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Hu W, Song X, Yu H, Sun J, Wang H, Zhao Y. Clinical Translational Potentials of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:682145. [PMID: 35095751 PMCID: PMC8789747 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.682145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific disease characterized by the deficiency of insulin caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells. Stem cell-based therapies play essential roles in immunomodulation and tissue regeneration, both of which hold great promise for treating many autoimmune dysfunctions. However, their clinical translational potential has been limited by ethical issues and cell transplant rejections. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by almost all types of cells, performing a variety of cell functions through the delivery of their molecular contents such as proteins, DNAs, and RNAs. Increasing evidence suggests that stem cell-derived EVs exhibit similar functions as their parent cells, which may represent novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases including T1D. In this review, we summarize the current research progresses of stem cell-derived EVs for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Xiang Song
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Haibo Yu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Yong Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Throne Biotechnologies Inc., Paramus, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhao,
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Picciotto S, Barone ME, Fierli D, Aranyos A, Adamo G, Božič D, Romancino DP, Stanly C, Parkes R, Morsbach S, Raccosta S, Paganini C, Cusimano A, Martorana V, Noto R, Carrotta R, Librizzi F, Capasso Palmiero U, Santonicola P, Iglič A, Gai M, Corcuera L, Kisslinger A, Di Schiavi E, Landfester K, Liguori GL, Kralj-Iglič V, Arosio P, Pocsfalvi G, Manno M, Touzet N, Bongiovanni A. Isolation of extracellular vesicles from microalgae: towards the production of sustainable and natural nanocarriers of bioactive compounds. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2917-2930. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical and biochemical characterisation of microalgae-derived extracellular vesicles.
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Abstract
Emerging evidences have implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoparticles secreted by cells, in regulating cancer progression. Several seminal studies on EVs have added an additional layer to the previously unanswered questions in understanding the complexity of diseases such as cancer. It has been observed that EV content is highly heterogenous and it likely reflects the dynamic state of the parent cell. Hence, these nano-sized vesicles have been proposed as reservoirs of cancer biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Due to their presence in almost all biological fluids, ability to display membrane, and sometimes cytosolic, cargo of its host cell and increase in their number during disease states has supported the potential utility of EVs as an alternative to current methods of cancer diagnosis. The following chapter will discuss the use of cancer cell-derived EVs as a resource of tumor specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of disease. In addition, EVs could also be used in personalised medicine as a resource of predictive biomarkers to understand a patient's response to therapy. Overall, EVs could be exploited as a source of cancer biomarkers and could aid in treatment and stratification options to improve patient survival and quality of life.
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Kingsbury C, Stuppia L. Stem cell secretome derived from human amniotic fluid affords neuroprotection in an ischemic model. Brain Circ 2021; 7:18-22. [PMID: 34084972 PMCID: PMC8057106 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) are growing in interest; yet, little is understood about their secretome and neuroprotective actions in different diseases, including stroke. When stem cells are grown in vitro, they release an array of cytokines and growth factors that can stimulate neuroprotective processes. Furthermore, administering secretome rather than cells may be a safer route for patients who are at risk for rejection, promoting innate restorative processes. Current literature implicates that the miRNA contents of such secretome, more specifically exosomes, may regulate the effectiveness of secretome administration. In this review, we explore what factors may promote pro-survival and pro-apoptotic pathways after the administration of hAFSCs-derived secretome in ischemic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kingsbury
- Judy Genshaft Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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205
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Dad HA, Gu TW, Zhu AQ, Huang LQ, Peng LH. Plant Exosome-like Nanovesicles: Emerging Therapeutics and Drug Delivery Nanoplatforms. Mol Ther 2020; 29:13-31. [PMID: 33278566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant exosome-like nanovesicles, being innately replete with bioactive lipids, proteins, RNA, and other pharmacologically active molecules, offer unique morphological and compositional characteristics as natural nanocarriers. Furthermore, their compelling physicochemical traits underpin their modulative role in physiological processes, all of which have fostered the concept that these nanovesicles may be highly proficient in the development of next-generation biotherapeutic and drug delivery nanoplatforms to meet the ever-stringent demands of current clinical challenges. This review systemically deals with various facets of plant exosome-like nanovesicles ranging from their origin and isolation to identification of morphological composition, biological functions, and cargo-loading mechanisms. Efforts are made to encompass their biotherapeutic roles by elucidating their immunological modulating, anti-tumor, regenerative, and anti-inflammatory roles. We also shed light on re-engineering these nanovesicles into robust, innocuous, and non-immunogenic nanovectors for drug delivery through multiple stringent biological hindrances to various targeted organs such as intestine and brain. Finally, recent advances centered around plant exosome-like nanovesicles along with new insights into transdermal, transmembrane and targeting mechanisms of these vesicles are also elucidated. We expect that the continuing development of plant exosome-like nanovesicle-based therapeutic and delivery nanoplatforms will promote their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Anwar Dad
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Wei Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ao-Qing Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- National Resource Centre for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
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206
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Kwon S, Shin S, Do M, Oh BH, Song Y, Bui VD, Lee ES, Jo DG, Cho YW, Kim DH, Park JH. Engineering approaches for effective therapeutic applications based on extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2020; 330:15-30. [PMID: 33278480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as intercellular communication mediators has been increasingly revealed in a wide range of normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. In particular, regenerative and immunomodulatory EVs hold potential as innate biotherapeutics, whereas pathological EVs are considered therapeutic targets for inhibiting their bioactivity. Given their ability to transport functional cargos originating from the source cells to target cells, EVs can also be used as a therapeutic means to deliver drug molecules. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the key engineering approaches for better exploiting EVs in disease intervention. The emphasis is lying on the preconditioning methods for therapeutic EVs, drug loading and targeting technologies for carrier EVs, and activity control strategies for pathological EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunglee Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Shin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Do
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Byeong Hoon Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeari Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Dat Bui
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; ExoStemTech Inc., Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Woo Cho
- ExoStemTech Inc., Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; ExoStemTech Inc., Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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207
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Nam GH, Choi Y, Kim GB, Kim S, Kim SA, Kim IS. Emerging Prospects of Exosomes for Cancer Treatment: From Conventional Therapy to Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002440. [PMID: 33015883 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles of around 100 nm in diameter that are secreted by most cells and contain various bioactive molecules reflecting their cellular origin and mediate intercellular communication. Studies of these exosomal features in tumor pathogenesis have led to the development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches using exosomes for cancer therapy. Exosomes have many advantages for conveying therapeutic agents such as small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, membrane-associated proteins, and chemotherapeutic compounds; thus, they are considered a prime candidate as a delivery tool for cancer treatment. Since exosomes also provide an optimal microenvironment for the effective function of immunomodulatory factors, exosomes harboring bioactive molecules have been bioengineered as cancer immunotherapies that can effectively activate each stage of the cancer immunity cycle to successfully elicit cancer-specific immunity. This review discusses the advantages of exosomes for treating cancer and the challenges that must be overcome for their successful clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Hoon Nam
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong A Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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208
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Wani S, Man Law IK, Pothoulakis C. Role and mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs in IBD pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G646-G654. [PMID: 33026230 PMCID: PMC7792667 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes represent secretory membranous vesicles used for the information exchange between cells and organ-to-organ communication. Exosome crosstalk mechanisms are involved in the regulation of several inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated pathophysiological intestinal processes such as barrier function, immune responses, and intestinal flora. Functional biomolecules, mainly noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), are believed to be transmitted between the mammalian cells via exosomes that likely play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, both locally and systemically. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in exosomes have generated substantial interest because of their critical roles in multiple pathophysiological processes. In addition, exosomal miRNAs are implicated in the gut health. MiRNAs are selectively and actively loaded into the exosomes and then transferred to the target recipient cell where they manipulate cell function through posttranscriptional silencing of target genes. Intriguingly, miRNA profile of exosomes differs from their cellular counterparts suggesting an active sorting and packaging mechanism of exosomal miRNAs. Even more exciting is the involvement of posttranscriptional modifications in the specific loading of miRNAs into exosomes, but the underlying mechanisms of how these modifications direct ncRNA sorting have not been established. This review gives a brief overview of the status of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs in IBD and also discusses potential mechanisms of exosomal miRNA sorting and delivering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameena Wani
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ivy Ka Man Law
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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209
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Exosomal circ_DLGAP4 promotes diabetic kidney disease progression by sponging miR-143 and targeting ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2 axis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1008. [PMID: 33230102 PMCID: PMC7683700 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is closely associated with the high risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Exosomal circRNAs can exert significant roles in the pathology of various diseases. Nevertheless, the role of exosomal circRNAs in DKD progression remains barely known. Circular RNA DLGAP4 has been reported to be in involved in acute ischemic stroke. In our study, we found exosomal circ_DLGAP4 was increased in the exosomes isolated from HG-treated mesangial cells (MCs), DKD patients, and DKD rat models compared with the corresponding normal subjects. Then, we observed that exo-circ_DLGAP4 significantly promoted proliferation and fibrosis of MCs cells. Moreover, to study the underlying mechanism of circ_DLGAP4 in regulating DKD, bioinformatics method was consulted and miR-143 was predicted as its target. The direct correlation between miR-143 and circ_DLGAP4 was validated in MCs. MCs proliferation and fibrosis were increased by circ_DLGAP4, which could be decreased by mimic-miR-143. Next, elevated expression of Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (ERBB3) is involved in various diseases. However, the function of ERBB3 in DKD development remains poorly known. Next, ERBB3 was predicted as the downstream target for miR-143. It was displayed that circ_DLGAP4 promoted proliferation and fibrosis of MCs by sponging miR-143 and regulating ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2 axis. Meanwhile, the loss of exo-circ_DLGAP4 induced miR-143 and repressed ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2 expression in MCs. Subsequently, in vivo assays were performed and it was proved that overexpression of circ_DLGAP4 markedly promoted DKD progression in vivo via modulating miR-143/ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2. In conclusion, we indicated that exosomal circ_DLGAP4 could prove a novel insight for DKD development.
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210
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Preclinical Characterization and In Vivo Imaging of 111In-Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:361-371. [PMID: 33216285 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) are demonstrated to have similar therapeutic effect as their cells of origin and represent an attractive cell-free stem cell therapy. With the potential to be the future medical regimen, the information of fate and behavior of MSC-EVs in the living subject should be urgently gathered. This study aimed to track MSC-EVs by 111In-labeling and μSPECT/CT imaging. PROCEDURES Wharton's jelly-MSC-EVs (WJ-MSC-EVs) were isolated using Exo-Prep kit followed by characterization of expressing markers and size. After labeled by 111In-oxine, 111In-EVs were injected into C57BL/6 mice followed by μSPECT/CT imaging. Organs were then taken out for ex vivo biodistribution analysis. RESULTS The radiochemical purity of 111In-EVs was > 90 % and remained stable up to 24 h. The image results showed that with injection of 111In-EVs, the signal mainly accumulated in the liver, spleen, and kidney, compared to that in lung and kidney after 111In-oxine injection. The ex vivo biodistribution showed the similar pattern to that of imaging. Chelation of free 111In with EDTA was found necessary to reduce the nonspecific accumulation of signal. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the feasibility of radiolabeling WJ-MSC-EVs with 111In-oxine for in vivo imaging and quantitative analysis in a mouse model. This simple and quick labeling method preserves the characteristics of WJ-MSC-EVs. The results in this study provide a thorough and objective basis for future clinical study.
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211
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Wang Y, Zhao M, Liu S, Guo J, Lu Y, Cheng J, Liu J. Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles: diverse mediators of pathology and therapeutics in multiple diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:924. [PMID: 33116121 PMCID: PMC7595091 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) are primary innate immune cells that exhibit diverse functions in response to different pathogens or stimuli, and they are extensively involved in the pathology of various diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by live cells. As vital messengers, macrophage-derived EVs (Mφ-EVs) can transfer multiple types of bioactive molecules from macrophages to recipient cells, modulating the biological function of recipient cells. In recent years, Mφ-EVs have emerged as vital mediators not only in the pathology of multiple diseases such as inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancers, but also as mediators of beneficial effects in immunoregulation, cancer therapy, infectious defense, and tissue repair. Although many investigations have been performed to explore the diverse functions of Mφ-EVs in disease pathology and intervention, few studies have comprehensively summarized their detailed biological roles as currently understood. In this review, we briefly introduced an overview of macrophage and EV biology, and primarily focusing on current findings and future perspectives with respect to the pathological and therapeutic effects of Mφ-EVs in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Laschos K, Lampropoulou DI, Aravantinos G, Piperis M, Filippou D, Theodoropoulos G, Gazouli M. Exosomal noncoding RNAs in cholangiocarcinoma: Laboratory noise or hope? World J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 12:407-424. [PMID: 33194090 PMCID: PMC7642347 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v12.i10.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, extracellular vesicles and particularly exosomes have gained a lot of research interest due to their unique roles in several biological processes. Noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs) represent a class of functional RNA with distinct regulatory roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare but highly aggressive type of malignancy that is very challenging to diagnose, especially in early stages; surgical resection still represents the sole potentially curative treatment option. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Hereby, we provide a comprehensive review of the most recent discoveries that focus on exosomal noncoding RNAs in cholangio-carcinoma with the aim to identify new molecular players that could be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Laschos
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, General Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargiroi”, Athens 14564, Greece
| | - Dimitra Ioanna Lampropoulou
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, General Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargiroi”, Athens 14564, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Aravantinos
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, General Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargiroi”, Athens 14564, Greece
| | - Maria Piperis
- Radiation Therapy Department, Iatropolis, Athens 15231, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Filippou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Theodoropoulos
- 1st Propaedeutic University Surgery Clinic, Hippocratio General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Wang X, Jiang X, Li J, Wang J, Binang H, Shi S, Duan W, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Serum exosomal miR-1269a serves as a diagnostic marker and plays an oncogenic role in non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:3436-3447. [PMID: 33107700 PMCID: PMC7705625 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis improves the prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); therefore, there is a pressing need for effective diagnostic methods for NSCLC. Increasing evidence indicates that serum exosomal micro RNAs (miRNAs) represent promising diagnostic and prognostic markers for multiple cancers. Here, we explored a panel of miRNAs for NSCLC diagnosis and functionally characterized miR-1269a in the pathogenesis of NSCLC. METHODS First, we analyzed high-throughput data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to identify differentially expressed miRNAs between NSCLC patients and healthy controls. We examined the expression profiles of the identified miRNAs using qRT-PCR. RESULTS We found that four micro-RNAs (hsa-miR-9-3p, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-210-5p, and hsa-miR-1269a) were more abundant in serum exosomes from NSCLC patients. A logistic regression model validated the diagnostic efficacy of the four-microRNA panel, allowing us to distinguish NSCLC patients from healthy controls with AUCs of 0.915 and 0.878 for the training and validation sets, respectively. Functionally, NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were affected by the aberrant expression of hsa-miR-1269a in culture. Reduced expression of miR-1269a resulted in reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion through targeting the forkhead box O1 gene (FOXO1). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study identified a panel of four serum exosomal miRNAs as a potential noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for NSCLC. The interactions between FOXO1 and miR-1269a represent novel potential targets for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingzheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Dongping County Peoples Hospital, Tai'an, China.,Dongping Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Helen Binang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weili Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yinghui Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Lee SH, Saadeldin IM. Exosomes as a Potential Tool for Supporting Canine Oocyte Development. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1971. [PMID: 33121043 PMCID: PMC7693116 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine oviduct is a unique reproductive organ where the ovulated immature oocytes complete their maturation, while the other mammals ovulate matured gametes. Due to their peculiar reproductive characteristics, the in vitro maturation of dog oocytes is still not wellestablished compared with other mammals. Investigations of the microenvironment conditions in the oviductal canal are required to establish a reliable in vitro maturation system in the dog. Previous studies have suggested that the oviduct and its derivatives play a key role in improving fertilization as well as embryo development. In particular, the biological function of oviduct-derived exosomes on sperm and early embryo development has been investigated in porcine, bovine, and murine species. However, the information about their functions on canine cumulus-oocyte complexes is still elusive. Recent canine reproductive studies demonstrated how oviduct-derived extracellular vesicles such as microvesicles and exosomes interact with oocyte-cumulus complexes and how they can play roles in regulating canine cumulus/oocyte communications. In this review, we summarize the physiological characteristics of canine oviduct-derived exosomes and their potential effects on cumulus cells development as well as oocyte in vitro maturation via molecular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Lee
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Islam M. Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 44511, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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215
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Rani K, Rastogi S, Vishwakarma P, Bharti PS, Sharma V, Renu K, Modi GP, Vishnu VY, Chatterjee P, Dey AB, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. A novel approach to correlate the salivary exosomes and their protein cargo in the progression of cognitive impairment into Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 347:108980. [PMID: 33075328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognition is the ability of a person to think, remember, and interconnect ideas from various dimensions to strive for solutions. Cognitive defects accompany all forms of dementia and the decline in cognition is a most feared aspect. Mild cognitive impairment is considered as a transitional phase and the progressive loss in cognition can finally lead to Alzheimer's disease. NEW METHOD In this study, we demonstrated a novel method based on nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) technique to directly correlate salivary exosomes concentration with the progression of cognitive impairment (CI) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).This could open up the possibility for an early and cost-effective screening of Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS Using our novel method, the total salivary exosomes concentration was measured by NTA technique, followed by validation of key exosomal cargo proteins through an automated western blot analyzer. We observed significant differences in salivary exosomes concentration among the groups of cognitively impaired and Alzheimer's disease patients (p = 0.0023) compared to the healthy control cohort. The method was validated through CD63 (exosomes surface marker) fluorescent antibody based quantification, which yielded a similar outcome (p = 0.0286). We further corroborated our findings with the expression level of oligomeric amyloid-beta, phosphorylated-tau protein from salivary exosomes. The Aβ oligomer/fibril abundance (p = 0.0291), phospho-tau (p = 0.0325) and Aβ protein abundance (p = 0.0198) was significantly higher in Alzheimer's and cognitively impaired patients in comparison to the healthy controls. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) There are few molecular biomarkers available to differentiate between various stages of cognitive impairment. Moreover, the current methodologies utilizing the few biomarkers available are either invasive or expensive; also, for a patient with mild cognitive complains, it is impractical to use these as a screening tool. CONCLUSION Our initial results indicate that the salivary exosomes concentration based on the nano-tracking technique has the potential to be used as a cost-effective screening method for early disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rani
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Simran Rastogi
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Poorvi Vishwakarma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vaibhav Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Km Renu
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gyan P Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, India
| | - Venugopalan Y Vishnu
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashun Chatterjee
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparajit Ballav Dey
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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216
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Gharbi T, Zhang Z, Yang GY. The Function of Astrocyte Mediated Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:568889. [PMID: 33178687 PMCID: PMC7593543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.568889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte activation plays an important role during disease-induced inflammatory response in the brain. Exosomes in the brain could be released from bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells, neuro stem cells (NSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), etc. We summarized that exosomes release and transport signaling to the target cells, and then produce function. Furthermore, we discussed the pathological interactions between astrocytes and other brain cells, which are related to brain diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), psychiatric, traumatic brain injury (TBI), etc. We provide up-to-date, comprehensive and valuable information on the involvement of exosomes in brain diseases, which is beneficial for basic researchers and clinical physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Gharbi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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217
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Ocansey DKW, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yan Y, Qian H, Zhang X, Xu W, Mao F. Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory bowel disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1287-1307. [PMID: 32410383 PMCID: PMC7540363 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gut mucosal barriers, including chemical and physical barriers, spatially separate the gut microbiota from the host immune system to prevent unwanted immune responses that could lead to intestinal inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is mucosal barrier dysfunction coupled with immune dysregulation and dysbiosis. The discovery of exosomes as regulators of vital functions in both physiological and pathological processes has generated much research interest. Interestingly, exosomes not only serve as natural nanocarriers for the delivery of functional RNAs, proteins, and synthetic drugs or molecules, but also show potential for clinical applications in tissue repair and regeneration as well as disease diagnosis and prognosis. Biological or chemical modification of exosomes can broaden, change and enhance their therapeutic capability. We review the modulatory effects of exosomal proteins, RNAs and lipids on IBD components such as immune cells, the gut microbiota and the intestinal mucosal barrier. Mechanisms involved in regulating these factors towards attenuating IBD have been explored in several studies employing exosomes derived from different sources. We discuss the potential utility of exosomes as diagnostic markers and drug delivery systems, as well as the application of modified exosomes in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson K. W. Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, PMBCape CoastGhana
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
- Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui BranchSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsu211200China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
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218
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Wen Z, Li J, Fu Y, Zheng Y, Ma M, Wang C. Hypertrophic Adipocyte-Derived Exosomal miR-802-5p Contributes to Insulin Resistance in Cardiac Myocytes Through Targeting HSP60. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1932-1940. [PMID: 32844579 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which hypertrophic adipocytes regulate insulin signaling in cardiac myocytes. METHODS Palmitate was used to induce hypertrophic 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Exosomes were purified from normal control or hypertrophic 3T3-L1 adipocyte-associated conditioned medium. Exosome-exposed neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were stimulated with insulin to investigate the effects of exosomes on insulin signaling. Small interfering RNA techniques were used to downregulate protein levels, and their efficiency was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS Hypertrophic adipocyte-derived exosomes highly expressed miR-802-5p. Insulin sensitivity of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes was negatively regulated by miR-802-5p. TargetScan and luciferase reporter assays revealed that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) was a direct target of miR-802-5p. HSP60 silencing was found to induce insulin resistance and to mitigate the insulin-sensitizing effects of adiponectin. In addition, HSP60 depletion significantly increased the expression levels of C/EBP-homologous protein and enhanced oxidative stress, accompanied by the increases in the phosphorylation of JNK and IRS-1 Ser307. Moreover, the effects of HSP60 knockdown on C/EBP-homologous protein and oxidative stress were abolished by the inhibition of either miR-802-5p or endocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Hypertrophic adipocyte-derived exosomal miR-802-5p caused cardiac insulin resistance through downregulating HSP60. These findings provide a novel mechanism by which epicardial adipose tissue impairs cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalin Fu
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Zheng
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingke Ma
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Changhua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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219
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Negahdaripour M, Owji H, Eskandari S, Zamani M, Vakili B, Nezafat N. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs): discovery, functions, applications, detection methods and various engineered forms. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:371-394. [PMID: 32945228 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1825677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-created delivery systems of proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids, and means of extracellular communication. Though sEVs were initially considered to be the waste disposal mechanism, today they are at the forefront of research with different biological and pathological functions. Such EVs play a key role in the immunoregulation, CNS development, nervous system physiology, mammary gland development, induction of immunosuppression in pregnancy, the developmental signaling pathways, regeneration of different tissues, inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation, apoptosis, stem cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix turnover. AREAS COVERED SEVs contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers and the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, infections, as well as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opinion: There is no exact classification for EVs; however, according to size, density, morphological features, content, and biogenesis, they can be categorized into three major classes: microvesicles (ectosomes or microparticles), apoptotic bodies, and sEVs. SEVs, as an important class of EVs, have a crucial role in distinct biological functions. Moreover, shedding light on different structural and molecular aspects of sEV has led to their application in various therapeutic, diagnostic, and drug delivery fields. In this review, we have endeavored to elaborate on different aspects of EVs, especially sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hajar Owji
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Eskandari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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220
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Sherif AY, Harisa GI, Alanazi FK, Youssof AME. Engineering of Exosomes: Steps Towards Green Production of Drug Delivery System. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1537-1549. [PMID: 31309889 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190715104100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of therapeutic agents to their specific site of action not only increases the treatment efficacy, but also reduces systemic toxicity. Therefore, various drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been developed to achieve this target. However, most of those DDSs have several issues regarding biocompatibility and environmental hazard. In contrast to the synthetic DDSs, exosome-based natural carriers are biocompatible, biodegradable and safe for the environment. Since exosomes play a role in intercellular communication, they have been widely utilized as carriers for different therapeutic agents. This article was aimed to provide an overview of exosomes as an environment-friendly DDS in terms of engineering, isolation, characterization, application and limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Y Sherif
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fars K Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M E Youssof
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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221
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Zhao Y, Gan Y, Xu G, Hua K, Liu D. Exosomes from MSCs overexpressing microRNA-223-3p attenuate cerebral ischemia through inhibiting microglial M1 polarization mediated inflammation. Life Sci 2020; 260:118403. [PMID: 32926923 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of exosomes from MSCs overexpressing miR-223 on cerebral ischemia and microglia polarization mediated inflammation. MAIN METHODS Rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) surgery and microglia BV-2 exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) stimulation were subject to exosomes from miR-223-3p transfected MSCs treatment, respectively. Behavioral tests were applied to assess the rats' neurological function. FACS was used to analyze M1/M2 microglia BV-2. production of cytokines in the ischemic hemisphere and BV-2 was detected by ELISA or qRT-PCR. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were also used to examine the expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT2R) in vivo and in vitro. KEY FINDINGS Exosomes from MSCs over expressing miR-223-3p decreased MCAO/R induced cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological deficits, promoted learning and memorizing abilities. They suppressed pro-inflammatory factors expression and promoted anti-inflammatory factors secretion in the ischemic cortex and hippocampus. In vitro, exosomal miR-223-3p exhibited a more evident impact on modulating mRNA expression and protein production of cytokines. It promoted M2 microglia transformation of M1 microglia induced by NMLTC4 with a concentration-dependent manner. Western blot and qRT-PCR also revealed exosomal miR-223-3p decreased mRNA and protein expression of CysLT2R in vitro and in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Exosomal miR-223-3p from MSCs attenuated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting microglial M1 polarization mediated pro-inflammatory response, which may be related with inhibitory effect of exosomal miR-223-3p on CysLT2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Zhao
- School of Clinical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiao Gan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gewei Xu
- School of Clinical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kouzhen Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China.
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Liang Y, Xu X, Li X, Xiong J, Li B, Duan L, Wang D, Xia J. Chondrocyte-Targeted MicroRNA Delivery by Engineered Exosomes toward a Cell-Free Osteoarthritis Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36938-36947. [PMID: 32814390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery to the diseased cell or tissue is the key to the successful clinical use of nucleic acid drugs. In particular, delivery of microRNA-140 (miRNA-140, miR-140) into chondrocytes across the dense, nonvascular extracellular matrix of cartilage remains a major challenge. Here, we report the chondrocyte-targeting exosomes as vehicles for the delivery of miR-140 into chondrocytes as a new treatment for osteoarthritis (OA). By fusing a chondrocyte-affinity peptide (CAP) with the lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2b protein on the surface of exosomes, we acquire CAP-exosomes that can efficiently encapsulate miR-140, specifically enter, and deliver the cargo into chondrocytes in vitro. CAP-exosomes, in contrast to nontagged exosome vesicles, are retained in the joints after intra-articular injection with minimal diffusion in vivo. CAP-exosomes also deliver miR-140 to deep cartilage regions through the dense mesochondrium, inhibit cartilage-degrading proteases, and alleviate OA progression in a rat model, pointing toward a potential organelle-based, cell-free therapy of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Xingfu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Biquan Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Extracellular vesicles and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from misfolded protein vehicles to promising clinical biomarkers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:561-572. [PMID: 32803397 PMCID: PMC7872995 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small reservoirs of different molecules and important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. As putative vehicles of misfolded protein propagation between cells, they have drawn substantial attention in the field of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, exosome-mediated non-coding RNA delivery may play a crucial role in ALS, given the relevance of RNA homeostasis in disease pathogenesis. Since EVs can enter the systemic circulation and are easily detectable in patients’ biological fluids, they have generated broad interest both as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as valuable tools in understanding disease pathogenesis. Here, after a brief introduction on biogenesis and functions of EVs, we aim to investigate their role in neurodegenerative disorders, especially ALS. Specifically, we focus on the main findings supporting EV-mediated protein and RNA transmission in ALS in vitro and in vivo models. Then, we provide an overview of clinical applications of EVs, summarizing the most relevant studies able to detect EVs in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients, underlying their potential use in aiding diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we explore the therapeutic applications of EVs in ALS, either as targets or as vehicles of proteins, nucleic acids and molecular drugs.
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224
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Moon J, Lim J, Lee S, Son HY, Rho HW, Kim H, Kang H, Jeong J, Lim EK, Jung J, Huh YM, Park HG, Kang T. Urinary exosomal mRNA detection using novel isothermal gene amplification method based on three-way junction. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 167:112474. [PMID: 32798804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomal messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a valuable biomarker for liquid biopsy-based disease diagnosis and prognosis due to its stability in body fluids and its biological regulatory function. Here, we report a rapid one-step isothermal gene amplification reaction based on three-way junction (3WJ) formation and the successful detection of urinary exosomal mRNA from tumor-bearing mice. The 3WJ structure can be formed by the association of 3WJ probes (3WJ-template and 3WJ-primer) in the presence of target RNA. After 3WJ structure formation, the 3WJ primer is repeatedly extended and cleaved by a combination of DNA polymerase and nicking endonuclease, producing multiple signal primers. Subsequently, the signal primers promote a specially designed network reaction pathway to produce G-quadruplex probes under isothermal conditions. Finally, G-quadruplex structure produces highly enhanced fluorescence signal upon binding to thioflavin T. This method provides a detection limit of 1.23 pM (24.6 amol) with high selectivity for the target RNA. More importantly, this method can be useful for the sensing of various kinds of mRNA, including breast cancer cellular mRNA, breast cancer exosomal mRNA, and even urinary exosomal mRNA from breast cancer mice. We anticipate that the developed RNA detection assay can be used for various biomedical applications, such as disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Moon
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ Program), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ Program), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Son
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea; YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Rho
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongki Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jeong
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; Environmental Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ Program), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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225
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Mitsis T, Pierouli K, Diakou KL, Papakonstantinou E, Bacopoulou F, Chrousos GP, Vlachakis D. Exosomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 26. [PMID: 32832420 PMCID: PMC7440046 DOI: 10.14806/ej.26.0.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have been the focus of a large number of studies in the past five years. Exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, are of particularly high interest because they partake in a wide number of biological pathways. Produced by a variety of cells, exosomes have an important role in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosome cargo heavily defines the vesicles’ unique characteristics, and the cargo with the most intriguing prospects in its’ biomedical applications is the non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs, and specifically microRNAs are implicated in the regulation of many biological processes and have been associated with numerous diseases. Exosomes containing such important cargo can be used as biomarkers, therapeutic biomaterials, or even drug carriers. The potential media use of exosomes seems promising. However, some obstacles should be overcome before their clinical application. Synthetic exosome-like biomolecules may be a solution, but their production is still in their beginning stages. This review provides concise information regarding the current trends in exosome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanasis Mitsis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Pierouli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Lo Diakou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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226
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Bordas M, Genard G, Ohl S, Nessling M, Richter K, Roider T, Dietrich S, Maaß KK, Seiffert M. Optimized Protocol for Isolation of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Human and Murine Lymphoid Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155586. [PMID: 32759826 PMCID: PMC7432511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanoparticles responsible for cell-to-cell communication released by healthy and cancer cells. Different roles have been described for sEVs in physiological and pathological contexts, including acceleration of tissue regeneration, modulation of tumor microenvironment, or premetastatic niche formation, and they are discussed as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in body fluids. Although efforts have been made to standardize techniques for isolation and characterization of sEVs, current protocols often result in co-isolation of soluble protein or lipid complexes and of other extracellular vesicles. The risk of contaminated preparations is particularly high when isolating sEVs from tissues. As a consequence, the interpretation of data aiming at understanding the functional role of sEVs remains challenging and inconsistent. Here, we report an optimized protocol for isolation of sEVs from human and murine lymphoid tissues. sEVs from freshly resected human lymph nodes and murine spleens were isolated comparing two different approaches—(1) ultracentrifugation on a sucrose density cushion and (2) combined ultracentrifugation with size-exclusion chromatography. The purity of sEV preparations was analyzed using state-of-the-art techniques, including immunoblots, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and electron microscopy. Our results clearly demonstrate the superiority of size-exclusion chromatography, which resulted in a higher yield and purity of sEVs, and we show that their functionality alters significantly between the two isolation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bordas
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (S.O.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Géraldine Genard
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Sibylle Ohl
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Michelle Nessling
- Central Unit Electron Microscopy, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.); (K.R.)
| | - Karsten Richter
- Central Unit Electron Microscopy, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.); (K.R.)
| | - Tobias Roider
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Kendra K. Maaß
- Hopp-Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (S.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-42-4586
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227
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Fangzhou Shi
- Department of GeriatricsAffiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Clinical LaboratorySecond Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative ChemistryCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary SurgeryChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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228
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Mataji-Kojouri A, Ozen MO, Shahabadi M, Inci F, Demirci U. Entangled Nanoplasmonic Cavities for Estimating Thickness of Surface-Adsorbed Layers. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8518-8527. [PMID: 32639713 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic sensors provide real-time and label-free detection of biotargets with unprecedented sensitivity and detection limit. However, they usually lack the ability to estimate the thickness of the target layer formed on top of the sensing surface. Here, we report a sensing modality based on reflection spectroscopy of a nanoplasmonic Fabry-Perot cavity array, which exhibits characteristics of both surface plasmon polaritons and localized plasmon resonances and outperforms its conventional counterparts by providing the thickness of the surface-adsorbed layers. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the designed plasmonic surface resembles two entangled Fabry-Perot cavities excited from both ends. Performance of the device is evaluated by studying sensor response in the refractive index (RI) measurement of aqueous glycerol solutions and during formation of a surface-adsorbed layer consisting of protein (i.e., NeutrAvidin) molecules. By tracking the resonance wavelengths of the two modes of the nanoplasmonic surface, it is therefore possible to measure the thickness of a homogeneous adsorbed layer and RI of the background solution with precisions better than 4 nm and 0.0001 RI units. Using numerical simulations, we show that the thickness estimation algorithm can be extended for layers consisting of nanometric analytes adsorbed on an antibody-coated sensor surface. Furthermore, performance of the device has been evaluated to detect exosomes. By providing a thickness estimation for adsorbed layers and differentiating binding events from background RI variations, this device can potentially supersede conventional plasmonic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amideddin Mataji-Kojouri
- Photonics Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence on Applied Electromagnetic Systems, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Mehmet Ozgun Ozen
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Mahmoud Shahabadi
- Photonics Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence on Applied Electromagnetic Systems, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Fatih Inci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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229
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Tu YK, Hsueh YH. Extracellular vesicles isolated from human olfactory ensheathing cells enhance the viability of neural progenitor cells. Neurol Res 2020; 42:959-967. [PMID: 32700620 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1794371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acquired neurological diseases such as severe traumatic brain or spinal cord injury (SCI) cause irreversible disability. Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation has been trialed as a promising SCI treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which regulate cell-cell interactions, have recently garnered extensive research interests and emerged as a non-cell-based therapy in neurological disorders, including in SCI animal models. However, there have been no reports of human OEC-EVs and their beneficial effects on neuron regeneration. Here, we investigated the effects of EVs isolated from human OEC on the viability of neuronal cells. METHODS EVs were isolated from primary human OECs (hOECs) by serial ultracentrifugation. The hOEC-EVs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and nanoparticle tracking analyses. We conducted CCK8 and lactate dehydrogenase assays to assess the cell proliferation and cytotoxicity of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) exposed to hOEC-EVs. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) was utilized to mimic oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in NPCs. RESULTS The modal diameter of hOEC-derived EVs was 113.2 nm. Expressions of EV markers such as CD9, CD63, and CD81 were detected by western blotting. hOEC-derived EVs enhanced the proliferation of NPCs and ameliorated cell cytotoxicity mediated by t-BHP. DISCUSSION Our findings reveal a role for hOEC-derived EVs in NPC proliferation and oxidative stress-induced neuronal toxicity model. These results may be useful for developing non-cell therapy OEC-EV-based treatment in acquired nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Huan Hsueh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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230
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Insights into the Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretome in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155241. [PMID: 32718092 PMCID: PMC7432166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived secretome demonstrated therapeutic effects like those reported after MSCs transplantation. MSC-derived secretome may avoid various side effects of MSC-based therapy, comprising undesirable differentiation of engrafted MSCs and potential activation of the allogeneic immune response. MSC-derived secretome comprises soluble factors and encapsulated extravesicles (EVs). MSC-derived EVs comprise microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes. In this review, we focus on the recent insights into the effects of MSC-derived secretome in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In particular, MSC-derived secretome and exosomal components counteracted neuroinflammation and enhanced antioxidant capacity and neurotrophic factors expression. In light of the insights reported in this review, MSC-derived secretome or their released exosomes may be used as a potential therapeutic approach or as adjuvant therapy to counteract the disease progression and improve PD symptoms. Also, MSC-derived secretome may be used as a vehicle in cell transplantation approaches to enhance the viability and survival of engrafted cells. Furthermore, since exosomes can cross the blood–brain barrier, they may be used as biomarkers of neural dysfunction. Further studies are necessary to fully characterize the bioactive molecules present in the secretome and to create a new, effective, cell-free therapeutic approach towards a robust clinical outcome for PD patients.
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231
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Kim YK, Choi Y, Nam GH, Kim IS. Functionalized exosome harboring bioactive molecules for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 489:155-162. [PMID: 32623071 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized vesicles with a lipid membrane that are secreted by most cells and play a crucial role as intermediates of intercellular communication because they carry bioactive molecules. Exosomes are promising for drug delivery of chemicals, proteins, and nucleic acids owing to their inherent properties such as excellent biocompatibility, high tumor targetability, and prolonged circulation in vivo. In this review, we cover recent approaches and advances made in the field of exosome-mediated delivery of bioactive molecules for cancer therapy and factors that affect the clinical use of exosomes. This review can be used as a guideline for further study in expanding the utility of therapeutic exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyoung Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoonjeong Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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232
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Analysis of cancer-related mutations in extracellular vesicles RNA by Droplet Digital™ PCR. Biotechniques 2020; 69:99-107. [PMID: 32580578 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are taking their place as potential biomarkers in the field of liquid biopsy. In this study, EVs were isolated from plasma samples of 31 patients with colorectal cancer and melanoma via differential centrifugation and Droplet Digital™ PCR (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) was used to profile BRAF V600E/K, KRAS G12A/C/D/V and KRAS G13D mutations from EV-derived cDNA. The concordance rates with corresponding tissue were 54% and 44% in the colorectal cancer and melanoma cohort, respectively. Two patients displayed mutations in EVs not previously detected in tissue as evidence for emerging molecular resistance to anti-EGFR and BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy prior to radiological evidence of tumor progression. We concluded that EV-derived nucleic acids may provide clinically relevant diagnostic information and mirror evolution of the disease.
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233
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Ilaltdinov AW, Gong Y, Leong DJ, Gruson KI, Zheng D, Fung DT, Sun L, Sun HB. Advances in the development of gene therapy, noncoding RNA, and exosome-based treatments for tendinopathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1490:3-12. [PMID: 32501571 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and tissue degeneration. Tendons have poor innate healing ability and there is currently no cure for tendinopathy. Studies elucidating mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and mechanisms mediating the genesis of tendons during development have provided novel targets and strategies to enhance tendon healing and repair. This review summarizes the current understanding and treatments for tendinopathy. The review also highlights recent advances in gene therapy, the potential of noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs, and exosomes, which are nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles secreted from cells, for the treatment of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wang Ilaltdinov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York.,New York R&D Center for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Inc., New Rochelle, New York
| | - Yubao Gong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Daniel J Leong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,New York R&D Center for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Inc., New Rochelle, New York
| | - Konrad I Gruson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - David T Fung
- New York R&D Center for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Inc., New Rochelle, New York
| | - Li Sun
- New York R&D Center for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Inc., New Rochelle, New York
| | - Hui B Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,New York R&D Center for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Inc., New Rochelle, New York
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234
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Brites D. Regulatory function of microRNAs in microglia. Glia 2020; 68:1631-1642. [PMID: 32463968 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are CNS-resident cells involved in immune surveillance and maintenance of intercellular homeostasis, while also contributing to neurologic pathologies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small (~22 nucleotides) single-stranded noncoding RNAs that participate in gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. miRNAs typically bind to the untranslated region (3' UTR) of RNAs. It has been shown that miRNAs are important players in controlling inflammation and that their abnormal expression is linked to cancer and ageing, and to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disease. Furthermore, miRNAs participate in intercellular trafficking. Thus, miRNAs are released from cells in a free form, bound to proteins or packaged within extracellular vesicles (EVs), exerting paracrine and long distance signaling. In this review, recent findings on the role of miRNAs as drivers of microglia phenotypic changes and their cotribution in neurological disease are addressed. MAIN POINTS: miRNAs have a key role in microglia function/dysfunction, polarization, and restoration. Microglia are both a source and recipient of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing miRNAs. Extracellular miRNAs may be found as soluble (free and EV cargo) and protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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235
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication in normal cellular process and pathological conditions by facilitating the transport of cellular content from one cell to another. EVs as conveyors of various biological molecules with their ability to redirect effects on a target cell physiological function in cell type-specific manner makes EVs an excellent candidate for drug delivery vehicle in disease therapy. Moreover, unique characteristics and contents of EVs which differ depends on cellular origin and physiological state make them a valuable source of diagnostic biomarker. Herein, we review the current progress in extracellular vesicle (EV) analysis, its transition from biomedical research to advancing therapy, and recent pioneered approaches to characterize and quantify EVs' subclasses with an emphasis on the integration of advanced technologies for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of EVs in different clinical tissue/body fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arada Vinaiphat
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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236
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Ryan SM, Eichenberger RM, Ruscher R, Giacomin PR, Loukas A. Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008508. [PMID: 32407385 PMCID: PMC7224462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths have coevolved with humans over millennia, intricately refining and developing an array of mechanisms to suppress or skew the host’s immune system, thereby promoting their long-term survival. Some helminths, such as hookworms, cause little to no overt pathology when present in modest numbers and may even confer benefits to their human host. To exploit this evolutionary phenomenon, clinical trials of human helminth infection have been established and assessed for safety and efficacy for a range of immune dysfunction diseases and have yielded mixed outcomes. Studies of live helminth therapy in mice and larger animals have convincingly shown that helminths and their excretory/secretory products possess anti-inflammatory drug-like properties and represent an untapped pharmacopeia. These anti-inflammatory moieties include extracellular vesicles, proteins, glycans, post-translational modifications, and various metabolites. Although the concept of helminth-inspired therapies holds promise, it also presents a challenge to the drug development community, which is generally unfamiliar with foreign biologics that do not behave like antibodies. Identification and characterization of helminth molecules and vesicles and the molecular pathways they target in the host present a unique opportunity to develop tailored drugs inspired by nature that are efficacious, safe, and have minimal immunogenicity. Even so, much work remains to mine and assess this out-of-the-box therapeutic modality. Industry-based organizations need to consider long-haul investments aimed at unraveling and exploiting unique and differentiated mechanisms of action as opposed to toe-dipping entries with an eye on rapid and profitable turnarounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Ryan
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roland Ruscher
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R. Giacomin
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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237
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Feng Y, Zhan F, Zhong Y, Tan B. Effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived from exosomes on migration ability of endometrial glandular epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:715-722. [PMID: 32626977 PMCID: PMC7339775 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (Huc‑MSCs)‑derived exosomes on the migratory abilities of endometrial glandular epithelial cells, and to evaluate the underlying mechanism from the perspective of epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT). Huc‑MSCs were prepared from human umbilical cord, and eutopic endometrial glandular epithelial cells were isolated from patients with endometriosis. The exosomes derived from Huc‑MSCs (Huc‑MSCs‑exo) were prepared using an exosome extraction kit. The endometrial glandular epithelial cells were randomly divided into two groups: Huc‑MSCs‑exo and control. Cell migratory ability was assessed and western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of EMT. The results of the present study demonstrated that Huc‑MSCs‑exo treatment significantly enhanced the migration of endometrial glandular epithelial cells from patients with endometriosis (P<0.05). The present study also demonstrated that treatment with Huc‑MSCs‑exo inhibited the expression levels of E‑cadherin and promoted the expression levels of Vimentin and N‑cadherin at both the mRNA and protein level. The results of the current study indicate that Huc‑MSCs‑exo enhance the migratory ability of endometrial glandular epithelial cells via promotion of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Fuliang Zhan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yanying Zhong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Buzhen Tan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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238
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Multiplex detection and characterization of breast cancer exosomes by magneto-actuated immunoassay. Talanta 2020; 211:120657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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239
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SVF-derived extracellular vesicles carry characteristic miRNAs in lipedema. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7211. [PMID: 32350368 PMCID: PMC7190633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipedema is a chronic, progressive disease of adipose tissue with lack of consistent diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study was a thorough comparative characterization of extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of healthy and lipedema adipose tissue. For this, we analyzed 187 extracellular miRNAs in concentrated conditioned medium (cCM) and specifically in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) enriched thereof by size exclusion chromatography. No significant difference in median particle size and concentration was observed between sEV fractions in healthy and lipedema. We found the majority of miRNAs located predominantly in cCM compared to sEV enriched fraction. Surprisingly, hierarchical clustering of the most variant miRNAs showed that only sEVmiRNA profiles – but not cCMmiRNAs – were impacted by lipedema. Seven sEVmiRNAs (miR–16-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-454-p, miR–144-5p, miR-130a-3p, let-7c-5p) were differently regulated in lipedema and healthy individuals, whereas only one cCMmiRNA (miR-188-5p) was significantly downregulated in lipedema. Comparing SVF from healthy and lipedema patients, we identified sEVs as the lipedema relevant miRNA fraction. This study contributes to identify the potential role of SVF secreted miRNAs in lipedema.
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240
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Wang S, Zhan J, Lin X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. CircRNA-0077930 from hyperglycaemia-stimulated vascular endothelial cell exosomes regulates senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:1056-1068. [PMID: 32307741 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle aging leads to diabetic complications such as cardiovascular and kidney diseases or diabetic foot. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of smooth muscle cell senescence in a high-glucose (HG) environment is essential. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and how circRNA from human umbilical vein endothelial cell exosomes (HUVEC-Exos) under HG conditions regulates the senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Combining circRNA array analysis and bioinformatics, we postulated that the circRNA-0077930-miR-622-Kras CeRNA network plays an important role in inducing senescence in VSMCs. CircRNA-0077930 transmitted by HG-HUVEs-Exos induced senescence of VSMCs by down-regulation of miR-622 expression and up-regulation of Kras, p21, p53 and p16 expression. Moreover, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was significantly increased while anti-oxidative stress marker (superoxide dismutase, SOD) activity was reduced in HG-HUVEC-Exos treatment VSMCs. Finally, HG-HUVEC-Exos with depleted-circRNA-0077930 is no longer able to induce cellular senescence in VSMCs. These findings provided a new light on the effective treatment of VSMC senescence. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Previous studies have shown that endothelial cell senescence is closely related to smooth muscle cell aging. Here, for the first time, we proved that the HG-HUVECs derived exosomes induced the VSMCs senescence by circRNA0077930-miR622-Kras CeRNA network. The circRNA-0077930-depleted exosomes would lose the ability to promote cellular senescence of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junkun Zhan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Youshuo Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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241
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Dörnen J, Sieler M, Weiler J, Keil S, Dittmar T. Cell Fusion-Mediated Tissue Regeneration as an Inducer of Polyploidy and Aneuploidy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1811. [PMID: 32155721 PMCID: PMC7084716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological phenomenon of cell fusion plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including wound healing and tissue regeneration. Here, it is assumed that bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) could adopt the specific properties of a different organ by cell fusion, thereby restoring organ function. Cell fusion first results in the production of bi- or multinucleated hybrid cells, which either remain as heterokaryons or undergo ploidy reduction/heterokaryon-to-synkaryon transition (HST), thereby giving rise to mononucleated daughter cells. This process is characterized by a merging of the chromosomes from the previously discrete nuclei and their subsequent random segregation into daughter cells. Due to extra centrosomes concomitant with multipolar spindles, the ploidy reduction/HST could also be associated with chromosome missegregation and, hence, induction of aneuploidy, genomic instability, and even putative chromothripsis. However, while the majority of such hybrids die or become senescent, aneuploidy and genomic instability appear to be tolerated in hepatocytes, possibly for stress-related adaption processes. Likewise, cell fusion-induced aneuploidy and genomic instability could also lead to a malignant conversion of hybrid cells. This can occur during tissue regeneration mediated by BMSC fusion in chronically inflamed tissue, which is a cell fusion-friendly environment, but is also enriched for mutagenic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Dittmar
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany; (J.D.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (S.K.)
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242
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Rokad D, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Exosomes as Mediators of Chemical-Induced Toxicity. Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 6:73-79. [PMID: 31102182 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides information regarding how exosomes may contribute to environmental chemical-induced pathogenesis of chronic diseases. In connecting exosome biology to environmental toxicology and disease pathogenesis, we address vital questions regarding what constitutes exosomal cargo, how toxicants influence exosomal cargo, and how environmental stimuli influence exosomal physiological and pathological functions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in the field demonstrate that exosomal cargo changes depending on external stimuli, which has consequences for the microenvironment of recipient cells. Based on recent findings, it is evident that exosomal cargo comprises various biological molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipid molecules. Misfolded proteins and miRNA are examples of exosomal cargo molecules that can be altered by toxicants, ultimately changing the microenvironment of recipient cells in ways that are conducive to pathological processes. It will be crucial to map out the key signaling pathways that toxicants target to modulate exosomal cargo and their release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmin Rokad
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1222 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1222 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1222 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1222 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1222 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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243
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Zhao Y, Gan Y, Xu G, Yin G, Liu D. MSCs-Derived Exosomes Attenuate Acute Brain Injury and Inhibit Microglial Inflammation by Reversing CysLT2R-ERK1/2 Mediated Microglia M1 Polarization. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1180-1190. [PMID: 32112178 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a major role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) have important anti-inflammatory effects on the treatment of organ injury. This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect and furtherly investigate the potential mechanism of MSC-exos on acute cerebral ischemia. MSC-exos were isolated by ultracentrifugation, characterized by transmission electron microscopy and FACS. Rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) surgery were administered MSC-exos through the tail vein. In vitro, microglia exposed to oxygen- and glucose-deprivation (OGD) and leukotrienes were used to study the protective mechanism of exosomes against ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammation. The intake of exosomes into microglia was visualized through immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that MSC-exos treatment significantly improved motor, learning and memory abilities of MCAO/R rats 7 days later. The production of pro-inflammatory factors decreased, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors increased both in the cortex and hippocampus of ischemic hemisphere as well as in the culture supernatant of microglia treated with OGD and NMLTC4. MSC-exos treatment also significantly inhibited M1 microglia polarization and increased M2 microglia cells. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that CysLT2R expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were downregulated both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, MSC-exos attenuated brain injury and inhibited microglial inflammation by reversing CysLT2R-ERK1/2 mediated microglia M1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Zhao
- School of Clinical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiao Gan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gewei Xu
- School of Clinical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoli Yin
- Shcool of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Shcool of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China.
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244
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Dilsiz N. Role of exosomes and exosomal microRNAs in cancer. Future Sci OA 2020; 6:FSO465. [PMID: 32257377 PMCID: PMC7117563 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that exosomes play a critical role in the cell-cell communication process. Exosomes are biological nanoparticles with an average diameter of 30-100 nm in size and are produced by almost all cell types in the human body; however, cancer cells contain higher concentrations of exosomes than healthy cells. They are released into all body fluids and contain double-stranded DNA (originated from nucleus and mitochondria), a variety of RNA species, and specific protein biomarkers that can be utilized as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and lipids. Therefore, the specific exosomes secreted by tumor cells could be used to predict the existence of the presence of a tumor in cancer patients. This review summarizes the role of exosomes in cancer development and their potential utility in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Dilsiz
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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245
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Nehrbas J, Butler JT, Chen DW, Kurre P. Extracellular Vesicles and Chemotherapy Resistance in the AML Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:90. [PMID: 32117744 PMCID: PMC7033644 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) trafficking provides for a constitutive mode of cell-cell communication within tissues and between organ systems. Different EV subtypes have been identified that transfer regulatory molecules between cells, influencing gene expression, and altering cellular phenotypes. Evidence from a range of studies suggests that EV trafficking enhances cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy in solid tumors. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), EVs contribute to the dynamic crosstalk between AML cells, hematopoietic elements and stromal cells and promote adaptation of compartmental bone marrow (BM) function through transport of protein, RNA, and DNA. Careful analysis of leukemia cell EV content and phenotypic outcomes provide evidence that vesicles are implicated in transferring several known key mediators of chemoresistance, including miR-155, IL-8, and BMP-2. Here, we review the current understanding of how EVs exert their influence in the AML niche, and identify research opportunities to improve outcomes for relapsed or refractory AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Nehrbas
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John T Butler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ding-Wen Chen
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter Kurre
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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246
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Sucharov CC. Paracrine Factors in Uremic Cardiomyopathy. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:167-168. [PMID: 32142069 PMCID: PMC7046544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. Sucharov
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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247
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Moura SL, Martín CG, Martí M, Pividori MI. Electrochemical immunosensing of nanovesicles as biomarkers for breast cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 150:111882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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248
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Wang D, Yang S, Zhou S, Xu H, Zhang H, Zhong S, Feng J. Microenvironment-induced TIMP2 loss by cancer-secreted exosomal miR-4443 promotes liver metastasis of breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5722-5735. [PMID: 31970775 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role of exosomal miR-4443 in metastasis of breast cancer (BCa). In vitro wound-healing assay and transwell invasion assay were used to investigate effect of miR-4443 on BCa cells. Animal experiments were performed to confirm its effects in vivo. miR-4443 promotes the metastasis of BCa cells through downregulating tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) and upregulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Highly invasive BCa cells have a higher expression of miR-4443 in both cells and exosomes. The exosomes derived from highly invasive BCa cells mainly gather in the primary tumor and liver. In vivo, overexpression of miR-4443 in noninvasive BCa cells induces liver metastasis, accompanied with downregulated TIMP2, and upregulated MMP-2 in both the primary tumor and liver. When we armed MCF-10A exosomes with miR-4443 inhibitors to treat mice bearing high-miR-4443 tumors, exosomes accumulated in the primary tumor, and liver following the upregulation of TIMP2 and downregulation of MMP2, and the metastasis was inhibited. Highly invasive BCa cells destroy natural barriers against metastasis by delivering exosomal miR-4443 to stromal cells of the primary tumor and impairing TIMP2, consequently activating MMP; circulating exosomal miR-4443 might promote BCa cells lodging in future metastatic sites through the similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sujin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siying Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanzi Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Heda Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanliang Zhong
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
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249
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Zhang X, Hubal MJ, Kraus VB. Immune cell extracellular vesicles and their mitochondrial content decline with ageing. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:1. [PMID: 31911808 PMCID: PMC6942666 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-019-0172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the mechanisms of action are not fully understood, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key indicators and effectors of immune function. Characterizing circulating EVs associated with stem and immune cells across the lifespan of healthy individuals could aid an understanding of immunosenescence, a process of age-related decline of cells in both adaptive and innate immune systems. Results Using high resolution multicolor flow cytometry, we identified three major subsets of EVs of varying sizes in healthy control (HC) plasma. Multiple plasma EVs associated with immune cells declined with ageing in HCs. In addition, we observed age-associated declines of respiring mitochondria cargo in EVs of several types of immune cells, suggesting that these parent cells may experience a decline in mitophagy or a mitochondrial dysfunction-induced immunosenescence. By contrast, the number of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-associated EVs were high and carried respiring mitochondria, which did not decline with age. Conclusion As demonstrated here, multicolor flow cytometry simultaneously measures plasma EV size, surface markers and cargo that reflect biological processes of specific cell types. The distinct surface markers and cytokine cargo of plasma EVs suggest that they may carry different bio-messages and originate by different biogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- 1Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701 USA.,2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Monica Jeanne Hubal
- 3School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- 1Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701 USA.,4Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
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250
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Chen L, Cao P, Huang C, Wu Q, Chen S, Chen F. Serum exosomal miR-7977 as a novel biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3382-3391. [PMID: 31898829 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have great potentials as a novel biomarker to predict lung cancer. We applied a miRNA microarray to identify aberrantly expressed serum exosomal miRNAs as candidate biomarkers for patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Compared with the normal control, 31 exosomal miRNAs were found to be upregulated and 29 exosomal miRNAs were downregulated in the serum of LUAD respectively. Then, 10 dysregulated exosomal miRNAs expression levels in serum were further validated via qRT-polymerase chain reaction. Notably, exosomal miR-7977 was highest expressed and miR-98-3p was lowest expressed in the patients with LUAD, and exosomal miR-7977 showed significant correlation with the N stage and TNM stage with patients with LUAD (P < .05). Receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the abundant level of exosomal miR-7977 may predict LUAD with an area of under the curve (AUC) of 0.787. In comparison with exosomal miR-7977, exosomal miR-98-3p had a smaller area (0.719). The combination of exosomal miR-7977 and miR-98-3p improved the AUC to 0.816. Furthermore, in vitro experiments revealed that inhibition of miR-7977 enhanced the proliferation, invasion, and inhibited apoptosis in A549 cells, the opposite results were performed by miR-7977 mimics. In conclusion, exosomal miR-7977 was identified as a novel biomarker for patients with LUAD and may play as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengju Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunli Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiumei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaoting Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Falin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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