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Chung SI, Moon H, Ju HL, Cho KJ, Kim DY, Han KH, Eun JW, Nam SW, Ribback S, Dombrowski F, Calvisi DF, Ro SW. Hepatic expression of Sonic Hedgehog induces liver fibrosis and promotes hepatocarcinogenesis in a transgenic mouse model. J Hepatol 2016; 64:618-27. [PMID: 26471504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis is an increasing health concern worldwide and a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the involvement of Hedgehog signaling in hepatic fibrosis has been known for some time, the causative role of activated Hedgehog signaling in liver fibrosis has not been verified in vivo. METHODS Using hydrodynamics-based transfection, a transgenic mouse model has been developed that expresses Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), a ligand for Hedgehog signaling, in the liver. Levels of hepatic fibrosis and fibrosis-related gene expression were assessed in the model. Hepatic expression of SHH was induced in a murine model for hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) and tumor development was subsequently investigated. RESULTS The transgenic mice revealed SHH expression in 2-5% of hepatocytes. Secreted SHH activated Hedgehog signaling in numerous cells of various types in the tissues. Hepatic expression of SHH led to fibrosis, activation of hepatic stellate cells, and an upregulation of various fibrogenic genes. Liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis were observed in SHH mice. Persistent expression of SHH for up to 13months failed to induce tumors in the liver; however, it promoted liver tumor development induced by other oncogenes. By employing a HCA model induced by P53(R172H) and KRAS(G12D), we found that the SHH expression promoted the transition from HCA to HCC. CONCLUSIONS SHH expression in the liver induces liver fibrosis with concurrent activation of hepatic stellate cells and fibrogenic genes. It can also enhance hepatocarcinogenesis induced by other oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook In Chung
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Moon
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Ju
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Cho
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyub Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon Weonsang Ro
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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202
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Bhattacharya A, Hegazy AN, Deigendesch N, Kosack L, Cupovic J, Kandasamy RK, Hildebrandt A, Merkler D, Kühl AA, Vilagos B, Schliehe C, Panse I, Khamina K, Baazim H, Arnold I, Flatz L, Xu HC, Lang PA, Aderem A, Takaoka A, Superti-Furga G, Colinge J, Ludewig B, Löhning M, Bergthaler A. Superoxide Dismutase 1 Protects Hepatocytes from Type I Interferon-Driven Oxidative Damage. Immunity 2016; 43:974-86. [PMID: 26588782 PMCID: PMC4658338 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue damage caused by viral hepatitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Using a mouse model of viral hepatitis, we identified virus-induced early transcriptional changes in the redox pathways in the liver, including downregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1). Sod1(-/-) mice exhibited increased inflammation and aggravated liver damage upon viral infection, which was independent of T and NK cells and could be ameliorated by antioxidant treatment. Type I interferon (IFN-I) led to a downregulation of Sod1 and caused oxidative liver damage in Sod1(-/-) and wild-type mice. Genetic and pharmacological ablation of the IFN-I signaling pathway protected against virus-induced liver damage. These results delineate IFN-I mediated oxidative stress as a key mediator of virus-induced liver damage and describe a mechanism of innate-immunity-driven pathology, linking IFN-I signaling with antioxidant host defense and infection-associated tissue damage. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anannya Bhattacharya
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed N Hegazy
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaus Deigendesch
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay Kosack
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Hildebrandt
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neuropathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Strasse 40, 37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bojan Vilagos
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Schliehe
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabel Panse
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kseniya Khamina
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatoon Baazim
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Arnold
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Aderem
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacques Colinge
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Despite extensive research, alcohol remains one of the most common causes of liver disease in the United States. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis. Although many agents and approaches have been tested in patients with ALD and in animals with experimental ALD in the past, there is still no FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved therapy for any stage of ALD. With the increasing recognition of the importance of gut microbiota in the onset and development of a variety of diseases, the potential use of probiotics in ALD is receiving increasing investigative and clinical attention. In this review, we summarize recent studies on probiotic intervention in the prevention and treatment of ALD in experimental animal models and patients. Potential mechanisms underlying the probiotic function are also discussed.
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204
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Oxidative stress and age-related changes in T cells: is thalassemia a model of accelerated immune system aging? Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:116-24. [PMID: 27095931 PMCID: PMC4829813 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.56973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload in β-thalassemia major occurs mainly due to blood transfusion, an essential treatment for β-thalassemia major patients, which results in oxidative stress. It has been thought that oxidative stress causes elevation of immune system senescent cells. Under this condition, cells normally enhance in aging, which is referred to as premature immunosenescence. Because there is no animal model for immunosenescence, most knowledge on the immunosenescence pattern is based on induction of immunosenescence. In this review, we describe iron overload and oxidative stress in β-thalassemia major patients and how they make these patients a suitable human model for immunosenescence. We also consider oxidative stress in some kinds of chronic virus infections, which induce changes in the immune system similar to β-thalassemia major. In conclusion, a therapeutic approach used to improve the immune system in such chronic virus diseases, may change the immunosenescence state and make life conditions better for β-thalassemia major patients.
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205
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Loustaud-Ratti V, Jacques J, Debette-Gratien M, Carrier P. Hepatitis B and elders: An underestimated issue. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:22-8. [PMID: 25651806 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As the world's population becomes older, the burden of hepatitis B virus in elderly has to be considered. The liver changes with aging and its function is eventually altered. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus is paradoxically more important in elderly in areas having vaccination programs, because of a loosening of the prevention in older patients. Some differences in hepatitis B presentation must be enhanced in elderly: lower spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen clearance after a recent contamination, major risk of cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. Acute hepatitis B seems to be more often symptomatic, with a great risk of chronicity. Hepatocarcinoma linked to hepatitis B virus has a higher prevalence and a different presentation in elderly. Its treatment is the same as in younger people but is less often possible. Liver transplantation is contraindicated after 70 years old. Hepatitis B treatment panel is the same as in younger people (pegylated interferon, nucleoside or nucleotide agents). It gives identical results with no particular adverse events if the precautions for use are followed. Vaccination is less efficient, as in immunocompromised patients, and needs specific protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Loustaud-Ratti
- Federation of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, CHU Limoges.,INSERM UMR 850, School of Medicine, Limoges, France
| | - Jérémie Jacques
- Federation of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, CHU Limoges
| | | | - Paul Carrier
- Federation of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, CHU Limoges
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206
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Lei XF, Fu W, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Omoto T, Miyazaki T, Li B, Miyazaki A. Hic-5 deficiency attenuates the activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis through upregulation of Smad7 in mice. J Hepatol 2016; 64:110-7. [PMID: 26334580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5), also named as transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 protein (Tgfb1i1), was found to be induced by TGF-β. Previous studies have shown that TGF-β is a principal mediator of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation in liver fibrosis. However, this process remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to define the role of Hic-5 in HSC activation and liver fibrosis. METHODS We examined the expression levels of Hic-5 during HSCs activation and in fibrotic liver tissues by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Hic-5 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection to induce liver fibrosis. RESULTS Hic-5 expression was strongly upregulated in activated HSCs of the human fibrotic liver tissue and BDL or CCl4-induced mouse liver fibrosis. Hic-5 deficiency significantly attenuated mouse liver fibrosis and HSC activation. Furthermore, Hic-5 knockdown by siRNA in vivo repressed CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Mechanistically, the absence of Hic-5 significantly inhibited the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway, proved by increasing Smad7 expression, resulting in reduced collagen production and α-smooth muscle actin expression in the activated HSCs. CONCLUSION Hic-5 deficiency attenuates the activation of HSCs and liver fibrosis though reducing the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling by upregulation of Smad7. Thus, Hic-5 can be regarded as a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenguang Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Joo-Ri Kim-Kaneyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomokatsu Omoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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207
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Li F, Duan K, Wang C, McClain C, Feng W. Probiotics and Alcoholic Liver Disease: Treatment and Potential Mechanisms. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2016:5491465. [PMID: 26839540 PMCID: PMC4709639 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5491465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, alcohol remains one of the most common causes of liver disease in the United States. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis. Although many agents and approaches have been tested in patients with ALD and in animals with experimental ALD in the past, there is still no FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved therapy for any stage of ALD. With the increasing recognition of the importance of gut microbiota in the onset and development of a variety of diseases, the potential use of probiotics in ALD is receiving increasing investigative and clinical attention. In this review, we summarize recent studies on probiotic intervention in the prevention and treatment of ALD in experimental animal models and patients. Potential mechanisms underlying the probiotic function are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kangmin Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Cuiling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Craig McClain
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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208
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Khalaf-Allah AERM, El-Gengaihi SE, Hamed MA, Zahran HG, Mohammed MA. Chemical Composition of Golden Berry Leaves Against Hepato-renal Fibrosis. J Diet Suppl 2015; 13:378-92. [PMID: 26634867 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2015.1099584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of Physalis peruviana (golden berry) as functional food against hepato-renal fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was evaluated. The chemical composition of leaves referred the presence of withanolides and flavonoids. Two compounds, ursolic acid and lupeol, were isolated and their structures were elucidated by different spectral analysis techniques. The biological evaluation was conducted on different animal groups; control rats, control orally treated with plant extract (500 mg/kg body weight twice a week for six consecutive weeks), CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg body weight diluted to 1:9 (v/v) in olive oil and injected intraperitoneally) group, CCl4 treated with plant extract and CCl4 treated with silymarin as a reference herbal drug. The evaluation was done through measuring oxidative stress markers; malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO). Liver function indices; aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST & ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin and total hepatic protein were also estimated. Kidney disorder biomarkers; creatinine, urea and serum protein were also evaluated. The results revealed plant safety and decrease in NO, MDA, IgG, ALP, tissue protein, bilirubin, creatinine and urea levels. Increase in SOD, AST, ALT, GGT and serum protein levels were observed. Improvement in liver and kidney histopathological architectures were also seen. In conclusion, Physalis peruviana recorded a significant protective role in liver and kidney against fibrosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate its isolated compounds and its use in pharmacological applications and clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Souad E El-Gengaihi
- b Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Department , National Research Center , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Manal A Hamed
- c Therapeutic Chemistry Department , National Research Center , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hanan G Zahran
- c Therapeutic Chemistry Department , National Research Center , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mona A Mohammed
- b Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Department , National Research Center , Cairo , Egypt
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209
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Zheng Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Dandekar A, Kim H, Qiu Y, Xu X, Cui Y, Wang A, Chen LC, Rajagopalan S, Sun Q, Zhang K. Exposure to fine airborne particulate matters induces hepatic fibrosis in murine models. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1397-404. [PMID: 26220751 PMCID: PMC5003300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic fibrosis, featured by the accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix in liver tissue, is associated with metabolic disease and cancer. Inhalation exposure to airborne particulate matter in fine ranges (PM2.5) correlates with pulmonary dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of PM2.5 exposure on hepatic fibrogenesis. METHODS Both inhalation exposure of mice and in vitro exposure of specialized cells to PM2.5 were performed to elucidate the effect of PM2.5 exposure on hepatic fibrosis. Histological examinations, gene expression analyses, and genetic animal models were utilized to determine the effect and mechanism by which PM2.5 exposure promotes hepatic fibrosis. RESULTS Inhalation exposure to concentrated ambient PM2.5 induces hepatic fibrosis in mice under the normal chow or high-fat diet. Mice after PM2.5 exposure displayed increased expression of collagens in liver tissues. Exposure to PM2.5 led to activation of the transforming growth factor β-SMAD3 signaling, suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and expression of collagens in hepatic stellate cells. NADPH oxidase plays a critical role in PM2.5-induced liver fibrogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PM2.5 exerts discernible effects on promoting hepatic fibrogenesis. NADPH oxidase mediates the effects of PM2.5 exposure on promoting hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zheng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Xuebao Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jiemei Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Aditya Dandekar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hyunbae Kim
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yining Qiu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuqi Cui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aixia Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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210
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Fierro-Fernández M, Miguel V, Lamas S. Role of redoximiRs in fibrogenesis. Redox Biol 2015; 7:58-67. [PMID: 26654978 PMCID: PMC4683389 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis can be defined as an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, ultimately leading to stiffness, scarring and devitalized tissue. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, 19-25 nucleotides (nt), non-coding RNAs involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Recently, miRNAs have also emerged as powerful regulators of fibrotic processes and have been termed "fibromiRs". Oxidative stress represents a self-perpetuating mechanism in fibrogenesis. MiRNAs can also influence the expression of genes responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defence and are termed "redoximiRs". Here, we review the current knowledge of mechanisms by which "redoximiRs" regulate fibrogenesis. This new set of miRNAs may be called "redoxifibromiRs".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fierro-Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Verónica Miguel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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211
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Ibrahim AM, Ahmed HS, Alazizi NM, Mansour MA, Mansour SA. Glutathione S-Transferase M1 and T1 Gene Polymorphisms and the Outcome of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Egyptian Patients. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 80:32-7. [PMID: 26548378 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the distribution of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C, and investigated their relationship to the clinical outcome of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study included 169 patients with chronic HCV infection and 145 healthy and matched controls.GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms were genotyped by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Individual GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null genotypes were more frequent in patients versus control subjects [OR, 4 (95% CI, 2.5-6.4); P ˂ 0.001] and [OR, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.1-2.6); P = 0.025], respectively. The patient group showed a higher frequency of the combined GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotype than the control group [OR, 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1-2.9); P = 0.016]. The distribution frequencies of the combined GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotype were significantly different [OR, 0.5 (95% CI, 0.25-0.99); P = 0.049] between F0-F3 and F4. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to other genotypes. The combined GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotype was significantly increased in Child-Pugh C patients in comparison to Child-Pugh A+B (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between different classes with regard to other genotypes. In conclusion, we identified an association between the combined GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotype and advanced liver fibrosis and outcome of chronic HCV infection in Egyptian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany M Ibrahim
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Ahmed
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nashwa M Alazizi
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Mansour
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Shymaa A Mansour
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Silveira KCSD, Viau CM, Colares JR, Saffi J, Marroni NP, Porawski M. Cirrhosis induces apoptosis in renal tissue through intracellular oxidative stress. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2015; 52:65-71. [PMID: 26017086 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032015000100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal failure is a frequent and serious complication in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the renal oxidative stress, cell damage and impaired cell function in animal model of cirrhosis. METHODS Secondary biliary cirrhosis was induced in rats by ligation of the common bile duct. We measured TBARS, ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential in kidney as markers of oxidative stress, and activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Relative cell viability was determined by trypan blue dye-exclusion assay. Annexin V-PE was used with a vital dye, 7-AAD, to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cells and comet assay was used for determined DNA integrity in single cells. RESULTS In bile duct ligation animals there was significant increase in the kidney lipoperoxidation and an increase of the level of intracellular ROS. There was too an increase in the activity of all antioxidant enzymes evaluated in the kidney. The percentage viability was above 90% in the control group and in bile duct ligation was 64.66% and the dominant cell death type was apoptosis. DNA damage was observed in the bile duct ligation. There was a decreased in the mitochondrial membrane potential from 71.40% ± 6.35% to 34.48% ± 11.40% in bile duct ligation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that intracellular increase of ROS cause damage in the DNA and apoptosis getting worse the renal function in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josiane Raskopf Colares
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Norma Possa Marroni
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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213
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Csallany AS, Han I, Shoeman DW, Chen C, Yuan J. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), a Toxic Aldehyde in French Fries from Fast Food Restaurants. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kawano Y, Ohta M, Iwashita Y, Komori Y, Inomata M, Kitano S. Effects of the dihydrolipoyl histidinate zinc complex against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Surg Today 2015; 44:1744-50. [PMID: 24121950 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-013-0749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of an antioxidant, dihydrolipoyl histidinate zinc complex (DHLHZn), on the hepatic fibrosis in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) rat model. METHODS The animals were divided into three groups: control, CCl4, and CCl4+DHLHZn. A histological assessment of the liver fibrosis was performed using stained liver samples. The oxidative stress and antioxidant levels were evaluated by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the liver. In addition, cultured human hepatic stellate cells (LI90) were exposed to antimycin-A (AMA) and divided into four groups: control, DHLHZn, AMA, and AMA+DHLHZn. The effects of DHLHZn on AMA-induced fibrosis were evaluated by measuring the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and collagen α1 (I). RESULTS The hepatic fibrosis in the CCl4+DHLHZn group was attenuated compared to that in the CCl4 group. The MDA levels in the CCl4+DHLHZn group were significantly lower than those of the CCl4 group, whereas the GSH levels in the CCl4+DHLHZn group were significantly higher than those of the CCl4 group. Furthermore, the relative mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and collagen α1 (I) in the AMA+DHLHZn group was significantly lower than that in the AMA group. CONCLUSION DHLHZn may attenuate the hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4 by decreasing the degree of oxidative stress.
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Abstract
Currently, the most effective treatment for end-stage liver fibrosis is liver transplantation; however, transplantation is limited by a shortage of donor organs, surgical complications, immunological rejection, and high medical costs. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been suggested as an effective alternate approach for the treatment of hepatic diseases. MSCs have the potential to differentiate into hepatocytes, and therapeutic value exists in their immune-modulatory properties and secretion of trophic factors, such as growth factors and cytokines. In addition, MSCs can suppress inflammatory responses, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, increase hepatocyte regeneration, regress liver fibrosis and enhance liver functionality. Despite these advantages, issues remain; MSCs also have fibrogenic potential and the capacity to promote tumor cell growth and oncogenicity. This paper summarizes the properties of MSCs for regenerative medicine and their therapeutic mechanisms and clinical application in the treatment of liver fibrosis. We also present several outstanding risks, including their fibrogenic potential and their capacity to promote pre-existing tumor cell growth and oncogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kwang Yong Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Correspondence to Soon Koo Baik, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Korea Tel: +82-33-741-1223 Fax: +82-33-745-6782 E-mail:
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang Y, Yang X, Ye B. Study on the Antifibrotic Effects of Recombinant Shark Hepatical Stimulator Analogue (r-sHSA) in Vitro and in Vivo. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5201-18. [PMID: 26295240 PMCID: PMC4557020 DOI: 10.3390/md13085201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is an effusive wound healing process, characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), as the consequence of chronic liver injury of any etiology. Current therapeutic repertoire for hepatic fibrosis is limited to withdrawal of the noxious agent, which is not always feasible. Hence, in this article, the antifibrotic effects and possible mechanisms of r-sHSA, a recombinant protein with hepatoprotection potential, were investigated. Using NIH/3T3 (mouse embro-fibroblast cell line), skin fibroblasts (human skin fibroblasts, SFBs) and HSC-T6 (rat hepatic stellate cell line), the in vitro effect of r-sHSA was evaluated by measuring the expression levels of alpha-1 Type I collagen (Col1A1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). It turned out those fibrosis indicators were typically inhibited by r-sHSA, suggesting its capacity in HSCs inactivation. The antifibrotic activity of r-sHSA was further investigated in vivo on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis, in view of significant improvement of the biochemical and histological indicators. More specifically, CCl4-intoxication induced a significant increase in serological biomarkers, e.g., transaminase (AST, ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as disturbed hepatic antioxidative status; most of the parameters were spontaneously ameliorated to a large extent by withdrawal of CCl4, although the fibrotic lesion was observed histologically. In contrast, r-sHSA treatment markedly eliminated fibrous deposits and restored architecture of the liver in a dose dependent manner, concomitantly with the phenomena of inflammation relief and HSCs deactivation. To sum up, these findings suggest a therapeutic potential for r-sHSA in hepatic fibrosis, though further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Boping Ye
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Chen Z, Ma X, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Wang J, Li R, Chen C, Wei S, Jiao W, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang L, Wang R, Liu H, Shen H, Xiao X. Paeoniflorin ameliorates ANIT-induced cholestasis by activating Nrf2 through an PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway in rats. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1768-75. [PMID: 26269092 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Pharmacy College; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 China
- Department of Pharmacy; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Pharmacy College; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 China
- Department of Pharmacy; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Center; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Jiabo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Experimental Laboratory Center; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Chang Chen
- Pharmacy College; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 China
- Department of Pharmacy; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Pharmacy College; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 China
- Department of Pharmacy; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Wenjuan Jiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Yaming Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Jianyu Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Center; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Lifu Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Center; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Center; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Integrative Medical Center; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Honghui Shen
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine; 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100039 China
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Lan T, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Deficiency of NOX1 or NOX4 Prevents Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice through Inhibition of Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222337 PMCID: PMC4519306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) play a key role in liver injury and fibrosis. Previous studies demonstrated that GKT137831, a dual NOX1/4 inhibitor, attenuated liver fibrosis in mice as well as pro-fibrotic genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as well as hepatocyte apoptosis. The effect of NOX1 and NOX4 deficiency in liver fibrosis is unclear, and has never been directly compared. HSCs are the primary myofibroblasts in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of NOX1 and NOX4 in liver fibrosis, and investigated whether NOX1 and NOX4 signaling mediates liver fibrosis by regulating HSC activation. Mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce liver fibrosis. Deficiency of either NOX1 or NOX4 attenuates liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis after CCl4 compared to wild-type mice. NOX1 or NOX4 deficiency reduced lipid peroxidation and ROS production in mice with liver fibrosis. NOX1 and NOX4 deficiency are approximately equally effective in preventing liver injury in the mice. The NOX1/4 dual inhibitor GKT137831 suppressed ROS production as well as inflammatory and proliferative genes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or sonic hedgehog (Shh) in primary mouse HSCs. Furthermore, the mRNAs of proliferative and pro-fibrotic genes were downregulated in NOX1 and NOX4 knock-out activated HSCs (cultured on plastic for 5 days). Finally, NOX1 and NOX4 protein levels were increased in human livers with cirrhosis compared with normal controls. Thus, NOX1 and NOX4 signaling mediates the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, including the direct activation of HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lambrecht J, Mannaerts I, van Grunsven LA. The role of miRNAs in stress-responsive hepatic stellate cells during liver fibrosis. Front Physiol 2015; 6:209. [PMID: 26283969 PMCID: PMC4516870 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis is associated with the persistence of an injury causing agent, leading to changes in the extracellular environment and a disruption of the cellular homeostasis of liver resident cells. Recruitment of inflammatory cells, apoptosis of hepatocytes, and changes in liver microvasculature are some examples of changing cellular environment that lead to the induction of stress responses in nearby cells. During liver fibrosis, the major stresses include hypoxia, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. When hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are subjected to such stress, they modulate fibrosis progression by induction of their activation toward a myofibroblastic phenotype, or by undergoing apoptosis, and thus helping fibrosis resolution. It is widely accepted that microRNAs are import regulators of gene expression, both during normal cellular homeostasis, as well as in pathologic conditions. MicroRNAs are short RNA sequences that regulate the gene expression by mRNA destabilization and inhibition of mRNA translation. Specific microRNAs have been identified to play a role in the activation process of HSCs on the one hand and in stress-responsive pathways on the other hand in other cell types (Table 2). However, so far there are no reports for the involvement of miRNAs in the different stress responses linked to HSC activation. Here, we review briefly the major stress response pathways and propose several miRNAs to be regulated by these stress responsive pathways in activating HSCs, and discuss their potential specific pro-or anti-fibrotic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Lambrecht
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Mannaerts
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
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Hepatocyte Growth Factor Mediates the Antifibrogenic Action of Ocimum bacilicum Essential Oil against CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats. Molecules 2015. [PMID: 26213907 PMCID: PMC6331802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200813518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The current investigation aimed to evaluate the antifibrogenic potential of Ocimum basilicum essential oil (OBE) and further to explore some of its underlying mechanisms. Three groups of rats were used: group I (control), group II (CCl4 model) and group III (OBE-treated) received CCl4 and OBE 2 weeks after the start of CCl4 administration. Oxidative damage was assessed by the measurement of MDA, NO, SOD, CAT, GSH and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Liver fibrosis was assessed histopathologically by Masson’s trichrome staining and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunostaining. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and cytochrome P450 (CYP2EI isoform) was estimated using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. OBE successfully attenuated liver injury, as shown by histopathology, decreased serum transaminases and improved oxidative status of the liver. Reduced collagen deposition and α-SMA immuopositive cells indicated an abrogation of hepatic stellate cell activation by OBE. Furthermore, OBE was highly effective in stimulating HGF mRNA and protein expression and inhibiting CCl4-induced CYP2E1 down-regulation. The mechanism of antifibrogenic action of OBE is hypothesized to proceed via scavenging free radicals and activating liver regeneration by induction of HGF. These data suggest the use of OBE as a complementary treatment in liver fibrosis.
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Vladimir-Knežević S, Cvijanović O, Blažeković B, Kindl M, Štefan MB, Domitrović R. Hepatoprotective effects of Micromeria croatica ethanolic extract against CCl4-induced liver injury in mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:233. [PMID: 26174335 PMCID: PMC4501215 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Micromeria croatica (Pers.) Schott is an aromatic plant from Lamiaceae family previously found to possess potent in vitro antioxidant activity which is mainly attributed to the high level of polyphenolic substances. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective activity and possible underlying mechanisms of Micromeria croatica ethanolic extract (MC) using a model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice. Methods Male BALB/cN mice were randomly divided into seven groups: control group received saline, MC group received ethanolic extract of M. croatica in 5 % DMSO (100 mg/kg b.w., p.o.), and CCl4 group was administered CCl4 dissolved in corn oil (2 mL/kg, 10 % v/v, ip). MC50, MC200 and MC400 groups were treated with MC orally at doses of 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg once daily for 2 consecutive days, respectively, 6 h after CCl4 intoxication. The reference group received silymarin at dose of 400 mg/kg. At the end of experiment, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. In addition, major phenolic compounds in MC were quantified by HPLC-DAD. Results CCl4 intoxication resulted in liver cells damage and oxidative stress and triggered inflammatory response in mice livers. MC treatment decreased ALT activity and prevented liver necrosis. Improved hepatic antioxidant status was evident by increased Cu/Zn SOD activity and decreased 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) formation in the livers. Concomitantly, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were overexpressed. The hepatoprotective activity of MC was accompanied by the increase in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression, indicating amelioration of hepatic inflammation. Additionally, MC prevented tumor growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, suggesting the potential for suppression of hepatic fibrogenesis. Conclusion These results of the present study demonstrated that MC possesses in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and exhibits antifibrotic potential, which are comparable to those of standard hepatoprotective compound silymarin.
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Brewers' Rice: A By-Product from Rice Processing Provides Natural Hepatorenal Protection in Azoxymethane-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:539798. [PMID: 26257841 PMCID: PMC4516842 DOI: 10.1155/2015/539798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brewers' rice, which is known locally as temukut, is a mixture of broken rice, rice bran, and rice germ. Our present study was designed to identify the effect of brewers' rice on the attenuation of liver and kidney damage induced by azoxymethane (AOM). Alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine, and urea were evaluated to understand potential hepatoprotective effects and the ability of brewers' rice to attenuate kidney pathology induced by AOM treatment. Liver and kidney tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Overall analyses revealed that brewers' rice improved the levels of serum markers in a manner associated with better histopathological outcomes, which indicated that brewers' rice could enhance recovery from hepatocyte and kidney damage. Taken together, these results suggest that brewers' rice could be used in future applications to combat liver and kidney disease.
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223
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Bulatova IA, Tretyakova YI, Shchekotov VV, Shchekotova AP, Ulitina PV, Krivtsov AV, Nenasheva OY. [Catalase gene rs1001179 polymorphism and oxidative stress in patients with chronic hepatitis C and ulcerative colitis]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2015; 87:49-53. [PMID: 25864349 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201587249-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the rs1001179 polymorphism of the catalase (CAT) gene and to estimate the serum levels of the enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GP) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and in those with ulcerative colitis (UC) in the Perm Territory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety patients with reactivation-phase CHC and 50 patients with exacerbation-phase UC were examined. The serum levels of catalase and GP were determined and the polymorphic variants of the marker of CAT gene rs1001179 in the DNA isolated from whole blood were found in all the patients. RESULTS In the CHC and UC groups, the levels of catalase and GP were found to be lower than that in apparently healthy individuals. Furthermore, both groups showed a direct correlation between the activities of the enzymes. In the patients with CHC and in those with UC, the spread of genotypes and alleles generally failed to virtually differ from that in the control group. The G/G genotype was prevalent in all the groups. In the patients with CHC, the minor A allele demonstrated a significant inverse correlation with the enzyme catalase (r = -0.16; p = 0.02) and GP (r = -0.13; p = 0.047). CONCLUSION The lower serum levels of catalase and GP are indicative of oxidative stress in the patients with CHC or UC. In the patients with CHC, the significant correlation of the pathological rs1701179 A allele marker with the processes of synthesis of antioxidant enzymes may suggest that CAT gene polymorphism in the A/A homozygotes might affect the regulation mechanism involved in the antioxidant system in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Bulatova
- Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Perm, Russia, Federal Research Center for Medical Prevention Technologies of Human Health Risk Management, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Perm, Russia
| | - Yu I Tretyakova
- Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Perm, Russia, Federal Research Center for Medical Prevention Technologies of Human Health Risk Management, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Perm, Russia
| | - V V Shchekotov
- Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Perm, Russia, Federal Research Center for Medical Prevention Technologies of Human Health Risk Management, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Perm, Russia
| | - A P Shchekotova
- Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Perm, Russia, Federal Research Center for Medical Prevention Technologies of Human Health Risk Management, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Perm, Russia
| | - P V Ulitina
- Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Perm, Russia, Federal Research Center for Medical Prevention Technologies of Human Health Risk Management, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Perm, Russia
| | - A V Krivtsov
- Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Perm, Russia, Federal Research Center for Medical Prevention Technologies of Human Health Risk Management, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Perm, Russia
| | - O Yu Nenasheva
- Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Perm, Russia, Federal Research Center for Medical Prevention Technologies of Human Health Risk Management, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Perm, Russia
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Lee PC, Yang YY, Huang CS, Hsieh SL, Lee KC, Hsieh YC, Lee TY, Lin HC. Concomitant inhibition of oxidative stress and angiogenesis by chronic hydrogen-rich saline and N-acetylcysteine treatments improves systemic, splanchnic and hepatic hemodynamics of cirrhotic rats. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:578-88. [PMID: 24961937 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM In cirrhosis, increased oxidative stress leads to systemic and splanchnic hyperdynamic circulation, splanchnic angiogenesis, portosystemic collateral formation, hepatic endothelial dysfunction, increased intrahepatic resistance and the subsequent portal hypertension. Like N-acetylcysteine, hydrogen-rich saline is a new documented antioxidant with the potential to treat the complications of liver diseases. METHODS In this study, hemodynamics, splanchnic angiogenesis and hepatic endothelial dysfunction were measured in common bile duct ligation (BDL)-cirrhotic rats receiving 1-month treatment of vehicle, N-acetylcysteine and hydrogen-rich saline immediately after BDL. Additionally, acute effects of N-acetylcysteine and hydrogen-rich saline on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced tubule formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were also evaluated. RESULTS The data indicate that 1-month treatment of N-acetylcysteine or hydrogen-rich saline significantly ameliorated systemic and splanchnic hyperdynamic circulation, corrected hepatic endothelial dysfunction, and decreased intrahepatic resistance and mesenteric angiogenesis by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, VEGF and reducing mesenteric oxidative stress in cirrhotic rats. In vivo studies revealed that acute co-incubation of N-acetylcysteine or hydrogen-rich saline with VEGF effectively suppressed VEGF-induced angiogenesis and migration of HUVEC accompanied by decreasing of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Both hydrogen-rich saline and N-acetylcysteine alleviate portal hypertension, the severity of portosystemic collaterals, mesenteric angiogenesis, hepatic endothelial dysfunction and intrahepatic resistance in cirrhotic rats. N-Acetylcysteine and the new antioxidant, hydrogen-rich saline are potential treatments for the complications of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chang Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang X, Zhao W, Wang J, Shi K, Qin X, Kong Q, Wang G, Mu L, Li H, Sun B, Shi L. Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Inhibit the Activation of Liver Cirrhotic Fat-Storing Cells via Adrenomedullin Secretion. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1325-34. [PMID: 25445161 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis, or liver fibrosis, which is mainly triggered by cirrhosis fat-storing cells (CFSCs) activation, has traditionally been considered an irreversible disease. However, recent observations indicate that even advanced fibrosis is still reversible by removing the causative agents. Anti-fibrotic effects of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) have been demonstrated by inhibiting CFSCs via cytokines secretion; however, the mechanisms are still unclear. AIMS The purpose of this study was to explore the underlying mechanisms by which BMSCs modulate the function of activated CFSCs. METHODS After the co-culture of CFSCs with BMSCs supernatants with or without the addition of recombinant rat adrenomedullin (AM)/AM-specific siRNA, western blot analysis was mainly used to detect the differences of relative protein expression on CFSCs. RESULTS BMSC-secreted adrenomedullin (AM) effectively inhibited the proliferation and activation of CFSCs by suppressing the expression of Ang II and its binding receptor, AT1, which resulted in a reduction of p47-phox formation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that BMSCs inhibited CFSC activation in vitro via the AM-Ang II-p47-phox signaling pathway, and since CFSC activation is an essential part of hepatic fibrosis process, this inhibition by BMSCs implies us new insights into the potential treatment of hepatic fibrosis via BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- Emergency Department, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Bao Jian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, China
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Eng K, Alkhouri N, Cikach F, Patel N, Yan C, Grove D, Lopez R, Rome E, Dweik RA. Analysis of breath volatile organic compounds in children with chronic liver disease compared to healthy controls. J Breath Res 2015; 9:026002. [PMID: 25891513 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/2/026002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Breath testing is increasingly being used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for disease states across medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as measured by mass spectrometry in healthy children and children with chronic liver disease (CLD). Patients between the ages of 6 and 21 were recruited for the study. Control subjects were recruited from a general pediatric population during well-child visits, while patients with CLD were recruited from pediatric gastroenterology clinic visits. The diagnosis of CLD was confirmed by clinical, laboratory, and/or histologic data. A single exhaled breath was collected and analyzed by means of selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry per protocol. A total of 104 patients were included in the study (49 with CLD and 55 healthy controls). Of the patients with CLD, 20 had advanced liver fibrosis (F3-F4). In the CLD cohort, levels of exhaled 1-decene, 1-heptene, 1-octene and 3 methylhexane were found to be significantly higher when compared to the control population (p < 0.001, p = 0.035, p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Exhaled 1-nonene, (E)-2-nonene, and dimethyl sulfide levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with CLD patients when compared to controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). By utilizing a combination of five of the VOCs, the accuracy for predicting the presence of CLD was excellent (AUROC = 0.97). Our study demonstrates that children with CLD have a unique pattern of exhaled VOCs. Utilization of a combination of these VOCs represents a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool and may provide further insight into the pathophysiologic processes and pathways leading to pediatric liver disease. Further analysis of these compounds in external cohorts are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Eng
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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227
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Stanimirovic J, Obradovic M, Zafirovic S, Resanovic I, Bogdanovic N, Gluvic Z, Mousa SA, Isenovic ER. Effects of altered hepatic lipid metabolism on regulation of hepatic iNOS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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228
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Jia D, Duan F, Peng P, Sun L, Ruan Y, Gu J. Pyrroloquinoline-quinone suppresses liver fibrogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121939. [PMID: 25822822 PMCID: PMC4379100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents the consequences of a sustained wound healing response to chronic liver injuries, and its progression toward cirrhosis is the major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, anti-fibrotic treatment remains an unconquered area for drug development. Accumulating evidence indicate that oxidative stress plays a critical role in liver fibrogenesis. In this study, we found that PQQ, a natural anti-oxidant present in a wide variety of human foods, exerted potent anti-fibrotic and ROS-scavenging activity in Balb/C mouse models of liver fibrosis. The antioxidant activity of PQQ was involved in the modulation of multiple steps during liver fibrogenesis, including chronic liver injury, hepatic inflammation, as well as activation of hepatic stellate cells and production of extracellular matrix. PQQ also suppressed the up-regulation of RACK1 in activated HSCs in vivo and in vitro. Our data suggest that PQQ suppresses oxidative stress and liver fibrogenesis in mice, and provide rationale for the clinical application of PQQ in the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Peike Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- * E-mail: (YR); (JG)
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- * E-mail: (YR); (JG)
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Amoras EDSG, Gomes STM, Freitas FB, Santana BB, Ishak G, de Araújo MTF, Demachki S, da Silva Conde SRS, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. NGF and P75NTR gene expression is associated with the hepatic fibrosis stage due to viral and non-viral causes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121754. [PMID: 25816145 PMCID: PMC4376854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the relative mRNA expression levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and the p75 neurothrophin receptor (p75NTR) in different histological stages of human liver disease. Fifty-one liver biopsy specimens obtained from patients with hepatitis B virus (n = 6), hepatitis C virus (n = 28), and non-viral hepatitis – (n = 9) and standard histological liver (n = 8) as controls (CT) were subjected to qPCR and histopathological exams. Our data revealed a significant difference in the NGF expression levels between the three patient groups and the Control group. p75NTR expression levels in the HCV and NVH groups were higher than those observed in the HBV and Control groups. In cases of liver cirrhosis, higher p75NTR mRNA expression was observed, whereas NGF was expressed at higher levels in patients with hepatic fibrosis. NGF expression was lower in the F1 liver fibrosis stage, and p75NTR receptor expression continuously and proportionately increased compared to the increase in the degree of fibrosis and was significantly higher in livers in fibrosis stages 3 and 4. The hepatic levels of NGF and p75NTR were decreased and increased, respectively, relative to the stage of inflammatory activity. A positive correlation between p75NTR and NGF gene expression was observed in livers with mild to moderate fibrosis, though not in cases of severe fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Felipe Bonfim Freitas
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Brasil Santana
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Ishak
- João de Barros Barreto Hospital, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Sâmia Demachki
- School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Simone Regina Souza da Silva Conde
- School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Hepatology Outpatient Service, Holy House of Mercy Foundation of Pará (Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará—UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Sakurai T, Yada N, Watanabe T, Arizumi T, Hagiwara S, Ueshima K, Nishida N, Fujita J, Kudo M. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein promotes the development of liver cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:352-8. [PMID: 25611373 PMCID: PMC4409877 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) develop in the context of chronic liver inflammation. Oxidative stress is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of HCC development. In this study, we examined whether cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (Cirp) controls reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and development of HCC by using murine models of hepatocarcinogenesis and human liver samples. Cirp expression, ROS accumulation, and CD133 expression were increased in the liver of tumor-harboring mice. Cirp deficiency reduced production of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in Kupffer cells, ROS accumulation, and CD133 expression, leading to attenuated hepatocarcinogenesis. Thioacetamide treatment enhanced hepatic expression of CD133 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which was prevented by treatment with the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole. Intriguingly, the risk of human HCC recurrence is positively correlated with Cirp expression in liver. Cirp appears to play a critical carcinogenic function and its expression might be a useful biomarker for HCC risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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232
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Liu Y, Liu Q, Ye G, Khan A, Liu J, Gan F, Zhang X, Kumbhar S, Huang K. Protective effects of Selenium-enriched probiotics on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:242-249. [PMID: 25513970 DOI: 10.1021/jf5039184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Se-enriched probiotics (SP) on the liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats. The results showed that SP significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (87.0 ± 1.96 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (101 ± 3.13 U/L), hepatic hydroxyproline (898 ± 72.5 μg/g), and malondialdehyde (2.39 ± 0.34 nmol/mg) levels, but increased glutathione peroxidase (37.2 ± 3.19 U/mg), superoxide dismutase (201 ± 19.2 U/mg), and glutathione levels (3.32 ± 0.25 mg/g) (P < 0.05) in rats treated by CCl4. SP suppressed hepatic inflammation and necrosis induced by CCl4. Moreover, SP significantly reduced the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen, TGF-β1, TIMP-1, and inflammation-related gene and induced apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells (P < 0.05) in rats treated by CCl4. Our results suggest that SP could protect the liver from fibrosis by attenuating hepatic oxidative stress, suppressing hepatic inflammation, and inducing apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is characterized by imbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. Two main antioxidant systems exist. The nonenzymatic system relies on molecules to directly quench ROS and the enzymatic system is composed of specific enzymes that detoxify ROS. Among the latter, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family is important in oxidative stress modulation. Of these, manganese-dependent SOD (MnSOD) plays a major role due to its mitochondrial location, i.e., the main site of superoxide (O(2)(·-)) production. As such, extensive research has focused on its capacity to modulate oxidative stress. Early data demonstrated the relevance of MnSOD as an O(2)(·-) scavenger. More recent research has, however, identified a prominent role for MnSOD in carcinogenesis. In addition, SOD downregulation appears associated with health risk in heart and brain. A single nucleotide polymorphism which alters the mitochondria signaling sequence for the cytosolic MnSOD form has been identified. Transport into the mitochondria was differentially affected by allelic presence and a new chapter in MnSOD research thus begun. As a result, an ever-increasing number of diseases appear associated with this allelic variation including metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Although diet and exercise upregulate MnSOD, the relationship between environmental and genetic factors remains unclear.
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Anwar F, Mushtaq G, Kazmi I, Afzal M, Khan R, Al-Abbasi FA, Ahmad A, Kumar V. Anticancer effect of rosiglitazone in rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine via inhibition of DNA synthesis: an implication for hepatocellular carcinoma. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosiglitazone, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) ligand, is a clinically tested drug used in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Gohar Mushtaq
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
- Glocal University
- Saharanpur
- India
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
- Glocal University
- Saharanpur
- India
| | | | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Dept. of Pharmacology
- Jeddah Community College
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty
- of Health Sciences
- Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture
- Technology & Sciences (SHIATS)-Deemed University
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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236
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Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension. PANVASCULAR MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7153457 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The bases of our current knowledge on the physiology of the hepatic portal system are largely owed to the work of three pioneering vascular researchers from the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries: A. Vesalius, W. Harvey, and F. Glisson. Vesalius is referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy, and in his influential book, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, he elaborated the first anatomical atlas of the hepatic portal venous system (Vesalius 2013). Sir William Harvey laid the foundations of modern cardiovascular research with his Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Harvey 1931) in which he established the nature of blood circulation. Finally, F. Glisson characterized the gastrointestinal-hepatic vascular system (Child 1955). These physiological descriptions were later complemented with clinical observations. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Morgagni, Puckelt, Cruveilhier, and Osler were the first to make the connection between common hepatic complications – ascites, splenomegaly, and gastrointestinal bleeding – and obstruction of the portal system (Sandblom 1993). These were the foundations that allowed Gilbert, Villaret, and Thompson to establish an early definition of portal hypertension at the beginning of the twentieth century. In this period, Thompson performed the first direct measurement of portal pressure by laparotomy in some patients (Gilbert and Villaret 1906; Thompson et al. 1937). Considering all these milestones, and paraphrasing Sir Isaac Newton, if hepatologists have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. Nowadays, our understanding of the pathogenesis of portal hypertension has largely improved thanks to the progress in preclinical and clinical research. However, this field is ever-changing and hepatologists are continually identifying novel pathological mechanisms and developing new therapeutic strategies for this clinical condition. Hence, the aim of this chapter is to summarize the current knowledge about this clinical condition.
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Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A, Vafaei AA, Ghadrdoost B. Protective Effects of Crocus Sativus L. Extract and Crocin against Chronic-Stress Induced Oxidative Damage of Brain, Liver and Kidneys in Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:493-9. [PMID: 25671180 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic stress has been reported to induce oxidative damage of the brain. A few studies have shown that Crocus Sativus L., commonly known as saffron and its active constituent crocin may have a protective effect against oxidative stress. The present work was designed to study the protective effects of saffron extract and crocin on chronic - stress induced oxidative stress damage of the brain, liver and kidneys. METHODS Rats were injected with a daily dose of saffron extract (30 mg/kg, IP) or crocin (30 mg/kg, IP) during a period of 21 days following chronic restraint stress (6 h/day). In order to determine the changes of the oxidative stress parameters following chronic stress, the levels of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), the total antioxidant reactivity (TAR), as well as antioxidant enzyme activities glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the brain, liver and kidneys tissues after the end of chronic stress. RESULTS In the stressed animals that receiving of saline, levels of MDA, and the activities of GPx, GR, and SOD were significantly higher (P<0.0001) and the TAR capacity were significantly lower than those of the non-stressed animals (P<0.0001). Both saffron extract and crocin were able to reverse these changes in the stressed animals as compared with the control groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These observations indicate that saffron and its active constituent crocin can prevent chronic stress-induced oxidative stress damage of the brain, liver and kidneys and suggest that these substances may be useful against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. ; Laboratory of Endocrine Research, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Behshid Ghadrdoost
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Study of the therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus and α-lipoic acid against dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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239
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The commonly used antimicrobial additive triclosan is a liver tumor promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17200-5. [PMID: 25404284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419119111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial chemical used in a wide range of consumer products including soaps, cosmetics, therapeutics, and plastics. The general population is exposed to TCS because of its prevalence in a variety of daily care products as well as through waterborne contamination. TCS is linked to a multitude of health and environmental effects, ranging from endocrine disruption and impaired muscle contraction to effects on aquatic ecosystems. We discovered that TCS was capable of stimulating liver cell proliferation and fibrotic responses, accompanied by signs of oxidative stress. Through a reporter screening assay with an array of nuclear xenobiotic receptors (XenoRs), we found that TCS activates the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and, contrary to previous reports, has no significant effect on mouse peroxisome proliferation activating receptor α (PPARα). Using the procarcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to initiate tumorigenesis in mice, we discovered that TCS substantially accelerates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, acting as a liver tumor promoter. TCS-treated mice exhibited a large increase in tumor multiplicity, size, and incidence compared with control mice. TCS-mediated liver regeneration and fibrosis preceded HCC development and may constitute the primary tumor-promoting mechanism through which TCS acts. These findings strongly suggest there are adverse health effects in mice with long-term TCS exposure, especially on enhancing liver fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis, and the relevance of TCS liver toxicity to humans should be evaluated.
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Hismiogullari AA, Hismiogullari SE, Karaca O, Sunay FB, Paksoy S, Can M, Kus I, Seyrek K, Yavuz O. The protective effect of curcumin administration on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 67:410-6. [PMID: 25933946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to examine the protective effect of curcumin (CUR) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced nephrotoxicity to evaluate the detailed mechanisms by which CUR exerts its protective action. METHODS Thirty male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into three groups: administrations of olive oil (control, po), CCl4 (0.5mg/kg in olive oil sc) every other day for 3 weeks, and CCl4 (0.5mg/kg in olive oil sc) plus CUR (200mg/kg) every day for 3 weeks. RESULTS Administration of CCl4 significantly (p<0.001) increased the levels of renal function test such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Furthermore, treatment of CCl4 significantly elevated the oxidant status of renal tissues while decreasing its anti-oxidant status (p<0.001). CUR displayed a renal protective effect as evident by significant decrease in inflammation and apoptosis during histopathological examination. The administration of CCl4 resulted in an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production due to an increase in membrane lipid peroxidation; however, the administration of CUR attenuated this, probably via its antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. CONCLUSION The finding of our study indicates that CUR may have an important role to play in protecting the kidney from oxidative insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A Hismiogullari
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey.
| | - Sahver E Hismiogullari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Balkesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Omur Karaca
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Fatma B Sunay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Serpil Paksoy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Can
- Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Iter Kus
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Kamil Seyrek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yavuz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
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241
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Rocco A, Compare D, Angrisani D, Zamparelli MS, Nardone G. Alcoholic disease: liver and beyond. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14652-9. [PMID: 25356028 PMCID: PMC4209531 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The harmful use of alcohol is a worldwide problem. It has been estimated that alcohol abuse represents the world's third largest risk factor for disease and disability; it is a causal factor of 60 types of diseases and injuries and a concurrent cause of at least 200 others. Liver is the main organ responsible for metabolizing ethanol, thus it has been considered for long time the major victim of the harmful use of alcohol. Ethanol and its bioactive products, acetaldehyde-acetate, fatty acid ethanol esters, ethanol-protein adducts, have been regarded as hepatotoxins that directly and indirectly exert their toxic effect on the liver. A similar mechanism has been postulated for the alcohol-related pancreatic damage. Alcohol and its metabolites directly injure acinar cells and elicit stellate cells to produce and deposit extracellular matrix thus triggering the "necrosis-fibrosis" sequence that finally leads to atrophy and fibrosis, morphological hallmarks of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Even if less attention has been paid to the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, ethanol produces harmful effects by inducing: (1) direct damaging of the mucosa of the esophagus and stomach; (2) modification of the sphincterial pressure and impairment of motility; and (3) alteration of gastric acid output. In the intestine, ethanol can damage the intestinal mucosa directly or indirectly by altering the resident microflora and impairing the mucosal immune system. Notably, disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier of the small and large intestine contribute to liver damage. This review summarizes the most clinically relevant alcohol-related diseases of the digestive tract focusing on the pathogenic mechanisms by which ethanol damages liver, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.
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242
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Astaxanthin prevents TGFβ1-induced pro-fibrogenic gene expression by inhibiting Smad3 activation in hepatic stellate cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:178-85. [PMID: 25450180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a subset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the most common chronic liver disease in the U.S. Fibrosis, a common feature of NASH, results from the dysregulation of fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In this study, we investigated whether astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, can inhibit fibrogenic effects of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), a key fibrogenic cytokine, in HSCs. METHODS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was measured in LX-2, an immortalized human HSC cell line. Quantitative realtime PCR, Western blot, immunocytochemical analysis, and in-cell Western blot were performed to determine mRNA and protein of fibrogenic genes, and the activation of Smad3 in TGFβ1-activated LX-2 cells and primary mouse HSCs. RESULTS In LX-2 cells, ROS accumulation induced by tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide and TGFβ1 was abolished by ASTX. ASTX significantly decreased TGFβ1-induced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and procollagen type 1, alpha 1 (Col1A1) mRNA as well as α-SMA protein levels. Knockdown of Smad3 showed the significant role of Smad3 in the expression of α-SMA and Col1A1, but not TGFβ1, in LX-2 cells. ASTX attenuated TGFβ1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation with a concomitant inhibition of Smad3, Smad7, TGFβ receptor I (TβRI), and TβRII expression. The inhibitory effect of ASTX on HSC activation was confirmed in primary mouse HSCs as evidenced by decreased mRNA and protein levels of α-SMA during activation. CONCLUSION Taken together, ASTX exerted anti-fibrogenic effects by blocking TGFβ1-signaling, consequently inhibiting the activation of Smad3 pathway in HSCs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests that ASTX may be used as a preventive/therapeutic agent to prevent hepatic fibrosis.
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243
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Quintanilha LF, Takami T, Hirose Y, Fujisawa K, Murata Y, Yamamoto N, Goldenberg RCDS, Terai S, Sakaida I. Canine mesenchymal stem cells show antioxidant properties against thioacetamide-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E206-17. [PMID: 23889977 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To overcome current limitations of therapy for liver diseases, cell-based therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been attempted through basic and clinical approaches. Oxidative stress is a crucial factor in hepatology, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-established molecules responsible for its deleterious effects. The antioxidant properties of MSC were recently demonstrated, and therefore we examined the antioxidant activity of canine MSC (cMSC), their effects on isolated hepatocytes in vitro and their curative potential against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury in vivo. METHODS To evaluate the ability of cMSC to challenge oxidative stress, cell viability, cytotoxicity and ROS were measured in cultured cMSC treated with TAA. Also, cMSC were co-cultured with hepatocytes in the same injury condition, and the ROS level was measured exclusively in hepatocytes. Finally, to verify the curative potential of cMSC, 2.0 × 10(6) cells or phosphate-buffered saline were injected systemically in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice that received TAA injections twice a week for 13 weeks. We then evaluated histological parameters, serum injury markers and redox homeostasis. RESULTS cMSC overcame TAA-induced oxidative stress in vitro, as shown by increased viability and lower cytotoxicity and ROS levels. Moreover, hepatocytes co-cultured with cMSC also showed decreased cellular ROS. The in vivo study showed that mice treated with cMSC presented with an ameliorated histological pattern, suppressed fibrosis, lower serum injury marker levels and better oxidative parameters. CONCLUSION We concluded that cMSC injection reduce TAA-induced liver injury through antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective effects, showing a curative potential in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Quintanilha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan; Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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244
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Yang L, Wang X, Yang X. Possible antioxidant mechanism of melanoidins extract from Shanxi aged vinegar in mitophagy-dependent and mitophagy-independent pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8616-8622. [PMID: 25102123 DOI: 10.1021/jf501690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Melanoidins are widely reported to have antioxidant activity; however, their mechanism has not been frequently studied. In this study, we found that melanoidins from Shanxi aged vinegar induced mitopahgy, the specific autophagic elimination of mitochondria, as assessed by up-regulation of the autophagy markers LC3-II and Beclin1 as well as degradation of the autophagy substrate p62 and mitochondrial proteins. Melanoidins reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal human liver cells and mouse livers through a mitophagy-dependent pathway, by the observation that the reducing ROS effect of melanoidins was partially lost when mitophagy was inhibited by chloroquine. Impaired Akt signaling was found in cells treated with melanoidins, which might explain the activation of autophagy induced by melanoidins. These results suggest that in addition to direct free radical scavenging activity, melanoidins decreased ROS levels through mitophagy in which damaged mitochondria, the source of ROS, were degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, China
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245
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Siani A, Tirelli N. Myofibroblast differentiation: main features, biomedical relevance, and the role of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:768-85. [PMID: 24279926 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Myofibroblasts are prototypical fibrotic cells, which are involved in a number of more or less pathological conditions, from foreign body reactions to scarring, from liver, kidney, or lung fibrosis to neoplastic phenomena. The differentiation of precursor cells (not only of fibroblastic nature) is characterized by a complex interplay between soluble factors (growth factors such as transforming growth factor β1, reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and material properties (matrix stiffness). RECENT ADVANCES The last 15 years have seen very significant advances in the identification of appropriate differentiation markers, in the understanding of the differentiation mechanism, and above all, the involvement of ROS as causative and persistence factors. CRITICAL ISSUES The specific mechanisms of action of ROS remain largely unknown, although evidence suggests that both intracellular and extracellular phenomena play a role. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Approaches based on antioxidant (ROS-scavenging) principles and on the potentiation of nitric oxide signaling hold much promise in view of a pharmacological therapy of fibrotic phenomena. However, how to make the active principles available at the target sites is yet a largely neglected issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siani
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
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246
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Kim DY, Chung SI, Ro SW, Paik YH, Lee JI, Jung MK, Lee MG, Park YN, Lee KS, Park JG, Park HD, Han KH. Combined effects of an antioxidant and caspase inhibitor on the reversal of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1481-91. [PMID: 24045874 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We sought to determine the hepatic fibrosis-reversal effects upon simultaneous administration of lithospermate B (LAB), an anti-oxidant, and nivocasan, a caspase inhibitor, to rats compared with each compound alone. Liver fibrosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by thioacetamide (TAA). Rats were treated with TAA and then given LAB and (or) nivocasan. Fibrotic areas were evaluated quantitatively by computerized morphometry. Apoptosis was assessed using a TUNEL assay, and immunohistochemical staining for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) was performed to assess oxidative stress levels. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify expression of fibrosis-related genes. The degree of hepatic fibrosis was significantly reduced in rats treated with LAB and nivocasan compared to either treatment alone (P < 0.001). Treatment with each compound significantly decreased expression of fibrosis-related genes, such as type I collagen α1 (col1α1), α-SMA and TGF-β1 (P < 0.05). Co-treatment with LAB and nivocasan further reduced col1α1 expression compared to treatment with either compound. A TUNEL assay revealed that hepatocyte apoptosis was significantly decreased in the group treated with nivocasan compared to other groups (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed a decrease in MDA and 4HNE, reflecting amelioration of oxidative stress, when LAB or LAB+nivocasan was administered compared to nivocasan alone (P < 0.01). Nivocasan was found to inhibit caspase-1, -3, -7, -9 and gliotoxin-induced death of rat-derived hepatic stellate cells was inhibited by nivocasan administration without overexpression of α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS Co-incidental administration of LAB and nivocasan suppressed oxidative stress and apoptosis, resulting in enhanced reversal of hepatic fibrosis in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea,
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Tsai WH, Yang CC, Li PC, Chen WC, Chien CT. Therapeutic potential of traditional chinese medicine on inflammatory diseases. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 3:142-51. [PMID: 24716170 PMCID: PMC3924991 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.114898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress induces inflammation to several tissues/organs leading to cell death and long-term injury. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and autophagic regulatory functions has been widely used as preventive or therapeutic strategy in modern medicine. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been widely reported to contribute to cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation, hepatotoxicity, or sympathetic activation-induced liver inflammation, lipopolysaccharide-induced renal inflammation, and substance P-mediated neurogenic hyperactive bladder based on clinical findings. In this review, we introduce several evidences for TCM treatment including Monascus adlay (MA) produced by inoculating adlay (Cois lachrymal-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) with Monascus purpureus on lung injury, Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn. of Euphorbiaceae family) on hepatotoxin-induced liver inflammation, Virgate Wormwood Decoction (Yīn Chén Hāo tāng) and its active component genipin on sympathetic activation–induced liver inflammation, and green tea extract and its active components, catechins, or a modified TCM formula Five Stranguries Powder (Wǔ Lén Sǎn) plus Crataegi Fructus (Shān Zhā) on hyperactive bladder. The pathophysiologic and molecular mechanisms of TCM on ameliorating inflammatory diseases are discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Linsen (Chinese Medicine) Branch, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Yang
- Bureau of Planning, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chia Li
- Department of Occupational Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Chuan Chen
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Ting Chien
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Paik YH, Kim J, Aoyama T, De Minicis S, Bataller R, Brenner DA. Role of NADPH oxidases in liver fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2854-72. [PMID: 24040957 PMCID: PMC4026397 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic fibrosis is the common pathophysiologic process resulting from chronic liver injury, characterized by the accumulation of an excessive extracellular matrix. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) is a multicomponent enzyme complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to a wide range of stimuli. In addition to phagocytic NOX2, there are six nonphagocytic NOX proteins. RECENT ADVANCES In the liver, NOX is functionally expressed both in the phagocytic form and in the nonphagocytic form. NOX-derived ROS contributes to various kinds of liver disease caused by alcohol, hepatitis C virus, and toxic bile acids. Recent evidence indicates that both phagocytic NOX2 and nonphagocytic NOX isoforms, including NOX1 and NOX4, mediate distinct profibrogenic actions in hepatic stellate cells, the main fibrogenic cell type in the liver. The critical role of NOX in hepatic fibrogenesis provides a rationale to assess pharmacological NOX inhibitors that treat hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Although there is compelling evidence indicating a crucial role for NOX-mediated ROS generation in hepatic fibrogenesis, little is known about the expression, subcellular localization, regulation, and redox signaling of NOX isoforms in specific cell types in the liver. Moreover, the exact mechanism of NOX-mediated fibrogenic signaling is still largely unknown. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding through further research about NOX-mediated fibrogenic signaling may enable the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapy using NOX inhibition strategy. Antio
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Han Paik
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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Chaudhary H, Jena PK, Seshadri S. In Vivo Evaluation ofEclipta albaExtract as Anticancer and Multidrug Resistance Reversal Agent. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:904-13. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.916324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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250
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Myeloperoxidase gene polymorphism predicts fibrosis severity in women with hepatitis C. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:766-70. [PMID: 24882572 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role on liver fibrosis progression in the course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme released by neutrophils and macrophages, responsible for generating hypochlorous acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may lead to liver injury in HCV infection. On the other hand, antioxidant enzymes such as manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) controls ROS-mediated damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of MPO G-463A and SOD2 Ala16Val polymorphisms in the severity of liver fibrosis in individuals with chronic HCV infection. The present study included 270 patients with chronic HCV recruited from the Gastrohepatology Service of the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital/Liver Institute of Pernambuco (Recife, Northeastern Brazil). All patients underwent liver biopsy, which was classified according METAVIR score. The SNPs were determined by real-time PCR. After multivariate analysis adjustment, the GG genotype of MPO and the presence of metabolic syndrome were independently associated with fibrosis severity in women (P = 0.025 OR 2.25 CI 1.10-4.59 and P = 0.032 OR 2.32 CI 1.07-5.01, respectively). The presence of the GG genotype seems to be a risk factor for fibrosis severity in women with HCV.
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