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Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in vascular and inflammatory diseases. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:1788-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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202
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Daffu G, del Pozo CH, O'Shea KM, Ananthakrishnan R, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. Radical roles for RAGE in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases and beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19891-910. [PMID: 24084731 PMCID: PMC3821592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a central mechanism by which the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) mediates its pathological effects. Multiple experimental inquiries in RAGE-expressing cultured cells have demonstrated that ligand-RAGE interaction mediates generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent downstream signal transduction and regulation of gene expression. The primary mechanism by which RAGE generates oxidative stress is via activation of NADPH oxidase; amplification mechanisms in the mitochondria may further drive ROS production. Recent studies indicating that the cytoplasmic domain of RAGE binds to the formin mDia1 provide further support for the critical roles of this pathway in oxidative stress; mDia1 was required for activation of rac1 and NADPH oxidase in primary murine aortic smooth muscle cells treated with RAGE ligand S100B. In vivo, in multiple distinct disease models in animals, RAGE action generates oxidative stress and modulates cellular/tissue fate in range of disorders, such as in myocardial ischemia, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm formation. Blockade or genetic deletion of RAGE was shown to be protective in these settings. Indeed, beyond cardiovascular disease, evidence is accruing in human subjects linking levels of RAGE ligands and soluble RAGE to oxidative stress in disorders such as doxorubicin toxicity, acetaminophen toxicity, neurodegeneration, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, preeclampsia, rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary fibrosis. Blockade of RAGE signal transduction may be a key strategy for the prevention of the deleterious consequences of oxidative stress, particularly in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdip Daffu
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 901C, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Sitkiewicz E, Tarnowski K, Poznański J, Kulma M, Dadlez M. Oligomerization interface of RAGE receptor revealed by MS-monitored hydrogen deuterium exchange. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76353. [PMID: 24098480 PMCID: PMC3788119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) leads to a chronic proinflammatory signal, affecting patients with a variety of diseases. Potentially beneficial modification of RAGE activity requires understanding the signal transduction mechanism at the molecular level. The ligand binding domain is structurally uncoupled from the cytoplasmic domain, suggesting receptor oligomerization is a requirement for receptor activation. In this study, we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry to map structural differences between the monomeric and oligomeric forms of RAGE. Our results indicated the presence of a region shielded from exchange in the oligomeric form of RAGE and led to the identification of a new oligomerization interface localized at the linker region between domains C1 and C2. Based on this finding, a model of a RAGE dimer and higher oligomeric state was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sitkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tarnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulma
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Biology Department, Warsaw University, Warszawa, Poland
- * E-mail:
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204
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Kikuchi K, Tancharoen S, Ito T, Morimoto-Yamashita Y, Miura N, Kawahara KI, Maruyama I, Murai Y, Tanaka E. Potential of the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) telmisartan, irbesartan, and candesartan for inhibiting the HMGB1/RAGE axis in prevention and acute treatment of stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18899-924. [PMID: 24065095 PMCID: PMC3794813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. The main cause of stroke is atherosclerosis, and the most common risk factor for atherosclerosis is hypertension. Therefore, antihypertensive treatments are recommended for the prevention of stroke. Three angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), telmisartan, irbesartan and candesartan, inhibit the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which is one of the pleiotropic effects of these drugs. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is the ligand of RAGE, and has been recently identified as a lethal mediator of severe sepsis. HMGB1 is an intracellular protein, which acts as an inflammatory cytokine when released into the extracellular milieu. Extracellular HMGB1 causes multiple organ failure and contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and stroke. This is the first review of the literature evaluating the potential of three ARBs for the HMGB1-RAGE axis on stroke therapy, including prevention and acute treatment. This review covers clinical and experimental studies conducted between 1976 and 2013. We propose that ARBs, which inhibit the HMGB1/RAGE axis, may offer a novel option for prevention and acute treatment of stroke. However, additional clinical studies are necessary to verify the efficacy of ARBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothe Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mails: (K.K.); (S.T.)
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Salunya Tancharoen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothe Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mails: (K.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoko Morimoto-Yamashita
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Naoki Miura
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Ko-ichi Kawahara
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Department of Biomedical Engineering Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoshinaka Murai
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Eiichiro Tanaka
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-942-31-7542; Fax: +81-942-31-7695
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205
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Receptor for advanced glycation end products and its involvement in inflammatory diseases. Int J Inflam 2013; 2013:403460. [PMID: 24102034 PMCID: PMC3786507 DOI: 10.1155/2013/403460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, capable of binding a broad repertoire of ligands. RAGE-ligands interaction induces a series of signal transduction cascades and lead to the activation of transcription factor NF-κB as well as increased expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. These effects endow RAGE with the role in the signal transduction from pathogen substrates to cell activation during the onset and perpetuation of inflammation. RAGE signaling and downstream pathways have been implicated in a wide spectrum of inflammatory-related pathologic conditions such as arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, acute respiratory failure, and sepsis. Despite the significant progress in other RAGE studies, the functional importance of the receptor in clinical situations and inflammatory diseases still remains to be fully realized. In this review, we will summarize current understandings and lines of evidence on the molecular mechanisms through which RAGE signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of the aforementioned inflammation-associated conditions.
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Abstract
Microglia are critical nervous system-specific cells influencing brain development, maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury, and repair. They contribute to neuronal proliferation and differentiation, pruning of dying neurons, synaptic remodeling and clearance of debris and aberrant proteins. Colonization of the brain occurs during gestation with an expansion following birth with localization stimulated by programmed neuronal death, synaptic pruning, and axonal degeneration. Changes in microglia phenotype relate to cellular processes including specific neurotransmitter, pattern recognition, or immune-related receptor activation. Upon activation, microglia cells have the capacity to release a number of substances, e.g., cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, which could be detrimental or beneficial to the surrounding cells. With aging, microglia shift their morphology and may display diminished capacity for normal functions related to migration, clearance, and the ability to shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state to regulate injury and repair. This shift in microglia potentially contributes to increased susceptibility and neurodegeneration as a function of age. In the current review, information is provided on the colonization of the brain by microglia, the expression of various pattern recognition receptors to regulate migration and phagocytosis, and the shift in related functions that occur in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD C1-04, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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207
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Mahajan N, Mahmood S, Jain S, Dhawan V. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), inflammatory ligand EN-RAGE and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in subjects with Takayasu's arteritis. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:532-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE): do sRAGE ligands or anti-sRAGE auto-antibodies interfere with sRAGE quantification? Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 51:248-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563213493402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) has been studied in various diseases. It is not clear why sRAGE levels vary between studies, with controversial results. What also remains to be determined is whether receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) ligands could affect sRAGE assessment by epitope masking. Recently described anti-sRAGE autoantibodies may play an interfering role. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of RAGE ligands and anti-sRAGE autoantibodies on sRAGE quantification. Methods The RAGE ligands carboxymethyllysine (CML; AGEs with a high affinity for RAGE), S100 proteins, high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and β-amyloid peptide (aβ) were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant sRAGE (rHu-sRAGE) or serum from healthy controls. Using ELISA, anti-sRAGE autoantibodies (IgGs) were identified in haemodialysis (HD) patients, then purified and incubated with rHu-sRAGE or serum to investigate their effects on sRAGE levels. Results RAGE ligands, either alone at three different concentrations (CML was also tested at different glycation levels) or a mixture of all these ligands, did not affect sRAGE levels when incubated with rHu-sRAGE or control serum. Compared with healthy controls, HD patients had higher levels of sRAGE ( P < 0.001) and anti-sRAGE IgGs ( P < 0.05). However, incubation of rHu-sRAGE with purified IgGs from HD patients had no effect on sRAGE quantification. Conclusions RAGE ligands or anti-sRAGE autoantibodies did not interfere with sRAGE quantification. Further studies are required to elucidate the variability in sRAGE levels reported in the literature and to define the potential of sRAGE for use as a reliable biomarker.
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Abstract
The discovery of the enzymatic formation of lactic acid from methylglyoxal dates back to 1913 and was believed to be associated with one enzyme termed ketonaldehydemutase or glyoxalase, the latter designation prevailed. However, in 1951 it was shown that two enzymes were needed and that glutathione was the required catalytic co-factor. The concept of a metabolic pathway defined by two enzymes emerged at this time. Its association to detoxification and anti-glycation defence are its presently accepted roles, since methylglyoxal exerts irreversible effects on protein structure and function, associated with misfolding. This functional defence role has been the rationale behind the possible use of the glyoxalase pathway as a therapeutic target, since its inhibition might lead to an increased methylglyoxal concentration and cellular damage. However, metabolic pathway analysis showed that glyoxalase effects on methylglyoxal concentration are likely to be negligible and several organisms, from mammals to yeast and protozoan parasites, show no phenotype in the absence of one or both glyoxalase enzymes. The aim of the present review is to show the evolution of thought regarding the glyoxalase pathway since its discovery 100 years ago, the current knowledge on the glyoxalase enzymes and their recognized role in the control of glycation processes.
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210
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Lee D, Lee KH, Park H, Kim SH, Jin T, Cho S, Chung JH, Lim S, Park S. The effect of soluble RAGE on inhibition of angiotensin II-mediated atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69669. [PMID: 23936343 PMCID: PMC3731311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cross talk between RAGE and angiotensin II (AngII) activation may be important in the development of atherosclerosis. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE), a truncated soluble form of the receptor, acts as a decoy and prevents the inflammatory response mediated by RAGE activation. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of sRAGE in inhibiting AngII-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (Apo E KO). Methods and Results 9 week old Apo E KO mice were infused subcutaneously with AngII (1 µg/min/kg) and saline for 4 weeks using osmotic mini-pumps. The mice were divided into 4 groups 1. saline infusion and saline injection; 2. saline infusion and sRAGE injection; 3. AngII infusion and saline injection; 4. AngII infusion and sRAGE injection. Saline or 0.5 µg, 1 µg, to 2 µg/day/mouse of sRAGE were injected intraperitoneally daily for 28 days. We showed that atherosclerotic plaque areas in the AngII-infused Apo E KO mice and markers of inflammation such as RAGE, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 were increased in aorta compared to that of the Apo E KO mice. However, the treatment of 0.5 µg, 1 µg, and 2 µg of sRAGE in AngII group resulted in the dose-dependent decrease in atherosclerotic plaque area. We also demonstrated that sRAGE decreased RAGE expression level as well as inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in AngII or HMGB1 treated-rat aorta vascular smooth muscle cells. Conclusion The results demonstrated that partical blockade of RAGE activation by sRAGE prevent AngII -induced atherosclerosis. Therefore these results suggested that first, RAGE activation may be important in mediating AngII-induced atherogenesis, and second, AngII activation is a major pathway in the development of atherosclerosis. Taken together, results from this study may provide the basis for future anti- atherosclerotic drug development mediated through RAGE activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajeong Lee
- Graduate Program in Science for Aging and Yonsei Research Institute of Aging Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hye Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Park
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyuk Kim
- Graduate Program in Science for Aging and Yonsei Research Institute of Aging Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Jin
- Graduate Program in Science for Aging and Yonsei Research Institute of Aging Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Cho
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Chung
- Graduate Program in Science for Aging and Yonsei Research Institute of Aging Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Lim
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SP); (SL)
| | - Sungha Park
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SP); (SL)
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Kumar P, Raghavan S, Shanmugam G, Shanmugam N. Ligation of RAGE with ligand S100B attenuates ABCA1 expression in monocytes. Metabolism 2013; 62:1149-58. [PMID: 23523156 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS ATP Binding Cassette Transporter (ABC) A1 is one of the key regulators of HDL synthesis and reverse cholesterol transport. Activation of Receptors for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, and its complications. The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of RAGE ligand S100B on ABCA1 expression. METHODS S100B mediated regulation of LXR target genes like ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG8, LXR-α and LXR-β in THP-1 cells was analyzed by real-time PCR, RT-PCR and western blots. ABCA1 mRNA expression in monocytes from diabetic patients was studied. Effect of LXR ligand on S100B induced changes in LXR target genes was also studied. Luciferase reporter assay was used for S100B induced ABCA1 promoter regulation. RESULTS S100B treatment resulted in a significant 2-3 fold reduction (p<0.01) in ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA in dose and time dependent manner in THP1 cells. ABCA1 protein level was also significantly (p<0.01) reduced. S100B-induced reduction on ABCA1 mRNA expression was blocked by treating THP-1 cell with anti-RAGE antibody. Reduced ABCA1 mRNA levels seen in peripheral blood monocytes from diabetes patients showed the in-vivo relevance of our in-vitro results. Effect of S100B on ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression was reversed by LXR ligand treatment. S100B treatment showed significant 2 fold (p<0.01) decrease in T1317 induced ABCA1 promoter activation. CONCLUSIONS These results show for the first time that ligation of RAGE with S100B can attenuate the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 through the LXRs. This could reduce ApoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux from monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
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Yan T, Chopp M, Ning R, Zacharek A, Roberts C, Chen J. Intracranial aneurysm formation in type-one diabetes rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67949. [PMID: 23844137 PMCID: PMC3699459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus (DM) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular complications including arteriosclerosis and ischemic stroke. Whether DM impacts intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we tested the underlying mechanism of type one DM (T1DM) induced IA formation in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES T1DM was induced by streptozotocin injection. Rats were euthanized at 0, 4 and 10 weeks after T1DM induction. To evaluate cerebral vascular perfusion, Fluorescein isothiocyanate - dye was injected at 5 min prior to euthanasia. Vascular perfusion was measured by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Trichrome, Elastica van Gieson, alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) and receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) immunostaining were performed. The IA formation was classified by 0-3 stages: 0: Normal; 1: Endothelial damage; 2: Moderate protrusion; and 3: Saccular aneurysm formation. RESULTS T1DM significantly increased IA formation identified by the classification of aneurysmal changes compared with non-DM rats (p<0.05). However, T1DM induced IA formations were classified as stage 1 and stage 2, but not stage 3. Cerebral vascular perfusion was significantly decreased in T1DM rats compared to non-DM rats (p<0.01). DM10W rats exhibited a significant decrease of cerebral vascular perfusion compared to DM4W rats (p<0.05). T1DM rats also significantly increased the internal carotid artery (ICA) intimae and media thickness, and decreased the internal carotid artery diameter compared to non-DM rats. RAGE, MMP9 and TLR4 expression were significantly increased in T1DM rats compared to non-DM rats. The increased RAGE, TLR4 and MMP9 significantly correlated with IA formation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION T1DM increases IA formation. The increased RAGE, MMP9 and TLR4 expressions might contribute to IA formation in T1DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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213
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Abstract
RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) is a multi-ligand receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily of transmembrane proteins. RAGE binds AGEs (advanced glycation end products), HMGB1 (high-mobility group box-1; also designated as amphoterin), members of the S100 protein family, glycosaminoglycans and amyloid β peptides. Recent studies using tools of structural biology have started to unravel common molecular patterns in the diverse set of ligands recognized by RAGE. The distal Ig domain (V1 domain) of RAGE has a positively charged patch, the geometry of which fits to anionic surfaces displayed at least in a proportion of RAGE ligands. Association of RAGE to itself, to HSPGs (heparan sulfate proteoglycans), and to Toll-like receptors in the cell membrane plays a key role in cell signaling initiated by RAGE ligation. Ligation of RAGE activates cell signaling pathways that regulate migration of several cell types. Furthermore, RAGE ligation has profound effects on the transcriptional profile of cells. RAGE signaling has been mainly studied as a pathogenetic factor of several diseases, where acute or chronic inflammation plays a role. Recent studies have suggested a physiological role for RAGE in normal lung function and in neuronal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Rouhiainen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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214
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Abstract
RAGE is a key molecule in the onset and sustainment of the inflammatory response. New studies indicate that RAGE might represent a new link between the innate and adaptive immune system. RAGE belongs to the superfamily of Ig cell-surface receptors and is expressed on all types of leukocytes promoting activation, migration, or maturation of the different cells. RAGE expression is prominent on the activated endothelium, where it mediates leukocyte adhesion and transmigration. Moreover, proinflammatory molecules released from the inflamed or injured vascular system induce migration and proliferation of SMCs. RAGE binds a large number of different ligands and is therefore considered as a PRR, recognizing a structural motif rather than a specific ligand. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the signaling pathways activated in the different cell types and discuss a potential activation mechanism of RAGE, as well as putative options for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kierdorf
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kunert C, Skurk T, Frank O, Lang R, Hauner H, Hofmann T. Development and application of a stable isotope dilution analysis for the quantitation of advanced glycation end products of creatinine in biofluids of type 2 diabetic patients and healthy volunteers. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2961-9. [PMID: 23379726 DOI: 10.1021/ac303684v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-(1-Methyl-4-oxoimidazolidin-2-ylidene) α-amino acids were recently identified in roasted meat as so far unknown advanced glycation end products (AGEs) of creatinine. For the first time, this paper reports on the preparation of (13)C-labeled twin molecules of six N-(1-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidin-2-ylidene) α-amino acids and the development of a stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) for their simultaneous quantitation in meat, plasma, and urine samples by means of HPLC-MS/MS. Method validation demonstrated good precision (<14% RSD) and accuracy (97-118%) for all analytes and a lower limit of quantitation of 1 pg injected onto the column. The SIDA was applied to monitor plasma appearance and urinary excretion of these AGEs in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (DM, n = 7) and healthy controls (n = 10) prior to and after ingestion of a bolus of processed beef meat. Interestingly, the basal concentration of N-(1-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidin-2-ylidene) aminopropionic acid was elevated in plasma and urine of DM patients compared to healthy individuals. Further, ingestion of processed meat led to a significantly higher concentration of this AGE in biofluids from DM patients when compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest a favored in vivo formation, as demonstrated by physiological model incubations of creatinine and carbohydrates (37 °C, pH 7.4), or a more efficient dietary up-take of N-(1-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidin-2-ylidene) α-amino acids in hyperglycemic diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Kunert
- Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Fineschi S, De Cunto G, Facchinetti F, Civelli M, Imbimbo BP, Carnini C, Villetti G, Lunghi B, Stochino S, Gibbons DL, Hayday A, Lungarella G, Cavarra E. Receptor for advanced glycation end products contributes to postnatal pulmonary development and adult lung maintenance program in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:164-71. [PMID: 23144333 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0111oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in promoting the inflammatory response through activation of NF-κB pathway is well established. Recent findings indicate that RAGE may also have a regulative function in apoptosis, as well as in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion. Unlike other organs, lung tissue in adulthood and during organ development shows relatively high levels of RAGE expression. Thus a role for the receptor in lung organogenesis and homeostasis may be proposed. To evaluate the role of RAGE in lung development and adult lung homeostasis, we generated hemizygous and homozygous transgenic mice overexpressing human RAGE, and analyzed their lungs from the fourth postnatal day to adulthood. Moderate RAGE hyperexpression during lung development influenced secondary septation, resulting in an impairment of alveolar morphogenesis and leading to significant changes in morphometric parameters such as airspace number and the size of alveolar ducts. An increase in alveolar cell apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation were demonstrated by the terminal deoxy-nucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling reaction, active caspase-3, and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Alterations in elastin organization and deposition and in TGF-β expression were observed. In homozygous mice, the hyperexpression of RAGE resulted in histological changes resembling those changes characterizing human bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). RAGE hyperexpression in the adult lung is associated with an increase of the alveolar destructive index and persistent inflammatory status leading to "destructive" emphysema. These results suggest an important role for RAGE in both alveolar development and lung homeostasis, and open new doors to working hypotheses on the pathogenesis of BPD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fineschi
- Department of Physiopathology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 6, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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217
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Monden M, Koyama H, Otsuka Y, Morioka T, Mori K, Shoji T, Mima Y, Motoyama K, Fukumoto S, Shioi A, Emoto M, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H, Nishizawa Y, Kurajoh M, Yamamoto T, Inaba M. Receptor for advanced glycation end products regulates adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin sensitivity in mice: involvement of Toll-like receptor 2. Diabetes 2013; 62:478-89. [PMID: 23011593 PMCID: PMC3554382 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been shown to be involved in adiposity as well as atherosclerosis even in nondiabetic conditions. In this study, we examined mechanisms underlying how RAGE regulates adiposity and insulin sensitivity. RAGE overexpression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using adenoviral gene transfer accelerated adipocyte hypertrophy, whereas inhibitions of RAGE by small interfering RNA significantly decrease adipocyte hypertrophy. Furthermore, double knockdown of high mobility group box-1 and S100b, both of which are RAGE ligands endogenously expressed in 3T3-L1 cells, also canceled RAGE-medicated adipocyte hypertrophy, implicating a fundamental role of ligands-RAGE ligation. Adipocyte hypertrophy induced by RAGE overexpression is associated with suppression of glucose transporter type 4 and adiponectin mRNA expression, attenuated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and insulin-stimulated signaling. Toll-like receptor (Tlr)2 mRNA, but not Tlr4 mRNA, is rapidly upregulated by RAGE overexpression, and inhibition of Tlr2 almost completely abrogates RAGE-mediated adipocyte hypertrophy. Finally, RAGE(-/-) mice exhibited significantly less body weight, epididymal fat weight, epididymal adipocyte size, higher serum adiponectin levels, and higher insulin sensitivity than wild-type mice. RAGE deficiency is associated with early suppression of Tlr2 mRNA expression in adipose tissues. Thus, RAGE appears to be involved in mouse adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin sensitivity, whereas Tlr2 regulation may partly play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Monden
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Corresponding author: Hidenori Koyama,
| | - Yoshiko Otsuka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Morioka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Mori
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuhito Shoji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yohei Mima
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koka Motoyama
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shioi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nishizawa
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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218
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Wei W, Lampe L, Park S, Vangara BS, Waldo GS, Cabantous S, Subaran SS, Yang D, Lakatta EG, Lin L. Disulfide bonds within the C2 domain of RAGE play key roles in its dimerization and biogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50736. [PMID: 23284645 PMCID: PMC3524233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on the cell surface transmits inflammatory signals. A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, RAGE possesses the V, C1, and C2 ectodomains that collectively constitute the receptor's extracellular structure. However, the molecular mechanism of RAGE biogenesis remains unclear, impeding efforts to control RAGE signaling through cellular regulation. METHODOLOGY AND RESULT: We used co-immunoprecipitation and crossing-linking to study RAGE oligomerization and found that RAGE forms dimer-based oligomers. Via non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mutagenesis, we found that cysteines 259 and 301 within the C2 domain form intermolecular disulfide bonds. Using a modified tripartite split GFP complementation strategy and confocal microscopy, we also found that RAGE dimerization occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and that RAGE mutant molecules without the double disulfide bridges are unstable, and are subjected to the ER-associated degradation. CONCLUSION Disulfide bond-mediated RAGE dimerization in the ER is the critical step of RAGE biogenesis. Without formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds in the C2 region, RAGE fails to reach cell surface. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of RAGE intermolecular disulfide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonie Lampe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sungha Park
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bhavana S. Vangara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey S. Waldo
- Bioscience Division, MS-M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Cabantous
- Bioscience Division, MS-M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Subaran
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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219
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Sukkar MB, Ullah MA, Gan WJ, Wark PAB, Chung KF, Hughes JM, Armour CL, Phipps S. RAGE: a new frontier in chronic airways disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 167:1161-76. [PMID: 22506507 PMCID: PMC3504985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are heterogeneous inflammatory disorders of the respiratory tract characterized by airflow obstruction. It is now clear that the environmental factors that drive airway pathology in asthma and COPD, including allergens, viruses, ozone and cigarette smoke, activate innate immune receptors known as pattern-recognition receptors, either directly or indirectly by causing the release of endogenous ligands. Thus, there is now intense research activity focused around understanding the mechanisms by which pattern-recognition receptors sustain the airway inflammatory response, and how these mechanisms might be targeted therapeutically. One pattern-recognition receptor that has recently come to attention in chronic airways disease is the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). RAGE is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface receptors that recognizes pathogen- and host-derived endogenous ligands to initiate the immune response to tissue injury, infection and inflammation. Although the role of RAGE in lung physiology and pathophysiology is not well understood, recent genome-wide association studies have linked RAGE gene polymorphisms with airflow obstruction. In addition, accumulating data from animal and clinical investigations reveal increased expression of RAGE and its ligands, together with reduced expression of soluble RAGE, an endogenous inhibitor of RAGE signalling, in chronic airways disease. In this review, we discuss recent studies of the ligand-RAGE axis in asthma and COPD, highlight important areas for future research and discuss how this axis might potentially be harnessed for therapeutic benefit in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Sukkar
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Technology SydneyNSW, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Md Ashik Ullah
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of SydneyNSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of QueenslandQld, Australia
| | - Wan Jun Gan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of QueenslandQld, Australia
| | - Peter AB Wark
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of NewcastleNSW, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter HospitalNSW, Australia
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | | | - Carol L Armour
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of QueenslandQld, Australia
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220
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Hashemi M, Moazeni-Roodi A, Arbabi F, Fazaeli A, Nasab EE, Taheri M, Kerkhoff C, Ghavami S. Genotyping of -374A/T, -429A/G, and 63 bp Ins/del polymorphisms of RAGE by rapid one-step hexaprimer amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction in breast cancer patients. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 31:401-10. [PMID: 22497255 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2012.665545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have focused on the RAGE genetic background and have demonstrated that its polymorphisms affect the receptor's activity, expression, and downstream signaling. However, there is only little information regarding RAGE polymorphism in breast cancer. In the present study, the authors studied RAGE polymorphisms in 71 patients with breast cancer and 93 healthy women. RAGE -374T/A, -429T/C, and 63 bp Ins/del polymorphisms were analyzed using a hexaprimer amplification refractory mutation system PCR (H-ARMS-PCR). The results showed that RAGE polymorphisms are not associated with breast cancer in the current study population. Larger studies are required to confirm these data in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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221
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Horiuchi S. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE)-Modified Proteins and Their Potential Relevance to Atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 6:163-8. [PMID: 21232291 DOI: 10.1016/1050-1738(96)00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Modification of proteins by long-term incubation with glucose leads, through the formation of early products such as Schiff base and Amadori rearrangement products, to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). AGE-modified proteins are characterized physicochemically by fluorescence, brown coloration, and intramolecular or intermolecular cross-linking. Biologically, they are specifically recognized by the AGE receptors of the cell surface membrane. Recent studies have provided evidence for the involvement of AGE proteins in atherosclerosis. First, in vitro experiments using Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) and peritoneal macrophages from MSR-knockout mice demonstrated that MSR plays a major role as the AGE receptor in the endocytotic uptake of AGE by macrophages. Second, immunohistochemical studies using anti-AGE antibody and anti-MSR antibody revealed the presence of AGE proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions in arterial walls. Because MSR is closely associated with the formation of early atherosclerotic lesions, these results suggest a potential role played by AGE proteins or their interaction with MSR in the atherosclerotic process. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1996;6:163-168).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Horiuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kumamoto University School of Medicine,Kumamoto 860,Japan
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222
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van Zoelen MA, Wieland CW, van der Windt GJ, Florquin S, Nawroth PP, Bierhaus A, van der Poll T. Receptor for advanced glycation end products is protective during murine tuberculosis. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Guo C, Zeng X, Song J, Zhang M, Wang H, Xu X, Du F, Chen B. A soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes via the mitochondrial pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11923-11940. [PMID: 23109892 PMCID: PMC3472784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe myocardial dysfunction and tissue damage resulting from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a common clinical scenario in patients with certain types of heart diseases and therapies such as thrombolysis, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, and cardiac transplantation. The underlining mechanism of endogenous cardiac protection after I/R injury has been a focus of current research. Growing evidences suggests that soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) has a cardioprotective effect; however, its role in I/R injury remains unclear. We hypothesized that exogenous administration of sRAGE during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induces cardioprotection by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis via multiple signals, involving mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), mitochondrial cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes underwent hypoxia for 3-h followed by 2-h reoxygenation or were treated with sRAGE for 10 min before H/R. Compared with H/R alone, sRAGE pretreatment reduced H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis from 27.9% ± 5.9% to 9.4% ± 0.7% (p < 0.05). In addition, sRAGE treatment significantly inhibited H/R-induced mitochondrial depolarization and mPTP opening, reduced mitochondrial cytochrome c leakage, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, and decreased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. Therefore, we conclude that the exogenous administration of sRAGE during H/R is involved in cardioprotection by inhibiting apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, which, if further confirmed in vivo, may have important clinical implications during H/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (M.Z.); (X.X.); (F.D.); (B.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-10-6709-6562; Fax: +86-10-6709-6567
| | - Xiangjun Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; E-Mails: (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Juanjuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (M.Z.); (X.X.); (F.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (M.Z.); (X.X.); (F.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; E-Mails: (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (M.Z.); (X.X.); (F.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Fenghe Du
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (M.Z.); (X.X.); (F.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Buxing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; E-Mails: (J.S.); (M.Z.); (X.X.); (F.D.); (B.C.)
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Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Mugellini A, Pesce RM, Fogari E, Maffioli P. Evaluation of emerging biomarkers in cardiovascular risk stratification of hypertensive patients: a 2-year study. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28:1435-45. [PMID: 22852869 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.717527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if there is a correlation between some new emerging biomarkers, such as lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]), apo(a) isoform phenotyping, soluble advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), serum myeloperoxidase (MPO), and cardiovascular risk stratification. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Three hundred patients were enrolled in this open-label, case-control design trial: 156 hypertensive patients and 144 healthy subjects as control group. Hypertensive patients were treated according to the latest ESH/ESC guidelines, until the desirable goal of systolic blood pressure (SBP)<140 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)<90 mmHg was reached. We evaluated at baseline and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months: SBP, DBP, lipid profile, Lp(a), apo(a) isoform phenotyping, sRAGE, sCD40L, and MPO. RESULTS Hypertensive patients presented higher levels of blood pressure, Lp(a), sCD40L, and MPO and lower levels of sRAGE compared with controls. We observed a decrease of blood pressure, Lp(a), sCD40L, and MPO and an increase of sRAGE after anti-hypertensive treatment. Moreover we observed moderate, but statistically significant, correlations between blood pressure decrease and Lp(a), MPO, and sCD40L decrease and between blood pressure decrease and sRAGE increase. There was also a modest, positive correlation between low molecular weight apo(a) isoforms and hypertension. A limitation of this study is that we cannot exclude a role for lifestyle measures. Furthermore the studied markers seem to improve with blood pressure lowering treatment, but we do not have enough statistical power to definitely state which drug used has a specific action on the various variables measured. CONCLUSION Lp(a), sRAGE, MPO, sCD40L, and low molecular weight apo(a) isoforms are associated with hypertension and may represent an increased cardiovascular risk. Longer studies are needed to see if these parameters can be also used to predict specific complications linked to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Derosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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225
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Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor involved in inflammatory disorders, tumor outgrowth, diabetic complications and Alzheimer's disease (AD). RAGE transports circulating amyloid-β toxins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the brain. RAGE-amyloid-β toxin interaction at the BBB leads to oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and reduced cerebral blood flow. Thus, regulating RAGE activity at the BBB and/or within brain could be beneficial to AD patients. Herein, the structure-function relation for RAGE-ligand interaction and the role of RAGE as a potential target in the development of treatments for AD and other RAGE-associated disorders are discussed. Despite recent setbacks in the development of RAGE-based therapies for AD, a new generation of compounds that regulate RAGE activity could be efficacious. Careful studies are needed in rodent and nonrodent animal models of AD with new the generation of RAGE antagonists to ensure safety and efficacy in chronic treatment before clinical trials.
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226
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Weil ZM. Ischemia-induced hyperglycemia: consequences, neuroendocrine regulation, and a role for RAGE. Horm Behav 2012; 62:280-5. [PMID: 22521211 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many patients that present with cerebral ischemia exhibit moderate to severe hyperglycemia. Although many hyperglycemic patients suffer from diagnosed or previously undiagnosed diabetes a further subset of individuals is hyperglycemic without diabetes. Hyperglycemia during cerebral ischemia is associated with high levels of mortality and morbidity and limits the effective treatment interventions available. Controlling hyperglycemia with insulin treatment in critical care situations improves overall outcomes, although it is not without risk. Therefore it is critically important to understand the basic mechanisms that underlie both the induction of hyperglycemia and the consequences of it for ischemic outcomes. In this manuscript, the neuroendocrine mediators, and mechanisms of hyperglycemia exacerbated inflammation, glucose dysregulation and ischemic outcomes are discussed. The possibility that the advanced glycation end product (AGE) and receptor for AGE (RAGE) axis mediates the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on inflammation and neuronal damage is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Morimoto-Yamashita Y, Ito T, Kawahara KI, Kikuchi K, Tatsuyama-Nagayama S, Kawakami-Morizono Y, Fijisawa M, Miyashita K, Emoto M, Torii M, Tokuda M. Periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: is the HMGB1-RAGE axis the missing link? Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:452-5. [PMID: 22800803 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a major chronic inflammatory disease associated with increased production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to the destruction of the periodontal tissue and ultimately loss of teeth. Periodontitis has powerful and multiple influences on the occurrence and severity of systemic conditions and diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease. Meanwhile, diabetes is associated with increased prevalence, severity and progression of periodontal disease. There is also abundant evidence showing that diabetes plays important etiological roles in periodontitis. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was recently identified as a lethal mediator of severe sepsis and comprises a group of intracellular proteins that function as inflammatory cytokines when released into the extracellular milieu. From a clinical perspective, extracellular HMGB1 can cause multiple organ failure and contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We recently reported that HMGB1 expression in periodontal tissues was elevated in patients with severe periodontitis. In addition, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), a receptor for HMGB1, was strongly expressed in gingival tissues obtained from patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis compared with systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis patients. From these data, we hypothesize that HMGB1 might play a role in the development of diabetes-associated periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Morimoto-Yamashita
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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The effect of sRAGE-Fc fusion protein attenuates inflammation and decreases mortality in a murine cecal ligation and puncture model. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1211-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Ramasamy R, Yan SF, Schmidt AM. The diverse ligand repertoire of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and pathways to the complications of diabetes. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 57:160-7. [PMID: 22750165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The multi-ligand receptor RAGE was discovered on account of its ability to bind and transduce the cell stress-provoking signals of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). The finding that RAGE also bound pro-inflammatory molecules set the stage for linking RAGE and inflammation to the pathogenesis of diabetic macro- and microvascular complications. In this review, we focus on the roles of RAGE and its ligands in diabetes complications. We recount the findings from mice, rats, swine and human subjects suggesting that RAGE action potently contributes to vascular, inflammatory and end-organ stress and damage in types 1 and 2 diabetes. We detail the efforts to track ligands and RAGE in human subjects with diabetes to address if this axis may be a biomarker reflective of the state of the diabetic complications. Lastly, we suggest specific strategies to tackle AGE-ligand-RAGE interactions as potential therapeutic targets for diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
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Abstract
This is an introduction to a collection of review articles by leading investigators in the field of protein glycation research, see following articles in this issue. With this we launch a section of this journal now established for presentation of research results, reviews and commentaries on protein glycation and related topics. Glycation is the spontaneous, non-enzymatic reaction of protein with saccharides and saccharide derivatives. Although studied in the modern scientific era for over 100 years, its importance in the biology, medicine, food and nutrition, pharmacology and toxicology, and technological processing remains intriguingly undisclosed. In this section of amino acids, research on glycation is a qualifier for publication. Glycation research now has a place to call home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
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Histological and immunohistochemical changes in placental chorionic villi of patients with poorly controlled gestational diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000414585.81633.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Depletion of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) sensitizes towards apoptosis via p53 and p73 posttranslational regulation. Oncogene 2012; 32:1460-8. [PMID: 22543586 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation endproduct (RAGE) is involved in diabetic complications and chronic inflammation, conditions known to affect the sensitivity towards apoptosis. Here, we studied the effect of genetically depleting RAGE on the susceptibility towards apoptosis. In murine osteoblastic cells, RAGE knockout increased both spontaneous and induced apoptosis. Decreased levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 protein and increased intrinsic apoptosis were observed in Rage(-/-) cells. Furthermore, loss of RAGE increased expression of the death receptor CD95 (Fas, Apo-1), CD95-dependent caspase activation and extrinsic apoptosis, whereas NF-kB-p65 nuclear translocation was diminished. Importantly, depletion of RAGE reduced the ubiquitination and degradation of p53 and p73 and increased their nuclear translocation. The increase of p53 and p73 transactivational activity was essential for the RAGE-dependent regulation of apoptosis, because knockdown of p53 and p73 significantly decreased apoptosis in RAGE-deficient but not in RAGE-expressing cells. Thus, the RAGE-mediated posttranslational regulation of p53 and p73 orchestrates a sequence of events culminating in control of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways.
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233
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The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and its ligands in patients with myasthenia gravis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:96-101. [PMID: 22405771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T- and B-cell mediated autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) plays a role in the amplification of chronic inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases. We sought to investigate the role of RAGE and its ligands in the pathophysiology of MG. METHODS In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 42 patients with MG and 36 volunteers. We employed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to determine the concentration of soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in serum of patients and volunteers. In a subpopulation of patients we measured the serum levels of endogenous secretory (es) RAGE and various RAGE ligands, such as S100B, S100A8 and advanced glycation endproducts (AGE-CML). Reported are means and standard error mean. RESULTS We found significantly reduced levels of the soluble receptors sRAGE and esRAGE in patients with MG compared to volunteers without MG (sRAGE [pg/ml] 927.2 ± 80.8 vs. 1400.1 ± 92.4; p<0.001; esRAGE [pg/ml] 273.5±24.6 vs. 449.0 ± 22.4; p<0.001). Further categorization of patients with MG according to the distribution of muscle involvement revealed the following sRAGE concentrations: generalized MG 999.4 ± 90.8 and ocular MG 696.1 ± 161.8 (vs. control; One-way ANOVA: p<0.001; Post hoc analysis: generalized vs. ocular MG: p=0.264, generalized MG vs. control: p=0.008, ocular MG vs. control: p=0.001). In patients with detectable antibodies specific for acetylcholine receptors (Anti-AChR positive) the sRAGE concentration was 970.0 ± 90.2 compared to those without (seronegative) 670.6 ± 133.1 (vs. control; One-way ANOVA: p<0.001; Post hoc analysis: Pos vs. Neg.: p=0.418, Pos vs. control: p=0.003, Neg. vs. control: p=0.008). We next investigated the role of RAGE ligands in MG. The concentrations of RAGE ligands in patients with MG and controls were as follows: (HMGB1 [ng/ml] 1.7 ± 0.1 vs. 2.1 ± 0.2; p=0.058; S100B [pg/ml] 22.5 ± 22.5 vs. 14.4 ± 9.2; p=0.698; S100A8 [pg/ml] 107.0 ± 59.3 vs. 242.5 ± 103.6; p=0.347; and AGE-CML [ng/ml] 1100.8 ± 175.1 vs. 1399.8 ± 132.8; p=0.179). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a role for the RAGE pathway in the pathophysiology of MG. Further studies are warranted to elucidate more about this immunological axis in patients with MG.
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Ramasamy R, Yan SF, Schmidt AM. Receptor for AGE (RAGE): signaling mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1243:88-102. [PMID: 22211895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) was first described as a signal transduction receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), the products of nonenzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids that accumulate in diabetes and in inflammatory foci. The discovery that RAGE was a receptor for inflammatory S100/calgranulins and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) set the stage for linking RAGE to both the consequences and causes of types 1 and 2 diabetes. Recent discoveries regarding the structure of RAGE as well as novel intracellular binding partner interactions advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which RAGE evokes pathological consequences and underscore strategies by which antagonism of RAGE in the clinic may be realized. Finally, recent data tracking RAGE in the clinic suggest that levels of soluble RAGEs and polymorphisms in the gene encoding RAGE may hold promise for the identification of patients who are vulnerable to the complications of diabetes and/or are receptive to therapeutic interventions designed to prevent and reverse the damage inflicted by chronic hyperglycemia, irrespective of its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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235
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Microalbuminuria and sRAGE in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with nifedipine/telmisartan combination treatment: a substudy of TALENT. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:874149. [PMID: 22474401 PMCID: PMC3306936 DOI: 10.1155/2012/874149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Some antihypertensive drugs have also renoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties that go beyond their effect on blood pressure. It has been suggested that microalbuminuria and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are associated with circulating levels of the soluble form of the receptor, sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycation ends-products). In the present analysis, we used data from the TALENT study to evaluate soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) plasma levels in patients with hypertension and high-cardiovascular risk-treated nifedipine and telmisartan in combination. Treatment with nifedipine-telmisartan significantly decreased mean systolic and diastolic ambulatory blood pressure and resulted in a significant increase in sRAGE plasma concentrations after 24 weeks of therapy. We concluded that in hypertensive patients with early-stage renal disease, sRAGE concentrations are not influenced by either microalbuminuria or GFR. Long-term treatment with a combination of nifedipine-telmisartan may have a beneficial effect increasing sRAGE plasma levels, thus exerting an atheroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Rhee H, Song SH, Kwak IS, Kim IY, Seong EY, Lee DW, Lee SB. An explorative analysis of secretory receptor for advanced glycation endproducts in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012; 16:589-95. [PMID: 22302086 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-012-0599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite remarkable medical progress, the main pathogenetic mechanisms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) have not been fully delineated and its prognosis is poor at present. Recently, it was revealed that the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) was highly expressed at the base of podocytes with an up-regulation mainly in diabetic nephropathy. However, there is no report about the association between glomerulonephritis and RAGE. The aims of the current study were to explore the relationships between several clinical parameters and circulating soluble RAGE in primary FSGS and compare serum levels in primary FSGS with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) and controls. METHODS A total of 35 subjects aged >18 years were enrolled. Thirty-five subjects consisted of three groups: primary FSGS (N = 15), IgAN (N = 10), and normal controls (N = 10). Laboratory measurements of serum carboxymethyl-lysin (CML), soluble RAGE (sRAGE), and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) were performed. RESULTS Serum esRAGE level in the FSGS group was higher than that in the IgAN group (0.55 ± 0.32 ng/mL vs. 0.27 ± 0.11 ng/mL, p = 0.013). There was no statistical difference between sRAGE and CML among the three groups. Within the FSGS group, esRAGE, but not sRAGE, was positively correlated with 24-h urinary protein (r = 0.553, p = 0.033) and negatively correlated with body mass index (r = -0.623, p = 0.013). In stepwise multiple regression analysis, body mass index and 24-h urinary protein were significant contributors to esRAGE within the FSGS group. CONCLUSION This study showed that only the serum level of esRAGE, not sRAGE, was higher in the FSGS group than in the IgAN and control groups. The amount of 24-h proteinuria was also related to the serum level of esRAGE in the FSGS group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harin Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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Song JS, Kang CM, Park CK, Yoon HK, Lee SY, Ahn JH, Moon HS. Inhibitory effect of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on the TGF-β-induced alveolar epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Exp Mol Med 2012; 43:517-24. [PMID: 21743278 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.9.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal parenchymal lung disease characterized by myofibroblast proliferation. Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are thought to produce myofibroblasts through the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface receptors whose activation is associated with renal fibrosis during diabetes and liver fibrosis. RAGE is expressed at low basal levels in most adult tissues except the lung. In this study, we evaluated the interaction of ligand advanced glycation end products (AGE) with RAGE during the epithelial to myofibroblast transition in rat AECs. Our results indicate that AGE inhibited the TGF-β-dependent alveolar EMT by increasing Smad7 expression, and that the effect was abolished by RAGE siRNA treatment. Thus, the induction of Smad7 by the AGE-RAGE interaction limits the development of pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β-dependent signaling in AECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sup Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul 150-713, Korea.
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238
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Fritz G. RAGE: a single receptor fits multiple ligands. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:625-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang F, Banker G, Liu X, Suwanabol PA, Lengfeld J, Yamanouchi D, Kent KC, Liu B. The novel function of advanced glycation end products in regulation of MMP-9 production. J Surg Res 2011; 171:871-6. [PMID: 20638679 PMCID: PMC3623272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed from proteins and peptides by nonenzymatic glycoxidation after contact with aldose sugars, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related cardiac and vascular dysfunction. Our previous study demonstrated significantly elevated levels of AGE and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) in human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) tissues. Inhibition of AGE signaling by targeted gene deletion of RAGE markedly reduced the development of aneurysm in a mouse model of AAA. We also showed that AGE may stimulate aneurysm formation by promoting metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying this novel function of AGE. METHODS The murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was pretreated with AGE, TGF-β, and MAPK inhibitors. The protein was collected for Western blot analysis. Culture supernatants were collected to determine MMP-9 activity by gelatin zymography. RESULTS We found that AGE induced the production of MMP-9 in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This induction of MMP-9 was markedly diminished by pretreatment with TGF-β. To delineate the underlying molecular mechanism, we showed that AGE increased phosphorylation of p44/42 ERK, p38, JNK, and PI3K in macrophages. Moreover, AGE induced active p65 subunit of NF- κB. Inhibition of ERK (UO126) or p38 (SB203580), but not PI3K (LY294002 or wortmannin), blocked AGE-induced MMP-9 expression. In contrast, inhibition of JNK (SP-600125) significantly enhanced the stimulatory effect of AGE on MMP-9. Furthermore, TGF-β suppressed AGE-induced expression of the active p65 subunit of NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that AGE induces MMP-9 through activation of ERK, p38 mitogen-activated protein and NF-κB, a pathway that is antagonized by TGF-β. This finding in conjunction with previously reported AGE functions in inflammation suggests that anti-AGE therapies could be effective in the prevention of human AAA development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Greg Banker
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Pasithorn A. Suwanabol
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Justin Lengfeld
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dai Yamanouchi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - K. Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
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Lu W, Feng B, Xie G, Liu F. Association of AGER gene G82S polymorphism with the severity of coronary artery disease in Chinese Han population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:470-4. [PMID: 21521347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Advanced glycosylation end-product receptor (AGER) plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The G82S polymorphism (rs2070600) is located in the ligand-binding V-domain of AGER suggesting a possible influence of this variant on AGER function. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of the G82S polymorphism with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DESIGN AND METHODS The AGER gene G82S polymorphism was analysed in 270 nondiabetic and 270 type 2 diabetic Chinese Han patients with angiographically proven CAD (luminal stenosis ≥ 50%). The number of diseased vessels and Gensini score were used to determine the severity of CAD. Genotyping for the G82S polymorphism was performed by PCR-RFLP using restriction enzymes AluI. RESULTS The frequency of 82S allele was significantly lower in the diabetic CAD patients with multi-vessel disease than in those with single-vessel disease (P = 0·015). When controlled for confounding variables, the 82S allele was associated with decreased risk of multi-vessel disease [P = 0·038, adjusted OR = 0·565 (0·329-0·972)]. The protective effect of the 82S allele against the severity of CAD was not observed in patients with nondiabetic CAD. CONCLUSIONS AGER 82S allele showed a protective effect on CAD severity in the presence of T2DM in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Lu
- Faculty of Medicine, Huzhou Teachers College, Zhejiang, China
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A monoclonal antibody against RAGE alters gene expression and is protective in experimental models of sepsis and pneumococcal pneumonia. Shock 2011; 35:492-8. [PMID: 21263385 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31820b2e1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) is believed to play a role in sepsis by perpetuating inflammation. The interaction of RAGE with a variety of host-derived ligands that accumulate during stress and inflammation further induces the expression of RAGE. It was previously shown that a rat anti-RAGE monoclonal antibody protected mice from lethality in a cecal ligation and puncture model. We studied the effects of a humanized anti-RAGE monoclonal antibody in the murine pneumococcal pneumonia model of sepsis. Moreover, a gene expression analysis was performed in lung tissue of animals that underwent cecal ligation and puncture and treated with the rat anti-RAGE monoclonal antibody, compared with controls. Administration of humanized anti-RAGE mAb 6 h after intratracheal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae improved mortality in BALB/c mice whether a 7.5 mg/kg (P < 0.01) or a 15 mg/kg dose (P < 0.01) was administered in combination with antibiotics. Gene expression analysis showed that many of the genes modulated by treatment with the anti-RAGE antibody were those that play an important role in regulating inflammation. Anti-RAGE monoclonal antibody offered a survival advantage to septic mice. This protective role in treated animals is supported by the observed gene expression profile changes of genes involved in sepsis and inflammation.
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Kwon JH, Kim YH, Kwon JY, Park YW. Clinical significance of serum sRAGE and esRAGE in women with normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Perinat Med 2011; 39:507-13. [PMID: 21767223 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2011.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined serum endogenous secretory receptor of advanced glycation end products (esRAGE) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) concentrations and the esRAGE/sRAGE ratio in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia because esRAGE and sRAGE have been negatively linked to components of metabolic syndromes and pathologic pregnancy including preeclampsia. METHOD Eighty-seven normal pregnant women and 28 with preeclampsia were recruited. Serum sRAGE and esRAGE levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS There were significant differences in esRAGE concentration and esRAGE/sRAGE ratio between 1(st) and 3(rd) trimester in normal pregnancy (P=0.007 and P=0.003). Serum esRAGE concentrations and esRAGE/sRAGE ratio in patients with preeclampsia significantly increased compared to controls (P=0.005 and P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Maternal serum esRAGE concentration and esRAGE/sRAGE ratio (1) gradually decrease with gestational age in normal pregnancy; and (2) are higher in patients with preeclampsia than healthy pregnant controls, significantly. Serum esRAGE and esRAGE/sRAGE ratio might be associated with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Kwon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
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Kato T, Yamashita T, Sekiguchi A, Tsuneda T, Sagara K, Takamura M, Kaneko S, Aizawa T, Fu LT. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker attenuates diabetes-induced atrial structural remodeling. J Cardiol 2011; 58:131-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Khandelwal PJ, Herman AM, Moussa CEH. Inflammation in the early stages of neurodegenerative pathology. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 238:1-11. [PMID: 21820744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is secondary to protein accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Emerging evidence indicate sustained inflammatory responses, involving microglia and astrocytes in animal models of neurodegeneration. It is unknown whether inflammation is beneficial or detrimental to disease progression and how inflammatory responses are induced within the CNS. Persistence of an inflammatory stimulus or failure to resolve sustained inflammation can result in pathology, thus, mechanisms that counteract inflammation are indispensable. Here we review studies on inflammation mediated by innate and adaptive immunity in the early stages of neurodegeneration and highlight important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti J Khandelwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a major diabetic complication with a highly complex etiology. Although there are many pathways involved, it has become established that chronic exposure of the retina to hyperglycemia gives rise to accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that play an important role in retinopathy. In addition, the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is ubiquitously expressed in various retinal cells and is upregulated in the retinas of diabetic patients, resulting in activation of pro-oxidant and proinflammatory signaling pathways. This AGE-RAGE axis appears to play a central role in the sustained inflammation, neurodegeneration, and retinal microvascular dysfunction occurring during diabetic retinopathy. The nature of AGE formation and RAGE signaling bring forward possibilities for therapeutic intervention. The multiple components of the AGE-RAGE axis, including signal transduction, formation of ligands, and the end-point effectors, may be promising targets for strategies to treat diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zong
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK
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Features of microglia and neuroinflammation relevant to environmental exposure and neurotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2980-3018. [PMID: 21845170 PMCID: PMC3155341 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8072980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident cells of the brain involved in regulatory processes critical for development, maintenance of the neural environment, injury and repair. They belong to the monocytic-macrophage lineage and serve as brain immune cells to orchestrate innate immune responses; however, they are distinct from other tissue macrophages due to their relatively quiescent phenotype and tight regulation by the CNS microenvironment. Microglia actively survey the surrounding parenchyma and respond rapidly to changes such that any disruption to neural architecture or function can contribute to the loss in regulation of the microglia phenotype. In many models of neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity, early events of synaptic degeneration and neuronal loss are accompanied by an inflammatory response including activation of microglia, perivascular monocytes, and recruitment of leukocytes. In culture, microglia have been shown to be capable of releasing several potentially cytotoxic substances, such as reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide, proteases, arachidonic acid derivatives, excitatory amino acids, and cytokines; however, they also produce various neurotrophic factors and quench damage from free radicals and excitotoxins. As the primary source for pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia are implicated as pivotal mediators of neuroinflammation and can induce or modulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Neuroinflammation should be considered as a balanced network of processes whereby subtle modifications can shift the cells toward disparate outcomes. For any evaluation of neuroinflammation and microglial responses, within the framework of neurotoxicity or degeneration, one key question in determining the consequence of neuroinflammation is whether the response is an initiating event or the consequence of tissue damage. As examples of environmental exposure-related neuroinflammation in the literature, we provide an evaluation of data on manganese and diesel exhaust particles.
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Zhang Q, Monroe ME, Schepmoes AA, Clauss TRW, Gritsenko MA, Meng D, Petyuk VA, Smith RD, Metz TO. Comprehensive identification of glycated peptides and their glycation motifs in plasma and erythrocytes of control and diabetic subjects. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3076-88. [PMID: 21612289 DOI: 10.1021/pr200040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycation of proteins sets the stage for formation of advanced glycation end-products and development of chronic complications of diabetes. In this report, we extended our previous methods on proteomics analysis of glycated proteins to comprehensively identify glycated proteins in control and diabetic human plasma and erythrocytes. Using immunodepletion, enrichment, and fractionation strategies, we identified 7749 unique glycated peptides, corresponding to 3742 unique glycated proteins. Semiquantitative comparisons showed that glycation levels of a number of proteins were significantly increased in diabetes and that erythrocyte proteins were more extensively glycated than plasma proteins. A glycation motif analysis revealed that some amino acids were favored more than others in the protein primary structures in the vicinity of the glycation sites in both sample types. The glycated peptides and corresponding proteins reported here provide a foundation for potential identification of novel markers for diabetes, hyperglycemia, and diabetic complications in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Ramsgaard L, Englert JM, Manni ML, Milutinovic PS, Gefter J, Tobolewski J, Crum L, Coudriet GM, Piganelli J, Zamora R, Vodovotz Y, Enghild JJ, Oury TD. Lack of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products attenuates E. coli pneumonia in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20132. [PMID: 21629785 PMCID: PMC3100338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has been suggested to modulate lung injury in models of acute pulmonary inflammation. To study this further, model systems utilizing wild type and RAGE knockout (KO) mice were used to determine the role of RAGE signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and E. coli induced acute pulmonary inflammation. The effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intratracheal (i.t.) administration of mouse soluble RAGE on E. coli injury was also investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings C57BL/6 wild type and RAGE KO mice received an i.t. instillation of LPS, E. coli, or vehicle control. Some groups also received i.p. or i.t. administration of mouse soluble RAGE. After 24 hours, the role of RAGE expression on inflammation was assessed by comparing responses in wild type and RAGE KO. RAGE protein levels decreased in wild type lung homogenates after treatment with either LPS or bacteria. In addition, soluble RAGE and HMGB1 increased in the BALF after E. coli instillation. RAGE KO mice challenged with LPS had the same degree of inflammation as wild type mice. However, when challenged with E. coli, RAGE KO mice had significantly less inflammation when compared to wild type mice. Most cytokine levels were lower in the BALF of RAGE KO mice compared to wild type mice after E. coli injury, while only monocyte chemotactic protein-1, MCP-1, was lower after LPS challenge. Neither i.p. nor i.t. administration of mouse soluble RAGE attenuated the severity of E. coli injury in wild type mice. Conclusions/Significance Lack of RAGE in the lung does not protect against LPS induced acute pulmonary inflammation, but attenuates injury following live E. coli challenge. These findings suggest that RAGE mediates responses to E. coli-associated pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules other than LPS or other bacterial specific signaling responses. Soluble RAGE treatment had no effect on inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Ramsgaard
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Judson M. Englert
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Manni
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pavle S. Milutinovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julia Gefter
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacob Tobolewski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Crum
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gina M. Coudriet
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jon Piganelli
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery and the Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Remodeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery and the Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Remodeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan J. Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Binding studies of truncated variants of the Aβ peptide to the V-domain of the RAGE receptor reveal Aβ residues responsible for binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:592-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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