201
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Liu QN, Lin KZ, Yang LN, Dai LS, Wang L, Sun Y, Qian C, Wei GQ, Liu DR, Zhu BJ, Liu CL. Molecular characterization of an Apolipophorin-III gene from the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 88:155-167. [PMID: 25348706 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Apolipophorin-III (ApoLp-III) acts in lipid transport, lipoprotein metabolism, and innate immunity in insects. In this study, an ApoLp-III gene of Antheraea pernyi pupae (Ap-ApoLp-III) was isolated and characterized. The full-length cDNA of Ap-ApoLp-III is 687 bp, including a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 40 bp, 3'-UTR of 86 bp and an open reading frame of 561 bp encoding a polypeptide of 186 amino acids that contains an Apolipophorin-III precursor domain (PF07464). The deduced Ap-apoLp-III protein sequence has 68, 59, and 23% identity with its orthologs of Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, and Aedes aegypti, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Ap-apoLp-III was close to that of Bombycoidea. qPCR analysis revealed that Ap-ApoLp-III expressed during the four developmental stages and in integument, fat body, and ovaries. After six types of microorganism infections, expression levels of the Ap-ApoLp-III gene were upregulated significantly at different time points compared with control. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ap-ApoLp-III showed that the expression of Ap-ApoLp-III was significantly downregulated using qPCR after injection of E. coli. We infer that the Ap-ApoLp-III gene acts in the innate immunity of A. pernyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ning Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R.China
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202
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Zhang L, Sakamoto W. Possible function of VIPP1 in maintaining chloroplast membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:831-7. [PMID: 25725437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A protein designated as VIPP1 is found widely in organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis, but its precise role in chloroplasts has remained somewhat mysterious. Based on its structural similarity, it presumably has evolved from bacterial Phage shock protein A (PspA) with a C-terminal extension of approximately 40 amino acids. Both VIPP1 and PspA are membrane-associated despite the lack of transmembrane helices. They form an extremely large homo-complex that consists of an oligomeric ring unit. Although PspA is known to respond to membrane stress and although it acts in maintaining proton motive force through membrane repair, the multiple function of VIPP1, such as vesicle budding from inner envelope to deliver lipids to thylakoids, maintenance of photosynthetic complexes in thylakoid membranes, biogenesis of Photosystem I, and protective role of inner envelope against osmotic stress, has been proposed. Whatever its precise function in chloroplasts, it is an important protein because depletion of VIPP1 in mutants severely affects photoautotrophic growth. Recent reports of the relevant literature describe that VIPP1 becomes highly mobile when chloroplasts receive hypotonic stress, and that VIPP1 is tightly bound to lipids, which implies a crucial role of VIPP1 in membrane repair through lipid transfer. This review presents a summary of our current knowledge related to VIPP1, particularly addressing the dynamic behavior of complexes against stress and its property of lipid binding. Those data altogether suggest that VIPP1 acts a priori in chloroplast membrane maintenance through its activity to transfer lipids rather than in thylakoid formation through vesicles. This article is part of a Special Issue titled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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203
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Kern S, Mehlig K, Kern J, Zetterberg H, Thelle D, Skoog I, Lissner L, Blennow K, Börjesson-Hanson A. The distribution of apolipoprotein E genotype over the adult lifespan and in relation to country of birth. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 181:214-7. [PMID: 25609095 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kirsten Mehlig
- Public Health Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Thelle
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Public Health Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anne Börjesson-Hanson
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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204
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Al-Meghaiseeb ES, Al-Otaibi MM, Al-Robayan A, Al-Amro R, Al-Malki AS, Arfin M, Al-Asmari AK. Genetic association of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:897-904. [PMID: 25624723 PMCID: PMC4299342 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i3.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the association of apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms with the susceptibility of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Saudi patients.
METHODS: APOE genotyping was performed to evaluate the allele and genotype frequencies in 378 Saudi subjects including IBD patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 84) or Crohn’s disease (n = 94) and matched controls (n = 200) using polymerase chain reaction and reverse-hybridization techniques.
RESULTS: The frequencies of the APOE ε2 allele and ε2/ε3 and ε2/ε4 genotypes were significantly higher in IBD patients than in controls (P < 0.05), suggesting that the ε2 allele and its heterozygous genotypes may increase the susceptibility to IBD. On the contrary, the frequencies of the ε3 allele and ε3/ε3 genotype were lower in IBD patients as compared to controls, suggesting a protective effect of APOE ε3 for IBD. The prevalence of the ε4 allele was also higher in the patient group compared to controls, suggesting that the ε4 allele may also increase the risk of IBD. Our results also indicated that the APOE ε4 allele was associated with an early age of IBD onset. No effect of gender or type of IBD (familial or sporadic) on the frequency distribution of APOE alleles and genotypes was noticed in this study.
CONCLUSION: APOE polymorphism is associated with risk of developing IBD and early age of onset in Saudi patients, though further studies with a large-size population are warranted.
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205
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Cahua-Pablo G, Cruz M, Moral-Hernández OD, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Antúnez-Ortiz DL, Cahua-Pablo JA, Alarcón-Romero LDC, Ortuño-Pineda C, Moreno-Godínez ME, Hernández-Sotelo D, Flores-Alfaro E. Elevated Levels of LDL-C are Associated With ApoE4 but Not With the rs688 Polymorphism in the LDLR Gene. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2015; 22:465-70. [PMID: 25601895 DOI: 10.1177/1076029614568714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) 4 isoform has been associated with elevated levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TGs), meanwhile several polymorphisms in the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene have been associated with increased levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 400 women from Southwest Mexico. Anthropometric features and biochemical profile were evaluated, and genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs429358 and rs7412 in the APOE gene and rs688 in the LDLR gene was determined by TaqMan assays. RESULTS We found significant association between LDL-C (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9-5.7) and marginal association with TG (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-2.9) of atherogenic risk in women carriers of the ApoE4 isoform compared to ApoE3. The TT genotype of rs688 in the LDLR gene was not found to be associated with elevated levels of total cholesterol or LDL-C. CONCLUSION Our results show that carrier women of the ApoE4 isoform are more likely to have elevated levels of LDL-C and therefore increased risk of developing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cahua-Pablo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Biochemistry Medical Research Unit, Specialties Hospital, Medical Center Century XXI, Mexican Institute of Social Security, México, Distrito Federal
| | - Oscar Del Moral-Hernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Marco A Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Diana L Antúnez-Ortiz
- Biochemistry Medical Research Unit, Specialties Hospital, Medical Center Century XXI, Mexican Institute of Social Security, México, Distrito Federal
| | - José A Cahua-Pablo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Ma Elena Moreno-Godínez
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Daniel Hernández-Sotelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, UA of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico
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206
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Lee SL, Thomas P, Fenech M. Genome instability biomarkers and blood micronutrient risk profiles associated with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Mutat Res 2015; 776:54-83. [PMID: 26364206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Successful maintenance of metabolic systems relating to accurate DNA replication and repair is critical for optimal lifelong human health. Should this homeostatic balance become impaired, genomic instability events can arise, compromising the integrity of the genome, which may result in gene expression and human disease. Both genome instability and micronutrient imbalance have been identified and implicated in diseases associated with accelerated ageing which potentially leads to an increased risk for the future development of clinically defined neurodegenerative disorders. Cognitive decline leading to the clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been shown to predict an increased risk in later life of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Knowledge on the impact of dietary factors in relation to MCI and AD risk is improving but incomplete; in particular the role of nutrient combinations (i.e. nutriomes) has not been thoroughly investigated. Currently, there is a need for preventative strategies as well as the identification of robust and reproducible diagnostic biomarkers that will allow identification of those individuals with increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Growing evidence suggests cells originating from different somatic tissues derived from individuals that have been clinically diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders exhibit elevated frequencies of DNA damage compared to tissues of cognitively normal individuals which could be due to malnutrition. The objective of this review is to discuss current evidence and identify knowledge gaps relating to genome instability biomarkers and blood micronutrient profiles from human studies of MCI and AD that may be specific to and contribute to the increased risk of these diseases. This is a vital step in order to create research strategies for the future development of diagnostics that are indicative of dementia risk and to inform preventative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau Lai Lee
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Animal, Food, and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Philip Thomas
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Animal, Food, and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Animal, Food, and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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207
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Kontush A, Lindahl M, Lhomme M, Calabresi L, Chapman MJ, Davidson WS. Structure of HDL: particle subclasses and molecular components. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:3-51. [PMID: 25522985 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A molecular understanding of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) will allow a more complete grasp of its interactions with key plasma remodelling factors and with cell-surface proteins that mediate HDL assembly and clearance. However, these particles are notoriously heterogeneous in terms of almost every physical, chemical and biological property. Furthermore, HDL particles have not lent themselves to high-resolution structural study through mainstream techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography; investigators have therefore had to use a series of lower resolution methods to derive a general structural understanding of these enigmatic particles. This chapter reviews current knowledge of the composition, structure and heterogeneity of human plasma HDL. The multifaceted composition of the HDL proteome, the multiple major protein isoforms involving translational and posttranslational modifications, the rapidly expanding knowledge of the HDL lipidome, the highly complex world of HDL subclasses and putative models of HDL particle structure are extensively discussed. A brief history of structural studies of both plasma-derived and recombinant forms of HDL is presented with a focus on detailed structural models that have been derived from a range of techniques spanning mass spectrometry to molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France,
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208
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Lipids in Amyloid-β Processing, Aggregation, and Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 855:67-94. [PMID: 26149926 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17344-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is the major event underlying neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specific lipids and their homeostasis play important roles in this and other neurodegenerative disorders. The complex interplay between the lipids and the generation, clearance or deposition of Aβ has been intensively investigated and is reviewed in this chapter. Membrane lipids can have an important influence on the biogenesis of Aβ from its precursor protein. In particular, increased cholesterol in the plasma membrane augments Aβ generation and shows a strong positive correlation with AD progression. Furthermore, apolipoprotein E, which transports cholesterol in the cerebrospinal fluid and is known to interact with Aβ or compete with it for the lipoprotein receptor binding, significantly influences Aβ clearance in an isoform-specific manner and is the major genetic risk factor for AD. Aβ is an amphiphilic peptide that interacts with various lipids, proteins and their assemblies, which can lead to variation in Aβ aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Upon interaction with the lipid raft components, such as cholesterol, gangliosides and phospholipids, Aβ can aggregate on the cell membrane and thereby disrupt it, perhaps by forming channel-like pores. This leads to perturbed cellular calcium homeostasis, suggesting that Aβ-lipid interactions at the cell membrane probably trigger the neurotoxic cascade in AD. Here, we overview the roles of specific lipids, lipid assemblies and apolipoprotein E in Aβ processing, clearance and aggregation, and discuss the contribution of these factors to the neurotoxicity in AD.
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209
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Dang TM, Conway V, Plourde M. Disrupted fatty acid distribution in HDL and LDL according to apolipoprotein E allele. Nutrition 2014; 31:807-12. [PMID: 25933487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) metabolism seems to be disrupted in carriers of the epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (E4+). The objective of this study was to investigate whether the ω-3 PUFA distribution in the high and low density lipoproteins is APOE-genotype dependant before and after supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs. METHODS Eighty participants, aged between 20 and 35 y old were recruited and supplemented with 900 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid plus 680 mg of docosahexaenoic acid for 4 wk. Over the 4-wk intervention, blood samples were collected and HDL and LDL particles were obtained using sucrose gradient ultracentifugation. Fatty acid profiles of the HDL and LDL fractions were performed by gas chromatography. RESULTS Baseline anthropometric characteristics of participants were not significantly different between the two APOE-groups (E4+, N = 10; E4-, N = 70). At baseline, in the LDL of E4+ subjects, the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio was 17% higher than E4- subjects. At week 4, the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio was significantly higher in the LDL of E4+ than E4- subjects. There was a significant genotype × time interaction for 16:0 in HDL and LDL and for 18:2 ω-6 in HDL. DHA in the HDL was positively correlated to HDL-C levels pre- and postsupplementation in E4- only. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to what we anticipated, ω-3 PUFAs content? in HDL and LDL were not APOE isoform-dependant in young participants. However, young E4+ participants already had a tendency toward lower baseline-DHA levels in LDL particles as well as a more atherogenic ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio in LDL pre- and post-supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Mai Dang
- Department of Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Valérie Conway
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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210
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Frieden C. ApoE: the role of conserved residues in defining function. Protein Sci 2014; 24:138-44. [PMID: 25377861 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of apolipoprotein E (apoE) from 63 different mammalian species have been downloaded from the protein database. The sequences were compared to human apoE4 to determine conserved and non-conserved sequences of amino acids. ApoE4 is the major risk factor for the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease while apoE3, which differs from apoE4 by a single amino acid change at position 112, poses little or no risk for the development of this disease. Thus, the two proteins appear to be structurally and functionally different. Seven highly conserved regions, representing approximately 47 amino acids (of 299) have been found. These regions are distributed throughout the protein and reflect ligand binding sites as well as regions proposed to be involved in the propagation of the cysteine-arginine change at position 112 to distant regions of the protein in the N- and C-terminal domains. Highly non-conserved regions are at the N- and C-terminal ends of the apoE protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
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211
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McFall GP, Wiebe SA, Vergote D, Westaway D, Jhamandas J, Bäckman L, Dixon RA. ApoE and pulse pressure interactively influence level and change in the aging of episodic memory: Protective effects among ε2 carriers. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:388-401. [PMID: 25436424 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested independent and interactive effects of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and pulse pressure (PP) concurrently and longitudinally across 9 years (3 waves) of episodic (EM) and semantic memory (SM) data from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. METHOD We assembled a sample of older adults (n = 570, baseline M age = 71, age range = 53-95) and used latent growth modeling to test 4 research goals. RESULTS First, the best fitting memory model was 2 single latent variables for EM and SM, each exhibiting configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance. This model was analyzed as a parallel process model. Second, baseline level of PP predicted EM performance at centering age (75) and rate of 9-year EM change. Third, we observed no main effects of ApoE on EM or SM. Fourth, EM was affected by higher PP but differentially less so for carriers of the ApoE ε2 allele than the ε3 or ε4 alleles. CONCLUSIONS PP is confirmed as a risk factor for concurrent and changing cognitive health in aging, but the effects operate differently across risk and protective allelic distribution of the ApoE gene.
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212
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Reverte I, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Neurodevelopmental effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in APOE transgenic mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 46:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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213
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Garai K, Verghese PB, Baban B, Holtzman DM, Frieden C. The binding of apolipoprotein E to oligomers and fibrils of amyloid-β alters the kinetics of amyloid aggregation. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6323-31. [PMID: 25207746 PMCID: PMC4196732 DOI: 10.1021/bi5008172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ)
in Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is strongly correlated with the APOE genotype. However, the role of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in Aβ
aggregation has remained unclear. Here we have used different apoE
preparations, such as recombinant protein or protein isolated from
cultured astrocytes, to examine the effect of apoE on the aggregation
of both Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42. The kinetics of aggregation, measured by the loss of fluorescence
of tetramethylrhodamine-labeled Aβ, is shown to be dramatically
slowed by the presence of substoichiometric concentrations of apoE.
Using these concentrations, we conclude that apoE binds primarily
to and affects the growth of oligomers that lead to the nuclei required
for fibril growth. At higher apoE concentrations, the protein also
binds to Aβ fibrils, resulting in fibril stabilization and a
slower rate of fibril growth. The aggregation of Aβ1–40 is dependent on the apoE isoform, being the most dramatic for apoE4
and less so for apoE3 and apoE2. Our results indicate that the detrimental
role of apoE4 in AD could be related to apoE-induced stabilization
of the soluble but cytotoxic oligomeric forms and intermediates of
Aβ, as well as fibril stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Garai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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214
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Nguyen D, Dhanasekaran P, Nickel M, Mizuguchi C, Watanabe M, Saito H, Phillips MC, Lund-Katz S. Influence of domain stability on the properties of human apolipoprotein E3 and E4 and mouse apolipoprotein E. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4025-33. [PMID: 24871385 PMCID: PMC4071092 DOI: 10.1021/bi500340z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The human apolipoprotein (apo) E4
isoform, which differs from wild-type
apoE3 by the single amino acid substitution C112R, is associated with
elevated risk of cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases, but
the molecular basis for this variation between isoforms is not understood.
Human apoE is a two-domain protein comprising an N-terminal helix
bundle and a separately folded C-terminal region. Here, we examine
the concept that the ability of the protein to bind to lipid surfaces
is influenced by the stability (or readiness to unfold) of these domains.
The lipid-free structures and abilities to bind to lipid and lipoprotein
particles of a series of human and mouse apoE variants with varying
domain stabilities and domain–domain interactions are compared.
As assessed by urea denaturation, the two domains are more unstable
in apoE4 than in apoE3. To distinguish the contributions of the destabilization
of each domain to the greater lipid-binding ability of apoE4, the
properties of the apoE4 R61T and E255A variants, which have the same
helix bundle stabilities but altered C-terminal domain stabilities,
are compared. In these cases, the effects on lipid-binding properties
are relatively minor, indicating that the destabilization of the helix
bundle domain is primarily responsible for the enhanced lipid-binding
ability of apoE4. Unlike human apoE, mouse apoE behaves essentially
as a single domain, and its lipid-binding characteristics are more
similar to those of apoE4. Together, the results show that the overall
stability of the entire apoE molecule exerts a major influence on
its lipid- and lipoprotein-binding properties.
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215
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Conway V, Allard MJ, Minihane AM, Jackson KG, Lovegrove JA, Plourde M. Postprandial enrichment of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins with omega-3 fatty acids: lack of an interaction with apolipoprotein E genotype? Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:148. [PMID: 25227179 PMCID: PMC4177609 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that carrying the apolipoprotein (apo) E epsilon 4 (E4+) genotype disrupts omega-3 fatty acids (n - 3 PUFA) metabolism. Here we hypothesise that the postprandial clearance of n - 3 PUFA from the circulation is faster in E4+ compared to non-carriers (E4-). The objective of the study was to investigate the fasted and postprandial fatty acid (FA) profile of triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions: Sf >400 (predominately chylomicron CM), Sf 60 - 400 (VLDL1), and Sf 20 - 60 (VLDL2) according to APOE genotype. METHODS Postprandial TRL fractions were obtained in 11 E4+ (ϵ3/ϵ4) and 12 E4- (ϵ3/ϵ3) male from the SATgenϵ study following high saturated fat diet + 3.45 g/d of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 8-wk. Blood samples were taken at fasting and 5-h after consuming a test-meal representative of the dietary intervention. FA were characterized by gas chromatography. RESULTS At fasting, there was a 2-fold higher ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to arachidonic acid (P = 0.046) as well as a trend towards higher relative% of EPA (P = 0.063) in the Sf >400 fraction of E4+. Total n - 3 PUFA in the Sf 60 - 400 and Sf 20 - 60 fractions were not APOE genotype dependant. At 5 h, there was a trend towards a time × genotype interaction (P = 0.081) for EPA in the Sf >400 fraction. When sub-groups were form based on the level of EPA at baseline within the Sf >400 fraction, postprandial EPA (%) was significantly reduced only in the high-EPA group. EPA at baseline significantly predicted the postprandial response in EPA only in E4+ subjects (R2 = 0.816). CONCLUSION Despite the DHA supplement contain very low levels of EPA, E4+ subjects with high EPA at fasting potentially have disrupted postprandial n - 3 PUFA metabolism after receiving a high-dose of DHA. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01544855.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mélanie Plourde
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada.
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216
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Tamaru M, Akita H, Nakatani T, Kajimoto K, Sato Y, Hatakeyama H, Harashima H. Application of apolipoprotein E-modified liposomal nanoparticles as a carrier for delivering DNA and nucleic acid in the brain. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4267-76. [PMID: 25228805 PMCID: PMC4162633 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s65402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative drug delivery technology is urgently needed to satisfy unmet medical needs in treating various brain disorders. As a fundamental carrier for plasmid DNA or nucleic acids, we developed a liposomal nanoparticle (multifunctional envelope-type nano device [MEND]) containing a proton-ionizable amino lipid (YSK-MEND). Here we report on the impact of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modification on the function of YSK-MEND in terms of targeting brain cells. The cellular uptake and function of YSK-MEND encapsulating short interference RNA or plasmid DNA were significantly improved as a result of ApoE modification in mouse neuron-derived cell lines (Neuro-2a and CAD). Intracerebroventricular administration of ApoE-modified YSK-MEND (ApoE/YSK-MEND) encapsulating plasmid DNA also resulted in higher transgene expression in comparison with YSK-MEND that was not modified with ApoE. Moreover, observation of fluorescence-labeled ApoE/YSK-MEND and expression of mCherry (fluorescence protein) derived from plasmid DNA indicated that this carrier might be useful for delivering and conferring transgene expression in neural stem cells and/or neural progenitor cells. Thus, this system may be a useful tool for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Tamaru
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taichi Nakatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kajimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hatakeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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217
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Apolipoprotein E likely contributes to a maturation step of infectious hepatitis C virus particles and interacts with viral envelope glycoproteins. J Virol 2014; 88:12422-37. [PMID: 25122793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01660-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The assembly of infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles is tightly linked to components of the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) pathway. We and others have shown that apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays a major role in production of infectious HCV particles. However, the mechanism by which ApoE contributes to virion assembly/release and how it gets associated with the HCV particle is poorly understood. We found that knockdown of ApoE reduces titers of infectious intra- and extracellular HCV but not of the related dengue virus. ApoE depletion also reduced amounts of extracellular HCV core protein without affecting intracellular core amounts. Moreover, we found that ApoE depletion affected neither formation of nucleocapsids nor their envelopment, suggesting that ApoE acts at a late step of assembly, such as particle maturation and infectivity. Importantly, we demonstrate that ApoE interacts with the HCV envelope glycoproteins, most notably E2. This interaction did not require any other viral proteins and depended on the transmembrane domain of E2 that also was required for recruitment of HCV envelope glycoproteins to detergent-resistant membrane fractions. These results suggest that ApoE plays an important role in HCV particle maturation, presumably by direct interaction with viral envelope glycoproteins. IMPORTANCE The HCV replication cycle is tightly linked to host cell lipid pathways and components. This is best illustrated by the dependency of HCV assembly on lipid droplets and the VLDL component ApoE. Although the role of ApoE for production of infectious HCV particles is well established, it is still poorly understood how ApoE contributes to virion formation and how it gets associated with HCV particles. Here, we provide experimental evidence that ApoE likely is required for an intracellular maturation step of HCV particles. Moreover, we demonstrate that ApoE associates with the viral envelope glycoproteins. This interaction appears to be dispensable for envelopment of virus particles but likely contributes to the quality control of secreted infectious virions. These results shed new light on the exploitation of host cell lipid pathways by HCV and the link of viral particle assembly to the VLDL component ApoE.
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218
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DeAngelis AM, Roy-O'Reilly M, Rodriguez A. Genetic alterations affecting cholesterol metabolism and human fertility. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:117. [PMID: 25122065 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.119883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent genetic variations among individuals in a population. In medicine, these small variations in the DNA sequence may significantly impact an individual's response to certain drugs or influence the risk of developing certain diseases. In the field of reproductive medicine, a significant amount of research has been devoted to identifying polymorphisms which may impact steroidogenesis and fertility. This review discusses current understanding of the effects of genetic variations in cholesterol metabolic pathways on human fertility that bridge novel linkages between cholesterol metabolism and reproductive health. For example, the role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in cellular metabolism and human reproduction has been well studied, whereas there is now an emerging body of research on the role of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in human lipid metabolism and female reproduction. Identifying and understanding how polymorphisms in the SCARB1 gene or other genes related to lipid metabolism impact human physiology is essential and will play a major role in the development of personalized medicine for improved diagnosis and treatment of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annabelle Rodriguez
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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219
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invades the brain early during infection and generates a chronic inflammatory microenvironment that can eventually result in neurological disease, even in the absence of significant viral replication. Thus, HIV-1 infection of the brain has been characterized both as a neuroimmunological and neurodegenerative disorder. While the brain and central nervous system (CNS) have historically been regarded as immune privileged or immunologically quiescent, newer concepts of CNS immunity suggest an important if not defining role for innate immune responses generated by glial cells. Innate immunity may be the first line of defense against HIV infection of the brain and CNS, with multiple cellular elements providing responses that can be anti-viral and neuroprotective, but also potentially neurotoxic, impairing neurogenesis and promoting neuronal apoptosis. To investigate the effects of HIV exposure on neurogenesis and neuronal survival, we have studied the responses of human neuroepithelial progenitor (NEP) cells, which undergo directed differentiation into astrocytes and neurons in vitro. We identified a group of genes that were differentially expressed in NEP-derived cells during virus exposure. This included genes that are strongly related to interferon-induced responses and antigen presentation. Moreover, we observed that the host factor apolipoprotein E influences the innate immune response expressed by these cells, with a more robust response in the apolipoprotein E3/E3 genotype cultures compared to the apolipoprotein E3/E4 counterparts. Thus, neuroepithelial progenitors and their differentiated progeny recognize HIV and respond to it by mounting an innate immune response with a vigor that is influenced by the host factor apolipoprotein E.
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220
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Villeneuve S, Brisson D, Marchant NL, Gaudet D. The potential applications of Apolipoprotein E in personalized medicine. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:154. [PMID: 25071563 PMCID: PMC4085650 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine uses various individual characteristics to guide medical decisions. Apolipoprotein (ApoE), the most studied polymorphism in humans, has been associated with several diseases. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the potential role of ApoE polymorphisms in personalized medicine, with a specific focus on neurodegenerative diseases, by giving an overview of its influence on disease risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. This review is not a systematic inventory of the literature, but rather a summary and discussion of novel, influential and promising works in the field of ApoE research that could be valuable for personalized medicine. Empirical evidence suggests that ApoE genotype informs pre-symptomatic risk for a wide variety of diseases, is valuable for the diagnosis of type III dysbetalipoproteinemia, increases risk of dementia in neurodegenerative diseases, and is associated with a poor prognosis following acute brain damage. ApoE status appears to influence the efficacy of certain drugs, outcome of clinical trials, and might also give insight into disease prevention. Assessing ApoE genotype might therefore help to guide medical decisions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Villeneuve
- Department of Medicine, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Université de Montréal Chicoutimi, QC, Canada ; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Diane Brisson
- Department of Medicine, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Université de Montréal Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Natalie L Marchant
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London London, UK
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- Department of Medicine, ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Université de Montréal Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
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221
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Gale SC, Gao L, Mikacenic C, Coyle SM, Rafaels N, Murray Dudenkov T, Madenspacher JH, Draper DW, Ge W, Aloor JJ, Azzam KM, Lai L, Blackshear PJ, Calvano SE, Barnes KC, Lowry SF, Corbett S, Wurfel MM, Fessler MB. APOε4 is associated with enhanced in vivo innate immune responses in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:127-34. [PMID: 24655576 PMCID: PMC4125509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic determinants of the human innate immune response are poorly understood. Apolipoprotein (Apo) E, a lipid-trafficking protein that affects inflammation, has well-described wild-type (ε3) and disease-associated (ε2 and ε4) alleles, but its connection to human innate immunity is undefined. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the relationship of APOε4 to the human innate immune response. METHODS We evaluated APOε4 in several functional models of the human innate immune response, including intravenous LPS challenge in human subjects, and assessed APOε4 association to organ injury in patients with severe sepsis, a disease driven by dysregulated innate immunity. RESULTS Whole blood from healthy APOε3/APOε4 volunteers induced higher cytokine levels on ex vivo stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, or TLR5 ligands than blood from APOε3/APOε3 patients, whereas TLR7/8 responses were similar. This was associated with increased lipid rafts in APOε3/APOε4 monocytes. By contrast, APOε3/APOε3 and APOε3/APOε4 serum neutralized LPS equivalently and supported similar LPS responses in Apoe-deficient macrophages, arguing against a differential role for secretory APOE4 protein. After intravenous LPS, APOε3/APOε4 patients had higher hyperthermia and plasma TNF-α levels and earlier plasma IL-6 than APOε3/APOε3 patients. APOE4-targeted replacement mice displayed enhanced hypothermia, plasma cytokines, and hepatic injury and altered splenic lymphocyte apoptosis after systemic LPS compared with APOE3 counterparts. In a cohort of 828 patients with severe sepsis, APOε4 was associated with increased coagulation system failure among European American patients. CONCLUSIONS APOε4 is a determinant of the human innate immune response to multiple TLR ligands and associates with altered patterns of organ injury in human sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Gale
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | | | - Susette M Coyle
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | | | - Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - David W Draper
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - William Ge
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Jim J Aloor
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kathleen M Azzam
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Lihua Lai
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Perry J Blackshear
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Steven E Calvano
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Stephen F Lowry
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Siobhan Corbett
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Mark M Wurfel
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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O'Callaghan P, Noborn F, Sehlin D, Li JP, Lannfelt L, Lindahl U, Zhang X. Apolipoprotein E increases cell association of amyloid-β 40 through heparan sulfate and LRP1 dependent pathways. Amyloid 2014; 21:76-87. [PMID: 24491019 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2013.879643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with specific apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms appears to relate to altered amyloid-β (Aβ) homeostasis. Clearance of Aβ from the brain is reduced in the presence of the AD-associated ApoE4 isoform, which may contribute to the accumulation of Aβ deposits in the parenchyma and vasculature. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), both established ApoE receptors, are involved in Aβ uptake, with LRP1 additionally implicated in Aβ transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we detected the co-distribution of heparan sulfate (HS), ApoE and LRP1 in Aβ(1-40)-positive brain microvessels from individuals with Down's syndrome diagnosed with AD. In addition, ApoE was pulled-down from AD cerebrospinal fluid with anti-Aβ antibodies. Using Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in HS or LRP1, we found that ApoE increases cell association of Aβ in a HSPG- and LRP1-dependent manner; and further, ApoE processing is altered in the absence of cellular HS. These interactions may facilitate Aβ clearance from the brain, but if overwhelmed could contribute to Aβ accumulation and the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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223
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Kim SH, Kothari S, Patel AB, Bielicki JK, Narayanaswami V. A pyrene based fluorescence approach to study conformation of apolipoprotein E3 in macrophage-generated nascent high density lipoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:124-8. [PMID: 24866239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) is an anti-atherogenic apolipoprotein with the ability to exist in lipid-free and lipoprotein-associated states. During atherosclerosis, its function in promoting cholesterol efflux from macrophages via the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) takes a prominent role, leading to generation of nascent high density lipoprotein (nHDL) particles. The objective of this study is to understand the conformation adopted by apoE3 in macrophage-generated nHDL using a fluorescence spectroscopic approach involving pyrene. Pyrene-labeled recombinant human apoE3 displayed a robust ability to stimulate ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded J774 macrophages (which do not express apoE), comparable to that elicited by unlabeled apoE3. The nHDL recovered from the conditioned medium revealed the presence of apoE3 by immunoblot analysis. A heterogeneous population of nHDL bearing exogenously added apoE3 was generated with particle size varying from ∼12 to ∼19 nm in diameter, corresponding to molecular mass of ∼450 to ∼700 kDa. The lipid: apoE3 ratio varied from ∼60:1 to 10:1. A significant extent of pyrene excimer emission was noted in nHDL, indicative of spatial proximity between Cys112 on neighboring apoE3 molecules similar to that noted in reconstituted HDL. Cross-linking analysis using Cys-specific cross-linkers revealed the predominant presence of dimers. Taken together the data indicate a double belt arrangement of apoE molecules on nHDL. A similar organization of the C-terminal tail of apoE on nHDL was noted when pyrene-apoEA277C(201-299) was used as the cholesterol acceptor. These studies open up the possibility of using exogenously labeled apoE3 to generate nHDL for structural and conformational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sea H Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Shweta Kothari
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Arti B Patel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - John K Bielicki
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vasanthy Narayanaswami
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
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Martínez-Morillo E, Hansson O, Atagi Y, Bu G, Minthon L, Diamandis EP, Nielsen HM. Total apolipoprotein E levels and specific isoform composition in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from Alzheimer's disease patients and controls. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:633-43. [PMID: 24633805 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 allele is the strongest risk factor of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the fluid concentrations of ApoE and its different isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4) in AD patients and among APOE genotypes (APOE ε2, ε3, ε4) remain controversial. Using a novel mass spectrometry-based method, we quantified total ApoE and specific ApoE isoform concentrations and potential associations with age, cognitive status, cholesterol levels and established AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients versus non-AD individuals with different APOE genotypes. We also investigated plasma total ApoE and ApoE isoform composition in a subset of these individuals. In total n = 43 AD and n = 43 non-AD subjects were included. We found that CSF and plasma total ApoE levels did not correlate with age or cognitive status and did not differ between AD and non-AD subjects deeming ApoE as an unfit diagnostic marker for AD. Also, whereas CSF ApoE levels did not vary between APOE genotypes APOE ε4 carriers exhibited significantly decreased plasma ApoE levels attributed to a specific decrease in the ApoE4 isoform concentrations. CSF total ApoE concentrations were positively associated with CSF, total tau, tau phosphorylated at Thr181 and Aβ1-42 of which the latter association was weaker and only present in APOE ε4 carriers indicating a differential involvement of ApoE in tau versus Aβ-linked neuropathological processes. Future studies need to elucidate whether the observed plasma ApoE4 deficiency is a life-long condition in APOE ɛ4 carriers and whether this decrease in plasma ApoE predisposes APOE ɛ4 carriers to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martínez-Morillo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada,
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225
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Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G. ApoE and Aβ in Alzheimer's disease: accidental encounters or partners? Neuron 2014; 81:740-54. [PMID: 24559670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the three human apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms, apoE4 increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While transporting cholesterol is a primary function, apoE also regulates amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism, aggregation, and deposition. Although earlier work suggests that different affinities of apoE isoforms to Aβ might account for their effects on Aβ clearance, recent studies indicate that apoE also competes with Aβ for cellular uptake through apoE receptors. Thus, several factors probably determine the variable effects apoE has on Aβ. In this Review, we examine biochemical, structural, and functional studies and propose testable models that address the complex mechanisms underlying apoE-Aβ interaction and how apoE4 may increase AD risk and also serve as a target pathway for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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226
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Zhang MD, Gu W, Qiao SB, Zhu EJ, Zhao QM, Lv SZ. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and risk for coronary heart disease in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis of 61 studies including 6634 cases and 6393 controls. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95463. [PMID: 24755673 PMCID: PMC3995769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have evaluated the association between the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene polymorphisms in coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the results remain uncertain. We carried out a meta-analysis to derive a more comprehensive estimation of the association in Chinese population. METHODS Case-control studies in Chinese and English publications were identified by searching databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, Wanfang, VIP and hand searching of relevant journals and the reference lists of retrieved articles. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to assess the strength of the associations. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed to explore the between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS We finally identified 61 relevant studies which comprised 6634 case-patients and 6393 controls. The pooled OR for ε4 carriers was 96% higher than the ε3/3 genotype for CHD (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.70 to 2.24; P<0.001). However, there was no evidence of statistically significant association between ε2 carriers and risk of CHD (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.13; P = 0.729). In the subgroup analysis, different endpoints may partially account for the heterogeneity. No publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that the apoE ε4 allele may be a risk factor for CHD in the Chinese population, however, ε2 allele has no significant association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-duo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Shi-bin Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Rizhao People’s Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - En-jun Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Quan-ming Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (QZ)
| | - Shu-zheng Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (QZ)
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227
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Abstract
The vast majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are late onset (LOAD), which is genetically complex with heritability estimates up to 80%. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been irrefutably recognized as the major genetic risk factor, with semidominant inheritance, for LOAD. Although the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenic nature of APOE in AD are still not completely understood, emerging data suggest that APOE contributes to AD pathogenesis through both amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and Aβ-independent pathways. Given the central role for APOE in the modulation of AD pathogenesis, many therapeutic strategies have emerged, including converting APOE conformation, regulating APOE expression, mimicking APOE peptides, blocking the APOE/Aβ interaction, modulating APOE lipidation state, and gene therapy. Accumulating evidence also suggests the utility of APOE genotyping in AD diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; ,
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An apolipoprotein E modified liposomal nanoparticle: Ligand dependent efficiency as a siRNA delivery carrier for mouse-derived brain endothelial cells. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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229
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Lin Z, Zhou B, Wu W, Xing L, Zhao Q. Self-assembling amphipathic alpha-helical peptides induce the formation of active protein aggregates in vivo. Faraday Discuss 2014; 166:243-56. [PMID: 24611280 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently found that several self-assembling alpha, beta, or surfactant-like peptides, when terminally attached to proteins, can promote the in vivo assembly of active protein aggregates (or active inclusion bodies, AIBs) in Escherichia coil. In this work, we systematically examined the AIBs induced by an amphipathic alpha-helical peptide 18Awt (EWLKAFYEKVLEKLKELF) and its variants with altered ion pairs. Transmission electron microscopic and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses suggested that the AIBs appeared to adopt an amorphous mesh-like structure, and were likely induced by helical structures formed by the assembly of the 18A peptides. Confocal fluorescent micrographic analysis revealed that the AIBs resided around the periphery of the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm, depending on the distribution of ion pairs on the 18A peptides, which suggested that the association between the aggregates and the cell membrane was mediated by the lipid-18A interaction. Two of these 18A peptide variants were further used in constructing cleavable self-aggregating tags (cSAT) in conjunction with an intein molecule for protein purification, and verified using two model proteins. This extends the cSAT approach for laboratory and potentially industrial uses. Our study might also provide new insights into aggregation-related diseases.
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Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and serum lipid profile in Saudi patients with psoriasis. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:239645. [PMID: 24782577 PMCID: PMC3981009 DOI: 10.1155/2014/239645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aim. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene variants have been reported to influence psoriasis risk. However, data is limited to a few ethnicities and no similar study has been performed in middle eastern populations. We investigated this association in Saudi psoriasis patients. Methods. Saudi subjects (294) were genotyped for APOE gene using APOE StripAssay kit. Results. The frequencies of alleles ε2, ε4, and genotypes ε3/ε4 and ε3/ε2 were significantly higher in psoriasis patients compared with those in controls. The frequency of ε3 allele and ε3/ε3 genotype was significantly lower in patients. Other genotypes, ε2/ε4, ε2/ε2, and ε4/ε4, were absent in both groups. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels were significantly higher in psoriasis patients contrary to HDL level. Patients with APOE ε4 had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, whereas those with the ε2 had higher HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Conclusion. APOE alleles ε2, ε4, and genotypes ε2/ε3 and ε4/ε3 are associated with psoriasis and can be a risk factor while allele ε3 and genotype ε3/ε3 may be protective for psoriasis in Saudis. Results of lipid profile support that psoriasis is one of the independent risk factors for hyperlipidemia and emphasize the need of screening cardiovascular diseases in psoriatic patients.
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231
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Peng H, Wang C, Chen Z, Sun Z, Jiao B, Li K, Huang F, Hou X, Wang J, Shen L, Xia K, Tang B, Jiang H. APOE ε2 allele may decrease the age at onset in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 or Machado-Joseph disease from the Chinese Han population. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2179.e15-8. [PMID: 24746364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has been defined as a modifying factor for age at onset (AO) in neurodegenerative disorders. The AO of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 or Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3 or MJD) is inversely correlated with expanded CAG repeat lengths in the ATXN3 gene; however, AO is only partially explained by the expanded CAG repeats. We performed a case-control study to explore whether APOE genotypes play a role in AO of SCA3 or MJD from the Chinese Han population. The APOE genotypes were analyzed in an independent cohort of 155 patients with SCA3 or MJD and 191 controls both from Mainland China. Our study demonstrated that SCA3 or MJD patients experienced an earlier onset if they were carriers of APOE ε2 allele, which decreased the AO by nearly 4 years. This study may also reconfirm the effect of the APOE gene on SCA3 or MJD patients from different races and indicated that certain APOE alleles might be genetic modifiers for AO in SCA3 or MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China; State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China; State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China; State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
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232
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Apolipoprotein E, amyloid-beta, and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:317-30. [PMID: 24652457 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Neuroinflammation occurs in the AD brain and plays a critical role in the neurodegenerative pathology. Particularly, Aβ evokes an inflammatory response that leads to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and neurodegeneration. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) proteins are involved in cholesterol transport, Aβ binding and clearance, and synaptic functions in the brain. The ApoE4 isoform is a key risk factor for AD, while the ApoE2 isoform has a neuroprotective effect. However, studies have reached different conclusions about the roles of the isoforms; some show that both ApoE3 and ApoE4 have anti-inflammatory effects, while others show that ApoE4 causes a predisposition to inflammation or promotes an inflammatory response following lipopolysaccharide treatment. These discrepancies may result from the differences in models, cell types, experimental conditions, and inflammatory stimuli used. Further, little was known about the role of ApoE isoforms in the Aβ-induced inflammatory response and in the neuroinflammation of AD. Our recent work showed that ApoE isoforms differentially regulate and modify the Aβ-induced inflammatory response in neural cells, with ApoE2 suppressing and ApoE4 promoting the response. In this article, we review the roles, mechanisms, and interrelations among Aβ, ApoE, and neuroinflammation in AD.
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233
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Argyri L, Dafnis I, Theodossiou TA, Gantz D, Stratikos E, Chroni A. Molecular basis for increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer disease due to the naturally occurring L28P mutation in apolipoprotein E4. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12931-45. [PMID: 24644280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein (apo) E4 isoform has consistently emerged as a susceptibility factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), although the exact mechanism is not clear. A rare apoE4 mutant, apoE4[L28P] Pittsburgh, burdens carriers with an added risk for late-onset AD and may be a useful tool for gaining insights into the role of apoE4 in disease pathogenesis. Toward this end, we evaluated the effect of the L28P mutation on the structural and functional properties of apoE4. ApoE4[L28P] was found to have significantly perturbed thermodynamic properties, to have reduced helical content, and to expose a larger portion of the hydrophobic surface to the solvent. Furthermore, this mutant is thermodynamically destabilized and more prone to proteolysis. When interacting with lipids, apoE4[L28P] formed populations of lipoprotein particles with structural defects. The structural perturbations brought about by the mutation were accompanied by aberrant functions associated with the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, apoE4[L28P] promoted the cellular uptake of extracellular amyloid β peptide 42 (Aβ42) by human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells as well as by primary mouse neuronal cells and led to increased formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species that persisted for at least 24 h. Furthermore, lipoprotein particles containing apoE4[L28P] induced intracellular reactive oxygen species formation and reduced SK-N-SH cell viability. Overall, our findings suggest that the L28P mutation leads to significant structural and conformational perturbations in apoE4 and can induce functional defects associated with neuronal Aβ42 accumulation and oxidative stress. We propose that these structural and functional changes underlie the observed added risk for AD development in carriers of apoE4[L28P].
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Affiliation(s)
- Letta Argyri
- From the Institute of Biosciences and Applications
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234
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Zeng S, Jiang JX, Xu MH, Xu LS, Shen GJ, Zhang AQ, Wang XH. Prognostic Value of Apolipoprotein E Epsilon4 Allele in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:202-10. [PMID: 24475734 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2013.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, YuZhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, YuZhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Hui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, YuZhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun-Shan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, YuZhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, YuZhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, YuZhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, YuZhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Ali-Rahmani F, Huang MA, Schengrund CL, Connor JR, Lee SY. C282Y-HFE gene variant affects cholesterol metabolism in human neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88724. [PMID: 24533143 PMCID: PMC3922969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although disruptions in the maintenance of iron and cholesterol metabolism have been implicated in several cancers, the association between variants in the HFE gene that is associated with cellular iron uptake and cholesterol metabolism has not been studied. The C282Y-HFE variant is a risk factor for different cancers, is known to affect sphingolipid metabolism, and to result in increased cellular iron uptake. The effect of this variant on cholesterol metabolism and its possible relevance to cancer phenotype was investigated using wild type (WT) and C282Y-HFE transfected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Expression of C282Y-HFE in SH-SY5Y cells resulted in a significant increase in total cholesterol as well as increased transcription of a number of genes involved in its metabolism compared to cells expressing WT-HFE. The marked increase in expression of NPC1L1 relative to that of most other genes, was accompanied by a significant increase in expression of NPC1, a protein that functions in cholesterol uptake by cells. Because inhibitors of cholesterol metabolism have been proposed to be beneficial for treating certain cancers, their effect on the viability of C282Y-HFE neuroblastoma cells was ascertained. C282Y-HFE cells were significantly more sensitive than WT-HFE cells to U18666A, an inhibitor of desmosterol Δ24-reductase the enzyme catalyzing the last step in cholesterol biosynthesis. This was not seen for simvastatin, ezetimibe, or a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. These studies indicate that cancers presenting in carriers of the C282Y-HFE allele might be responsive to treatment designed to selectively reduce cholesterol content in their tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ali-Rahmani
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael A Huang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C-L Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sang Y Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Mazzotti DR, Singulane CC, Ota VK, Rodrigues TP, Furuya TK, de Souza FJ, Cordeiro BG, de Oliveira Amaral CM, Chen ES, Jacomini A, de Arruda Cardoso Smith M, Borsatto-Galera B. Association of APOE, GCPII and MMP9 polymorphisms with common diseases and lipid levels in an older adult/elderly cohort. Gene 2014; 535:370-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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237
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Handattu SP, Monroe CE, Nayyar G, Palgunachari MN, Kadish I, van Groen T, Anantharamaiah GM, Garber DW. In vivo and in vitro effects of an apolipoprotein e mimetic peptide on amyloid-β pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 36:335-47. [PMID: 23603398 DOI: 10.3233/jad-122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the major apolipoprotein present in the high-density lipoprotein-like particles in the central nervous system (CNS). ApoE is involved in various protective functions in CNS including cholesterol transport, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. An ApoE peptide would be expected to exert protective effects on neuroinflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of an ApoE mimetic peptide Ac-hE18A-NH2 on amyloid-β pathology. METHOD Using human APP/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice and in vitro studies, we have evaluated the effect of an ApoE mimetic peptide, Ac-hE18A-NH2, on amyloid plaque deposition and inflammation. RESULTS Administration of Ac-hE18A-NH2 to APP/PS1ΔE9 mice for 6 weeks (50 μg/mouse, 3 times a week) significantly improved cognition with a concomitant decrease in amyloid plaque deposition and reduced activated microglia and astrocytes, and increased brain ApoE levels. Oligomeric Aβ42 (oAβ42) and oxidized PAPC (ox-PAPC) inhibited secretion of ApoE in U251 cells, a human astrocyte cell line, and this effect was ameliorated in the presence of peptide Ac-hE18A-NH2. The peptide also increased Aβ42 uptake in a cell line of human macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Peptide Ac-hE18A-NH2 attenuates the effects of oxidative stress on ApoE secretion, inhibits amyloid plaque deposition, and thus could be beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaila P Handattu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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238
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Schäffler M, Sousa F, Wenk A, Sitia L, Hirn S, Schleh C, Haberl N, Violatto M, Canovi M, Andreozzi P, Salmona M, Bigini P, Kreyling WG, Krol S. Blood protein coating of gold nanoparticles as potential tool for organ targeting. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3455-66. [PMID: 24461938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) and nanoparticulated drug delivery promise to be the breakthrough for therapy in medicine but raise concerns in terms of nanotoxicity. We present quantitative murine biokinetics assays using polyelectrolyte-multilayer-coated gold NP (AuNP, core diameter 15 and 80 nm; (198)Au radio-labeled). Those were stably conjugated either with human serum albumin (alb-AuNP) or apolipoprotein E (apoE-AuNP), prior to intravenous injection. We compare the biokinetics of protein-AuNP-conjugates with citrate-stabilized AuNP (cit-AuNP). Biokinetics was complemented with histology in organs with high AuNP content using 15 nm double fluorescently-labeled alb-AuNP-conjugates. Protein conjugation massively reduced liver retention (alb-AuNP: 52%, apoE-AuNP: 72%, cit-AuNP: >95%, at 19 h and 48 h) when compared to cit-AuNP. The protein conjugates were retained in lungs (alb-AuNP (18%) and spleen (alb-AuNP (16%), apoE-AuNP (21%) at 19 h. Alb-AuNP show significantly increased fractions in lungs (factors: 60 (30 min); 111 (19 h); 235 (48 h) and brain (factors: 70 (30 min); 90 (19 h); >200 (48 h) compared to cit-AuNP (control) - or even to apoE-AuNP. The influence of protein conjugation on the biodistribution disappears for 80 nm AuNP comparing to control. Histologically, the 15 nm alb-AuNP are mainly located in the endothelium of brain, lungs, liver and kidneys after 30 min, while at 19 h they moved deeper into the parenchyma e.g. in hippocampus. Our study clearly suggests that stable conjugation of AuNP with albumin and apoE prior to intravenous administration increases specificity and efficiency of NP in diseased target-organs thus suggesting a potential role in nanomedicine and nanopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schäffler
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Fernanda Sousa
- IRCCS Foundation Institute for Neurology "Carlo Besta", IFOM-IEO-Campus, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Wenk
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Leopoldo Sitia
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Stephanie Hirn
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Schleh
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Haberl
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Violatto
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Canovi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Andreozzi
- IRCCS Foundation Institute for Neurology "Carlo Besta", IFOM-IEO-Campus, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology 2, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
| | - Silke Krol
- IRCCS Foundation Institute for Neurology "Carlo Besta", IFOM-IEO-Campus, Milan, Italy.
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239
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Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome: cause or consequence of Alzheimer's disease? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:497802. [PMID: 24683436 PMCID: PMC3941786 DOI: 10.1155/2014/497802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disease affecting the elderly. Clinically, it is characterized by a progressive loss of memory and cognitive function. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by the presence of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposited as neuritic plaques (NP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) made of abnormal and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. These lesions are capable of generating the neuronal damage that leads to cell death and cognitive failure through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Evidence indicates the critical role of Aβ metabolism in prompting the oxidative stress observed in AD patients. However, it has also been proposed that oxidative damage precedes the onset of clinical and pathological AD symptoms, including amyloid-β deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, vascular malfunction, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive decline. This paper provides a brief description of the three main proteins associated with the development of the disease (Aβ, tau, and ApoE) and describes their role in the generation of oxidative stress. Finally, we describe the mitochondrial alterations that are generated by Aβ and examine the relationship of vascular damage which is a potential prognostic tool of metabolic syndrome. In addition, new therapeutic approaches targeting ROS sources and metabolic support were reported.
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240
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Tran TN, Kosaraju MG, Tamamizu-Kato S, Akintunde O, Zheng Y, Bielicki JK, Pinkerton K, Uchida K, Lee YY, Narayanaswami V. Acrolein modification impairs key functional features of rat apolipoprotein E: identification of modified sites by mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 2014; 53:361-75. [PMID: 24325674 DOI: 10.1021/bi401404u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), an antiatherogenic apolipoprotein, plays a significant role in the metabolism of lipoproteins. It lowers plasma lipid levels by acting as a ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) family of proteins, in addition to playing a role in promoting macrophage cholesterol efflux in atherosclerotic lesions. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of acrolein modification on the structure and function of rat apoE and to determine the sites and nature of modification by mass spectrometry. Acrolein is a highly reactive aldehyde, which is generated endogenously as one of the products of lipid peroxidation and is present in the environment in pollutants such as tobacco smoke and heated oils. In initial studies, acrolein-modified apoE was identified by immunoprecipitation using an acrolein-lysine specific antibody in the plasma of 10-week old male rats that were exposed to filtered air (FA) or low doses of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). While both groups displayed acrolein-modified apoE in the lipoprotein fraction, the ETS group had higher levels in the lipid-free fraction compared with the FA group. This observation provided the rationale to further investigate the effect of acrolein modification on rat apoE at a molecular level. Treatment of recombinant rat apoE with a 10-fold molar excess of acrolein resulted in (i) a significant decrease in lipid-binding and cholesterol efflux abilities, (ii) impairment in the LDLr- and heparin-binding capabilities, and (iii) significant alterations in the overall stability of the protein. The disruption in the functional abilities is attributed directly or indirectly to acrolein modification yielding an aldimine adduct at K149 and K155 (+38); a propanal adduct at K135 and K138 (+56); an N(ε)-(3-methylpyridinium)lysine (MP-lysine) at K64, K67, and K254 (+76), and an N(ε)-(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino)lysine (FDP-lysine) derivative at position K68 (+94), as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). The loss of function may also be attributed to alterations in the overall fold of the protein as noted by changes in the guanidine HCl-induced unfolding pattern and to protein cross-linking. Overall, disruption of the structural and functional integrity of apoE by oxidative modification of essential lysine residues by acrolein is expected to affect its role in maintaining plasma cholesterol homeostasis and lead to dysregulation in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen N Tran
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach , Long Beach, California 90840, United States
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Magistroni R, Bertolotti M, Furci L, Fano RA, Leonelli M, Pisciotta L, Pellegrini E, Calabresi L, Bertolini S, Calandra S. Lipoprotein glomerulopathy associated with a mutation in apolipoprotein e. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CASE REPORTS 2013; 6:189-96. [PMID: 24348079 PMCID: PMC3859823 DOI: 10.4137/ccrep.s12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein glomerulopathy is a pathological condition characterized by lipid accumulation in the glomerular capillaries that has been associated with the presence of rare mutants of apolipoprotein E (ApoE). We describe a 51-year-old Italian patient presenting Type III hyperlipidemia and proteinuria in whom renal biopsy showed capillary ectasia and intraluminal lipid deposits, suggesting the diagnosis of lipoprotein glomerulopathy. The patient, who had elevated plasma ApoE level, was found to be heterozygous for a mutation in ApoE (Arg150Cys), designated apoEMODENA. This mutation induces the formation of ApoE dimers that are detectable under non-reducing conditions. Treatment with hypolipidemic drugs did not result in a complete remission of the proteinuria and was accompanied by a slow but progressive worsening of renal function with the persistence of intracapillary lipid thrombi. The introduction of low-density lipoprotein aphaeresis combined with a more aggressive lipid lowering and antihypertensive therapy resulted in the remission of proteinuria and a substantial improvement of renal function. Switching from low-density lipoprotein aphaeresis to plasma filtration did not result in an equivalent control of renal damage. The patient died of intracranial hemorrhage during an acute episode of malignant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Magistroni
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Interest, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Marco Bertolotti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Luciana Furci
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Interest, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Rita Adriana Fano
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Interest, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Marco Leonelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Interest, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | | | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano
| | | | - Sebastiano Calandra
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
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242
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APOE p.Leu167del mutation in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:218-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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243
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Suri S, Heise V, Trachtenberg AJ, Mackay CE. The forgotten APOE allele: a review of the evidence and suggested mechanisms for the protective effect of APOE ɛ2. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2878-86. [PMID: 24183852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing efforts to improve survival, and enhance quality of life have led biomedical research to focus on disease and the mechanisms that increase risk for disease. The other side of that coin may be as important, i.e. examining the protective factors that allow some individuals to enjoy long, healthy lives. One of the best examples of a gene that positively influences cognitive health is the apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ2 allele. The APOE ɛ4 allele is a well-established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has thus dominated the APOE literature, with the putative protective role of ɛ2 receiving little attention. This review describes the effects of APOE ɛ2 on the structure and function of the brain. With a focus on neurodegeneration, we discuss evidence for APOE ɛ2's protective effects, explore some key mechanisms through which this protection may be conferred, and address a few inconsistencies in the literature. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the association between APOE ɛ2, cognition and longevity may provide new targets for research on promoting life-long health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom; FMRIB Centre (Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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244
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Frieden C, Garai K. Concerning the structure of apoE. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1820-5. [PMID: 24115173 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), first described in 1973, is a truly fascinating protein. While studies initially focused on its role in cholesterol and lipid metabolism, one apoE isoform (apoE4) is a major risk factor for development of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Yet the difference between apoE3, the common form, and apoE4 is a single amino acid of the 299 in this 34 kDa protein. Structure determination of the two domain full length apoE3 protein was only accomplished in 2011 and supports the notion that mutations in the N-terminal domain can be propagated through the structure to the C-terminal domain. Understanding the structural differences between apoE3 and apoE4 is critical for finding ways to modulate the deleterious effect of apoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
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245
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Hultman K, Strickland S, Norris EH. The APOE ɛ4/ɛ4 genotype potentiates vascular fibrin(ogen) deposition in amyloid-laden vessels in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1251-8. [PMID: 23652625 PMCID: PMC3734776 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates a critical role for cerebrovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. We have shown that fibrin(ogen), the principal blood-clotting protein, is deposited in the AD neurovasculature and interacts with beta-amyloid (Aβ), resulting in increased formation of blood clots. As apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a lipid-transporting protein with three human isoforms (E2, E3, and E4), also binds to Aβ, we hypothesized that ApoE and fibrin(ogen) may have a combined effect on the vascular pathophysiology in AD. We assessed whether APOE genotype differentially influences vascular fibrin(ogen) deposition in postmortem brain tissue using immunohistochemistry. An increased deposition of fibrin(ogen) was observed in AD cases compared with non-demented controls, and there was a strong correlation between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) severity and fibrin(ogen) deposition. Moreover, brains from AD cases homozygous for APOE ɛ4 showed increased deposition of fibrin(ogen), specifically in CAA- and oligomeric Aβ-positive vessels compared with AD APOE ɛ2 and ɛ3 allele carriers, an effect that was not directly linked to CAA severity and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. These data further support a role for fibrin(ogen) in AD pathophysiology and link the APOE ɛ4/ɛ4 genotype with increased thrombosis and/or impaired fibrinolysis in the human AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hultman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA
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246
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Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms in Lebanese with hypercholesterolemia. Gene 2013; 522:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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247
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Nankar SA, Bajaj P, Sravanthi R, Pande AH. Differential interaction of peptides derived from C-terminal domain of human apolipoprotein E with platelet activating factor analogs. Biochimie 2013; 95:1196-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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248
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Dowell NG, Ruest T, Evans SL, King SL, Tabet N, Tofts PS, Rusted JM. MRI of carriers of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele-evidence for structural differences in normal-appearing brain tissue in e4+ relative to e4- young adults. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:674-682. [PMID: 23364916 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is a protein involved in cholesterol and lipid transport. The gene coding for this protein has three different alleles: e2, e3 and e4. The e4 allele is recognised as a significant risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease in later life. Paradoxically, behavioural and functional evidence has demonstrated that the e4 allele may confer a cognitive advantage to the carrier in youth. In this article, a range of sophisticated and novel structural imaging techniques were used to identify subtle differences in the brain tissue of groups of young e4 and homozygous e3 carriers that might support this paradox. Using voxel-based morphometry of high-resolution structural MR images, we identified a higher white matter volume ratio in e4 relative to homozygous e3 carriers. Furthermore, diffusion tensor imaging and tract-based spatial statistics studies identified increases in axial diffusivity and mode of anisotropy in carriers of the e4 allele. In addition, quantitative magnetisation transfer data were analysed using tract-based spatial statistics. Evidence of a trend towards an increased transverse relaxation time of the bound proton pool was detected in e4 carriers, indicative of altered white matter composition. These changes were found to correlate with indices of cognitive performance across the two groups, supporting the notion that such subtle differences in white matter integrity may confer neural advantages that contribute to cognitive outcomes and, potentially, to performance differences, such as observed here in a test of verbal fluency and reported previously by other researchers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Dowell
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton, Sussex, UK.
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249
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Hung YH, Bush AI, La Fontaine S. Links between copper and cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:111. [PMID: 23720634 PMCID: PMC3655288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered copper homeostasis and hypercholesterolemia have been identified independently as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abnormal copper and cholesterol metabolism are implicated in the genesis of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which are two key pathological signatures of AD. Amyloidogenic processing of a sub-population of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that produces Aβ occurs in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in copper deficient AD brains. Co-localization of Aβ and a paradoxical high concentration of copper in lipid rafts fosters the formation of neurotoxic Aβ:copper complexes. These complexes can catalytically oxidize cholesterol to generate H2O2, oxysterols and other lipid peroxidation products that accumulate in brains of AD cases and transgenic mouse models. Tau, the core protein component of NFTs, is sensitive to interactions with copper and cholesterol, which trigger a cascade of hyperphosphorylation and aggregation preceding the generation of NFTs. Here we present an overview of copper and cholesterol metabolism in the brain, and how their integrated failure contributes to development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hui Hung
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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250
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Pfeuffer M, Auinger A, Bley U, Kraus-Stojanowic I, Laue C, Winkler P, Rüfer CE, Frank J, Bösch-Saadatmandi C, Rimbach G, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of quercetin on traits of the metabolic syndrome, endothelial function and inflammation in men with different APOE isoforms. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:403-409. [PMID: 22118955 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The polyphenol quercetin may prevent cardiovascular diseases due to its vasorelaxant and anti-oxidative properties. We investigated the effects of quercetin on risk factors of atherosclerosis, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, depending on the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. METHODS AND RESULTS In a double-blind crossover study 49 healthy male subjects with APOE genotype 3/3 (n = 19), 3/4 (n = 22) and 4/4 (n = 8) consumed 150 mg/d quercetin or placebo for 8 weeks each, intermitted by a three-week washout phase. After each intervention, endothelial function, anthropometry, metabolic and inflammatory parameters were measured in the fasting and postprandial state following a standardized lipid-rich meal. Endothelial function was not changed. In all subjects combined, quercetin significantly decreased waist circumference (P = 0.004) and postprandial systolic blood pressure (P = 0.044). Postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations were significantly decreased and HDL-cholesterol concentrations increased after quercetin as compared to placebo consumption (P = 0.025). Quercetin also moderately increased levels of TNFα (P = 0.024). There was a significant gene-diet interaction for waist circumference and for body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS Quercetin supplementation improved some risk factors of cardiovascular disease, yet exerted slightly pro-inflammatory effects. Genotype-dependent effects were seen only on waist circumference and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pfeuffer
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany.
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