a goal that has been historically quite challenging. In this review, we will outline the potential of human stem cell derived neuron models for assessing therapeutics and high-throughput screening and compare to more traditional drug discovery strategies. We summarize recent successes of the approach and discuss special considerations for developing human stem cell based assays. New technologies, such as genome editing, offer improvements to help overcome the challenges that remain. Finally, human neurons derived from patient cells have advantages for translational research beyond drug screening as they can also be used to identify individual efficacy and safety prior to clinical testing and for dissecting disease mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ahfeldt
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
| | - Nadia K. Litterman
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
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241
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Sandor C, Robertson P, Lang C, Heger A, Booth H, Vowles J, Witty L, Bowden R, Hu M, Cowley SA, Wade-Martins R, Webber C. Transcriptomic profiling of purified patient-derived dopamine neurons identifies convergent perturbations and therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:552-566. [PMID: 28096185 PMCID: PMC5409122 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies enable the study of inaccessible patient cell types, cellular heterogeneity can confound the comparison of gene expression profiles between iPSC-derived cell lines. Here, we purified iPSC-derived human dopaminergic neurons (DaNs) using the intracellular marker, tyrosine hydroxylase. Once purified, the transcriptomic profiles of iPSC-derived DaNs appear remarkably similar to profiles obtained from mature post-mortem DaNs. Comparison of the profiles of purified iPSC-derived DaNs derived from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients carrying LRRK2 G2019S variants to controls identified significant functional convergence amongst differentially-expressed (DE) genes. The PD LRRK2-G2019S associated profile was positively matched with expression changes induced by the Parkinsonian neurotoxin rotenone and opposed by those induced by clioquinol, a compound with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in multiple PD models. No functional convergence amongst DE genes was observed following a similar comparison using non-purified iPSC-derived DaN-containing populations, with cellular heterogeneity appearing a greater confound than genotypic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sandor
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Robertson
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charmaine Lang
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Heger
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Program, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather Booth
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorna Witty
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michele Hu
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally A. Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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242
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Shi Y, Inoue H, Wu JC, Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: a decade of progress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:115-130. [PMID: 27980341 PMCID: PMC6416143 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 896] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology a decade ago, enormous progress has been made in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Human iPSCs have been widely used for disease modelling, drug discovery and cell therapy development. Novel pathological mechanisms have been elucidated, new drugs originating from iPSC screens are in the pipeline and the first clinical trial using human iPSC-derived products has been initiated. In particular, the combination of human iPSC technology with recent developments in gene editing and 3D organoids makes iPSC-based platforms even more powerful in each area of their application, including precision medicine. In this Review, we discuss the progress in applications of iPSC technology that are particularly relevant to drug discovery and regenerative medicine, and consider the remaining challenges and the emerging opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Shi
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive, Room G1120B, Stanford, California 94305-5454, USA
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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243
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Khurana V, Peng J, Chung CY, Auluck PK, Fanning S, Tardiff DF, Bartels T, Koeva M, Eichhorn SW, Benyamini H, Lou Y, Nutter-Upham A, Baru V, Freyzon Y, Tuncbag N, Costanzo M, San Luis BJ, Schöndorf DC, Barrasa MI, Ehsani S, Sanjana N, Zhong Q, Gasser T, Bartel DP, Vidal M, Deleidi M, Boone C, Fraenkel E, Berger B, Lindquist S. Genome-Scale Networks Link Neurodegenerative Disease Genes to α-Synuclein through Specific Molecular Pathways. Cell Syst 2017; 4:157-170.e14. [PMID: 28131822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous genes and molecular pathways are implicated in neurodegenerative proteinopathies, but their inter-relationships are poorly understood. We systematically mapped molecular pathways underlying the toxicity of alpha-synuclein (α-syn), a protein central to Parkinson's disease. Genome-wide screens in yeast identified 332 genes that impact α-syn toxicity. To "humanize" this molecular network, we developed a computational method, TransposeNet. This integrates a Steiner prize-collecting approach with homology assignment through sequence, structure, and interaction topology. TransposeNet linked α-syn to multiple parkinsonism genes and druggable targets through perturbed protein trafficking and ER quality control as well as mRNA metabolism and translation. A calcium signaling hub linked these processes to perturbed mitochondrial quality control and function, metal ion transport, transcriptional regulation, and signal transduction. Parkinsonism gene interaction profiles spatially opposed in the network (ATP13A2/PARK9 and VPS35/PARK17) were highly distinct, and network relationships for specific genes (LRRK2/PARK8, ATXN2, and EIF4G1/PARK18) were confirmed in patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. This cross-species platform connected diverse neurodegenerative genes to proteinopathy through specific mechanisms and may facilitate patient stratification for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Khurana
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Jian Peng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Department of Mathematics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chee Yeun Chung
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pavan K Auluck
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Saranna Fanning
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel F Tardiff
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Theresa Bartels
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Martina Koeva
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Hadar Benyamini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yali Lou
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andy Nutter-Upham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Valeriya Baru
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yelena Freyzon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nurcan Tuncbag
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Costanzo
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Bryan-Joseph San Luis
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - David C Schöndorf
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | | | - Sepehr Ehsani
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Neville Sanjana
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; New York Genome Center and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Quan Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - David P Bartel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marc Vidal
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Charles Boone
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; HHMI, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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244
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Role of Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors in Development, Plasticity, and Neuroprotection in Human iPSC-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1054-1067. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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245
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Truban D, Hou X, Caulfield TR, Fiesel FC, Springer W. PINK1, Parkin, and Mitochondrial Quality Control: What can we Learn about Parkinson's Disease Pathobiology? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:13-29. [PMID: 27911343 PMCID: PMC5302033 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-160989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first clinical description of Parkinson's disease (PD) will embrace its two century anniversary in 2017. For the past 30 years, mitochondrial dysfunction has been hypothesized to play a central role in the pathobiology of this devastating neurodegenerative disease. The identifications of mutations in genes encoding PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) and Parkin (E3 ubiquitin ligase) in familial PD and their functional association with mitochondrial quality control provided further support to this hypothesis. Recent research focused mainly on their key involvement in the clearance of damaged mitochondria, a process known as mitophagy. It has become evident that there are many other aspects of this complex regulated, multifaceted pathway that provides neuroprotection. As such, numerous additional factors that impact PINK1/Parkin have already been identified including genes involved in other forms of PD. A great pathogenic overlap amongst different forms of familial, environmental and even sporadic disease is emerging that potentially converges at the level of mitochondrial quality control. Tremendous efforts now seek to further detail the roles and exploit PINK1 and Parkin, their upstream regulators and downstream signaling pathways for future translation. This review summarizes the latest findings on PINK1/Parkin-directed mitochondrial quality control, its integration and cross-talk with other disease factors and pathways as well as the implications for idiopathic PD. In addition, we highlight novel avenues for the development of biomarkers and disease-modifying therapies that are based on a detailed understanding of the PINK1/Parkin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Truban
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas R. Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Fabienne C. Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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246
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Soldner F, Jaenisch R. In Vitro Modeling of Complex Neurological Diseases. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN NEUROSCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60192-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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247
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Kehler J, Greco M, Martino V, Pachiappan M, Yokoe H, Chen A, Yang M, Auerbach J, Jessee J, Gotte M, Milanesi L, Albertini A, Bellipanni G, Zucchi I, Reinbold RA, Giordano A. RNA-Generated and Gene-Edited Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Therapy. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1262-1269. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Kehler
- ITB-CNR; Segrate Milan Italy
- National Institutes of Health; NIDDK; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology; Rockville Pike Bethesda Maryland
- MTI-GlobalStem; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Gotte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Muenster University Hospital; Muenster Germany
| | | | | | - Gianfranco Bellipanni
- Department of Biology; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Biology; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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248
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Integrating Gene Correction in the Reprogramming and Transdifferentiation Processes: A One-Step Strategy to Overcome Stem Cell-Based Gene Therapy Limitations. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2725670. [PMID: 28074097 PMCID: PMC5198186 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2725670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and gene therapy tools has raised the possibility of autologous cell therapy for rare genetic diseases. However, cellular reprogramming is inefficient in certain diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi anemia, LIG4 syndrome, and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva syndrome, owing to interference of the disease-related genes. To overcome these therapeutic limitations, it is necessary to fundamentally correct the abnormal gene during or prior to the reprogramming process. In addition, as genetic etiology of Parkinson's disease, it has been well known that induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) were progressively depleted by LRRK2 gene mutation, LRRK2 (G2019S). Thus, to maintain the induced NSCs directly derived from PD patient cells harboring LRRK2 (G2019S), it would be ideal to simultaneously treat the LRRK2 (G2019S) fibroblast during the process of TD. Therefore, simultaneous reprogramming (or TD) and gene therapy would provide the solution for therapeutic limitation caused by vulnerability of reprogramming or TD, in addition to being suitable for general application to the generation of autologous cell-therapy products for patients with genetic defects, thereby obviating the need for the arduous processes currently required.
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249
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Azkona G, López de Maturana R, Del Rio P, Sousa A, Vazquez N, Zubiarrain A, Jimenez-Blasco D, Bolaños JP, Morales B, Auburger G, Arbelo JM, Sánchez-Pernaute R. LRRK2 Expression Is Deregulated in Fibroblasts and Neurons from Parkinson Patients with Mutations in PINK1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:506-516. [PMID: 27975167 PMCID: PMC5808058 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 (PARK6), a serine/threonine kinase involved in mitochondrial homeostasis, are associated with early onset Parkinson’s disease. Fibroblasts from Parkinson’s disease patients with compound heterozygous mutations in exon 7 (c.1488 + 1G > A; c.1252_1488del) showed no apparent signs of mitochondrial impairment. To elucidate changes primarily caused by lack of functional PINK1, we over-expressed wild-type PINK1, which induced a significant downregulation of LRRK2 (PARK8). Indeed, we found that LRRK2 protein basal levels were significantly higher in the mutant PINK1 fibroblasts. To examine the interaction between the two PARK genes in a disease-relevant cell context, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from mutant, carrier and control fibroblasts by lentiviral-mediated re-programming. Efficiency of neural induction and dopamine differentiation using a floor-plate induction protocol was similar in all genotypes. As observed in fibroblasts, PINK1 mutant neurons showed increased LRRK2 expression both at the RNA and protein level and transient over-expression of wild-type PINK1 efficiently downregulated LRRK2 levels. Additionally, we confirmed a dysregulation of LRRK2 expression in fibroblasts from patients with a different homozygous mutation in PINK1 exon 4, c.926G > A (G309D). Thus, our results identify a novel role of PINK1 modulating the levels of LRRK2 in Parkinson’s disease fibroblasts and neurons, suggest a convergent pathway for these PARK genes, and broaden the role of LRRK2 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garikoitz Azkona
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi, 81, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain.,Animal Model Unit, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain.,Animal Research Facility, Scientific and Technological Centers, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rakel López de Maturana
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi, 81, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Patricia Del Rio
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi, 81, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Amaya Sousa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi, 81, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nerea Vazquez
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi, 81, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Amaia Zubiarrain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi, 81, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniel Jimenez-Blasco
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Blas Morales
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - José Matias Arbelo
- Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Rosario Sánchez-Pernaute
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi, 81, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain. .,Andalusian Initiative for Advanced Therapies, Junta de Andalucia, Sevilla, Spain.
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250
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Roosen DA, Cookson MR. LRRK2 at the interface of autophagosomes, endosomes and lysosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:73. [PMID: 27927216 PMCID: PMC5142374 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, substantial progress has been made in identifying the underlying genetics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Of the known genes, LRRK2 is a major genetic contributor to PD. However, the exact function of LRRK2 remains to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss how familial forms of PD have led us to hypothesize that alterations in endomembrane trafficking play a role in the pathobiology of PD. We will discuss the major observations that have been made to elucidate the role of LRRK2 in particular, including LRRK2 animal models and high-throughput proteomics approaches. Taken together, these studies strongly support a role of LRRK2 in vesicular dynamics. We also propose that targeting these pathways may not only be beneficial for developing therapeutics for LRRK2-driven PD, but also for other familial and sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Roosen
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
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