201
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Snead WT, Stachowiak JC. Structure Versus Stochasticity-The Role of Molecular Crowding and Intrinsic Disorder in Membrane Fission. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2293-2308. [PMID: 29627460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes must undergo remodeling to facilitate critical functions including membrane trafficking, organelle biogenesis, and cell division. An essential step in membrane remodeling is membrane fission, in which an initially continuous membrane surface is divided into multiple, separate compartments. The established view has been that membrane fission requires proteins with conserved structural features such as helical scaffolds, hydrophobic insertions, and polymerized assemblies. In this review, we discuss these structure-based fission mechanisms and highlight recent findings from several groups that support an alternative, structure-independent mechanism of membrane fission. This mechanism relies on lateral collisions among crowded, membrane-bound proteins to generate sufficient steric pressure to drive membrane vesiculation. As a stochastic process, this mechanism contrasts with the paradigm that deterministic protein structures are required to drive fission, raising the prospect that many more proteins may participate in fission than previously thought. Paradoxically, our recent work suggests that intrinsically disordered domains may be among the most potent drivers of membrane fission, owing to their large hydrodynamic radii and substantial chain entropy. This stochastic view of fission also suggests new roles for the structure-based fission proteins. Specifically, we hypothesize that in addition to driving fission directly, the canonical fission machines may facilitate the enrichment and organization of bulky disordered protein domains in order to promote membrane fission by locally amplifying protein crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton T Snead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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202
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Increasing Diversity of Biological Membrane Fission Mechanisms. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:274-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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203
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Bucher D, Frey F, Sochacki KA, Kummer S, Bergeest JP, Godinez WJ, Kräusslich HG, Rohr K, Taraska JW, Schwarz US, Boulant S. Clathrin-adaptor ratio and membrane tension regulate the flat-to-curved transition of the clathrin coat during endocytosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1109. [PMID: 29549258 PMCID: PMC5856840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although essential for many cellular processes, the sequence of structural and molecular events during clathrin-mediated endocytosis remains elusive. While it was long believed that clathrin-coated pits grow with a constant curvature, it was recently suggested that clathrin first assembles to form flat structures that then bend while maintaining a constant surface area. Here, we combine correlative electron and light microscopy and mathematical growth laws to study the ultrastructural rearrangements of the clathrin coat during endocytosis in BSC-1 mammalian cells. We confirm that clathrin coats initially grow flat and demonstrate that curvature begins when around 70% of the final clathrin content is acquired. We find that this transition is marked by a change in the clathrin to clathrin-adaptor protein AP2 ratio and that membrane tension suppresses this transition. Our results support the notion that BSC-1 mammalian cells dynamically regulate the flat-to-curved transition in clathrin-mediated endocytosis by both biochemical and mechanical factors. The sequence of structural and molecular events during clathrin-mediated endocytosis is unclear. Here the authors combine correlative microscopy and simple mathematical growth laws to demonstrate that the flat patch starts to curve when around 70% of the final clathrin content is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Bucher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Frey
- BioQuant Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kem A Sochacki
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Susann Kummer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Bergeest
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William J Godinez
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justin W Taraska
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- BioQuant Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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204
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Masters TA, Tumbarello DA, Chibalina MV, Buss F. MYO6 Regulates Spatial Organization of Signaling Endosomes Driving AKT Activation and Actin Dynamics. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2088-2101. [PMID: 28591580 PMCID: PMC5469940 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
APPL1- and RAB5-positive signaling endosomes play a crucial role in the activation of AKT in response to extracellular stimuli. Myosin VI (MYO6) and two of its cargo adaptor proteins, GIPC and TOM1/TOM1L2, localize to these peripheral endosomes and mediate endosome association with cortical actin filaments. Loss of MYO6 leads to the displacement of these endosomes from the cell cortex and accumulation in the perinuclear space. Depletion of this myosin not only affects endosome positioning, but also induces actin and lipid remodeling consistent with endosome maturation, including accumulation of F-actin and the endosomal lipid PI(3)P. These processes acutely perturb endosome function, as both AKT phosphorylation and RAC-dependent membrane ruffling were markedly reduced by depletion of either APPL1 or MYO6. These results place MYO6 and its binding partners at a central nexus in cellular signaling linking actin dynamics at the cell surface and endosomal signaling in the cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Masters
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David A Tumbarello
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Margarita V Chibalina
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Folma Buss
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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205
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Wu J, Zhang R, Hu G, Zhu HH, Gao WQ, Xue J. Carbon Monoxide Impairs CD11b+Ly-6ChiMonocyte Migration from the Blood to Inflamed Pancreas via Inhibition of the CCL2/CCR2 Axis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2104-2114. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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206
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207
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Carlsson AE. Membrane bending by actin polymerization. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 50:1-7. [PMID: 29207306 PMCID: PMC5911415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Actin polymerization provides driving force to aid several types of processes that involve pulling the plasma membrane into the cell, including phagocytosis, cellular entry of large viruses, and endocytosis. In endocytosis, actin polymerization is especially important under conditions of high membrane tension or high turgor pressure. Recent modeling efforts have shown how actin polymerization can give rise to a distribution of forces around the endocytic site, and explored how these forces affect the shape dynamics; experiments have revealed the structure of the endocytic machinery in increasing detail, and demonstrated key feedback interactions between actin assembly and membrane curvature. Here we provide a perspective on these findings and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders E Carlsson
- Department of Physics, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1105, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
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208
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Garcia-Alai MM, Heidemann J, Skruzny M, Gieras A, Mertens HDT, Svergun DI, Kaksonen M, Uetrecht C, Meijers R. Epsin and Sla2 form assemblies through phospholipid interfaces. Nat Commun 2018; 9:328. [PMID: 29362354 PMCID: PMC5780493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In clathrin-mediated endocytosis, adapter proteins assemble together with clathrin through interactions with specific lipids on the plasma membrane. However, the precise mechanism of adapter protein assembly at the cell membrane is still unknown. Here, we show that the membrane-proximal domains ENTH of epsin and ANTH of Sla2 form complexes through phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) lipid interfaces. Native mass spectrometry reveals how ENTH and ANTH domains form assemblies by sharing PIP2 molecules. Furthermore, crystal structures of epsin Ent2 ENTH domain from S. cerevisiae in complex with PIP2 and Sla2 ANTH domain from C. thermophilum illustrate how allosteric phospholipid binding occurs. A comparison with human ENTH and ANTH domains reveal only the human ENTH domain can form a stable hexameric core in presence of PIP2, which could explain functional differences between fungal and human epsins. We propose a general phospholipid-driven multifaceted assembly mechanism tolerating different adapter protein compositions to induce endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Garcia-Alai
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Heidemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Skruzny
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Gieras
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haydyn D T Mertens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marko Kaksonen
- Department of Biochemistry and NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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209
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Membrane Tension Inhibits Rapid and Slow Endocytosis in Secretory Cells. Biophys J 2018; 113:2406-2414. [PMID: 29211994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis generates spherical or ellipsoid-like vesicles from the plasma membrane, which recycles vesicles that fuse with the plasma member during exocytosis in neurons and endocrine secretory cells. Although tension in the plasma membrane is generally considered to be an important factor in regulating endocytosis, whether membrane tension inhibits or facilitates endocytosis remains debated in the endocytosis field, and has been rarely studied for vesicular endocytosis in secretory cells. Here we report that increasing membrane tension by adjusting osmolarity inhibited both the rapid (a few seconds) and slow (tens of seconds) endocytosis in calyx-type nerve terminals containing conventional active zones and in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. We address the mechanism of this phenomenon by computational modeling of the energy barrier that the system must overcome at the stage of membrane budding by an assembling protein coat. We show that this barrier grows with increasing tension, which may slow down or prevent membrane budding. These results suggest that in live secretory cells, membrane tension exerts inhibitory action on endocytosis.
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210
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Endosomal Trafficking During Mitosis and Notch-Dependent Asymmetric Division. ENDOCYTOSIS AND SIGNALING 2018; 57:301-329. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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211
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Abstract
Nowadays, live fluorescent microscopes allow us to study the dynamics of cellular processes in living cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. Since the implementation of this methodology to the field of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), this approach has revolutionized our molecular understanding of clathrin-driven cellular uptake. Conventional live cell microscopy approaches are used to determine the precise functions of specific proteins or lipids in orchestrating CME. Here, we will describe, in depth, the procedure to investigate the contribution of membrane tension in regulating clathrin-dependent endocytosis. We will explain two alternative methods to manipulate membrane tension while performing live fluorescence microscopy: cellular swelling through osmotic shock and cellular stretching of cells grown on stretchable silicon inserts.
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212
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Wallroth A, Haucke V. Phosphoinositide conversion in endocytosis and the endolysosomal system. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1526-1535. [PMID: 29282290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are phospholipids that perform crucial cell functions, ranging from cell migration and signaling to membrane trafficking, by serving as signposts of compartmental membrane identity. Although phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, 3-phosphate, and 3,5-bisphosphate are commonly considered as hallmarks of the plasma membrane, endosomes, and lysosomes, these compartments contain other functionally important PIs. Here, we review the roles of PIs in different compartments of the endolysosomal system in mammalian cells and discuss the mechanisms that spatiotemporally control PI conversion in endocytosis and endolysosomal membrane dynamics during endosome maturation and sorting. As defective PI conversion underlies human genetic diseases, including inherited myopathies, neurological disorders, and cancer, PI-converting enzymes represent potential targets for drug-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wallroth
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin and
| | - Volker Haucke
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin and .,the Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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213
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Molinie N, Gautreau A. The Arp2/3 Regulatory System and Its Deregulation in Cancer. Physiol Rev 2017; 98:215-238. [PMID: 29212790 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is an evolutionary conserved molecular machine that generates branched actin networks. When activated, the Arp2/3 complex contributes the actin branched junction and thus cross-links the polymerizing actin filaments in a network that exerts a pushing force. The different activators initiate branched actin networks at the cytosolic surface of different cellular membranes to promote their protrusion, movement, or scission in cell migration and membrane traffic. Here we review the structure, function, and regulation of all the direct regulators of the Arp2/3 complex that induce or inhibit the initiation of a branched actin network and that controls the stability of its branched junctions. Our goal is to present recent findings concerning novel inhibitory proteins or the regulation of the actin branched junction and place these in the context of what was previously known to provide a global overview of how the Arp2/3 complex is regulated in human cells. We focus on the human set of Arp2/3 regulators to compare normal Arp2/3 regulation in untransformed cells to the deregulation of the Arp2/3 system observed in patients affected by various cancers. In many cases, these deregulations promote cancer progression and have a direct impact on patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Molinie
- Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 7654, Palaiseau, France; and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Life Sciences Center, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexis Gautreau
- Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 7654, Palaiseau, France; and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Life Sciences Center, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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214
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Chang F. Forces that shape fission yeast cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1819-1824. [PMID: 28684607 PMCID: PMC5541833 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges of modern cell biology is to understand how cells are assembled from nanoscale components into micrometer-scale entities with a specific size and shape. Here I describe how our quest to understand the morphogenesis of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe drove us to investigate cellular mechanics. These studies build on the view that cell shape arises from the physical properties of an elastic cell wall inflated by internal turgor pressure. Consideration of cellular mechanics provides new insights into not only mechanisms responsible for cell-shape determination and growth, but also cellular processes such as cytokinesis and endocytosis. Studies in yeast can help to illuminate approaches and mechanisms to study the mechanobiology of the cell surface in other cell types, including animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Chang
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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215
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Bhattacharyya S, Jean-Alphonse FG, Raghavan V, McGarvey JC, Rbaibi Y, Vilardaga JP, Carattino MD, Weisz OA. Cdc42 activation couples fluid shear stress to apical endocytosis in proximal tubule cells. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/19/e13460. [PMID: 29038362 PMCID: PMC5641940 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells lining the kidney proximal tubule (PT) respond to acute changes in glomerular filtration rate and the accompanying fluid shear stress (FSS) to regulate reabsorption of ions, glucose, and other filtered molecules and maintain glomerulotubular balance. Recently, we discovered that exposure of PT cells to FSS also stimulates an increase in apical endocytic capacity (Raghavan et al. PNAS, 111:8506–8511, 2014). We found that FSS triggered an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) that required release of extracellular ATP and the presence of primary cilia. In this study, we elucidate steps downstream of the increase in [Ca2+]i that link FSS‐induced calcium increase to increased apical endocytic capacity. Using an intramolecular FRET probe, we show that activation of Cdc42 is a necessary step in the FSS‐stimulated apical endocytosis cascade. Cdc42 activation requires the primary cilia and the FSS‐mediated increase in [Ca2+]i. Moreover, Cdc42 activity and FSS‐stimulated endocytosis are coordinately modulated by activators and inhibitors of calmodulin. Together, these data suggest a mechanism by which PT cell exposure to FSS is translated into enhanced endocytic uptake of filtered molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frédéric G Jean-Alphonse
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Venkatesan Raghavan
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer C McGarvey
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Youssef Rbaibi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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216
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Maib H, Smythe E, Ayscough K. Forty years on: clathrin-coated pits continue to fascinate. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:843-847. [PMID: 28360213 PMCID: PMC5385932 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a fundamental process in cell biology and has been extensively investigated over the past several decades. Every cell biologist learns about it at some point during his or her education, and the beauty of this process has led many of us to go deeper and make it the topic of our research. Great progress has been made toward elucidating the mechanisms of CME, and the field is becoming increasingly complex, with several hundred new publications every year. This makes it easy to get lost in the vast amount of literature and forget about the fundamentals of the field, which are based on the careful interpretation of simple observations made >40 years ago, as exemplified by a study performed by Anderson, Brown, and Goldstein in 1977. We examine how this seminal study was pivotal to our understanding of CME and its progression into ever-increasing complexity over the past four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Maib
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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217
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Daste F, Walrant A, Holst MR, Gadsby JR, Mason J, Lee JE, Brook D, Mettlen M, Larsson E, Lee SF, Lundmark R, Gallop JL. Control of actin polymerization via the coincidence of phosphoinositides and high membrane curvature. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3745-3765. [PMID: 28923975 PMCID: PMC5674896 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201704061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
How the membrane environment informs when and where actin is polymerized in clathrin-mediated endocytosis is unclear. Daste et al. show that high membrane curvature stimulates PI(3,4)P2 dephosphorylation by INPP4A and that PI(3)P recruits SNX9 in conjunction with both PI(4,5)P2 and high membrane curvature. Furthermore, they find that Lowe syndrome mimics this membrane microenvironment with the aberrant formation of a PI(4,5)P2/PI(3)P intermediate, giving rise to actin comets. The conditional use of actin during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells suggests that the cell controls whether and how actin is used. Using a combination of biochemical reconstitution and mammalian cell culture, we elucidate a mechanism by which the coincidence of PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3)P in a curved vesicle triggers actin polymerization. At clathrin-coated pits, PI(3)P is produced by the INPP4A hydrolysis of PI(3,4)P2, and this is necessary for actin-driven endocytosis. Both Cdc42⋅guanosine triphosphate and SNX9 activate N-WASP–WIP- and Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation. Membrane curvature, PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3)P signals are needed for SNX9 assembly via its PX–BAR domain, whereas signaling through Cdc42 is activated by PI(4,5)P2 alone. INPP4A activity is stimulated by high membrane curvature and synergizes with SNX9 BAR domain binding in a process we call curvature cascade amplification. We show that the SNX9-driven actin comets that arise on human disease–associated oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) deficiencies are reduced by inhibiting PI(3)P production, suggesting PI(3)P kinase inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy in Lowe syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Daste
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Astrid Walrant
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Mikkel R Holst
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonathan R Gadsby
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Julia Mason
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Daniel Brook
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elin Larsson
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | | | - Jennifer L Gallop
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
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218
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Ferguson JP, Huber SD, Willy NM, Aygün E, Goker S, Atabey T, Kural C. Mechanoregulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3631-3636. [PMID: 28923837 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the tension response of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by using various cell manipulation methodologies. Elevated tension in a cell hinders clathrin-mediated endocytosis through inhibition of de novo coat initiation, elongation of clathrin coat lifetimes and reduction of high-magnitude growth rates. Actin machinery supplies an inward pulling force necessary for internalization of clathrin coats under high tension. These findings suggest that the physical cues cells receive from their microenvironment are major determinants of clathrin-mediated endocytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Ferguson
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Scott D Huber
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nathan M Willy
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Esra Aygün
- Department of Biology, Capital University, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Sevde Goker
- Department of Biology, Fatih University, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Atabey
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yildiz Technical University, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Comert Kural
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA .,Biophysics Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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219
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Follicular Dendritic Cell Activation by TLR Ligands Promotes Autoreactive B Cell Responses. Immunity 2017; 46:106-119. [PMID: 28099860 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of autoimmunity in murine models of lupus is the formation of germinal centers (GCs) in lymphoid tissues where self-reactive B cells expand and differentiate. In the host response to foreign antigens, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) maintain GCs through the uptake and cycling of complement-opsonized immune complexes. Here, we examined whether FDCs retain self-antigens and the impact of this process in autoantibody secretion in lupus. We found that FDCs took up and retained self-immune complexes composed of ribonucleotide proteins, autoantibody, and complement. This uptake, mediated through CD21, triggered endosomal TLR7 and led to the secretion of interferon (IFN) α via an IRF5-dependent pathway. Blocking of FDC secretion of IFN-α restored B cell tolerance and reduced the amount of GCs and pathogenic autoantibody. Thus, FDCs are a critical source of the IFN-α driving autoimmunity in this lupus model. This pathway is conserved in humans, suggesting that it may be a viable therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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220
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Willy NM, Ferguson JP, Huber SD, Heidotting SP, Aygün E, Wurm SA, Johnston-Halperin E, Poirier MG, Kural C. Membrane mechanics govern spatiotemporal heterogeneity of endocytic clathrin coat dynamics. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3480-3488. [PMID: 28904210 PMCID: PMC5683759 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-05-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular processes associated with spatiotemporal changes in membrane mechanics induce significant alterations in clathrin-mediated endocytosis dynamics. This phenomenon is also observed during morphological changes shaping embryo development. Dynamics of endocytic clathrin-coated structures can be remarkably divergent across different cell types, cells within the same culture, or even distinct surfaces of the same cell. The origin of this astounding heterogeneity remains to be elucidated. Here we show that cellular processes associated with changes in effective plasma membrane tension induce significant spatiotemporal alterations in endocytic clathrin coat dynamics. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of clathrin coat dynamics is also observed during morphological changes taking place within developing multicellular organisms. These findings suggest that tension gradients can lead to patterning and differentiation of tissues through mechanoregulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Willy
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - J P Ferguson
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - S D Huber
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - S P Heidotting
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - E Aygün
- Department of Biology, Capital University, Columbus, OH 43209
| | - S A Wurm
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | - M G Poirier
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Biophysics Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - C Kural
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 .,Biophysics Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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221
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Pontes B, Monzo P, Gauthier NC. Membrane tension: A challenging but universal physical parameter in cell biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:30-41. [PMID: 28851599 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane separates the interior of cells from the outside environment. The membrane tension, defined as the force per unit length acting on a cross-section of membrane, regulates many vital biological processes. In this review, we summarize the first historical findings and the latest advances, showing membrane tension as an important physical parameter in cell biology. We also discuss how this parameter must be better integrated and we propose experimental approaches for key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pontes
- LPO-COPEA, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pascale Monzo
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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222
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Wang SC, Low TYF, Nishimura Y, Gole L, Yu W, Motegi F. Cortical forces and CDC-42 control clustering of PAR proteins for Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic polarization. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:988-995. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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223
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Flat clathrin lattices are dynamic actin-controlled hubs for clathrin-mediated endocytosis and signalling of specific receptors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16068. [PMID: 28703125 PMCID: PMC5511353 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin lattices at the plasma membrane coat both invaginated and flat regions forming clathrin-coated pits and clathrin plaques, respectively. The function and regulation of clathrin-coated pits in endocytosis are well understood but clathrin plaques remain enigmatic nanodomains. Here we use super-resolution microscopy, molecular genetics and cell biology to show that clathrin plaques contain the machinery for clathrin-mediated endocytosis and cell adhesion, and associate with both clathrin-coated pits and filamentous actin. We also find that actin polymerization promoted by N-WASP through the Arp2/3 complex is crucial for the regulation of plaques but not pits. Clathrin plaques oppose cell migration and undergo actin- and N-WASP-dependent disassembly upon activation of LPA receptor 1, but not EGF receptor. Most importantly, plaque disassembly correlates with the endocytosis of LPA receptor 1 and down-modulation of AKT activity. Thus, clathrin plaques serve as dynamic actin-controlled hubs for clathrin-mediated endocytosis and signalling that exhibit receptor specificity.
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224
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Hasdemir B, Mahajan S, Oses-Prieto J, Chand S, Woolley M, Burlingame A, Grammatopoulos DK, Bhargava A. Actin cytoskeleton-dependent regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor heteromers. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2386-2399. [PMID: 28701349 PMCID: PMC5576902 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-11-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A physical interaction is shown between CRF1R and CRF2R, two class B G protein–coupled receptors that mediate stress and immune responses. Trafficking of CRF2R but not CRF1R is actin dependent, and coexpression of the two receptors alters actin-independent trafficking. Receptor cross-talk alters agonist binding and signaling. Stress responses are highly nuanced and variable, but how this diversity is achieved by modulating receptor function is largely unknown. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRFRs), class B G protein–coupled receptors, are pivotal in mediating stress responses. Here we show that the two known CRFRs interact to form heteromeric complexes in HEK293 cells coexpressing both CRFRs and in vivo in mouse pancreas. Coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of both CRF1R and CRF2βR, along with actin in these heteromeric complexes. Inhibition of actin filament polymerization prevented the transport of CRF2βR to the cell surface but had no effect on CRF1R. Transport of CRF1R when coexpressed with CRF2βR became actin dependent. Simultaneous stimulation of cells coexpressing CRF1R+CRF2βR with their respective high-affinity agonists, CRF+urocortin2, resulted in approximately twofold increases in peak Ca2+ responses, whereas stimulation with urocortin1 that binds both receptors with 10-fold higher affinity did not. The ability of CRFRs to form heteromeric complexes in association with regulatory proteins is one mechanism to achieve diverse and nuanced function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Hasdemir
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Shilpi Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Juan Oses-Prieto
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Shreya Chand
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael Woolley
- Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Dimitris K Grammatopoulos
- Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 .,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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225
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Liu AP, Botelho RJ, Antonescu CN. The big and intricate dreams of little organelles: Embracing complexity in the study of membrane traffic. Traffic 2017; 18:567-579. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
- Biophysics Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- The Graduate Program in Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University Toronto Canada
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- The Graduate Program in Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University Toronto Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Canada
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226
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Simunovic M, Manneville JB, Renard HF, Evergren E, Raghunathan K, Bhatia D, Kenworthy AK, Voth GA, Prost J, McMahon HT, Johannes L, Bassereau P, Callan-Jones A. Friction Mediates Scission of Tubular Membranes Scaffolded by BAR Proteins. Cell 2017. [PMID: 28648660 PMCID: PMC5576516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane scission is essential for intracellular trafficking. While BAR domain proteins such as endophilin have been reported in dynamin-independent scission of tubular membrane necks, the cutting mechanism has yet to be deciphered. Here, we combine a theoretical model, in vitro, and in vivo experiments revealing how protein scaffolds may cut tubular membranes. We demonstrate that the protein scaffold bound to the underlying tube creates a frictional barrier for lipid diffusion; tube elongation thus builds local membrane tension until the membrane undergoes scission through lysis. We call this mechanism friction-driven scission (FDS). In cells, motors pull tubes, particularly during endocytosis. Through reconstitution, we show that motors not only can pull out and extend protein-scaffolded tubes but also can cut them by FDS. FDS is generic, operating even in the absence of amphipathic helices in the BAR domain, and could in principle apply to any high-friction protein and membrane assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijo Simunovic
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Subcellular Structure and Cellular Dynamics Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Henri-François Renard
- Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emma Evergren
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, 718 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, 718 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jacques Prost
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Harvey T McMahon
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Andrew Callan-Jones
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR7057, 75205 Paris, France.
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227
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Gormal R, Valmas N, Fath T, Meunier F. A role for tropomyosins in activity-dependent bulk endocytosis? Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:112-118. [PMID: 28545680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bulk endocytosis allows stimulated neurons to take up a large portion of the presynaptic plasma membrane in order to regenerate synaptic vesicle pools. Actin, one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells, plays an important role in this process, but a detailed mechanistic understanding of the involvement of the cortical actin network is still lacking, in part due to the relatively small size of nerve terminals and the limitation of optical microscopy. We recently discovered that neurosecretory cells display a similar, albeit much larger, form of bulk endocytosis in response to secretagogue stimulation. This allowed us to identify a novel highly dynamic role for the acto-myosin II cortex in generating constricting rings that precede the fission of nascent bulk endosomes. In this review we focus on the mechanism underpinning this dramatic switch in the organization and function of the cortical actin network. We provide additional experimental data that suggest a role of tropomyosin Tpm3.1 and Tpm4.2 in this process, together with an emerging model of how actin controls bulk endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gormal
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Fath
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Frederic Meunier
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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228
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Fritz-Laylin LK, Lord SJ, Mullins RD. WASP and SCAR are evolutionarily conserved in actin-filled pseudopod-based motility. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1673-1688. [PMID: 28473602 PMCID: PMC5461030 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use diverse cellular mechanisms to crawl through complex environments. Fritz-Laylin et al. define α-motility as a mode of migration associated with dynamic, actin-filled pseudopods and show that WASP and SCAR constitute an evolutionarily conserved genetic signature of α-motility. Diverse eukaryotic cells crawl through complex environments using distinct modes of migration. To understand the underlying mechanisms and their evolutionary relationships, we must define each mode and identify its phenotypic and molecular markers. In this study, we focus on a widely dispersed migration mode characterized by dynamic actin-filled pseudopods that we call “α-motility.” Mining genomic data reveals a clear trend: only organisms with both WASP and SCAR/WAVE—activators of branched actin assembly—make actin-filled pseudopods. Although SCAR has been shown to drive pseudopod formation, WASP’s role in this process is controversial. We hypothesize that these genes collectively represent a genetic signature of α-motility because both are used for pseudopod formation. WASP depletion from human neutrophils confirms that both proteins are involved in explosive actin polymerization, pseudopod formation, and cell migration. WASP and WAVE also colocalize to dynamic signaling structures. Moreover, retention of WASP together with SCAR correctly predicts α-motility in disease-causing chytrid fungi, which we show crawl at >30 µm/min with actin-filled pseudopods. By focusing on one migration mode in many eukaryotes, we identify a genetic marker of pseudopod formation, the morphological feature of α-motility, providing evidence for a widely distributed mode of cell crawling with a single evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian K Fritz-Laylin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Samuel J Lord
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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229
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Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in yeast is driven by a protein patch containing close to 100 different types of proteins. Among the proteins are 5000-10000 copies of polymerized actin, and successful endocytosis requires growth of the actin network. Since it is not known exactly how actin network growth drives endocytosis, we calculate the spatial distribution of actin growth required to generate the force that drives the process. First, we establish the force distribution that must be supplied by actin growth, by combining membrane-bending profiles obtained via electron microscopy with established theories of membrane mechanics. Next, we determine the profile of actin growth, using a continuum mechanics approach and an iterative procedure starting with an actin growth profile obtained from a linear analysis. The profile has fairly constant growth outside a central hole of radius 45-50 nm, but very little growth in this hole. This growth profile can reproduce the required forces if the actin shear modulus exceeds 80 kPa, and the growing filaments can exert very large polymerization forces. The growth profile prediction could be tested via electron-microscopy or super-resolution experiments in which the turgor pressure is suddenly turned off.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Tweten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - P V Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - A E Carlsson
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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230
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Adler LN, Jiang W, Bhamidipati K, Millican M, Macaubas C, Hung SC, Mellins ED. The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28386257 PMCID: PMC5362600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature B lymphocytes (B cells) recognize antigens using their B cell receptor (BCR) and are activated to become antibody-producing cells. In addition, and integral to the development of a high-affinity antibodies, B cells utilize the specialized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation pathway to process BCR-bound and internalized protein antigens and present selected peptides in complex with MHCII to CD4+ T cells. This interaction influences the fate of both types of lymphocytes and shapes immune outcomes. Specific, effective, and optimally timed antigen presentation by B cells requires well-controlled intracellular machinery, often regulated by the combined effects of several molecular events. Here, we delineate and summarize these events in four steps along the antigen presentation pathway: (1) antigen capture and uptake by B cells; (2) intersection of internalized antigen/BCRs complexes with MHCII in peptide-loading compartments; (3) generation and regulation of MHCII/peptide complexes; and (4) exocytic transport for presentation of MHCII/peptide complexes at the surface of B cells. Finally, we discuss modulation of the MHCII presentation pathway across B cell development and maturation to effector cells, with an emphasis on the shaping of the MHCII/peptide repertoire by two key antigen presentation regulators in B cells: HLA-DM and HLA-DO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital N Adler
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia Macaubas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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231
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Irajizad E, Walani N, Veatch SL, Liu AP, Agrawal A. Clathrin polymerization exhibits high mechano-geometric sensitivity. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1455-1462. [PMID: 28124714 PMCID: PMC5452080 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02623k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
How tension modulates cellular transport has become a topic of interest in the recent past. However, the effect of tension on clathrin assembly and vesicle growth remains less understood. Here, we use the classical Helfrich theory to predict the energetic cost that clathrin is required to pay to remodel the membrane at different stages of vesicle formation. Our study reveals that this energetic cost is highly sensitive to not only the tension in the membrane but also to the instantaneous geometry of the membrane during shape evolution. Our study predicts a sharp reduction in clathrin coat size in the intermediate tension regime (0.01-0.1 mN m-1). Remarkably, the natural propensity of the membrane to undergo bending beyond the Ω shape causes a significant decrease in the energy needed from clathrin to drive vesicle growth. Our studies in mammalian cells confirm a reduction in clathrin coat size in an increased tension environment. In addition, our findings suggest that the two apparently distinct clathrin assembly modes, namely coated pits and coated plaques, observed in experimental investigations might be a consequence of varied tensions in the plasma membrane. Overall, the mechano-geometric sensitivity revealed in this study might also be at play during the polymerization of other membrane remodeling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Irajizad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nikhil Walani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah L Veatch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ashutosh Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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232
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Spatial and Temporal Regulation of Receptor Endocytosis in Neuronal Dendrites Revealed by Imaging of Single Vesicle Formation. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1840-1847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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233
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Vidal-Quadras M, Holst MR, Francis MK, Larsson E, Hachimi M, Yau WL, Peränen J, Martín-Belmonte F, Lundmark R. Endocytic turnover of Rab8 controls cell polarization. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1147-1157. [PMID: 28137756 PMCID: PMC5358338 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of cell shape and polarization through the formation and retraction of cellular protrusions requires balancing of endocytosis and exocytosis combined with fine-tuning of the local activity of small GTPases like Rab8. Here, we show that endocytic turnover of the plasma membrane at protrusions is directly coupled to surface removal and inactivation of Rab8. Removal is induced by reduced membrane tension and mediated by the GTPase regulator associated with focal adhesion kinase-1 (GRAF1, also known as ARHGAP26), a regulator of clathrin-independent endocytosis. GRAF1-depleted cells were deficient in multi-directional spreading and displayed elevated levels of GTP-loaded Rab8, which was accumulated at the tips of static protrusions. Furthermore, GRAF1 depletion impaired lumen formation and spindle orientation in a 3D cell culture system, indicating that GRAF1 activity regulates polarity establishment. Our data suggest that GRAF1-mediated removal of Rab8 from the cell surface restricts its activity during protrusion formation, thereby facilitating dynamic adjustment of the polarity axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikkel R Holst
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Monika K Francis
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden.,Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Elin Larsson
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden.,Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Mariam Hachimi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Wai-Lok Yau
- Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Johan Peränen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Fernando Martín-Belmonte
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Richard Lundmark
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden .,Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
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234
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Ailte I, Lingelem ABD, Kvalvaag AS, Kavaliauskiene S, Brech A, Koster G, Dommersnes PG, Bergan J, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Exogenous lysophospholipids with large head groups perturb clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Traffic 2017; 18:176-191. [PMID: 28067430 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated how clathrin-dependent endocytosis is affected by exogenously added lysophospholipids (LPLs). Addition of LPLs with large head groups strongly inhibits transferrin (Tf) endocytosis in various cell lines, while LPLs with small head groups do not. Electron and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (EM and TIRF) reveal that treatment with lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) with the fatty acyl group C18:0 leads to reduced numbers of invaginated clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) at the plasma membrane, fewer endocytic events per membrane area and increased lifetime of CCPs. Also, endocytosis of Tf becomes dependent on actin upon LPI treatment. Thus, our results demonstrate that one can regulate the kinetics and properties of clathrin-dependent endocytosis by addition of LPLs in a head group size- and fatty acyl-dependent manner. Furthermore, studies performed with optical tweezers show that less force is required to pull membrane tubules outwards from the plasma membrane when LPI is added to the cells. The results are in agreement with the notion that insertion of LPLs with large head groups creates a positive membrane curvature which might have a negative impact on events that require plasma membrane invagination, while it may facilitate membrane bending toward the cell exterior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Ailte
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Berit D Lingelem
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Audun S Kvalvaag
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Paul G Dommersnes
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jonas Bergan
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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235
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Design principles for robust vesiculation in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1118-E1127. [PMID: 28126722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617705114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical step in cellular-trafficking pathways is the budding of membranes by protein coats, which recent experiments have demonstrated can be inhibited by elevated membrane tension. The robustness of processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) across a diverse range of organisms and mechanical environments suggests that the protein machinery in this process has evolved to take advantage of some set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesiculation against opposing forces like membrane tension. Using a theoretical model for membrane mechanics and membrane protein interaction, we have systematically investigated the influence of membrane rigidity, curvature induced by the protein coat, area covered by the protein coat, membrane tension, and force from actin polymerization on bud formation. Under low tension, the membrane smoothly evolves from a flat to budded morphology as the coat area or spontaneous curvature increases, whereas the membrane remains essentially flat at high tensions. At intermediate, physiologically relevant, tensions, the membrane undergoes a "snap-through instability" in which small changes in the coat area, spontaneous curvature or membrane tension cause the membrane to "snap" from an open, U-shape to a closed bud. This instability can be smoothed out by increasing the bending rigidity of the coat, allowing for successful budding at higher membrane tensions. Additionally, applied force from actin polymerization can bypass the instability by inducing a smooth transition from an open to a closed bud. Finally, a combination of increased coat rigidity and force from actin polymerization enables robust vesiculation even at high membrane tensions.
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236
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Wang X, Galletta BJ, Cooper JA, Carlsson AE. Actin-Regulator Feedback Interactions during Endocytosis. Biophys J 2016; 110:1430-43. [PMID: 27028652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis mediated by clathrin, a cellular process by which cells internalize membrane receptors and their extracellular ligands, is an important component of cell signaling regulation. Actin polymerization is involved in endocytosis in varying degrees depending on the cellular context. In yeast, clathrin-mediated endocytosis requires a pulse of polymerized actin and its regulators, which recruit and activate the Arp2/3 complex. In this article, we seek to identify the main protein-protein interactions that 1) cause actin and its regulators to appear in pulses, and 2) determine the effects of key mutations and drug treatments on actin and regulator assembly. We perform a joint modeling/experimental study of actin and regulator dynamics during endocytosis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We treat both a stochastic model that grows an explicit three-dimensional actin network, and a simpler two-variable Fitzhugh-Nagumo type model. The models include a negative-feedback interaction of F-actin onto the Arp2/3 regulators. Both models explain the pulse time courses and the effects of interventions on actin polymerization: the surprising increase in the peak F-actin count caused by reduced regulator branching activity, the increase in F-actin resulting from slowing of actin disassembly, and the increased Arp2/3 regulator lifetime resulting from latrunculin treatment. In addition, they predict that decreases in the regulator branching activity lead to increases in accumulation of regulators, and we confirmed this prediction with experiments on yeast harboring mutations in the Arp2/3 regulators, using quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Our experimental measurements suggest that the regulators act quasi-independently, in the sense that accumulation of a particular regulator is most strongly affected by mutations of that regulator, as opposed to the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian J Galletta
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John A Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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237
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Diagonally Scanned Light-Sheet Microscopy for Fast Volumetric Imaging of Adherent Cells. Biophys J 2016; 110:1456-65. [PMID: 27028654 PMCID: PMC4816690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In subcellular light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) of adherent cells, glass substrates are advantageously rotated relative to the excitation and emission light paths to avoid glass-induced optical aberrations. Because cells are spread across the sample volume, three-dimensional imaging requires a light-sheet with a long propagation length, or rapid sample scanning. However, the former degrades axial resolution and/or optical sectioning, while the latter mechanically perturbs sensitive biological specimens on pliant biomimetic substrates (e.g., collagen and basement membrane). Here, we use aberration-free remote focusing to diagonally sweep a narrow light-sheet along the sample surface, enabling multicolor imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution. Further, we implement a dithered Gaussian lattice to minimize sample-induced illumination heterogeneities, significantly improving signal uniformity. Compared with mechanical sample scanning, we drastically reduce sample oscillations, allowing us to achieve volumetric imaging at speeds of up to 3.5 Hz for thousands of Z-stacks. We demonstrate the optical performance with live-cell imaging of microtubule and actin cytoskeletal dynamics, phosphoinositide signaling, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, polarized blebbing, and endocytic vesicle sorting. We achieve three-dimensional particle tracking of clathrin-associated structures with velocities up to 4.5 μm/s in a dense intracellular environment, and show that such dynamics cannot be recovered reliably at lower volumetric image acquisition rates using experimental data, numerical simulations, and theoretical modeling.
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238
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Cantelmo AR, Conradi LC, Brajic A, Goveia J, Kalucka J, Pircher A, Chaturvedi P, Hol J, Thienpont B, Teuwen LA, Schoors S, Boeckx B, Vriens J, Kuchnio A, Veys K, Cruys B, Finotto L, Treps L, Stav-Noraas TE, Bifari F, Stapor P, Decimo I, Kampen K, De Bock K, Haraldsen G, Schoonjans L, Rabelink T, Eelen G, Ghesquière B, Rehman J, Lambrechts D, Malik AB, Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P. Inhibition of the Glycolytic Activator PFKFB3 in Endothelium Induces Tumor Vessel Normalization, Impairs Metastasis, and Improves Chemotherapy. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:968-985. [PMID: 27866851 PMCID: PMC5675554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal tumor vessels promote metastasis and impair chemotherapy. Hence, tumor vessel normalization (TVN) is emerging as an anti-cancer treatment. Here, we show that tumor endothelial cells (ECs) have a hyper-glycolytic metabolism, shunting intermediates to nucleotide synthesis. EC haplo-deficiency or blockade of the glycolytic activator PFKFB3 did not affect tumor growth, but reduced cancer cell invasion, intravasation, and metastasis by normalizing tumor vessels, which improved vessel maturation and perfusion. Mechanistically, PFKFB3 inhibition tightened the vascular barrier by reducing VE-cadherin endocytosis in ECs, and rendering pericytes more quiescent and adhesive (via upregulation of N-cadherin) through glycolysis reduction; it also lowered the expression of cancer cell adhesion molecules in ECs by decreasing NF-κB signaling. PFKFB3-blockade treatment also improved chemotherapy of primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Cantelmo
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Brajic
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pallavi Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Johanna Hol
- Department of Pathology, K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Laure-Anne Teuwen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Schoors
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Anna Kuchnio
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Koen Veys
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bert Cruys
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lise Finotto
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tor Espen Stav-Noraas
- Department of Pathology, K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Stapor
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Kim Kampen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- Department of Pathology, K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Luc Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ton Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Metabolomics Core Facility, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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239
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Actin Is Crucial for All Kinetically Distinguishable Forms of Endocytosis at Synapses. Neuron 2016; 92:1020-1035. [PMID: 27840001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force is needed to mediate endocytosis. Whether actin, the most abundant force-generating molecule, is essential for endocytosis is highly controversial in mammalian cells, particularly synapses, likely due to the use of actin blockers, the efficiency and specificity of which are often unclear in the studied cell. Here we addressed this issue using a knockout approach combined with measurements of membrane capacitance and fission pore conductance, imaging of vesicular protein endocytosis, and electron microscopy. We found that two actin isoforms, β- and γ-actin, are crucial for slow, rapid, bulk, and overshoot endocytosis at large calyx-type synapses, and for slow endocytosis and bulk endocytosis at small hippocampal synapses. Polymerized actin provides mechanical force to form endocytic pits. Actin also facilitates replenishment of the readily releasable vesicle pool, likely via endocytic clearance of active zones. We conclude that polymerized actin provides mechanical force essential for all kinetically distinguishable forms of endocytosis at synapses.
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240
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Tyler JJ, Allwood EG, Ayscough KR. WASP family proteins, more than Arp2/3 activators. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:1339-1345. [PMID: 27911716 PMCID: PMC5095904 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family proteins have been extensively characterized as factors that promote the nucleation of actin through the activation of the protein complex Arp2/3. While yeast mostly have a single member of the family, mammalian cells have at least six different members, often with multiple isoforms. Members of the family are characterized by a common structure. Their N-termini are varied and are considered to confer spatial and temporal regulation of Arp2/3-activating activity, whereas their C-terminal half contains a polyproline-rich region, one or more WASP homology-2 (WH2) actin-binding domains and motifs that bind directly to Arp2/3. Recent studies, however, indicate that the yeast WASP homologue Las17 is able to nucleate actin independently of Arp2/3 through the function of novel G-actin-binding activities in its polyproline region. This allows Las17 to generate the mother filaments that are needed for subsequent Arp2/3 recruitment and activation during the actin polymerization that drives endocytic invagination in yeast. In this review, we consider how motifs within the polyproline region of Las17 support nucleation of actin filaments, and whether similar mechanisms might exist among other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Tyler
- Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Ellen G Allwood
- Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Kathryn R Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
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241
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Przybyla L, Muncie JM, Weaver VM. Mechanical Control of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transitions in Development and Cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:527-554. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laralynne Przybyla
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
| | - Jonathon M. Muncie
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering (University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Berkeley), San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
- Departments of Anatomy, Bioengineering, and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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242
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Antonny B, Burd C, De Camilli P, Chen E, Daumke O, Faelber K, Ford M, Frolov VA, Frost A, Hinshaw JE, Kirchhausen T, Kozlov MM, Lenz M, Low HH, McMahon H, Merrifield C, Pollard TD, Robinson PJ, Roux A, Schmid S. Membrane fission by dynamin: what we know and what we need to know. EMBO J 2016; 35:2270-2284. [PMID: 27670760 PMCID: PMC5090216 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The large GTPase dynamin is the first protein shown to catalyze membrane fission. Dynamin and its related proteins are essential to many cell functions, from endocytosis to organelle division and fusion, and it plays a critical role in many physiological functions such as synaptic transmission and muscle contraction. Research of the past three decades has focused on understanding how dynamin works. In this review, we present the basis for an emerging consensus on how dynamin functions. Three properties of dynamin are strongly supported by experimental data: first, dynamin oligomerizes into a helical polymer; second, dynamin oligomer constricts in the presence of GTP; and third, dynamin catalyzes membrane fission upon GTP hydrolysis. We present the two current models for fission, essentially diverging in how GTP energy is spent. We further discuss how future research might solve the remaining open questions presently under discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Antonny
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Christopher Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oliver Daumke
- Department of Crystallography, Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Faelber
- Department of Crystallography, Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marijn Ford
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vadim A Frolov
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jenny E Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin Lenz
- LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Harry H Low
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry and Swiss NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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243
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Muriel O, Tomas A, Scott CC, Gruenberg J. Moesin and cortactin control actin-dependent multivesicular endosome biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3305-3316. [PMID: 27605702 PMCID: PMC5170863 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Moesin and cortactin on early endosomes are necessary for the formation of F-actin networks that mediate multivesicular endosome biogenesis and transport through the degradative pathway toward lysosomes. Presumably, this mechanism helps segregate recycling membranes from the maturing multivesicular endosomes. We used in vivo and in vitro strategies to study the mechanisms of multivesicular endosome biogenesis. We found that, whereas annexinA2 and ARP2/3 mediate F-actin nucleation and branching, respectively, the ERM protein moesin supports the formation of F-actin networks on early endosomes. We also found that moesin plays no role during endocytosis and recycling to the plasma membrane but is absolutely required, much like actin, for early-to-late-endosome transport and multivesicular endosome formation. Both actin network formation in vitro and early-to-late endosome transport in vivo also depend on the F-actin–binding protein cortactin. Our data thus show that moesin and cortactin are necessary for formation of F-actin networks that mediate endosome biogenesis or maturation and transport through the degradative pathway. We propose that the primary function of endosomal F-actin is to control the membrane remodeling that accompanies endosome biogenesis. We also speculate that this mechanism helps segregate tubular and multivesicular membranes along the recycling and degradation pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Muriel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Cameron C Scott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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244
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Gefen A, Weihs D. Cytoskeleton and plasma-membrane damage resulting from exposure to sustained deformations: A review of the mechanobiology of chronic wounds. Med Eng Phys 2016; 38:828-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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245
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Wen PJ, Grenklo S, Arpino G, Tan X, Liao HS, Heureaux J, Peng SY, Chiang HC, Hamid E, Zhao WD, Shin W, Näreoja T, Evergren E, Jin Y, Karlsson R, Ebert SN, Jin A, Liu AP, Shupliakov O, Wu LG. Actin dynamics provides membrane tension to merge fusing vesicles into the plasma membrane. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12604. [PMID: 27576662 PMCID: PMC5013665 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle fusion is executed via formation of an Ω-shaped structure (Ω-profile), followed by closure (kiss-and-run) or merging of the Ω-profile into the plasma membrane (full fusion). Although Ω-profile closure limits release but recycles vesicles economically, Ω-profile merging facilitates release but couples to classical endocytosis for recycling. Despite its crucial role in determining exocytosis/endocytosis modes, how Ω-profile merging is mediated is poorly understood in endocrine cells and neurons containing small ∼30–300 nm vesicles. Here, using confocal and super-resolution STED imaging, force measurements, pharmacology and gene knockout, we show that dynamic assembly of filamentous actin, involving ATP hydrolysis, N-WASP and formin, mediates Ω-profile merging by providing sufficient plasma membrane tension to shrink the Ω-profile in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells containing ∼300 nm vesicles. Actin-directed compounds also induce Ω-profile accumulation at lamprey synaptic active zones, suggesting that actin may mediate Ω-profile merging at synapses. These results uncover molecular and biophysical mechanisms underlying Ω-profile merging. As vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane, they form intermediate Ω-shaped structures followed by either closure of the pore or full merging with the plasma membrane. Here Wen et al. show that dynamic actin assembly provides membrane tension to promote Ω merging in neuroendocrine cells and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Wen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Staffan Grenklo
- Center of Excellence in Developmental Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell Biology, WGI, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gianvito Arpino
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Center of Excellence in Developmental Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Hsien-Shun Liao
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Johanna Heureaux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shi-Yong Peng
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hsueh-Cheng Chiang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Edaeni Hamid
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Wonchul Shin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Center of Excellence in Developmental Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Evergren
- Center of Excellence in Developmental Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yinghui Jin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Cell Biology, WGI, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven N Ebert
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
| | - Albert Jin
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Oleg Shupliakov
- Center of Excellence in Developmental Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ling-Gang Wu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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246
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Wu S, Majeed SR, Evans TM, Camus MD, Wong NML, Schollmeier Y, Park M, Muppidi JR, Reboldi A, Parham P, Cyster JG, Brodsky FM. Clathrin light chains' role in selective endocytosis influences antibody isotype switching. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9816-21. [PMID: 27540116 PMCID: PMC5024586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611189113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin, a cytosolic protein composed of heavy and light chain subunits, assembles into a vesicle coat, controlling receptor-mediated endocytosis. To establish clathrin light chain (CLC) function in vivo, we engineered mice lacking CLCa, the major CLC isoform in B lymphocytes, generating animals with CLC-deficient B cells. In CLCa-null mice, the germinal centers have fewer B cells, and they are enriched for IgA-producing cells. This enhanced switch to IgA production in the absence of CLCa was attributable to increased transforming growth factor β receptor 2 (TGFβR2) signaling resulting from defective endocytosis. Internalization of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), but not CXCR5, was affected in CLCa-null B cells, and CLC depletion from cell lines affected endocytosis of the δ-opioid receptor, but not the β2-adrenergic receptor, defining a role for CLCs in the uptake of a subset of signaling receptors. This instance of clathrin subunit deletion in vertebrates demonstrates that CLCs contribute to clathrin's role in vivo by influencing cargo selectivity, a function previously assigned exclusively to adaptor molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Cerebral Cortex/immunology
- Clathrin Light Chains/genetics
- Clathrin Light Chains/immunology
- Endocytosis/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin A/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/immunology
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/immunology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/agonists
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Sophia R Majeed
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Timothy M Evans
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Marine D Camus
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole M L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yvette Schollmeier
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Minjong Park
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jagan R Muppidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
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247
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Liu Z, Ning G, Xu R, Cao Y, Meng A, Wang Q. Fscn1 is required for the trafficking of TGF-β family type I receptors during endoderm formation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12603. [PMID: 27545838 PMCID: PMC4996939 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules function in TGF-β signalling by facilitating the cytoplasmic trafficking of internalized receptors and the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Smads. However, nothing is known about whether actin filaments are required for these processes. Here we report that zebrafish actin-bundling protein fscn1a is highly expressed in mesendodermal precursors and its expression is directly regulated by the TGF-β superfamily member Nodal. Knockdown or knockout of fscn1a leads to a reduction of Nodal signal transduction and endoderm formation in zebrafish embryos. Fscn1 specifically interacts with TGF-β family type I receptors, and its depletion disrupts the association between receptors and actin filaments and sequesters the internalized receptors into clathrin-coated vesicles. Therefore, Fscn1 acts as a molecular linker between TGF-β family type I receptors and the actin filaments to promote the trafficking of internalized receptors from clathrin-coated vesicles to early endosomes during zebrafish endoderm formation. It is unclear how the cytoskeleton acts to assist in TGF-β signalling downstream of the receptor. Here, in zebrafish, the authors show that the actin-bundling protein FSCN1 interacts with TGF-β type I receptors ALK 4 and 5, enabling actin filament mediated vesicle trafficking and endoderm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guozhu Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ranran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Anming Meng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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248
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Aguet F, Upadhyayula S, Gaudin R, Chou YY, Cocucci E, He K, Chen BC, Mosaliganti K, Pasham M, Skillern W, Legant WR, Liu TL, Findlay G, Marino E, Danuser G, Megason S, Betzig E, Kirchhausen T. Membrane dynamics of dividing cells imaged by lattice light-sheet microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3418-3435. [PMID: 27535432 PMCID: PMC5221578 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lattice light-sheet microscopy is used to examine two problems in membrane dynamics—molecular events in clathrin-coated pit formation and changes in cell shape during cell division. This methodology sets a new standard for imaging membrane dynamics in single cells and multicellular assemblies. Membrane remodeling is an essential part of transferring components to and from the cell surface and membrane-bound organelles and for changes in cell shape, which are particularly critical during cell division. Earlier analyses, based on classical optical live-cell imaging and mostly restricted by technical necessity to the attached bottom surface, showed persistent formation of endocytic clathrin pits and vesicles during mitosis. Taking advantage of the resolution, speed, and noninvasive illumination of the newly developed lattice light-sheet fluorescence microscope, we reexamined their assembly dynamics over the entire cell surface and found that clathrin pits form at a lower rate during late mitosis. Full-cell imaging measurements of cell surface area and volume throughout the cell cycle of single cells in culture and in zebrafish embryos showed that the total surface increased rapidly during the transition from telophase to cytokinesis, whereas cell volume increased slightly in metaphase and was relatively constant during cytokinesis. These applications demonstrate the advantage of lattice light-sheet microscopy and enable a new standard for imaging membrane dynamics in single cells and multicellular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Aguet
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raphaël Gaudin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yi-Ying Chou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kangmin He
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | | | - Mithun Pasham
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wesley Skillern
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Tsung-Li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Greg Findlay
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Eric Marino
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sean Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 .,Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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249
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Jarsch IK, Daste F, Gallop JL. Membrane curvature in cell biology: An integration of molecular mechanisms. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:375-87. [PMID: 27528656 PMCID: PMC4987295 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Curving biological membranes establishes the complex architecture of the cell and mediates membrane traffic to control flux through subcellular compartments. Common molecular mechanisms for bending membranes are evident in different cell biological contexts across eukaryotic phyla. These mechanisms can be intrinsic to the membrane bilayer (either the lipid or protein components) or can be brought about by extrinsic factors, including the cytoskeleton. Here, we review examples of membrane curvature generation in animals, fungi, and plants. We showcase the molecular mechanisms involved and how they collaborate and go on to highlight contexts of curvature that are exciting areas of future research. Lessons from how membranes are bent in yeast and mammals give hints as to the molecular mechanisms we expect to see used by plants and protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Jarsch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England, UK
| | - Frederic Daste
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England, UK
| | - Jennifer L Gallop
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England, UK
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250
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Simunovic M, Prévost C, Callan-Jones A, Bassereau P. Physical basis of some membrane shaping mechanisms. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2016.0034. [PMID: 27298443 PMCID: PMC4920286 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vesicular transport pathways, membrane proteins and lipids are internalized, externalized or transported within cells, not by bulk diffusion of single molecules, but embedded in the membrane of small vesicles or thin tubules. The formation of these 'transport carriers' follows sequential events: membrane bending, fission from the donor compartment, transport and eventually fusion with the acceptor membrane. A similar sequence is involved during the internalization of drug or gene carriers inside cells. These membrane-shaping events are generally mediated by proteins binding to membranes. The mechanisms behind these biological processes are actively studied both in the context of cell biology and biophysics. Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain proteins are ideally suited for illustrating how simple soft matter principles can account for membrane deformation by proteins. We review here some experimental methods and corresponding theoretical models to measure how these proteins affect the mechanics and the shape of membranes. In more detail, we show how an experimental method employing optical tweezers to pull a tube from a giant vesicle may give important quantitative insights into the mechanism by which proteins sense and generate membrane curvature and the mechanism of membrane scission.This article is part of the themed issue 'Soft interfacial materials: from fundamentals to formulation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijo Simunovic
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Coline Prévost
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Andrew Callan-Jones
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS, UMR 7057, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
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