201
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Tow EW, Ersan MS, Kum S, Lee T, Speth TF, Owen C, Bellona C, Nadagouda MN, Mikelonis AM, Westerhoff P, Mysore C, Frenkel VS, deSilva V, Walker WS, Safulko AK, Ladner DA. Managing and treating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in membrane concentrates. AWWA WATER SCIENCE 2021; 3:1-23. [PMID: 34938982 PMCID: PMC8687045 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are present in many waters, have detrimental impacts on human health and the environment. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have shown excellent PFAS separation performance in water treatment; however, these membrane systems do not destroy PFAS but produce concentrated residual streams that need to be managed. Complete destruction of PFAS in RO and NF concentrate streams is ideal, but long-term sequestration strategies are also employed. Because no single technology is adequate for all situations, a range of processes are reviewed here that hold promise as components of treatment schemes for PFAS-laden membrane system concentrates. Attention is also given to relevant concentration processes because it is beneficial to reduce concentrate volume prior to PFAS destruction or sequestration. Given the costs and challenges of managing PFAS in membrane concentrates, it is critical to evaluate both established and emerging technologies in selecting processes for immediate use and continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Tow
- F. W. Olin College of Engineering, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mahmut Selim Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Soyoon Kum
- David L. Hirschfeld Department of Engineering, Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas, USA
| | - Tae Lee
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas F Speth
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anne M Mikelonis
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | - W Shane Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Inland Desalination Systems (CIDS), Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew K Safulko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - David A Ladner
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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202
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Du Y, Cai Z, Zhang H, Liang W, Wang H, Man Q, Wang W. Nitric oxide mediates disruption of human placental trophoblast invasion induced by perfluorobutane sulfonate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117137. [PMID: 33866218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), an emerging pollutant, is associated with disruption of placental functions and adverse birth outcomes. However, the precise mechanism of this disruption remains unclear. Extravillous trophoblasts make up the majority of cells in the placenta, and have invasive abilities, which plays a critical role in a successful pregnancy. It has been reported that inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) signaling is associated with trophoblast migration and invasion. In this study, PFBS exposure was found to enhance trophoblast invasion and increase matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) levels. Additionally, PFBS upregulated iNOS levels and stimulated NO generation. iNOS inhibitor treatment attenuated the increased invasion of trophoblasts and MMP-9 expression induced by PFBS. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was also enhanced by PFBS exposure. In the presence of an ERK pathway inhibitor, however, the increases in trophoblast invasion, the induction of NO production, iNOS expression and MMP-9 expression induced by PFBS were attenuated. Taken together, these results suggest that iNOS/NO signaling is triggered by activation of the ERK signaling pathway, and that iNOS/NO signaling mediates PFBS-induced stimulation of trophoblast invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatao Du
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cai
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China
| | - Qiuhong Man
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, 200434, China
| | - Weiye Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200292, China.
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203
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An W, Duan L, Zhang Y, Wang B, Liu CS, Wang F, Sui Q, Xu D, Yu G. Occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, seasonal and annual variation, and source apportionment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the northwest of Tai Lake Basin, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125784. [PMID: 33865105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted mounting attention due to their potential harmful effects and degradation-resistant property. This study continuously monitored the concentration of PFASs for four seasons in two years in the northwest of Tai Lake Basin. The occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, seasonal and annual variation, and source apportionment of 13 PFASs were investigated in 60 surface water sampling sites and 33 emission sources. The average concentrations of the total PFASs were 205.6 ng L-1 and 171.9 ng L-1 in 2018 and 2019, respectively. This improvement could be mainly attributed to the local industrial restructuring. Furthermore, principal component analysis and heat map-hierarchical cluster analysis were employed to analyze distribution characteristics and the possible sources of PFASs pollution. It showed that perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOA) mainly originated from the effluents of chemical plants, while the potential source of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) included all the three types of emission sources. Besides, two indicators were adopted to evaluate the impact of non-point sources and the result showed the effect of runoff was obvious while the effect of atmospheric deposition was weak. A systematic mass balance calculation showed that the total riverine input flux from Wujin District to Tai Lake was 126.5 kg/a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai An
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Lei Duan
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghu, Building 16, 101 Business Park, No, 158 Jinfeng Road, New District, Suzhou 215163, PR China.
| | - Cristina Su Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qian Sui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Dongjiong Xu
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou 213001, PR China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghu, Building 16, 101 Business Park, No, 158 Jinfeng Road, New District, Suzhou 215163, PR China
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204
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Deng SZ, Xu CL, Xu ZF, Zhou LY, Xie SJ, Wei KN, Jin YC, Zeng ZC, Yang XJ, Tan SH, Wang HL. Perfluorodecanoic acid induces meiotic defects and deterioration of mice oocytes in vitro. Toxicology 2021; 460:152884. [PMID: 34358620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a member of the perfluoroalkyl substances, which are toxic to organic functions. Recently, it has been found in follicular fluid, seriously interfering with reproduction. Follicular fluid provides the oocyte with necessary resources during the process of oocytes maturation. However, the effects of PFDA on the oocyte need investigation. Our study evaluated the impacts of PFDA on the meiosis and development potential of mouse oocytes by exposing oocytes to PFDA in vitro at 350, 400, and 450 μM concentrations. The results showed that exposure to PFDA resulted in the first meiotic prophase arrest by obstructing the function of the maturation-promoting factor. It also induced the dysfunction of the spindle assembly checkpoint, expedited the progression of the first meiotic process, and increased the risk of aneuploidy. The oocytes treated with PFDA had a broken cytoskeleton which also contributed to meiotic maturation failure. Besides, PFDA exposure caused mitochondria defections, increased the reactive oxygen species level in oocytes, and consequently induced oocyte apoptosis. Moreover, PFDA produced epigenetic modifications in oocytes and increased the frequency of mature oocytes with declined development potential. In summary, our data indicated that PFDA disturbs the meiotic process and induces oocyte quality deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zi Deng
- College of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China; Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Chang-Long Xu
- The Reproductive Medical Center of Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530031, China
| | - Zhong-Feng Xu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Shu-Juan Xie
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Kang-Na Wei
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Xiang-An Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yuan-Chang Jin
- College of Biology and Agriculture (College of Food Science and Technology), Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Zhao-Cheng Zeng
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Yang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Zhong-Shan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Shu-Hua Tan
- College of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China.
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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205
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Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Presence, behaviour and removal of selected organic micropollutants through drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130023. [PMID: 33744648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the occurrence and removal of 60 organic micropollutants (OMPs) including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) treating raw water from the Ebro River (NE Spain). The behaviour of the OMPs was evaluated in each treatment: pre-ozonation, flocculation-coagulation-decantation-sand filtration, post-ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration. Thirty-one of the sixty OMPs studied were detected in source water with individual median concentrations below 10 ng L-1 for all the compounds except for caffeine (64.1 ng L-1). The highest concentration peaks in the source water were found for caffeine (124.5 ng L-1), terbuthylazine (52.0 ng L-1), imidacloprid (30.2 ng L-1) and paracetamol (25.6 ng L-1). Of the 31 compounds detected in the source water, 17 were also detected in the finished drinking water. Of these 17 compounds, 10 were PFASs, which indicated that this group of compounds had not been effectively removed throughout the drinking water treatments. The overall removal efficiencies of OMPs in the DWTP ranged from -50.9% to 100%. The most efficient removal technologies were ozonation and granular activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Borrull
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Agustí Colom
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Josepa Fabregas
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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206
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Efficient sorption of perfluoroalkyl acids by ionic liquid-modified natural clay. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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207
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Xiao F, Sasi PC, Alinezhad A, Golovko SA, Golovko MY, Spoto A. Thermal Decomposition of Anionic, Zwitterionic, and Cationic Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9885-9894. [PMID: 34235932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated thermal decomposition mechanisms of cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic polyfluoroalkyl substances, including those present in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) samples. We present novel evidence that polyfluoroalkyl substances gave quantitative yields of perfluoroalkyl substances of different chain lengths during thermal treatment. The results support a radical-mediated transformation mechanism involving random-chain scission and end-chain scission, leading to the formation of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from certain polyfluoroalkyl amides and sulfonamides. Our results also support a direct thermal decomposition mechanism (chain stripping) on the nonfluorinated moiety of polyfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, resulting in the formation of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and other structurally related polyfluoroalkyl compounds. Thermal decomposition of 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate occurred through end-chain scission and recombination reactions, successively yielding PFOS. All of the studied polyfluoroalkyl substances began to degrade at 200-300 °C, exhibiting near-complete decomposition at ≥400 °C. Using a high-resolution parent ion search method, we demonstrated for the first time that low-temperature thermal treatments of AFFF samples led to the generation of anionic fluoroalkyl substances, including perfluoroheptanesulfonamide, 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide, and a previously unreported compound N-2-propenyl-perfluorohexylsulfonamide. This study provides key insights into the fate of polyfluoroalkyl substances in thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Pavankumar Challa Sasi
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Ali Alinezhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Anthony Spoto
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
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208
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Fang Z, Li Y, Li Y, Yang D, Zhang H, Jones KC, Gu C, Luo J. Development and Applications of Novel DGT Passive Samplers for Measuring 12 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Natural Waters and Wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9548-9556. [PMID: 33710858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive and long-term use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has caused their widespread distribution in aquatic systems. A new diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) passive sampling method based on weak anion exchanger (WAX) binding layer is developed here for monitoring five perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), five perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) and two PFASs (6:2 FTSA and GenX) in waters. Performance of WAX-DGTs was independent of environmental conditions, namely pH (3.03-8.96), ionic strength (1-500 mM), and DOM content (4-30 mg L-1). Diffusion coefficients (D) of the 12 PFASs in the diffusive gels were measured, 9 for the first time. Linear correlations between D and perfluoroalkyl chain lengths (CF2) were established to obtain D for congener chemicals with the similar functional group and structure. The binding capacity of the WAX-DGT sampler was at least 440 μg PFASs per sampler, sufficient for applications in waters across a wide range of conditions and PFASs concentrations. Successful applications of WAX based DGT samplers in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and three rivers has demonstrated that DGT is a powerful tool for monitoring, surveillance and research of these 12 PFASs in aquatic systems, and can be extended to wider suites of PFs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yanying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Danxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C Jones
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
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209
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Sasi PC, Alinezhad A, Yao B, Kubátová A, Golovko SA, Golovko MY, Xiao F. Effect of granular activated carbon and other porous materials on thermal decomposition of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Mechanisms and implications for water purification. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117271. [PMID: 34082264 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment is routinely used to reactivate the spent granular activated carbon (GAC) from water purification facilities. It is also an integral part of sewage sludge treatment and municipal solid waste management. This study presents a detailed investigation of the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and one PFAS alternative (GenX) in thermal processes, focusing on the effect of GAC. We demonstrate that the thermolysis of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and GenX can occur at temperatures of 150‒200 °C. Three temperature zones were discovered for PFOA, including a stable and nonvolatile zone (≤90 °C), a phase-transfer and thermal decomposition zone (90‒400 °C), and a fast decomposition zone (≥400 °C). The thermal decomposition began with the homolysis of a C‒C bond next to the carboxyl group of PFCAs, which formed unstable perfluoroalkyl radicals. Dual decomposition pathways seem to exist. The addition of a highly porous adsorbent, such as GAC or a copolymer resin, compressed the intermediate sublimation zone of PFCAs, changed their thermal decomposition pathways, and increased the decomposition rate constant by up to 150-fold at 250 °C. The results indicate that the observed thermal decomposition acceleration was linked to the adsorption of gas-phase PFCA molecules on GAC. The presence of non-activated charcoals/biochars with a low affinity for PFOA did not accelerate its thermal decomposition, suggesting that the π electron-rich, polyaromatic surface of charcoal/GAC played an insignificant role compared to the adsorbent's porosity. Overall, the results indicate that (1) substantial decomposition of PFCAs and GenX during conventional thermal GAC/sludge/waste treatment is very likely, and (2) the presence or addition of GAC or other highly porous materials can accelerate thermal PFAS decomposition and alter decomposition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavankumar Challa Sasi
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Ali Alinezhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Bin Yao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States.
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210
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Lenka SP, Kah M, Padhye LP. A review of the occurrence, transformation, and removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 199:117187. [PMID: 34010737 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprise more than 4,000 anthropogenically manufactured compounds with widescale consumer and industrial applications. This critical review compiles the latest information on the worldwide distribution of PFAS and evaluates their fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). A large proportion (>30%) of monitoring studies in WWTPs were conducted in China, followed by Europe (30%) and North America (16%), whereas information is generally lacking for other parts of the world, including most of the developing countries. Short and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were widely detected in both the influents (up to 1,000 ng/L) and effluents (15 to >1,500 ng/L) of WWTPs. To date, limited data is available regarding levels of PFAS precursors and ultra-short chain PFAS in WWTPs. Most WWTPs exhibited low removal efficiencies for PFAS, and many studies reported an increase in the levels of PFAAs after wastewater treatment. The analysis of the fate of various classes of PFAS at different wastewater treatment stages (aerobic and/aerobic biodegradation, photodegradation, and chemical degradation) revealed biodegradation as the primary mechanism responsible for the transformation of PFAS precursors to PFAAs in WWTPs. Remediation studies at full scale and laboratory scale suggest advanced processes such as adsorption using ion exchange resins, electrochemical degradation, and nanofiltration are more effective in removing PFAS (~95-100%) than conventional processes. However, the applicability of such treatments for real-world WWTPs faces significant challenges due to the scaling-up requirements, mass-transfer limitations, and management of treatment by-products and wastes. Combining more than one technique for effective removal of PFAS, while addressing limitations of the individual treatments, could be beneficial. Considering environmental concentrations of PFAS, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation, nanofiltration followed by adsorption using wood-derived biochar and/or activated carbons could be a viable option if introduced to conventional treatment systems. However, the large-scale applicability of the same needs to be further verified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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211
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Death C, Bell C, Champness D, Milne C, Reichman S, Hagen T. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in livestock and game species: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:144795. [PMID: 33609849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic, organic chemicals that resist environmental breakdown. The properties that made PFAS into an industrial success also led to their persistence and bioaccumulation. As PFAS were widely used for many decades their presence is evident globally, and their persistence and potential for toxicity create concern for human, animal and environmental health. Following the precautionary principle, a reduction in human exposure is generally recommended. The most significant source of human exposure to PFAS is dietary intake (food and water) with additional exposure via dust. As PFAS concentrations have been more frequently studied in aquatic food sources, there is less understanding of exposure via terrestrial animals. To further define human exposure via animal products, it is necessary to determine PFAS concentrations and persistence in terrestrial livestock and game species. Studies assessing ambient concentrations of PFAS have noted that, aside from point sources of contamination, there is generally low input of PFAS into terrestrial agricultural food chains. However, livestock and game species may be exposed to PFAS via contaminated water, soil, substrate, air or food, and the contribution of these exposures to PFAS concentrations in food products is less well studied. This review focuses on perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAAs) and compiles information from terrestrial livestock and game species as a source of dietary exposure in humans, and discusses toxicokinetics and health effects in animals, while identifying future focus areas. Publications describing the transfer of PFAAs to farmed and hunted animals are scarce, and demonstrate large variability in distribution and elimination. We outline several relatively small, short-term studies in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. While negative effects have not been noted, the poultry investigations were the only studies to explicitly assess health effects. Comparative information is presented on PFAA concentrations in livestock products and edible tissues of game animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Death
- Agriculture Victoria, 475 Mickleham Road, Attwood, Victoria 3049, Australia.
| | - Cameron Bell
- Agriculture Victoria, 475 Mickleham Road, Attwood, Victoria 3049, Australia
| | - David Champness
- Agriculture Victoria, 475 Mickleham Road, Attwood, Victoria 3049, Australia
| | - Charles Milne
- Agriculture Victoria, 475 Mickleham Road, Attwood, Victoria 3049, Australia
| | - Suzie Reichman
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tarah Hagen
- SLR Consulting Australia Pty Ltd, Lvl 11, 176 Wellington Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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212
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Gagliano E, Falciglia PP, Zaker Y, Karanfil T, Roccaro P. Microwave regeneration of granular activated carbon saturated with PFAS. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 198:117121. [PMID: 33910144 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the regeneration of PFAS-saturated granular activated carbons (GACs) by microwave (MW) irradiation. Two commercially available GACs (bituminous coal based GAC [BCGAC] and lignite coal based GAC [LCGAC]) were saturated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and then irradiated at different MW conditions (applied power = 125 - 500 W, irradiation time = 3 - 12 min). The performance of MW regeneration for PFOS- or PFOA-saturated GACs was assessed by evaluating the variation of GAC adsorption capacity (regeneration efficiency, RE) and weight loss percentage (WL). Moreover, the effect of MW irradiation on GAC textural properties (e.g., surface area and pore volume) was examined through N2 adsorption isotherms. Additionally, five successive adsorption/regeneration cycles were carried out at the MW operational condition that allowed to reach the target temperature (T>600°C) while minimizing the WL. Both GACs exhibited a strong ability to convert MW irradiation into a rapid temperature increase (~150°C min-1 at 500 W). The highest values of RE (>90%) for both PFOA- and PFOS-saturated GACs were obtained at MW irradiation conditions that employed short regeneration time (3 min) and optimal temperature. Indeed, the highest RE did not occur at the highest temperatures (>750°C) due to the damage of GAC porous structure, particularly for LCGAC. After five cycles, the observed values of RE (~65%) and a moderate weight loss (<7%) demonstrated the good performance of MW irradiation for regenerating PFOA- and PFOS-saturated BCGAC. The obtained findings pointed out that MW irradiation is a promising alternative regeneration technique for PFAS-saturated GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gagliano
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Pietro P Falciglia
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Yeakub Zaker
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, Clemson (SC), 29634, United States of America
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, Clemson (SC), 29634, United States of America.
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Catania, 95125, Italy.
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213
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Chen R, Li G, He Y, Pan L, Yu Y, Shi B. Field study on the transportation characteristics of PFASs from water source to tap water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 198:117162. [PMID: 33962237 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) can occur in water sources, pass through drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), to the consumer taps. This investigation was carried out to present the transportation behaviors of 17 PFASs, involving seven DWTPs with different water sources, raw water transportation modes, treatment processes, and DWDS structures in eastern and northern China. The results showed that the long-distance raw water transportation pipelines removed a certain extent of PFASs from raw water, probably due to the accumulation of loose deposits. The long-distance, open-channel South-to-North water diversion increased PFAS contamination risk. In the DWTPs, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption and ultraviolet radiation removed less than 25% of PFASs, but ozonation-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) was superior to GAC alone in removing PFASs. Loose deposits couldsignificantly influence PFAS accumulation and release within branch-structured DWDSs. In loop-structured DWDSs, finished water with different PFAS characteristics could mix along the pipeline, with the corresponding DWTP as the center, ultimately forming a relatively uniform distribution in the entire DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yitian He
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linlin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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214
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Omo-Okoro PN, Curtis CJ, Marco AM, Melymuk L, Okonkwo JO. Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous media using synthesized silver nanocomposite-activated carbons. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:217-236. [PMID: 34150231 PMCID: PMC8172664 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been found to be widespread, extremely persistent and bioaccumulative with toxicity tendencies. Pre-synthesized nanocomposite-activated carbons, referred to, as physically activated maize tassel silver (PAMTAg) and chemically activated maize tassel silver (CAMTAg) were utilized in the present study. They were used for the removal of 10 PFAS from aqueous solutions. METHODS The nanocomposite-activated carbons were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) and other techniques. Batch equilibrium experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effects of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial PFAS concentration and temperature on the removal of PFAS using PAMTAg and CAMTAg. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to analyse the equilibrium data obtained. RESULTS Maximum adsorption capacities of 454.1 mg/g (0.91 mmol/g) and 321.2 mg/g (0.78 mmol/g) were recorded for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), respectively using CAMTAg. The values recorded for the Gibbs' free energy (ΔG°) for the adsorption of PFOS and PFOA onto PAMTAg and CAMTAg were negative; PFOS (-9.61, -9.99 and - 10.39), PFOA (-8.77, -9.76 and - 10.21) using PAMTAg; and PFOS (-13.70, -12.70 and - 12.37), PFOA (-12.86, -12.21 and - 11.17) using CAMTAg. Therefore, the adsorption processes were spontaneous and feasible. The values recorded for enthalpy (ΔH°) (kJ/mol) for the adsorption of PFOS (-26.15) and PFOA (-35.86) onto CAMTAg were negative, indicating that the adsorption mechanism is exothermic in nature. Positive values were recorded for ΔH° for the adsorption of PFOS (2.32) and PFOA (12.69) onto PAMTAg, indicative of an endothermic adsorption mechanism. Positive entropy (ΔS°) values (0.04 and 0.07) were recorded for PFOS and PFOA using PAMTAg; whereas negative values (-0.04 and - 0.08) were recorded for ΔS° using CAMTAg. A positive ΔS° indicates an increase in randomness of the adsorbate at the solid-solution interface and the reverse is the case for a negative ΔS°. CONCLUSION The interplay of electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interactions enabled the removal of PFAS using PAMTAg and CAMTAg. Findings suggest that PAMTAg and CAMTAg are effective for the removal of PFAS from aqueous media and are good alternatives to commercially available activated carbons. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-020-00597-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia N. Omo-Okoro
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies (GEMES), Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
- Department of Environmental, Water & Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
| | - Christopher J. Curtis
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies (GEMES), Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
| | | | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500 Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan O. Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water & Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
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215
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Dixit F, Dutta R, Barbeau B, Berube P, Mohseni M. PFAS removal by ion exchange resins: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129777. [PMID: 33582507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a large family of anthropogenic organic compounds with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. PFAS have become a global concern due to their toxicity and bio-accumulative properties. PFAS species have been ubiquitously detected in natural waters, wastewaters, sludge, and aquatic and terrestrial species which are anionic, zwitterionic and neutral. The ion exchange (IX) process for PFAS removal is an efficient technology for the remediation of PFAS-laden surface, ground and effluent wastewaters. This approach is more effective towards eliminating emerging short-chain PFAS which are not removed by carbon-based adsorption processes. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of PFAS removal from water via IX process. The evaluation and comparison of various IX resins in terms of kinetics and isotherms is presented. Literature data indicates that IX isotherm uptake capacity for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) can range up to 5 mmol/g on commercially available IX resins such as IRA 958 and IRA 67. The mechanism involved in the PFAS uptake process, such as diffusion, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic effects are discussed. The effects of the eluent variability on the regeneration efficacy are also highlighted and the effect of single-use vs reuse for newly developed PFAS-specific IX resins are also examined based on the reviewed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Berube
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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216
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Saeidi N, Kopinke FD, Georgi A. What is specific in adsorption of perfluoroalkyl acids on carbon materials? CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128520. [PMID: 33121799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various activated carbon products show wide variability in adsorption performance towards perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and predictive tools are largely missing. In order to gain a better understanding on the adsorption mechanisms of PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was compared with its fluorine-free analogon octanoic acid (OCA) as well as phenanthrene (nonionic) in terms of their response towards changes in carbon surface chemistry. For this approach, a commercial activated carbon felt (ACF) with high content of acidic surface groups was modified by amino-functionalisation as well as thermal defunctionalisation in H2 (yielding DeCACF). While improvement by amino-functionalisation was moderate, defunctionalisation drastically enhanced adsorption of PFOA and other PFAAs. In comparison, OCA and phenanthrene were much less affected. Electrostatic interactions and charge compensation provided by positively charged surface sites (quantified by their anion exchange capacity) are obviously more crucial for PFAAs than for common organic acids (such as the tested OCA). A possible reason is their exceptionally strong acidity with pKa < 1. Nevertheless, at the best modified ACF material (DeCACF) the sorption coefficients (Kd) for PFOA and perfluorooctylsulfonic acid (PFOS) at environmentally relevant concentrations reach the range of 107 L/kg which is outstanding. DeCACF provides a surface with overall low polarity (low O-content), low density of acidic sites causing electrostatic repulsion, but nevertheless a sufficient density of charge-balancing sites for organic anions. The results of the present study contribute to an optimized selection of adsorbents for PFAA adsorption from water considering also various salt matrices and the presence of natural organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Saeidi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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217
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Sonmez Baghirzade B, Zhang Y, Reuther JF, Saleh NB, Venkatesan AK, Apul OG. Thermal Regeneration of Spent Granular Activated Carbon Presents an Opportunity to Break the Forever PFAS Cycle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5608-5619. [PMID: 33881842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has caused their ubiquitous presence in natural waters. One of the standard practices for PFAS removal from water is adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC); however, this approach generates a new waste stream, i.e., PFAS-laden GAC. Considering the recalcitrance of PFAS molecules in the environment, inadequate disposal (e.g., landfill or incineration) of PFAS-laden GAC may let PFAS back into the aquatic cycle. Therefore, developing approaches for PFAS-laden GAC management present unique opportunities to break its forever circulation within the aqueous environment. This comprehensive review evaluates the past two decades of research on conventional thermal regeneration of GAC and critically analyzes and summarizes the literature on regeneration of PFAS-laden GACs. Optimized thermal regeneration of PFAS-laden GACs may provide an opportunity to employ existing regeneration infrastructure to mineralize the adsorbed PFAS and recover the spent GAC. The specific objectives of this review are (i) to investigate the role of physicochemical properties of PFAS on thermal regeneration, (ii) to assess the changes in regeneration yield as well as GAC physical and chemical structure upon thermal regeneration, and (iii) to critically discuss regeneration parameters controlling the process. This literature review on the engineered regeneration process illustrates the significant promise of this approach that can break the endless environmental cycle of these forever chemicals, while preserving the desired physicochemical properties of the valuable GAC adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Sonmez Baghirzade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - James F Reuther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Onur G Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
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218
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Zhang D, He Q, Wang M, Zhang W, Liang Y. Sorption of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) onto granular activated carbon and biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1798-1809. [PMID: 31625466 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1680744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted increasing concerns owing to their potential ecotoxicological effects. The sorption of PFASs, i.e. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobutansulfonic acid (PFBS), by granular activated carbon (GAC) and softwood-derived biochar was studied. The sorption equilibrium of PFASs on GAC was obtained within 3-24 h, while the time required to reach equilibrium for biochar was 12-48 h. PFASs sorption on both GAC and biochar were well represented by the pseudo-second-order model. In the case of sorption isotherms, the PFAS sorption capacity was chain-length dependent with following order: PFOS > PFOA > PFBS > PFBA. GAC exhibited high maximum Langmuir sorption capacity for both PFOS (123.5 µmol g-1) and PFOA (86.2 µmol g-1), which were 43% and 39.6% greater than biochar. The maximum sorption capacity for PFBS on GAC (48.3 µmol g-1) was higher than that for PFBA (31.4 µmol g-1), while the opposite sorption trend was observed for biochar. The sorption mechanisms involved both electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction. The sorption of PFASs increased with the decrease in pH. The competitive sorption of PFASs occurred during the sorption process, resulting in decreased PFASs removal efficiencies. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses indicated the presence of a variety of functional groups on the surfaces of adsorbents. Some FTIR responses shifted after sorption, indicating electronic interactions during sorption. All the results indicate that adsorption technology is a feasible method to control the contamination of PFASs, and both GAC and biochar are effective adsorbents for PFASs removal from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, People's Republic of China
- Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Qiaochong He
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilan Zhang
- Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yanna Liang
- Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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219
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang A, Li J, Yu J, Dou Y, He J, Kong D. Perfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water sources along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China: Human health and ecological risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 218:112289. [PMID: 33940442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in source water is of growing concern for its adverse effects on human health and wildlife as well. The Yangtze River is the vital drinking water source in Jiangsu Province of China, but little attention has been paid on PFASs. The occurrence, spatial distribution and temporal trend of PFASs in 21 water sources along the Jiangsu section of the Yangtze River was investigated with sampling from 2018 to 2020. Moreover, health risk of PFASs was assessed by estimated intake dose and derived tolerable intake dose, while ecological risk was assessed by selected effect concentration and environmental exposure. PFASs concentrations in source water ranged from 12.0 to 128 ng/L, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the dominated congener. Fluorine chemical industry lead to a great increase of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in its nearest water source. The estimated daily intake of PFASs through drinking was 0.54 and 0.82 ng/kg bw/day for adults and children. The major health risk was from perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOA for their toxicity on liver, reproduction, development and immunity, with the maximum hazard quotient of 0.029 and 0.043 for adults and children in the worst scenario. The ecological risks from PFASs on nine species groups ranged from 2.7 × 10-10 to 5.2. PFOA and Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were causing significant risk on wildlife, particularly on worms, mussels, and fish, which may further influence the structure and processes in the foodweb. Overall, PFASs, especially PFOS, PFOA and PFBS, induced considerable risk on human health and aquatic species in some hotspot area. It would be necessary to include them into monitoring in China and develop standards for different protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Aiguo Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Juying Li
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yezhi Dou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jian He
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China.
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220
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Fang Y, Ellis A, Choi YJ, Boyer TH, Higgins CP, Schaefer CE, Strathmann TJ. Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) Using Ion-Exchange and Nonionic Resins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5001-5011. [PMID: 33749259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite benefits to the firefighting industry, the release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) into aquatic systems poses significant risks to human health and other organisms. While anion-exchange technologies have proven to be effective for removing perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from water, their effectiveness for removing the diverse PFAS structures discovered in AFFF remains unknown. Here, we report on the adsorption of 75 PFASs, including 63 polyfluorinated substances, in a diluted AFFF mixture using 14 commercially available ion-exchange (IX)/nonionic resins and granular activated carbon (GAC). Results showed that anion-exchange resins (AERs) exhibited significant adsorption of PFASs compared to cation-exchange resins (CERs), nonionic resins (NIRs), and GAC regardless of the PFAS's predicted charge. Isotherm data showed that macroporous AERs have a higher PFAS adsorption capacity compared to gel-type AERs. Cross-correlation comparison of PFAS/Cl- selectivity coefficients (Kex) for each PFAS-AER combination showed that the hydrophobicity of the AER functional group, and polymer matrix played a dominant role in determining resin affinity for PFASs. PFAS structural characteristics also significantly affected adsorption, with increasing chain length and a net negative charge increasing the extent of adsorption. Results from this study provide guidelines for the selection of resins to adsorb a wider range of PFASs and meaningful insights for the development of quantitative models for IX treatment of AFFF-impacted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Fang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Anderson Ellis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | | | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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221
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Haupert LM, Pressman JG, Speth TF, Wahman DG. Avoiding pitfalls when modeling removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by anion exchange. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 3. [PMID: 34124610 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are receiving a great deal of attention from regulators, water utilities, and the general public. Anion-exchange resins have shown high capacities for removal of these substances from water, but there is currently a paucity of ion-exchange treatment models available to evaluate performance. In this work, important theoretical and practical considerations are discussed for modeling PFAS removal from drinking water using gel-type, strong-base anion-exchange resin in batch and column processes. Several important limitations found in the literature preclude movement toward model development, including the use of inappropriate isotherms, inappropriate kinetic assumptions, and experimental conditions that are not relevant to drinking water conditions. Theoretical considerations based on ion-exchange fundamentals are presented that will be of assistance to future researchers in developing models, designing batch and column experiments, and interpreting results of batch and column experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi M Haupert
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jonathan G Pressman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Thomas F Speth
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David G Wahman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio
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222
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Xiao Y, Deng J, Fang L, Tu L, Luan T. Mapping the distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances in zebrafishes by liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 231:122377. [PMID: 33965041 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigation on the distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in aquatic organisms is of great importance for exploring the biological toxicity and health risks of environmental pollutants. In this study, a liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) method was developed for rapid and in situ analysis of the spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in zebrafish. By combining the high-precision automated moving platform of LESA device and the high-resolution MS, quantitative analysis of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in zebrafish tissue section were easily achieved. A tissue-specific ionization efficiency factor (TSF) strategy was also proposed to correct the matrix effect in different parts of zebrafish tissue. By using the developed method, high sensitive and efficient imaging of PFOA and PFOS in zebrafish tissue was achieved, and the distributions of PFOA and PFOS in descending order were gills, organs, roes, pelvic fin, muscle, and brain. The experimental results demonstrated that the coupling of LESA-MS method with TFS strategy is an efficient and reliable approach for monitoring the content distribution of environmental pollutants in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Ling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lanyin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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223
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Tarapore P, Ouyang B. Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Male Reproductive Health: Do PFOA and PFOS Increase Risk for Male Infertility? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073794. [PMID: 33916482 PMCID: PMC8038605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are manmade synthetic chemicals which have been in existence for over 70 years. Though they are currently being phased out, their persistence in the environment is widespread. There is increasing evidence linking PFAS exposure to health effects, an issue of concern since PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) bioaccumulate in humans, with a half-life of years. Many epidemiological studies suggest that, worldwide, semen quality has decreased over the past several decades. One of the most worrying effects of PFOS and PFOA is their associations with lower testosterone levels, similar to clinical observations in infertile men. This review thus focuses on PFOS/PFOA-associated effects on male reproductive health. The sources of PFAS in drinking water are listed. The current epidemiological studies linking increased exposure to PFAS with lowered testosterone and semen quality, and evidence from rodent studies supporting their function as endocrine disruptors on the reproductive system, exhibiting non-monotonic dose responses, are noted. Finally, their mechanisms of action and possible toxic effects on the Leydig, Sertoli, and germ cells are discussed. Future research efforts must consider utilizing better human model systems for exposure, using more accurate PFAS exposure susceptibility windows, and improvements in statistical modeling of data to account for the endocrine disruptor properties of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheruza Tarapore
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Center of Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-513-558-5148
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Center of Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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224
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Different Adsorption Behavior between Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) on Granular Activated Carbon in Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plants. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in water have detrimental effects on human health, and the removal rate of these compounds by conventional water treatment processes is low. Given that the levels of PFCs have been regulated in many regions, a granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption process has been used in drinking water treatment plants to maintain concentrations of PFCs, perfluorohexyl sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), below 70 ng/L. However, it was found that these concentrations in the final product water in local water utilities unexpectedly increased because of inappropriate operation and maintenance methods of GAC, such as its inefficient regeneration and replacement cycle. In this study, the changes in PFC concentration were monitored and analyzed in raw and final water of two large-scale water treatment plants for eight months. Additionally, the correlation of the GAC replacement cycle with the removal efficiency of PFHxS and PFOA was investigated in a total of 30 GAC basins of two drinking water treatment plants. A lab-scale experiment with a coconut-shell-based GAC column showed the possibly different mechanism of removal between PFHxS and PFOA, indicating that the sulfonate-based PFCs may be a limiting factor in GAC replacement cycle for PFCs removal.
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225
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Sim W, Choi S, Choo G, Yang M, Park JH, Oh JE. Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2645. [PMID: 33807996 PMCID: PMC7967649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in raw water and treated water samples obtained from 18 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The ∑13OPFR concentrations in the treated water samples (29.5-122 ng/L; median 47.5 ng/L) were lower than those in the raw water (37.7-231 ng/L; median 98.1 ng/L), which indicated the positive removal rates (0-80%) of ∑13OPFR in the DWTPs. The removal efficiencies of ∑27PFAS in the DWTPs ranged from -200% to 50%, with the ∑27PFAS concentrations in the raw water (4.15-154 ng/L; median 32.0 ng/L) being similar to or lower than those in the treated water (4.74-116 ng/L; median 42.2 ng/L). Among OPFR, tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were dominant in both raw water and treated water samples obtained from the DWTPs. The dominant PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)) in the raw water samples were slightly different from those in the treated water samples (PFOA, L-perfluorohexane sulfonate (L-PFHxS), and PFHxA). The 95-percentile daily intakes of ∑13OPFR and ∑27PFAS via drinking water consumption were estimated to be up to 4.9 ng/kg/d and 0.22 ng/kg/d, respectively. The hazard index values of OPFR and PFAS were lower than 1, suggesting the risks less than known hazardous levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjin Sim
- Education & Research Center for Infrastructure of Smart Ocean City (i-SOC Center), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Sol Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.C.); (G.C.)
- National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, Busan 48943, Korea
| | - Mihee Yang
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.Y.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ju-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.Y.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.C.); (G.C.)
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226
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Omerović N, Djisalov M, Živojević K, Mladenović M, Vunduk J, Milenković I, Knežević NŽ, Gadjanski I, Vidić J. Antimicrobial nanoparticles and biodegradable polymer composites for active food packaging applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2428-2454. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nejra Omerović
- BioSense Institute University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Mila Djisalov
- BioSense Institute University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | | | | | - Jovana Vunduk
- Ekofungi Ltd. Belgrade Serbia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Food Technology and Biochemistry University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Jasmina Vidić
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy en Josas France
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227
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Hao S, Choi YJ, Wu B, Higgins CP, Deeb R, Strathmann TJ. Hydrothermal Alkaline Treatment for Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3283-3295. [PMID: 33557522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) for firefighting activities (e.g., fire training to extinguish fuel-based fires at aircraft facilities) has led to extensive groundwater and soil contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that are highly recalcitrant to destruction using conventional treatment technologies. This study reports on the hydrothermal alkaline treatment of diverse PFASs present in AFFFs. Quantitative and semiquantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses of PFASs demonstrate a rapid degradation of all 109 PFASs identified in two AFFFs (sulfonate- and fluorotelomer-based formulations) in water amended with an alkali (e.g., 1-5 M NaOH) at near-critical temperature and pressure (350 °C, 16.5 MPa). This includes per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids and a range of acid precursors. Most PFASs were degraded to nondetectable levels within 15 min, and the most recalcitrant perfluoroalkyl sulfonates were degraded within 30 min when treated with 5 M NaOH. 19F NMR spectroscopic analysis and fluoride ion analysis confirm the near-complete defluorination of PFASs in both dilute and concentrated AFFF mixtures, and no stable volatile organofluorine species were detected in reactor headspace gases by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. These findings indicate a significant potential for application of hydrothermal treatment technologies to manage PFAS waste streams, including on-site treatment of unused AFFF chemical stockpiles, investigation-derived wastes, and concentrated source zone materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilai Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Youn-Jeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Boran Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rula Deeb
- Geosyntec Consultants, Oakland, California 94607, United States
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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228
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Wang L, Nickelsen M, Chiang SY, Woodard S, Wang Y, Liang S, Mora R, Fontanez R, Anderson H, Huang Q. Treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids in concentrated wastes from regeneration of spent ion exchange resin by electrochemical oxidation using Magnéli phase Ti4O7 anode. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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229
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Kim KY, Ndabambi M, Choi S, Oh JE. Legacy and novel perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in industrial wastewater and the receiving river water: Temporal changes in relative abundances of regulated compounds and alternatives. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 191:116830. [PMID: 33476798 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 28 novel and legacy perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in wastewater from 77 industrial plants in the largest industrial complex in Korea were determined. The industrial plants were of eight types (advanced electronic, battery, chemical, general electronic, glass and ceramic, metal, polymer, and textile). PFAS concentrations in river water receiving the wastewater were determined to assess the impact of wastewater from the industrial complex. Only 19 and nine target PFASs were detected in untreated industrial wastewater and river water, respectively. Novel PFASs such as F53B (6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate) were not detected. The mean PFASs concentration in industrial wastewater treatment plant effluent was 5.18 µg/L. The mean total PFASs concentration was highest in advanced electronic plant effluent, second highest in general electronic plant effluent, and lowest in battery and chemical plant effluents. Perfluorohexane sulfonate was the dominant homolog, being detected in effluent from plants of all classes and contributing 96% of total discharged PFASs by mass. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (included in the Stockholm Convention) use has decreased markedly since previous studies. Perfluorooctane sulfonate has largely been replaced by PFASs with fewer than seven carbon atoms. A similar change was found for river water receiving industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mlamuli Ndabambi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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230
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Iwabuchi K, Sato I. Effectiveness of household water purifiers in removing perfluoroalkyl substances from drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11665-11671. [PMID: 33410030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water is one of the major exposure routes to Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). These chemicals are scarcely removed by the conventional process in water purification plants. In the present study, four models of pitcher-type water purifiers (A-D) were tested to evaluate their removal effect on six PFASs including PFOS and PFOA. All of the water purifiers removed PFASs, but the efficiency was dependent on the models. Model C was most effective; more than 90% of all PFASs were removed through the recommended life of the filter cartridge. Model D was least effective; its removal efficiency declined below 50% by the end of the cartridge's life. When compared by the carbon chain length of PFASs, the removal efficiency was "C12 > C10 > C8 > C6" in all models. This study clearly demonstrates that household water purifiers are effective in decreasing the exposure to PFASs through drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Iwabuchi
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health, Kita-Iioka 1-11-16, Morioka, 020-0857, Japan
| | - Itaru Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
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231
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Valbonesi P, Profita M, Vasumini I, Fabbri E. Contaminants of emerging concern in drinking water: Quality assessment by combining chemical and biological analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143624. [PMID: 33229077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water quality is a priority issue of the environmental policy agenda, however regulation on Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) is limited. A proposal to revise the Drinking Water Directive has recently been approved (EU Council 2020), which updates the quality standards and introduces the watch list mechanism, including for the first time endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of selected CECs in surface water at the entrance of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and in treated water, ready for distribution in the network. Samples were collected at three different DWTPs (Italy) and CECs assessed by LC-MS/MS were the following: bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol, perfluorooctanesulfonic and perfluorooctanoic acids (PFOS and PFOA), atenolol, caffeine (CFF), carbamazepine (CBZ), estrone, 17-β-estradiol, 17-α-ethinyl estradiol, diclofenac, and ibuprofen. In addition, biological analyses were performed to ascertain cumulative estrogenic and/or genotoxic potential of the samples. CFF, NP, PFOA, BPA, and CBZ were the most frequently detected contaminants, found in treated water in the following ranges: CFF 12.47-66.33 ng/L, NP 7.90-53.62 ng/L, PFOA <LOQ-12.66, ng/L, BPA <LOQ-6.27 ng/L, and CBZ <LOQ-1.20 ng/L. While treatments were generally efficacious in reducing BPA, CFF and CBZ, they were sometimes ineffective for NP and PFOA. According to the low concentrations and/or regulation limit for each single contaminant, the water analyzed met the criteria of good quality. No estrogenic or genotoxic activities were induced by the water assessed, with the exception of one sample. It has been suggested that drinking water may not represent a significant source of human exposure to CECs, however co-occurrence of different compounds may lead to additive/synergistic interactions causing unexpected effects on human health and the environment, and deserve implementation of strategies for detection and removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Valbonesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marilin Profita
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivo Vasumini
- Romagna Acque Società delle Fonti SpA, Forli, Italy
| | - Elena Fabbri
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Italy; Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna, Campus of Ravenna, Italy.
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232
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Lu Y, Hua Z, Chu K, Gu L, Liu Y, Liu X. Distribution behavior and risk assessment of emerging perfluoroalkyl acids in multiple environmental media at Luoma Lake, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110733. [PMID: 33434608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous in various environments. This has caused great public concern, particularly in the shallow freshwater lake region, where the lake, rivers, and estuaries form a highly interconnected continuum. However, little is known about the environmental behaviors of PFAAs in the continuum. For the first time, a high-resolution monitoring framework covering the river-estuary-lake continuum of Luoma Lake was built, and the concentrations, sources, and environmental fates of PFAAs were identified and analyzed. The results revealed that the total concentration of PFAAs was at a moderate level in the water and at a high level in the sediment compared to global levels respectively. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant PFAA in the continuum. In particular, the ∑PFAA concentration in the particle phase was much higher than that in the sediment phase. Distinct spatial heterogeneities were observed in the behaviors of distribution and the multiphase fate of PFAAs in the continuum, mainly driven by the turbulent mixing during transport, dilution of lake water, and spatial differences of hydrodynamic features and sedimentary properties among the sub-regions. Interestingly, the pH of the sediment and water had significant effects on the water-sediment portioning of PFAAs in contrasting ways. Furthermore, based on the composition of the sediments, four possible migration paths for PFAAs were deduced and the main sources of PFAAs were identified as sewage, domestic, and industrial effluents using the positive matrix factorization model. During the human health assessment, no risk was found under the median exposure scenario; however, under the high exposure scenario, PFAAs posed uncertain risks to human health, which cannot be ignored. This study provides basic information for simulating the fate and transport of PFAAs in the continuum and is significant for developing cost-effective control and remediation strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zulin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; National Engineering Research of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Kejian Chu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; National Engineering Research of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; National Engineering Research of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; National Engineering Research of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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233
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Sima MW, Jaffé PR. A critical review of modeling Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the soil-water environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143793. [PMID: 33303199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their health effects and the recalcitrant nature of their CF bonds, Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are widely investigated for their distribution, remediation, and toxicology in ecosystems. However, very few studies have focused on modeling PFAS in the soil-water environment. In this review, we summarized the recent development in PFAS modeling for various chemical, physical, and biological processes, including sorption, volatilization, degradation, bioaccumulation, and transport. PFAS sorption is kinetic in nature with sorption equilibrium commonly quantified by either a linear, the Freundlich, or the Langmuir isotherms. Volatilization of PFAS depends on carbon chain length and ionization status and has been simulated by a two-layer diffusion process across the air water interface. First-order kinetics is commonly used for physical, chemical, and biological degradation processes. Uptake by plants and other biota can be passive and/or active. As surfactants, PFAS have a tendency to be sorbed or concentrated on air-water or non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-water interfaces, where the same three isotherms for soil sorption are adopted. PFAS transport in the soil-water environment is simulated by solving the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) that is coupled to PFAS sorption, phase transfer, as well as physical, chemical, and biological transformations. As the physicochemical properties and concentration vary greatly among the potentially thousands of PFAS species in the environment, systematic efforts are needed to identify models and model parameters to simulate their fate, transport, and response to remediation techniques. Since many process formulations are empirical in nature, mechanistic approaches are needed to further the understanding of PFAS-soil-water-plant interactions so that the model parameters are less site dependent and more predictive in simulating PFAS remediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Sima
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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234
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Fan C, Wang H, Liu Y, Cao X. New deep eutectic solvent based superparamagnetic nanofluid for determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in edible oils. Talanta 2021; 228:122214. [PMID: 33773700 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been identified as global pollutants and raise considerable food safety concerns. However, the development of an analytical method with satisfied pretreatment performance for PFASs with varying alkyl chain length in the fatty samples remains a challenge. We describe herein the preparation of superparamagnetic nanofluid, based on a new choline chloride/1-(o-tolyl)biguanide deep eutectic solvent (DES) system, for direct extraction of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids from edible oils. Target PFASs, especially the short-chain one, all possessed high recoveries (90-109% with intra-day and inter-day precision below 10%). This was achieved by adjusting the constituent ratio of DES for balancing the anion-exchange (electrostatic) interactions and hydrogen-bond interactions. Employing the prepared nanofluid in magnetic microextraction, followed by high-resolution mass spectrum analysis, resulted in a rapid (15 min for pretreatment), simple, sensitive (detection limit: 0.3-1.6 pg g-1), and efficient method for the enrichment and determination of trace PFASs. Furthermore, the introducing of N-H⋯F weak force increased the pretreatment selectivity to effectively reduce the matrix effect. At the end of the study, the proposed methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of target analytes in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xueli Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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235
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Lin H, Xiao R, Xie R, Yang L, Tang C, Wang R, Chen J, Lv S, Huang Q. Defect Engineering on a Ti 4O 7 Electrode by Ce 3+ Doping for the Efficient Electrooxidation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2597-2607. [PMID: 33502168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering in an electrocatalyst, such as doping, has the potential to significantly enhance its catalytic activity and stability. Herein, we report the use of a defect engineering strategy to enhance the electrochemical reactivity of Ti4O7 through Ce3+ doping (1-3 at. %), resulting in the significantly accelerated interfacial charge transfer and yielding a 37-129% increase in the anodic production of the hydroxyl radical (OH•). The Ce3+-doped Ti4O7 electrodes, [(Ti1-xCex)4O7], also exhibited a more stable electrocatalytic activity than the pristine Ti4O7 electrode so as to facilitate the long-term operation. Furthermore, (Ti1-xCex)4O7 electrodes were also shown to effectively mineralize perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in electrooxidation processes in both a trace-concentration river water sample and a simulated preconcentration waste stream sample. A 3 at. % dopant amount of Ce3+ resulted in a PFOS oxidation rate 2.4× greater than that of the pristine Ti4O7 electrode. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest that Ce3+ doping created surficial oxygen vacancies that may be responsible for the enhanced electrochemical reactivity and stability of the (Ti1-xCex)4O7 electrodes. Results of this study provide insights into the defect engineering strategy for boosting the electrochemical performance of the Ti4O7 electrode with a robust reactivity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, P. R. China
| | - Runlin Xiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, P. R. China
| | - Ruzhen Xie
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Lihui Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, P. R. China
| | - Caiming Tang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, P. R. China
| | - Sihao Lv
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, P. R. China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, United States
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236
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Chen R, Zhuang Y, Yu Y, Shi B. Enhanced perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) accumulation by combination with in-situ formed Mn oxides under drinking water conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116660. [PMID: 33279743 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate manganese oxide (MnOx) deposition in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) gives rise to the risk of water discoloration at the consumers' tap; however, its role in the fate and transport of trace organic pollutants in DWDS is not clear. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a persistent organic pollutant frequently detected in natural water, was selected to investigate the potential effect of MnOx on its transportation behavior under DWDS conditions through laboratory batch experiments. The results show that PFOA can be greatly combined with MnOx formed in-situ through a Mn(II) oxidation process by free chlorine. However, the accumulation of PFOA by preformed MnOx was negligible. It was found that 1 mg/L Mn captured over 50% of PFOA with an initial concentration of 50 ng/L during oxidation. The water compositions of actual water could contribute to the effect of PFOA accumulation to a certain extent. Characterization of the solid products revealed that PFOA is homogenously embedded into MnOx. The combination of PFOA with MnOx occurs through a bridging effect of Mn(II) between the surface hydroxyls of MnOx and the -COOH group of PFOA. The resulting MnOx-PFOA particles were more inclined to agglomerate, enabling possibly easy deposition onto the pipe wall than ordinary MnOx particles. This study provides insights into the co-occurrence of metal deposits with PFOA and the potential risks posed by PFOA accumulation to consumers through the water distribution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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237
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Nadagouda MN, Lee T. Cross-Flow Treatment of PFAS in Water: Materials Challenges and Potential Solutions. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2021; 2:129-133. [PMID: 34017962 PMCID: PMC8129913 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.0c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- The United States Environmental Protection Agency ORD, CESER, WID, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Tae Lee
- The United States Environmental Protection Agency ORD, CESER, WID, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
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238
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Zhou Y, Zhou Z, Lian Y, Sun X, Wu Y, Qiao L, Wang M. Source, transportation, bioaccumulation, distribution and food risk assessment of perfluorinated alkyl substances in vegetables: A review. Food Chem 2021; 349:129137. [PMID: 33556727 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in agricultural products have attracted more and more attentions recently. In this review, relationship between PFASs and vegetables is summarized comprehensively. PFASs could transfer to cultivation soils by irrigation water, bio-amended soil, and atmospheric deposition mainly from industrial emissions. Carbon chain length of PFASs, species of vegetables and so on are key factors for PFASs migration and bioaccumulation in soils, plants and vegetables. Studies on food risk assessment of PFOA and PFOS show low consumption risk for most vegetables, however researches on other substances are lacking. In the future, we need to pay more attention on novel pollution pathway in cultivation, traceability research for considerable contamination, dietary exposure levels for different vegetables and more substances, as well as more exact and scientific food risk assessments. Additionally, effective means for PFASs adsorption in soil and removal from soil are also expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Jining Center for Food and Drug Control, Jining 272025, China
| | - Ziyu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yujing Lian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Luqin Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Minglin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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239
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D’Ambro EL, Pye HOT, Bash JO, Bowyer J, Allen C, Efstathiou C, Gilliam RC, Reynolds L, Talgo K, Murphy BN. Characterizing the Air Emissions, Transport, and Deposition of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from a Fluoropolymer Manufacturing Facility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:862-870. [PMID: 33395278 PMCID: PMC7887699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been released into the environment for decades, yet contributions of air emissions to total human exposure, from inhalation and drinking water contamination via deposition, are poorly constrained. The atmospheric transport and fate of a PFAS mixture from a fluoropolymer manufacturing facility in North Carolina were investigated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model applied at high resolution (1 km) and extending ∼150 km from the facility. Twenty-six explicit PFAS compounds, including GenX, were added to CMAQ using current best estimates of air emissions and relevant physicochemical properties. The new model, CMAQ-PFAS, predicts that 5% by mass of total emitted PFAS and 2.5% of total GenX are deposited within ∼150 km of the facility, with the remainder transported out. Modeled air concentrations of total GenX and total PFAS around the facility can reach 24.6 and 8500 ng m-3 but decrease to ∼0.1 and ∼10 ng m-3 at 35 km downwind, respectively. We find that compounds with acid functionality have higher deposition due to enhanced water solubility and pH-driven partitioning to aqueous media. To our knowledge, this is the first modeling study of the fate of a comprehensive, chemically resolved suite of PFAS air emissions from a major manufacturing source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. D’Ambro
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - James Bowyer
- North Carolina Division of Air Quality, NC DEQ, Raleigh, NC
| | - Chris Allen
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Robert C. Gilliam
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Lara Reynolds
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kevin Talgo
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
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240
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Approximately 12% of the population in the US and Canada rely on federally unregulated private wells, which are common in rural areas and may be susceptible to microbiological and chemical contamination. This review identifies and summarizes recent findings on contaminants of emerging concern in well water across the US and Canada. RECENT FINDINGS Private well water quality modeling is complicated by the substantial variability in contamination sources, well construction, well depth, and the hydrogeology of the environment surrounding the well. Temporal variation in contaminant levels in wells suggests the need for monitoring efforts with greater spatial and temporal coverage. More extensive private well monitoring will help identify wells at greater risk of contamination, and in turn, public health efforts can focus on education and outreach to improve monitoring, maintaining, and treating private wells in these communities. Community interventions need to be coupled with stricter regulations and financing mechanisms that can support and protect private well owners.
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241
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Dodds JN, Alexander NLM, Kirkwood KI, Foster MR, Hopkins ZR, Knappe DRU, Baker ES. From Pesticides to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: An Evaluation of Recent Targeted and Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Methods for Xenobiotics. Anal Chem 2021; 93:641-656. [PMID: 33136371 PMCID: PMC7855838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James N Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nancy Lee M Alexander
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Kaylie I Kirkwood
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - MaKayla R Foster
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zachary R Hopkins
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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242
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Shahsavari E, Rouch D, Khudur LS, Thomas D, Aburto-Medina A, Ball AS. Challenges and Current Status of the Biological Treatment of PFAS-Contaminated Soils. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:602040. [PMID: 33490051 PMCID: PMC7817812 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs) which are of current concern as they are linked to a myriad of adverse health effects in mammals. They can be found in drinking water, rivers, groundwater, wastewater, household dust, and soils. In this review, the current challenge and status of bioremediation of PFAs in soils was examined. While several technologies to remove PFAS from soil have been developed, including adsorption, filtration, thermal treatment, chemical oxidation/reduction and soil washing, these methods are expensive, impractical for in situ treatment, use high pressures and temperatures, with most resulting in toxic waste. Biodegradation has the potential to form the basis of a cost-effective, large scale in situ remediation strategy for PFAS removal from soils. Both fungal and bacterial strains have been isolated that are capable of degrading PFAS; however, to date, information regarding the mechanisms of degradation of PFAS is limited. Through the application of new technologies in microbial ecology, such as stable isotope probing, metagenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics there is the potential to examine and identify the biodegradation of PFAS, a process which will underpin the development of any robust PFAS bioremediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan Rouch
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Leadin S Khudur
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Duncan Thomas
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for the Transformation of Australia's Biosolids Resource, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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243
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Mastropietro TF, Bruno R, Pardo E, Armentano D. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes for highly efficient PFASs removal: overview, challenges and future perspectives. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5398-5410. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PFASs are called “forever chemicals” because they do not fully degrade. They have become so ubiquitous in the environment that it is difficult to prevent exposure. This review aims to provide a set of improved technologies to remove PFASs from water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosaria Bruno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- Italy
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL)
- Universitat de València
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
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244
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Yong ZY, Kim KY, Oh JE. The occurrence and distributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater after a PFAS leakage incident in 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115395. [PMID: 33035874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations of groundwater in three cities of the Nakdong River Basin in South Korea were quantified to investigate PFAS contamination and the effect of PFAS leakage incident that occurred in the study area in 2018. Groundwater PFASs concentration ranged from non-detectable (N.D.) to 36.9 ng/L (mean 14.1 ng/L), in which, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were commonly observed. Compared to long-chain (C ≥ 8) PFAS, short-chain (<C8) PFAS are more commonly detected in groundwater. Statistical differences were found between the groundwater obtained from different land use. PFAS detected in groundwater from industrial land use were significant different (p<0.01) than other land usages. Spatial difference of PFAS concentrations and distributions in groundwater were also found. PFAS concentrations in groundwater at the furthest downstream area (mean 26.4 ng/L) were the highest followed by the middle reaches (mean 16.2 ng/L), and the upstream area (mean 4.3 ng/L). PFHxS, which was detected dominantly in the middle reach areas, contributed 51% of the total PFAS concentration, but was not detected in the upstream area. There was no health risk by drinking groundwater but found the effect of PFHxS leakage incident on groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yuan Yong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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245
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Yin J, Jian Z, Zhu G, Yu X, Pu Y, Yin L, Wang D, Bu Y, Liu R. Male reproductive toxicity involved in spermatogenesis induced by perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:1443-1453. [PMID: 32839910 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a persistent organic pollutant, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have gained increasing research attention over recent years because of their potential risk to humans and the environment. In this paper, we investigated the reproductive toxicity of these pollutants using a C. elegans model to evaluate spermatogenesis throughout the entire developmental cycle of him-5 mutant by exposing to 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mmol/L PFOS or PFOA for 48 h. Experimental results suggested that PFOS and PFOA exposure led to reductions in brood size, germ cell number, spermatid size, and motility, and increases in rate of malformation spermatids. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that exposure to PFOS resulted in higher levels of damage than PFOA in germ cells only in 0.001 mmol/L exposure group. RT-qPCR was used to further investigate the expression of genes associated with different stages of spermatogenesis, such as mitosis and meiosis, fibrous body-membranous organelles (FB-MOs), and sperm activation. The expression levels of wee-1.3, spe-4, spe-6, and spe-17 genes were increased, while those of puf-8, spe-10, fer-1, swm-1, try-5, and spe-15 genes were decreased. Our results suggesting that PFOS or PFOA may cause spermatogenesis damage by disrupting the mitotic proliferation, meiotic entry, formation of the MOs, fusion of the MOs and plasma membrane (PM), and pseudopods. Loss-of-function studies using puf-8 and spe-10 mutants revealed spe-10 gene was specifically involved in PFOS- or PFOA-induced reproductive toxicity via regulating one or more critical palmitoylation events, while puf-8 gene was not direct target of PFOS and PFOA, and PFOS and PFOA may act on the upstream gene of puf-8, thus affecting reproductive ability. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential adverse impact of PFOS and PFOA exposure on spermatogenesis and provide valuable data for PFC risk assessment. Grapical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Zihai Jian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanqing Bu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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246
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Wang P, Challis JK, Luong KH, Vera TC, Wong CS. Calibration of organic-diffusive gradients in thin films (o-DGT) passive samplers for perfluorinated alkyl acids in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128325. [PMID: 33297256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of the organic-diffusive gradients in thin films (o-DGT) passive sampling technique for the monitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment is still limited. Six common PFAS with different chain lengths were evaluated in water by o-DGT. Measured diffusion coefficients (D) in agarose and polyacrylamide diffusive gels ranged from 4.55-8.63 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 and 3.85-7.00 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 at 23 °C, respectively. Experimental sampling rates (Rs) for both agarose- and polyacrylamide-WAX sampler configurations were within 22% relative error of D-based Rs for four of the PFAS. Larger differences for perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) ranged from 36% to 56%. In general, in-situ Rs can be predicted using measured D-values for perfluorinated alkyl acids. The mass accumulation of six PFAS in two o-DGT configurations was linear over 21 days (R2 ≥ 0.97). Diffusion and uptake of o-DGT depended on the gel type and specific PFAS. Field demonstrations of o-DGT with WAX and HLB binding gels and polyacrylamide diffusive gels (not prone to biodegradation) found 0.3-19.5 ng L-1 of PFAS in rivers near industrial areas around Guangzhou and Foshan, China, with no apparent differences between the two co-deployed samplers. This study demonstrates that the configurations of o-DGT tested provide a cost-effective monitoring tool for measuring perfluorinated alkyl acids in aquatic systems, in particular the four PFAS for which reasonable correlations were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
| | - Jonathan K Challis
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Kim H Luong
- Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Trisha C Vera
- Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Charles S Wong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA; Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada.
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247
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Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), Its Occurrence, Fate, Transport and Removal in Various Environmental Media: A Review. CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING AND WASTEWATER SOURCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4599-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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248
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Sun J, Jennepalli S, Lee M, O'Carroll DM, Åkermark B, Manefield MJ, Das B, Kumar N. Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water by ceric( iv) ammonium nitrate. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17642-17645. [PMID: 35480216 PMCID: PMC9032701 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02635f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from water by ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- School of Chemistry
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | | | - Matthew Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Water Research Centre
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Denis M. O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Water Research Centre
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Björn Åkermark
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- Stockholm 10691
- Sweden
| | - Michael J. Manefield
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Water Research Centre
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Biswanath Das
- School of Chemistry
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- Department of Organic Chemistry
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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249
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Ahmed MB, Johir MAH, McLaughlan R, Nguyen LN, Xu B, Nghiem LD. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil and sediments: Occurrence, fate, remediation and future outlook. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141251. [PMID: 32805564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of great concern due to their wide-spread occurrence and persistence in the environments (i.e., in water, soil and sediment) and potential toxicology even at very low concentration. The main focus of this review is on the PFASs in soil and sediments. More specifically, this review systematically examines the occurrence and toxicological effects with associated risks, fate (i.e., PFASs adsorption by soil and sediment, transportation and transformation, and bioaccumulation), and remediation practices of PFASs in soil and sediment. Various models and equations such as fugacity-based multimedia fate and hydrodynamic models are used to study the fate, transport, and transformation of PFASs. Among different remediation practices, sorption is the dominant process for the removal of PFASs from soil and sediments. Results also indicate that PFASs adsorption onto activated carbon decrease with the increase of carbon chain length in the PFASs. The longer-chain PFASs have larger partition coefficient values than shorter-chained PFASs. Sorption of PFASs to soil and sediments are mainly governed by different electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds formation, hydrophobic interactions, organic content in soil and sediments, and ligand exchange. Other technology such as thermal treatment might be potential in the removal of PAFSs, but need further study to elucidate a conclusion. Finally, the associated challenges and future outlook have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Ahmed
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - M A H Johir
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Robert McLaughlan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luong N Nguyen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bentuo Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Long D Nghiem
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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250
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Kleywegt S, Raby M, McGill S, Helm P. The impact of risk management measures on the concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in source and treated drinking waters in Ontario, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141195. [PMID: 32805563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Risk management measures (RMMs) are a broad set of tools used in global treaties and national regulations to manage, ban or restrict the use of toxic chemicals. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of chemicals that are persistent, bioaccumulate, biomagnify and are inherently toxic to the environment and human health. For these reasons global RMMs have been imposed on the manufacture and use of select PFAS. To evaluate the occurrence and potential current risk of PFAS in the Ontario environment, PFAS were quantitatively measured in source waters pre- (2005-2007) and post- (2012-2016, 2018-2019) implementation of RMMs. Source water samples were collected pre- (n = 105), and post-RMMs (n = 326) from lake, river and groundwater and analyzed for up to 14 PFAS. Pre-RMMs, the most frequently detected PFAS in source water were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 83%) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; 76%) followed by perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS; 47%) and the maximum ∑PFAS10 was 42.1 ng/L. Post-RMMs, the maximum ∑PFAS10 (which includes PFOS) was statistically significantly reduced to 15.5 ng/L, well below the Federal Environmental Quality Guidelines for PFOS. To evaluate post-RMMs risk to human health, 226 drinking water samples were collected from 25 drinking water systems with conventional and advanced treatment. All individual (or ∑PFAS) concentrations are well below current and proposed Health advisory levels or regulatory guidelines/standards for PFAS in drinking water with calculated Risk Quotients (RQ) <0.02. This survey indicates that the implementation of RMMs for select PFAS have made a significant difference to the concentrations detected in source waters in Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Kleywegt
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, ON, Canada.
| | - Melanie Raby
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie McGill
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, ON, Canada
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