201
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Pereira NAM, Laranjo M, Nascimento BFO, Simões JCS, Pina J, Costa BDP, Brites G, Braz J, Seixas de Melo JS, Pineiro M, Botelho MF, Pinho E Melo TMVD. Novel fluorinated ring-fused chlorins as promising PDT agents against melanoma and esophagus cancer. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:615-627. [PMID: 34046633 PMCID: PMC8128062 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of novel 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-fused chlorins, derived from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin, as PDT agents against melanoma and esophagus cancer is disclosed. Diol and diester fluorinated ring-fused chlorins, including derivatives with 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethanamino groups at the phenyl rings, were obtained via a two-step methodology, combining SNAr and [8π + 2π] cycloaddition reactions. The short-chain PEG groups at the para-position of the phenyl rings together with the diol moiety at the fused pyrazole ring promote a red-shift of the Soret band, a decrease of the fluorescence quantum yield and an increase of the singlet oxygen formation quantum yield, improving the photophysical characteristics required to act as a photosensitizer. Introduction of these hydrophilic groups also improves the incorporation of the sensitizers by the cells reaching cellular uptake values of nearly 50% of the initial dose. The rational design led to a photosensitizer with impressive IC50 values, 13 and 27 nM against human melanoma and esophageal carcinoma cell lines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson A M Pereira
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Bruno F O Nascimento
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - João C S Simões
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - João Pina
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Bruna D P Costa
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - João Braz
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - J Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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202
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Zheng X, Wu W, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Xiang Y, Liu B, Tong A. Organic Nanoparticles with Persistent Luminescence for In Vivo Afterglow Imaging-Guided Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2021; 27:6911-6916. [PMID: 33556210 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT), with precise localization and non-invasive treatment of tumors, is an emerging technique with great potential for cancer therapy. However, impaired by tissue auto-fluorescence that causes low signal-to-background ratio (SBR), most fluorescence imaging systems show poor sensitivity to tumors in vivo. In this study, we synthesized organic nanoparticles (ONPs) with persistent luminescence and good biocompatibility for afterglow imaging-guided PDT. The ONPs displayed near-infrared light emission with half-life time at minute level, which offered high SBR and good tissue penetration for in vivo afterglow tumor imaging. Taking advantage of their abundant singlet oxygen generation by NIR laser irradiation guided to the tumor sites, the ONPs also enabled imaging-guided PDT for efficient suppression of tumor growth in mice with minimal damage to major organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Aijun Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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203
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Jia S, Ge S, Fan X, Leong KW, Ruan J. Promoting reactive oxygen species generation: a key strategy in nanosensitizer-mediated radiotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:759-778. [PMID: 33856241 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiotherapy enhancement effect of numerous nanosensitizers is based on the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and only a few systematic reviews have focused on the key strategy in nanosensitizer-mediated radiotherapy. To clarify the mechanism underlying this effect, it is necessary to understand the role of ROS in radiosensitization before clinical application. Thus, the source of ROS and their principle of tumor inhibition are first introduced. Then, nanomaterial-mediated ROS generation in radiotherapy is reviewed. The double-edged sword effect of ROS and the potential dangers they may pose to cancer patients are subsequently addressed. Finally, future perspectives regarding ROS-regulated nanosensitizer applications and development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichong Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jing Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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204
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Hohlfeld BF, Gitter B, Kingsbury CJ, Flanagan KJ, Steen D, Wieland GD, Kulak N, Senge MO, Wiehe A. Dipyrrinato-Iridium(III) Complexes for Application in Photodynamic Therapy and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation. Chemistry 2021; 27:6440-6459. [PMID: 33236800 PMCID: PMC8248005 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of bio-targetable photosensitizers is of utmost importance to the emerging field of photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial (photo-)therapy. A synthetic strategy is presented in which chelating dipyrrin moieties are used to enhance the known photoactivity of iridium(III) metal complexes. Formed complexes can thus be functionalized in a facile manner with a range of targeting groups at their chemically active reaction sites. Dipyrrins with N- and O-substituents afforded (dipy)iridium(III) complexes via complexation with the respective Cp*-iridium(III) and ppy-iridium(III) precursors (dipy=dipyrrinato, Cp*=pentamethyl-η5 -cyclopentadienyl, ppy=2-phenylpyridyl). Similarly, electron-deficient [IrIII (dipy)(ppy)2 ] complexes could be used for post-functionalization, forming alkenyl, alkynyl and glyco-appended iridium(III) complexes. The phototoxic activity of these complexes has been assessed in cellular and bacterial assays with and without light; the [IrIII (Cl)(Cp*)(dipy)] complexes and the glyco-substituted iridium(III) complexes showing particular promise as photomedicine candidates. Representative crystal structures of the complexes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. Hohlfeld
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
| | | | - Christopher J. Kingsbury
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
| | - Dorika Steen
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
| | | | - Nora Kulak
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- Institut für ChemieOtto-von-Guericke-Universität MagdeburgUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
| | - Arno Wiehe
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
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205
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Xiong S, Xiong G, Li Z, Jiang Q, Yin J, Yin T, Zheng H. Gold nanoparticle-based nanoprobes with enhanced tumor targeting and photothermal/photodynamic response for therapy of osteosarcoma. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:155102. [PMID: 33395672 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Abastract
Plasmonic nanomaterials, especially a wide variety of gold nanoparticles, demonstrate great potential for theranostics of cancer. Herein, a gold nanotriangle with CD133 and hyaluronic acid on its surface loaded with a near-infrared photosensitizer was prepared for enhanced photodynamic/photothermal combined anti-tumor therapy. CD133 and hyaluronic acid provide the nanoprobe with dual tumor targeting, while the hyaluronic acid also protects photosensitive drugs from photodegradation. Thus, the nanoprobe has enhanced photothermal/photodynamic effects. This integrated treatment strategy significantly enhanced photodynamic/photothermal destruction of osteosarcoma cells. In addition, this treatment, induced by mild irradiation with a single wavelength laser, inhibited tumor growth in an osteosarcoma mouse model. These results indicate that this systemic treatment strategy can achieve enhanced anti-tumor therapeutic effects through active tumor targeting and protection of the loaded drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengren Xiong
- Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Xiong
- Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Fuzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Yin
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, People's Republic of China
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206
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Liang C, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wang W, Yang M, Dong X. Organic/inorganic nanohybrids rejuvenate photodynamic cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:4748-4763. [PMID: 32129418 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology has changed the 100-year-old paradigm of photodynamic therapy (PDT), in which organic/inorganic hybrid nanomaterials have made great contributions. In this review, we first describe the mechanisms of PDT and discuss the limitations of conventional PDT. On this basis, we summarize recent progress in organic/inorganic nanohybrids-based photodynamic agents, highlighting how these nanohybrids can be programmed to overcome challenges in photodynamic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China. and Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China. and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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207
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Wei R, Dong Y, Tu Y, Luo S, Pang X, Zhang W, Yao W, Tang W, Yang H, Wei X, Jiang X, Yuan Y, Yang R. Bioorthogonal Pretargeting Strategy for Anchoring Activatable Photosensitizers on Plasma Membranes for Effective Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14004-14014. [PMID: 33728894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing novel activatable photosensitizers with excellent plasma membrane targeting ability is urgently needed for smart photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, a tumor acidity-activatable photosensitizer combined with a two-step bioorthogonal pretargeting strategy to anchor photosensitizers on the plasma membrane for effective PDT is developed. Briefly, artificial receptors are first anchored on the cell plasma membrane using cell-labeling agents (Az-NPs) via the enhanced permeability and retention effect to achieve the tumor cell labeling. Then, pH-sensitive nanoparticles (S-NPs) modified with dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) accumulate in tumor tissue and disassemble upon protonation of their tertiary amines in response to the acidic tumor environment, exposing the contained DBCO and Ce6. The selective, highly specific click reactions between DBCO and azide groups enable Ce6 to be anchored on the tumor cell surface. Upon laser irradiation, the cell membrane is severely damaged by the cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, resulting in remarkable cellular apoptosis. Taken together, the membrane-localized PDT by our bioorthogonal pretargeting strategy to anchor activatable photosensitizers on the plasma membrane provides a simple but effective method for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of photosensitizers in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Wei
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yansong Dong
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yalan Tu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Luo
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Xinrui Pang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Huikang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Wei
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Xinqing Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Youyong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, P.R. China
| | - Ruimeng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
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208
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Valverde D, Mai S, Sanches de Araújo AV, Canuto S, González L, Borin AC. On the population of triplet states of 2-seleno-thymine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5447-5454. [PMID: 33650609 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The population and depopulation mechanisms leading to the lowest-lying triplet states of 2-Se-Thymine were studied at the MS-CASPT2/cc-pVDZ level of theory. Several critical points on different potential energy hypersurfaces were optimized, including minima, conical intersections, and singlet-triplet crossings. The accessibility of all relevant regions on the potential energy hypersurfaces was investigated by means of minimum energy paths and linear interpolation in internal coordinates techniques. Our analysis indicates that, after the population of the bright S2 state in the Franck-Condon region, the first photochemical event is a barrierless evolution towards one of its two minima. After that, three viable photophysical deactivation paths can take place. In one of them, the population in the S2 state is transferred to the T2 state via intersystem crossing and subsequently to the T1 state by internal conversion. Alternatively, the S1 state could be accessed by internal conversion through two distinct conical intersections with S2 state followed by singlet-triplet crossing with the T2 state. The absence of a second minimum on the T1 state and a small energy barrier on pathway along the potential energy surface towards the ground state from the lowest triplet state are attributed as potential reasons to explain why the lifetime of the triplet state of 2-Se-Thymine might be reduced in comparison with its thio-analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo Valverde
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371. 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Sylvio Canuto
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371. 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748. 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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209
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Mai TT, Yoo SW, Park S, Kim JY, Choi KH, Kim C, Kwon SY, Min JJ, Lee C. In Vivo Quantitative Vasculature Segmentation and Assessment for Photodynamic Therapy Process Monitoring Using Photoacoustic Microscopy. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051776. [PMID: 33806466 PMCID: PMC7961824 DOI: 10.3390/s21051776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular damage is one of the therapeutic mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In particular, short-term PDT treatments can effectively destroy malignant lesions while minimizing damage to nonmalignant tissue. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of label-free quantitative photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) for monitoring the vasculature changes under the effect of PDT in mouse ear melanoma tumors. In particular, quantitative vasculature evaluation was conducted based on Hessian filter segmentation. Three-dimensional morphological PAM and depth-resolved images before and after PDT treatment were acquired. In addition, five quantitative vasculature parameters, including the PA signal, vessel diameter, vessel density, perfused vessel density, and vessel complexity, were analyzed to evaluate the influence of PDT on four different areas: Two melanoma tumors, and control and normal vessel areas. The quantitative and qualitative results successfully demonstrated the potential of the proposed PAM-based quantitative approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the PDT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thao Mai
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Su Woong Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea; (S.W.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (J.-J.M.)
| | - Suhyun Park
- Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk-do 37673, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Kang-Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea;
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk-do 37673, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Seong Young Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea; (S.W.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (J.-J.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea; (S.W.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (J.-J.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea; (S.W.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (J.-J.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Program of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanamdo 58128, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2885
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210
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Karimnia V, Rizvi I, Slack FJ, Celli JP. Photodestruction of Stromal Fibroblasts Enhances Tumor Response to PDT in 3D Pancreatic Cancer Coculture Models. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:416-426. [PMID: 33011973 PMCID: PMC7965253 DOI: 10.1111/php.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal of human cancers. The dismal response of PDAC to virtually all therapeutics is associated, in part, with a characteristically dense fibrotic stroma. This stroma not only acts as a barrier to drug perfusion, but also promotes tumor survival through paracrine crosstalk and biophysical interactions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being explored for PDAC treatment, though the impact of tumor-promoting stromal crosstalk on PDT response in PDAC is not well-characterized. The current study assesses the effect of tumor-stroma interactions on response to PDT or chemotherapy in heterocellular 3D cocultures using PDAC cells and two different fibroblastic cell types (pancreatic stellate cells, PSCs, and a normal human fibroblast cell line, MRC5) embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM). While stromal fibroblasts promote resistance to chemotherapy as expected, PDAC 3D nodules in coculture with fibroblasts exhibit increased response to PDT relative to homotypic cultures. These results point to the potential for PDT to overcome tumor-promoting stromal interactions associated with poor therapeutic response in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Karimnia
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Frank J. Slack
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School; 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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211
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Hu H, Feng W, Qian X, Yu L, Chen Y, Li Y. Emerging Nanomedicine-Enabled/Enhanced Nanodynamic Therapies beyond Traditional Photodynamics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005062. [PMID: 33565157 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid knowledge growth of nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology enables and promotes the emergence of distinctive disease-specific therapeutic modalities, among which nanomedicine-enabled/augmented nanodynamic therapy (NDT), as triggered by either exogenous or endogenous activators on nanosensitizers, can generate reactive radicals for accomplishing efficient disease nanotherapies with mitigated side effects and endowed disease specificity. As one of the most representative modalities of NDT, traditional light-activated photodynamics suffers from the critical and unsurmountable issues of the low tissue-penetration depth of light and the phototoxicity of the photosensitizers. To overcome these obstacles, versatile nanomedicine-enabled/augmented NDTs have been explored for satisfying varied biomedical applications, which strongly depend on the physicochemical properties of the involved nanomedicines and nanosensitizers. These distinctive NDTs refer to sonodynamic therapy (SDT), thermodynamic therapy (TDT), electrodynamic therapy (EDT), piezoelectric dynamic therapy (PZDT), pyroelectric dynamic therapy (PEDT), radiodynamic therapy (RDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Herein, the critical roles, functions, and biological effects of nanomedicine (e.g., sonosensitizing, photothermal-converting, electronic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, radiation-sensitizing, and catalytic properties) for enabling the therapeutic procedure of NDTs, are highlighted and discussed, along with the underlying therapeutic principle and optimization strategy for augmenting disease-therapeutic efficacy and biosafety. The present challenges and critical issues on the clinical translations of NDTs are also discussed and clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Medmaterial Research Center, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, 212002, P. R. China
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 2000444, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Qian
- Medmaterial Research Center, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, 212002, P. R. China
| | - Luodan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 2000444, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 2000444, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic and Superfine, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
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212
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Chu JCH, Fong WP, Wong CTT, Ng DKP. Facile Synthesis of Cyclic Peptide-Phthalocyanine Conjugates for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2064-2076. [PMID: 33577327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A facile procedure for in situ peptide cyclization and phthalocyanine conjugation was developed by utilizing a bifunctional linker incorporated with a bis(bromomethyl)benzene unit and a cyclopentadiene moiety. These functional groups facilitated the nucleophilic substitution with the two cysteine residues of the linear peptides followed by the Diels-Alder reaction with the maleimide moiety attached to a zinc(II) phthalocyanine. With this approach, three cyclic peptide-phthalocyanine conjugates were prepared in 20-26% isolated yield via a one-pot procedure. One of the conjugates containing a cyclic form of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding peptide sequence CMYIEALDKYAC displayed superior features as an advanced photosensitizer. It showed preferential uptake by two EGFR-positive cancer cell lines (HT29 and HCT116) compared with two EGFR-negative counterparts (HeLa and HEK293), resulting in significantly higher photocytotoxicity. Intravenous administration of this conjugate into HT29 tumor-bearing nude mice resulted in selective localization in tumor and effective inhibition of tumor growth upon photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky C H Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ping Fong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Clarence T T Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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213
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Juan L, Diandian W, Jianfeng W, Ning L, Yuchen F, Na L, Sijie Z, Kun L, Fengyuan S. Efficient Anticancer Effect on Choroidal Melanoma Cells Induced by Tanshinone IIA Photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:841-850. [PMID: 33580504 DOI: 10.1111/php.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TanIIA) has multiple biological functions and already been clinically used to treat many cardiovascular diseases. TanIIA is a photoactive molecule and can be excited by light to generate 3 TanIIA*. Generation of 3 TanIIA* by TanIIA photosensitization indicates that TanIIA may serve as a photosensitizer to bring photodynamic damage to organisms. Therefore, human choroidal melanoma MUM-2B cell was chosen as a superficial tumor model and the photodynamic effect of TanIIA on tumor cells was evaluated in this study. The results showed that TanIIA photosensitization could generate singlet oxygen in noncellular system. MTT, clone formation and wound-healing assays showed that the survival and migration of MUM-2B cells could be efficiently inhibited by TanIIA photosensitization. And then, laser confocal microscope and flow cytometry were used to try to elucidate related mechanism. It was found that TanIIA could pass through cellular membrane and preferably accumulate in nucleus. TanIIA photosensitization could efficiently induce cell apoptosis and necrosis, increase intracellular ROS levels, decrease mitochondria membrane potential, and lead to cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Our findings indicate that TanIIA photosensitization can exert remarkable toxicity on choroidal melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Juan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Diandian
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Wang Jianfeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Li Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Yuchen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Li Na
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhao Sijie
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Li Kun
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Sun Fengyuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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214
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Hoehn SJ, Loredo A, Wang L, Xiao H, Crespo-Hernández CE. Electronic Relaxation Pathways in Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers Absorbing Near-Infrared Radiation and Exhibiting High Yields of Singlet Oxygen Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2676-2681. [PMID: 33587618 PMCID: PMC7985834 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers (HAF-PSs) based on thionation of carbonyl groups of readily accessible organic compounds are rapidly emerging as a versatile class of molecules. However, their photochemical properties and electronic relaxation mechanisms are currently unknown. Investigating the excited-state dynamics is essential to understand their benefits and limitations and to develop photosensitizers with improved photochemical properties. Herein, the photochemical and electronic-structure properties of two of the most promising HAF-PSs developed to date are revealed. It is shown that excitation of thio-4-(dimethylamino)naphthalamide and thionated Nile Red with near-infrared radiation leads to the efficient population of the triplet manifold through multiple relaxation pathways in hundreds of femtoseconds. The strong singlet-triplet couplings in this family of photosensitizers should enable a broad range of applications, including in photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, photovoltaics, organic LEDs, and photon up-conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Ortiz-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sean J. Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Axel Loredo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lushun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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215
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Xiong W, Qi L, Jiang N, Zhao Q, Chen L, Jiang X, Li Y, Zhou Z, Shen J. Metformin Liposome-Mediated PD-L1 Downregulation for Amplifying the Photodynamic Immunotherapy Efficacy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8026-8041. [PMID: 33577301 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. It can not only generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause the chemical damage of tumor cells in the presence of enough oxygen but also promote the antitumor immunity of T cells through enhancing the production of interferon γ (IFN-γ). However, one phenomenon is ignored so far that the enhanced production of IFN-γ caused by PDT may significantly increase the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the tumor cell membrane and thus could inhibit the immune killing effects of T cells. Herein, we report the construction of a composite by loading metformin (Met) and IR775 into a clinically usable liposome as a two-in-one nanoplatform (IR775@Met@Lip) to solve this problem. The IR775@Met@Lip could reverse tumor hypoxia to enhance ROS production to elicit more chemical damage. Besides, the overexpression of PD-L1 by PDT was also effectively down-regulated. These therapeutic benefits including decreased PD-L1 expression, alleviated T cell exhaustion, and reversed tumor hypoxia successfully suppressed both the primary and abscopal tumor growth in bladder and colon cancers, respectively. Combining with its excellent biocompatibility, our results indicate that this IR775@Met@Lip system has great potential to become a highly effective cancer therapy modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Lingxiao Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zaigang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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216
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He Z, Gao Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Meng F, Luo L, Tang BZ. Platinum-AIEgen coordination complex for imaging-guided annihilation of cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:7785-7788. [PMID: 32542273 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00821d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a new platinum-AIEgen coordination complex. Possessing a high 1O2 quantum yield of 0.75 in water, the complex efficiently kills cisplatin-resistant cancer cells under mild white light irradiation. Its strong fluorescence upon binding with proteins also enables direct visualization of its intracellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan He
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Yuting Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Haoke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Fanling Meng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Liang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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217
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Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Solubilization of Charged Porphyrins in Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes: A Computer Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:502. [PMID: 33562022 PMCID: PMC7915837 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using coarse-grained dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) with explicit electrostatics, we performed (i) an extensive series of simulations of the electrostatic co-assembly of asymmetric oppositely charged copolymers composed of one (either positively or negatively charged) polyelectrolyte (PE) block A and one water-soluble block B and (ii) studied the solubilization of positively charged porphyrin derivatives (P+) in the interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) cores of co-assembled nanoparticles. We studied the stoichiometric mixtures of 137 A10+B25 and 137 A10-B25 chains with moderately hydrophobic A blocks (DPD interaction parameter aAS=35) and hydrophilic B blocks (aBS=25) with 10 to 120 P+ added (aPS=39). The P+ interactions with other components were set to match literature information on their limited solubility and aggregation behavior. The study shows that the moderately soluble P+ molecules easily solubilize in IPEC cores, where they partly replace PE+ and electrostatically crosslink PE- blocks. As the large P+ rings are apt to aggregate, P+ molecules aggregate in IPEC cores. The aggregation, which starts at very low loadings, is promoted by increasing the number of P+ in the mixture. The positively charged copolymers repelled from the central part of IPEC core partially concentrate at the core-shell interface and partially escape into bulk solvent depending on the amount of P+ in the mixture and on their association number, AS. If AS is lower than the ensemble average ⟨AS⟩n, the copolymer chains released from IPEC preferentially concentrate at the core-shell interface, thus increasing AS, which approaches ⟨AS⟩n. If AS>⟨AS⟩n, they escape into the bulk solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šindelka
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rozvojová 1, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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218
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Alsaab HO, Al-Hibs AS, Alzhrani R, Alrabighi KK, Alqathama A, Alwithenani A, Almalki AH, Althobaiti YS. Nanomaterials for Antiangiogenic Therapies for Cancer: A Promising Tool for Personalized Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1631. [PMID: 33562829 PMCID: PMC7915670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Several studies have shown that vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) plays a leading role in angiogenesis progression. Antiangiogenic medication has gained substantial recognition and is commonly administered in many forms of human cancer, leading to a rising interest in cancer therapy. However, this treatment method can lead to a deteriorating outcome of resistance, invasion, distant metastasis, and overall survival relative to its cytotoxicity. Furthermore, there are significant obstacles in tracking the efficacy of antiangiogenic treatments by incorporating positive biomarkers into clinical settings. These shortcomings underline the essential need to identify additional angiogenic inhibitors that target numerous angiogenic factors or to develop a new method for drug delivery of current inhibitors. The great benefits of nanoparticles are their potential, based on their specific properties, to be effective mechanisms that concentrate on the biological system and control various important functions. Among various therapeutic approaches, nanotechnology has emerged as a new strategy for treating different cancer types. This article attempts to demonstrate the huge potential for targeted nanoparticles and their molecular imaging applications. Notably, several nanoparticles have been developed and engineered to demonstrate antiangiogenic features. This nanomedicine could effectively treat a number of cancers using antiangiogenic therapies as an alternative approach. We also discuss the latest antiangiogenic and nanotherapeutic strategies and highlight tumor vessels and their microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem O. Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (Y.S.A.)
| | - Alanoud S. Al-Hibs
- Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rami Alzhrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khawlah K. Alrabighi
- Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Aljawharah Alqathama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Akram Alwithenani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Atiah H. Almalki
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (Y.S.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf S. Althobaiti
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (Y.S.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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219
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Biyiklioglu M. Pi-stacking interaction perphenazine modified zinc(II)phthalocyanine nanoparticles for photothermal and photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted. For details, please refer to the Retraction Notice published in Vol.25, No.2 (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack Biyiklioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
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220
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He Y, Hua Liu S, Yin J, Yoon J. Sonodynamic and chemodynamic therapy based on organic/organometallic sensitizers. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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221
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Li MY, Gao YH, Zhang JH, Mi L, Zhu XX, Wang F, Zhou XP, Yan YJ, Chen ZL. Synthesis and evaluation of novel fluorinated hematoporphyrin ether derivatives for photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104528. [PMID: 33357982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A photosensitizer with high phototoxicity, suitable amphipathy and low dark toxicity could play a pivotal role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, a facile and versatile approach was adopted to synthesize a series of novel fluorinated hematoporphyrin ether derivatives (I1-I5 and II1-II4), and the photodynamic activities of these compounds were studied. Compared to hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME), all PSs showed preferable photodynamic activity against A549 lung tumor cells. The longest visible absorption wavelength of these compounds was approximately 622 nm. Among them, II3 revealed the highest singlet oxygen yield (0.0957 min-1), the strongest phototoxicity (IC50 = 1.24 μM), the lowest dark toxicity in vitro, and exhibited excellent anti-tumor effects in vivo. So compound II3 could act as new drug candidate for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ying-Hua Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Le Mi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xue-Xue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xing-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi-Jia Yan
- Shanghai Xianhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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222
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Hwang B, Kim TI, Kim H, Jeon S, Choi Y, Kim Y. Ubiquinone-BODIPY nanoparticles for tumor redox-responsive fluorescence imaging and photodynamic activity. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:824-831. [PMID: 33338098 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful applications of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment require the development of effective photosensitizers with controllable singlet oxygen generation. Here we report a ubiquinone-BODIPY photosensitizer that self-assembles into nanoparticles (PS-Q-NPs) and undergoes selective activation and deaggregation within the highly reductive intracellular environment of tumor cells. PS-Q-NPs are highly stable in aqueous buffer solution, and exhibit minimal fluorescence and photosensitization due to a rapid non-radiative relaxation process. Upon endocytosis by cancer cells, reduction of the ubiquinone moiety by intracellular glutathione (GSH) triggers the conversion of the aggregated hydrophobic precursor into the active hydrophilic carboxylate derivative PS-A. The conversion results in enhanced fluorescence and therapeutic singlet oxygen generation, portending to its application as an activatable photosensitizer for fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghee Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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223
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Kim S, Kim SA, Nam GH, Hong Y, Kim GB, Choi Y, Lee S, Cho Y, Kwon M, Jeong C, Kim S, Kim IS. In situ immunogenic clearance induced by a combination of photodynamic therapy and rho-kinase inhibition sensitizes immune checkpoint blockade response to elicit systemic antitumor immunity against intraocular melanoma and its metastasis. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001481. [PMID: 33479026 PMCID: PMC7825261 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most frequent intraocular malignancy and is resistant to immunotherapy. Nearly 50% of patients with UM develop metastatic disease, and the overall survival outcome remains very poor. Therefore, a treatment regimen that simultaneously targets primary UM and prevents metastasis is needed. Here, we suggest an immunotherapeutic strategy for UM involving a combination of local photodynamic therapy (PDT), rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade. METHODS The antitumor efficacy and immune response of monotreatment or combinational treatment were evaluated in B16F10-bearing syngeneic mouse models. Abscopal antitumor immune responses induced by triple-combinational treatment were validated in syngeneic bilateral B16F10 models. After each treatment, the immune profiles and functional examinations were assessed in tumors and tumor draining lymph nodes by flow cytometry, ELISA, and immunofluorescence assays. In orthotopic intraocular melanoma models, the location of the immune infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment (TME) was evaluated after each treatment by multiplex immunohistochemistry and metastatic nodules were monitored. RESULTS PDT with Ce6-embedded nanophotosensitizer (FIC-PDT) elicited immunogenic cell death and stimulated antigen-presenting cells. In situ immunogenic clearance induced by a combination of FIC-PDT with ripasudil, a clinically approved ROCK inhibitor, stimulated antigen-presenting cells, which in turn primed tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. Moreover, local immunogenic clearance sensitized PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade responses to reconstruct the TME immune phenotypes of cold tumors into hot tumors, resulting in recruitment of robust cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the TME, propagation of systemic antitumor immunity to mediate abscopal effects, and prolonged survival. In an immune-privileged orthotopic intraocular melanoma model, even low-dose FIC-PDT and ripasudil combined with anti-PD-L1 antibody reduced the primary tumor burden and prevented metastasis. CONCLUSIONS A combination of localized FIC-PDT and a ROCK inhibitor exerted a cancer vaccine-like function. Immunogenic clearance led to the trafficking of CD8+ T cells into the primary tumor site and sensitized the immune checkpoint blockade response to evoke systemic antitumor immunity to inhibit metastasis, one of the major challenges in UM therapy. Thus, immunogenic clearance induced by FIC-PDT and ROCK inhibitor combined with anti-PD-L1 antibody could be a potent immunotherapeutic strategy for UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong A Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeonsun Hong
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seokyoung Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuri Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsu Kwon
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cherlhyun Jeong
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyunghee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea .,Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea .,Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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Yuan J, Peng R, Su D, Zhang X, Zhao H, Zhuang X, Chen M, Zhang X, Yuan L. Cell membranes targeted unimolecular prodrug for programmatic photodynamic-chemo therapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:3502-3511. [PMID: 33537100 PMCID: PMC7847693 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as one of the most up-and-coming non-invasive therapeutic modalities for cancer therapy in rencent years. However, its therapeutic effect was still hampered by the short life span, limited diffusion distance and ineluctable depletion of singlet oxygen (1O2), as well as the hypoxic microenvironment in the tumor tissue. Such problems have limited the application of PDT and appropriate solutions are highly demand. Methods: Herein, a programmatic treatment strategy is proposed for the development of a smart molecular prodrug (D-bpy), which comprise a two-photon photosensitizer and a hypoxia-activated chemotherapeutic prodrug. A rhodamine dye was designed to connect them and track the drug release by the fluorescent signal generated through azo bond cleavage. Results: The prodrug (D-bpy) can stay on the cell membrane and enrich at the tumor site. Upon light irradiation, the therapeutic effect was enhanced by a stepwise treatment: (i) direct generation of 1O2 on the cell membrane induced membrane destruction and promoted the D-bpy uptake; (ii) deep tumor hypoxia caused by two-photon PDT process further triggered the activation of the chemotherapy prodrug. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments, D-bpy have exhabited excellent tumor treatment effect. Conclusion: The innovative programmatic treatment strategy provides new strategy for the design of follow-up anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Dongdong Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Hepeng Zhao
- College of Physics and Microelectronics Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Xiujuan Zhuang
- College of Physics and Microelectronics Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Mei Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
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225
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Creutzberg J, Hedegård ED. Investigating the influence of relativistic effects on absorption spectra for platinum complexes with light-activated activity against cancer cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 22:27013-27023. [PMID: 33210700 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first systematic investigation of relativistic effects on the UV-vis spectra of two prototype complexes for so-called photo-activated chemotherapy (PACT), trans-trans-trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2] and cis-trans-cis-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2]. In PACT, design of new drugs requires in-depth understanding of the photo-activation mechanisms. A first step is usually to rationalize their UV-vis spectra for which time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is an indispensable tool. We carried out TD-DFT calculations with a systematic series of non-relativistic (NR), scalar-relativistic (SR), and four-component (4c) Hamiltonians. As expected, large differences are found between spectra calculated within 4c and NR frameworks, while the most intense features (found at higher energies below 300 nm) can be reasonably well reproduced within a SR framework. It is also shown that effective core potentials (ECPs) yield essentially similar results as all-electron SR calculations. Yet the underlying transitions can be strongly influenced by spin-orbit coupling, which is only present in the 4c framework: while this can affect both intense and less intense transitions in the spectra, the effect is most pronounced for weaker transitions at lower energies, above 300 nm. Since the investigated complexes are activated with light of wavelengths above 300 nm, employing a method with explicit inclusion of spin-orbit coupling may be crucial to rationalize the activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Creutzberg
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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226
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Mfouo-Tynga IS, Dias LD, Inada NM, Kurachi C. Features of third generation photosensitizers used in anticancer photodynamic therapy: Review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102091. [PMID: 33453423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a main public health issue and the second cause of mortality worldwide. Photodynamic therapy is a clinically approved therapeutic option. Effective photodynamic therapy induces cancer damage and death through a multifactorial manner including reactive oxygen species-mediated damage and killing, vasculature damage, and immune defense activation. Anticancer efficiency depends on the improvement of photosensitizers drugs used in photodynamic therapy, their selectivity, enhanced photoproduction of reactive species, absorption at near-infrared spectrum, and drug-delivery strategies. Both experimental and clinical studies using first- and second-generation photosensitizers had pointed out the need for developing improved photosensitizers for photodynamic applications and achieving better therapeutic outcomes. Bioconjugation and encapsulation with targeting moieties appear as a main strategies for the development of photosensitizers from their precursors. Factors influencing cellular biodistribution and uptake are briefly discussed, as well as their roles as cancer diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostics) agents. The two-photon photodynamic approach using third-generation photosensitizers is present as an attempt in treating deeper tumors. Although significant advances had been made over the last decade, the development of next-generation photosensitizers is still mainly in the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Mfouo-Tynga
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Lucas D Dias
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
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227
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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228
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Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A, Kohan E, Tehrani Fateh S, Alimirzaei N, Arzaghi H, Hamblin MR. Organic dots (O-dots) for theranostic applications: preparation and surface engineering. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2253-2291. [PMID: 35424170 PMCID: PMC8693874 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic dots is a term used to represent materials including graphene quantum dots and carbon quantum dots because they rely on the presence of other atoms (O, H, and N) for their photoluminescence or fluorescence properties. They generally have a small size (as low as 2.5 nm), and show good photostability under prolonged irradiation. The excitation and emission wavelengths of O-dots can be tailored according to their synthetic procedure, where although their quantum yield is quite low compared with organic dyes, this is partly compensated by their large absorption coefficients. A wide range of strategies have been used to modify the surface of O-dots for passivation, improving their solubility and biocompatibility, and allowing the attachment of targeting moieties and therapeutic cargos. Hybrid nanostructures based on O-dots have been used for theranostic applications, particularly for cancer imaging and therapy. This review covers the synthesis, physics, chemistry, and characterization of O-dots. Their applications cover the prevention of protein fibril formation, and both controlled and targeted drug and gene delivery. Multifunctional therapeutic and imaging platforms have been reported, which combine four or more separate modalities, frequently including photothermal or photodynamic therapy and imaging and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Ronash Technology Pars Company Tehran Iran
| | - Elmira Kohan
- Department of Science, University of Kurdistan Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Sepand Tehrani Fateh
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) Tehran Iran
| | - Neda Alimirzaei
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Hamidreza Arzaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) Tehran Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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229
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Jung D, Rust T, Völlmecke K, Schoppa T, Langer K, Kuckling D. Backbone vs. side-chain: two light-degradable polyurethanes based on 6-nitropiperonal. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00442e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel polyurethanes, which are based on 6-nitropiperonal and differ in the implementation of the light-cleavable unit, were synthesized to develop a drug delivery system that only releases cargo upon application of a certain trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- Paderborn University
- D-33098 Paderborn
- Germany
| | - Tarik Rust
- Department of Chemistry
- Paderborn University
- D-33098 Paderborn
- Germany
| | | | - Timo Schoppa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy
- University of Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy
- University of Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Dirk Kuckling
- Department of Chemistry
- Paderborn University
- D-33098 Paderborn
- Germany
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230
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Feng J, Ren WX, Kong F, Dong YB. Recent insight into functional crystalline porous frameworks for cancer photodynamic therapy. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We summarize and illustrate the recent developments of MOF- and COF-based nanomedicines for PDT and its combined antitumor treatments. Furthermore, major challenges and future development prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Wen-Xiu Ren
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Fei Kong
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
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231
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Photoinduced electron transfer from electron donor to bis-carbocyanine dye in excited triplet state. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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232
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Hayashi Y, Morimoto A, Maeda T, Enoki T, Ooyama Y, Matsui Y, Ikeda H, Yagi S. Synthesis of novel π-extended D–A–D-type dipyrido[3,2- a:2′,3′- c]phenazine derivatives and their photosensitized singlet oxygen generation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05526c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electron donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) π-conjugated molecules based on dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (dppz) were developed as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Ami Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Toshiaki Enoki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
- Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
- Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Japan
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233
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Srivastava P, Verma M, Kumar A, Srivastava P, Mishra R, Sivakumar S, Patra AK. Luminescent naphthalimide-tagged ruthenium(ii)–arene complexes: cellular imaging, photocytotoxicity and transferrin binding. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3629-3640. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02967j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two luminescent ruthenium(ii)–arene complexes containing a naphthalimide tagged morpholine moiety were studied for their biomaging, transferrin-binding and phototherapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Madhu Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Anmol Kumar
- School of Pharmacy
- Computer-Aided Drug Design Center
- University of Maryland
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Ramranjan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Ashis K. Patra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
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234
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy employs nontoxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) that are excited by visible light of the correct wavelength to produce a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by an interaction between the long-lived PS triplet states with ambient oxygen. The most important type of ROS in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is singlet oxygen, which is produced by a Type II energy transfer process. On the other hand, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals can be produced by a Type I electron transfer process. This chapter describes a set of fluorescent probes that can be used to tease apart these different ROS produced when various PS are illuminated in solution. Singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) is used for singlet oxygen, 4-hydroxyphenyl-fluorescein (HPF) for hydroxyl radicals, Amplex Red for hydrogen peroxide, and nitroblue-tetrazolium or XTT for superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulbha K Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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236
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Cho HJ, Park SJ, Jung WH, Cho Y, Ahn DJ, Lee YS, Kim S. Injectable Single-Component Peptide Depot: Autonomously Rechargeable Tumor Photosensitization for Repeated Photodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15793-15805. [PMID: 33175520 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The general practice of photodynamic therapy (PDT) comprises repeated multiple sessions, where photosensitizers are repeatedly administered prior to each operation of light irradiation. To address potential problems arising from the total overdose of photosensitizer by such repeated injections, we here introduce an internalizing RGD peptide (iRGD) derivative (Ppa-iRGDC-BK01) that self-aggregates into an injectable single-component supramolecular depot. Ppa-iRGDC-BK01 is designed as an in situ self-implantable photosensitizer so that it forms a depot by itself upon injection, and its molecular functions (cancer cell internalization and photosensitization) are activated by sustained release, tumor targeting, and tumor-selective proteolytic/reductive cleavage of the iRGD segment. The experimental and theoretical studies revealed that when exposed to body temperature, Ppa-iRGDC-BK01 undergoes thermally accelerated self-assembly to form a supramolecular depot through the hydrophobic interaction of the Ppa pendants and the reorganization of the interpeptide hydrogen bonding. It turned out that the self-aggregation of Ppa-iRGDC-BK01 into a depot exerts a multiple-quenching effect on the photosensitivity to effectively prevent nonspecific phototoxicity and protect it from photobleaching outside the tumor, while enabling autonomous tumor rephotosensitization by long sustained release, tumor accumulation, and intratumoral activation over time. We demonstrate that depot formation through a single peritumoral injection and subsequent quintuple laser irradiations at intervals resulted in complete eradication of the tumor. During the repeated PDT, depot-implanted normal tissues around the tumor exhibited no phototoxic damage under laser exposure. Our approach of single-component photosensitizing supramolecular depot, combined with a strategy of tumor-targeted therapeutic activation, would be a safer and more precise operation of PDT through a nonconventional protocol composed of one-time photosensitizer injection and multiple laser irradiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Cho
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Park
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyuk Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Cho
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong June Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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237
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Sanasam B, Raza MK, Musib D, Pal M, Pal M, Roy M. Photodynamic Applications of New Imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes: Synthesis, Photochemical, and Cytotoxic Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Sanasam
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Md K. Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Mrityunjoy Pal
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol 795004, Imphal, Manipur India
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238
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Nabavinia M, Beltran-Huarac J. Recent Progress in Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Magnetic Agents for Cancer Treatment and Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8172-8187. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Nabavinia
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Howell Science Complex, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Howell Science Complex, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
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239
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De Silva P, Saad MA, Thomsen HC, Bano S, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy, priming and optical imaging: Potential co-conspirators in treatment design and optimization - a Thomas Dougherty Award for Excellence in PDT paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020; 24:1320-1360. [PMID: 37425217 PMCID: PMC10327884 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a photochemistry-based approach, approved for the treatment of several malignant and non-malignant pathologies. It relies on the use of a non-toxic, light activatable chemical, photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tissues/cells and, upon irradiation with the appropriate wavelength of light, confers cytotoxicity by generation of reactive molecular species. The preferential accumulation however is not universal and, depending on the anatomical site, the ratio of tumor to normal tissue may be reversed in favor of normal tissue. Under such circumstances, control of the volume of light illumination provides a second handle of selectivity. Singlet oxygen is the putative favorite reactive molecular species although other entities such as nitric oxide have been credibly implicated. Typically, most photosensitizers in current clinical use have a finite quantum yield of fluorescence which is exploited for surgery guidance and can also be incorporated for monitoring and treatment design. In addition, the photodynamic process alters the cellular, stromal, and/or vascular microenvironment transiently in a process termed photodynamic priming, making it more receptive to subsequent additional therapies including chemo- and immunotherapy. Thus, photodynamic priming may be considered as an enabling technology for the more commonly used frontline treatments. Recently, there has been an increase in the exploitation of the theranostic potential of photodynamic therapy in different preclinical and clinical settings with the use of new photosensitizer formulations and combinatorial therapeutic options. The emergence of nanomedicine has further added to the repertoire of photodynamic therapy's potential and the convergence and co-evolution of these two exciting tools is expected to push the barriers of smart therapies, where such optical approaches might have a special niche. This review provides a perspective on current status of photodynamic therapy in anti-cancer and anti-microbial therapies and it suggests how evolving technologies combined with photochemically-initiated molecular processes may be exploited to become co-conspirators in optimization of treatment outcomes. We also project, at least for the short term, the direction that this modality may be taking in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanna C. Thomsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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240
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Martinelli LP, Iermak I, Moriyama LT, Requena MB, Pires L, Kurachi C. Optical clearing agent increases effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in a mouse model of cutaneous melanoma: an analysis by Raman microspectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6516-6527. [PMID: 33282505 PMCID: PMC7687942 DOI: 10.1364/boe.405039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer and a relevant health problem due to its poor treatment response with high morbidity and mortality rates. This study, aimed to investigate the tissue changes of an improved photodynamic therapy (PDT) response when combined with optical clearing agent (OCA) in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma in mice. Photodithazine (PDZ) was administered intraperitoneally and a solution of OCA was topically applied before PDT irradiation. Due to a resultant refractive index matching, OCA-treated tumors are more optically homogenous, improving the PDT response. Raman analysis revealed, when combined with OCA, the PDT response was more homogenous down to 725 µm-depth in thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Palombo Martinelli
- Federal University of São Carlos, Post-Graduation Program inBiotechnology, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, SP-310, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, Avenue Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Ievgeniia Iermak
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, Avenue Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lilian Tan Moriyama
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, Avenue Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Michelle Barreto Requena
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, Avenue Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Layla Pires
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- Federal University of São Carlos, Post-Graduation Program inBiotechnology, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, SP-310, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos Institute of Physics, Avenue Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
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241
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Bekmukhametova A, Ruprai H, Hook JM, Mawad D, Houang J, Lauto A. Photodynamic therapy with nanoparticles to combat microbial infection and resistance. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21034-21059. [PMID: 33078823 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04540c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens are rapidly increasing in incidence and pose an urgent global health concern. New treatments are needed to address this critical situation while preventing further resistance acquired by the pathogens. One promising approach is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT), a technique that selectively damages pathogenic cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS) that have been deliberately produced by light-activated chemical reactions via a photosensitiser. There are currently some limitations to its wider deployment, including aggregation, hydrophobicity, and sub-optimal penetration capabilities of the photosensitiser, all of which decrease the production of ROS and lead to reduced therapeutic performance. In combination with nanoparticles, however, these challenges may be overcome. Their small size, functionalisable structure, and large contact surface allow a high degree of internalization by cellular membranes and tissue barriers. In this review, we first summarise the mechanism of PDT action and the interaction between nanoparticles and the cell membrane. We then introduce the categorisation of nanoparticles in PDT, acting as nanocarriers, photosensitising molecules, and transducers, in which we highlight their use against a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens. We also compare the antimicrobial efficiency of nanoparticles to unbound photosensitisers and examine the relevant safety considerations. Finally, we discuss the use of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems in clinical applications of antimicrobial PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herleen Ruprai
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia.
| | - James M Hook
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica Houang
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Biomedical Engineering & Neuroscience Research Group, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia. and Biomedical Engineering & Neuroscience Research Group, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
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242
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Ramanunny AK, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Singh SK, Kapoor B, Dureja H, Chellappan DK, Anand K, Dua K, Khursheed R, Awasthi A, Kumar R, Kaur J, Corrie L, Pandey NK. Nanocarriers for treatment of dermatological diseases: Principle, perspective and practices. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 890:173691. [PMID: 33129787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skin diseases are the fourth leading non-fatal skin conditions that act as a burden and affect the world economy globally. This condition affects the quality of a patient's life and has a pronounced impact on both their physical and mental state. Treatment of these skin conditions with conventional approaches shows a lack of efficacy, long treatment duration, recurrence of conditions, systemic side effects, etc., due to improper drug delivery. However, these pitfalls can be overcome with the applications of nanomedicine-based approaches that provide efficient site-specific drug delivery at the target site. These nanomedicine-based strategies are evolved as potential treatment opportunities in the form of nanocarriers such as polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers, nanoemulsions along with emerging others viz. carbon nanotubes for dermatological treatment. The current review focuses on challenges faced by the existing conventional treatments along with the topical therapeutic perspective of nanocarriers in treating various skin diseases. A total of 213 articles have been reviewed and the application of different nanocarriers in treating various skin diseases has been explained in detail through case studies of previously published research works. The toxicity related aspects of nanocarriers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rajan Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Leander Corrie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Pandey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
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243
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Liang X, Chen M, Bhattarai P, Hameed S, Dai Z. Perfluorocarbon@Porphyrin Nanoparticles for Tumor Hypoxia Relief to Enhance Photodynamic Therapy against Liver Metastasis of Colon Cancer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13569-13583. [PMID: 32915537 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) shows great promise for the treatment of colon cancer. However, practically, it is a great challenge to use a nanocarrier for the codelivery of both the photosensitizer and oxygen to improve PDT against PDT-induced hypoxia, which is closely related to tumor metastasis. Hence, an effective strategy was proposed to develop an oxygen self-supplemented PDT nanocarrier based on the ultrasonic dispersion of perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) liquid into the preformed porphyrin grafted lipid (PGL) nanoparticles (NPs) with high porphyrin loading content of 38.5%, followed by entrapping oxygen. Interestingly, the orderly arranging mode of porphyrins and alkyl chains in PGL NPs not only guarantees a high efficacy of singlet oxygen generation but also reduces fluorescence loss of porphyrins to enable PGL NPs to be highly fluorescent. More importantly, PFOB liquid was stabilized inside PGL NPs with an ultrahigh loading content of 98.15% due to the strong hydrophobic interaction between PGL and PFOB molecules, facilitating efficient oxygen delivery. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the obtained O2@PFOB@PGL NPs could act as a prominent oxygen reservoir and effectively replenish oxygen into the hypoxic tumors with no need for external stimulation, conducive to augmented singlet oxygen generation, hypoxia relief, and subsequent downregulation of COX-2 expression. As a result, the use of O2@PFOB@PGL NPs for hypoxia relief dramatically inhibits tumor growth and liver metastasis in an HT-29 colon cancer mouse model. In addition, the O2@PFOB@PGL NPs could serve as a bimodal contrast agent to enhance fluorescence and CT imaging, visualizing nanoparticle accumulation to guide the subsequent laser irradiation for precise PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pravin Bhattarai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sadaf Hameed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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244
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Li Y, Sun P, Zhao L, Yan X, Ng DKP, Lo P. Ferric Ion Driven Assembly of Catalase‐like Supramolecular Photosensitizing Nanozymes for Combating Hypoxic Tumors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23228-23238. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Pan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Luyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xuehai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - Pui‐Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong China
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245
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Li Y, Sun P, Zhao L, Yan X, Ng DKP, Lo P. Ferric Ion Driven Assembly of Catalase‐like Supramolecular Photosensitizing Nanozymes for Combating Hypoxic Tumors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Pan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Luyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xuehai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin N.T. Hong Kong China
| | - Pui‐Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong China
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246
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Sando Y, Matsuoka KI, Sumii Y, Kondo T, Ikegawa S, Sugiura H, Nakamura M, Iwamoto M, Meguri Y, Asada N, Ennishi D, Nishimori H, Fujii K, Fujii N, Utsunomiya A, Oka T, Maeda Y. 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy can target aggressive adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17237. [PMID: 33057055 PMCID: PMC7558012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging treatment for various solid cancers. We recently reported that tumor cell lines and patient specimens from adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) are susceptible to specific cell death by visible light exposure after a short-term culture with 5-aminolevulinic acid, indicating that extracorporeal photopheresis could eradicate hematological tumor cells circulating in peripheral blood. As a bridge from basic research to clinical trial of PDT for hematological malignancies, we here examined the efficacy of ALA-PDT on various lymphoid malignancies with circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood. We also examined the effects of ALA-PDT on tumor cells before and after conventional chemotherapy. With 16 primary blood samples from 13 patients, we demonstrated that PDT efficiently killed tumor cells without influencing normal lymphocytes in aggressive diseases such as acute ATL. Importantly, PDT could eradicate acute ATL cells remaining after standard chemotherapy or anti-CCR4 antibody, suggesting that PDT could work together with other conventional therapies in a complementary manner. The responses of PDT on indolent tumor cells were various but were clearly depending on accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, which indicates the possibility of biomarker-guided application of PDT. These findings provide important information for developing novel therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Sando
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Sumii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takumi Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ikegawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugiura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Miki Iwamoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Meguri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Noboru Asada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ennishi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Nishimori
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keiko Fujii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Oka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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247
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Tian J, Huang B, Nawaz MH, Zhang W. Recent advances of multi-dimensional porphyrin-based functional materials in photodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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248
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Crespo-Hernández CE. Thionated organic compounds as emerging heavy-atom-free photodynamic therapy agents. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11113-11123. [PMID: 34094354 PMCID: PMC8162790 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04747c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview focuses on recent progress in developing heavy-atom-free photosensitizers based on the thionation of nucleic acid derivatives and other biocompatible organic compounds for prospective applications in photodynamic therapy. Particular attention is given to the use of thionated nucleobase derivatives as "one-two punch" photodynamic agents. These versatile photosensitizers can act as "Trojan horses" upon metabolization into DNA and exposure to activating light. Their incorporation into cellular DNA increases their selectivity and photodynamic efficacy against highly proliferating skin cancer tumor cells, while simultaneously enabling the use of low irradiation doses both in the presence and in the absence of molecular oxygen. Also reviewed are their primary photochemical reactions, modes of action, and photosensitization mechanisms. New developments of emerging thionated organic photosensitizers absorbing visible and near-infrared radiation are highlighted. Future research directions, as well as, other prospective applications of heavy-atom-free, thionated photosensitizers are discussed.
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249
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Wong CTT, Chu JCH, Ha SYY, Wong RCH, Dai G, Kwong TT, Wong CH, Ng DKP. Phthalaldehyde-Amine Capture Reactions for Bioconjugation and Immobilization of Phthalocyanines. Org Lett 2020; 22:7098-7102. [PMID: 32806143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A phthalaldehyde-substituted phthalocyanine has been synthesized that can conjugate with a range of biomolecules, including peptides, monosaccharides, lipids, and DNAs, and be immobilized on the surface of bovine serum album nanoparticles and glass slides using the versatile and efficient phthalaldehyde-amine capture reactions. The light-induced cytotoxic effects of the latter two materials have also been examined against cancer cells and bacteria, respectively, showing that they are highly efficient photosensitizing systems for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence T T Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky C H Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Summer Y Y Ha
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roy C H Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Tung Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Hang Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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250
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Liew HS, Mai CW, Zulkefeli M, Madheswaran T, Kiew LV, Delsuc N, Low ML. Recent Emergence of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes as Photosensitisers for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4176. [PMID: 32932573 PMCID: PMC7571230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a significant complementary or alternative approach for cancer treatment. PDT drugs act as photosensitisers, which upon using appropriate wavelength light and in the presence of molecular oxygen, can lead to cell death. Herein, we reviewed the general characteristics of the different generation of photosensitisers. We also outlined the emergence of rhenium (Re) and more specifically, Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes as a new generation of metal-based photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy that are of great interest in multidisciplinary research. The photophysical properties and structures of Re(I) complexes discussed in this review are summarised to determine basic features and similarities among the structures that are important for their phototoxic activity and future investigations. We further examined the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the Re(I) complexes that have been synthesised for anticancer purposes. We also discussed Re(I) complexes in conjunction with the advancement of two-photon PDT, drug combination study, nanomedicine, and photothermal therapy to overcome the limitation of such complexes, which generally absorb short wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan Liew
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Mohd Zulkefeli
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Nicolas Delsuc
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - May Lee Low
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
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