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Discovery of a ROCK inhibitor, FPND, which prevents cerebral hemorrhage through maintaining vascular integrity by interference with VE-cadherin. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17051. [PMID: 28845297 PMCID: PMC5563523 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain, leading to high rates of death and disability worldwide. A series of complex pathophysiological cascades contribute to the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, and no therapies have proven effective to prevent hemorrhagic stroke. Stabilization of vascular integrity has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for hemorrhagic stroke. ROCKs, which belong to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and participate in the organization of actin cytoskeleton, have become attractive targets for the treatment of strokes. In this study, in vitro enzyme-based assays revealed that a new compound (FPND) with a novel scaffold identified by docking-based virtual screening could inhibit ROCK1 specifically at low micromolar concentration. Molecular modeling showed that FPND preferentially interacted with ROCK1, and the difference between the binding affinity of FPND toward ROCK1 and ROCK2 primarily resulted from non-polar contributions. Furthermore, FPND significantly prevented statin-induced cerebral hemorrhage in a zebrafish model. In addition, in vitro studies using the xCELLigence RTCA system, immunofluorescence and western blotting revealed that FPND prevented statin-induced cerebral hemorrhage by enhancing endothelial cell–cell junctions through inhibiting the ROCK-mediated VE-cadherin signaling pathway. As indicated by the extremely low toxicity of FPND against mice, it is safe and can potentially prevent vascular integrity loss-related diseases, such as hemorrhagic stroke.
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204
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Conway DE, Coon BG, Budatha M, Arsenovic PT, Orsenigo F, Wessel F, Zhang J, Zhuang Z, Dejana E, Vestweber D, Schwartz MA. VE-Cadherin Phosphorylation Regulates Endothelial Fluid Shear Stress Responses through the Polarity Protein LGN. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2219-2225.e5. [PMID: 28712573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluid shear stress due to blood flow on the vascular endothelium regulates blood vessel development, remodeling, physiology, and pathology [1, 2]. A complex consisting of PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) that resides at endothelial cell-cell junctions transduces signals important for flow-dependent vasodilation, blood vessel remodeling, and atherosclerosis. PECAM-1 transduces forces to activate src family kinases (SFKs), which phosphorylate and transactivate VEGFRs [3-5]. By contrast, VE-cadherin functions as an adaptor that interacts with VEGFRs through their respective cytoplasmic domains and promotes VEGFR activation in flow [6]. Indeed, shear stress triggers rapid increases in force across PECAM-1 but decreases the force across VE-cadherin, in close association with downstream signaling [5]. Interestingly, VE-cadherin cytoplasmic tyrosine Y658 can be phosphorylated by SFKs [7], which is maximally induced by low shear stress in vitro and in vivo [8]. These considerations prompted us to address the involvement of VE-cadherin cytoplasmic tyrosines in flow sensing. We found that phosphorylation of a small pool of VE-cadherin on Y658 is essential for flow sensing through the junctional complex. Y658 phosphorylation induces dissociation of p120ctn, which allows binding of the polarity protein LGN. LGN is then required for multiple flow responses in vitro and in vivo, including activation of inflammatory signaling at regions of disturbed flow, and flow-dependent vascular remodeling. Thus, endothelial flow mechanotransduction through the junctional complex is mediated by a specific pool of VE-cadherin that is phosphorylated on Y658 and bound to LGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Brian G Coon
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Madhusudhan Budatha
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Paul T Arsenovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Fabrizio Orsenigo
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Florian Wessel
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Zhenwu Zhuang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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205
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Boldock L, Wittkowske C, Perrault CM. Microfluidic traction force microscopy to study mechanotransduction in angiogenesis. Microcirculation 2017; 24. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Boldock
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Claudia Wittkowske
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Cecile M. Perrault
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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206
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Luo M, Flood EC, Almeida D, Yan L, Berlin DA, Heerdt PM, Hajjar KA. Annexin A2 supports pulmonary microvascular integrity by linking vascular endothelial cadherin and protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2535-2545. [PMID: 28694388 PMCID: PMC5584111 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Luo et al. demonstrate that annexin A2 is required to maintain vascular integrity in the hypoxic mouse lung. A2 prevents extravasation of fluid and leukocytes by promoting activity of the phosphatases VE-PTP and SHP2, thereby modulating phosphorylation of vascular endothelial cadherin. Relative or absolute hypoxia activates signaling pathways that alter gene expression and stabilize the pulmonary microvasculature. Alveolar hypoxia occurs in disorders ranging from altitude sickness to airway obstruction, apnea, and atelectasis. Here, we report that the phospholipid-binding protein, annexin A2 (ANXA2) functions to maintain vascular integrity in the face of alveolar hypoxia. We demonstrate that microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) from Anxa2−/− mice display reduced barrier function and excessive Src-related tyrosine phosphorylation of the adherens junction protein vascular endothelial cadherin (VEC). Moreover, unlike Anxa2+/+ controls, Anxa2−/− mice develop pulmonary edema and neutrophil infiltration in the lung parenchyma in response to subacute alveolar hypoxia. Mice deficient in the ANXA2-binding partner, S100A10, failed to demonstrate hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema under the same conditions. Further analyses reveal that ANXA2 forms a complex with VEC and its phosphatases, EC-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) and Src homology phosphatase 2 (SHP2), both of which are implicated in vascular integrity. In the absence of ANXA2, VEC is hyperphosphorylated at tyrosine 731 in response to vascular endothelial growth factor, which likely contributes to hypoxia-induced extravasation of fluid and leukocytes. We conclude that ANXA2 contributes to pulmonary microvascular integrity by enabling VEC-related phosphatase activity, thereby preventing vascular leak during alveolar hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Elle C Flood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Dena Almeida
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - LunBiao Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - David A Berlin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Paul M Heerdt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Katherine A Hajjar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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207
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Angiopoietin-Tie signalling in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:87-103. [PMID: 27941161 PMCID: PMC5146956 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells that form the inner layer of blood and lymphatic vessels are important regulators of vascular functions and centrally involved in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. In addition to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor pathway, the angiopoietin (Ang)-Tie system is a second endothelial cell specific ligand-receptor signalling system necessary for embryonic cardiovascular and lymphatic development. The Ang-Tie system also regulates postnatal angiogenesis, vessel remodelling, vascular permeability and inflammation to maintain vascular homoeostasis in adult physiology. This system is implicated in numerous diseases where the vasculature has an important contribution, such as cancer, sepsis, diabetes, atherosclerosis and ocular diseases. Furthermore, mutations in the TIE2 signalling pathway cause defects in vascular morphogenesis, resulting in venous malformations and primary congenital glaucoma. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the Ang-Tie signalling system, including cross-talk with the vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) and the integrin cell adhesion receptors, focusing on the Ang-Tie system in vascular development and pathogenesis of vascular diseases.
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208
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Alexopoulou AN, Lees DM, Bodrug N, Lechertier T, Fernandez I, D'Amico G, Dukinfield M, Batista S, Tavora B, Serrels B, Hodivala‐Dilke K. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) tyrosine 397E mutation restores the vascular leakage defect in endothelium-specific FAK-kinase dead mice. J Pathol 2017; 242:358-370. [PMID: 28444899 PMCID: PMC5518444 DOI: 10.1002/path.4911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors have been developed as potential anticancer agents and are undergoing clinical trials. In vitro activation of the FAK kinase domain triggers autophosphorylation of Y397, Src activation, and subsequent phosphorylation of other FAK tyrosine residues. However, how FAK Y397 mutations affect FAK kinase-dead (KD) phenotypes in tumour angiogenesis in vivo is unknown. We developed three Pdgfb-iCreert -driven endothelial cell (EC)-specific, tamoxifen-inducible homozygous mutant mouse lines: FAK wild-type (WT), FAK KD, and FAK double mutant (DM), i.e. KD with a putatively phosphomimetic Y397E mutation. These ECCre+;FAKWT/WT , ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice were injected subcutaneously with syngeneic B16F0 melanoma cells. Tumour growth and tumour blood vessel functions were unchanged between ECCre+;FAKWT/WT and ECCre-;FAKWT/WT control mice. In contrast, tumour growth and vessel density were decreased in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice, as compared with Cre - littermates. Despite no change in the percentage of perfused vessels or pericyte coverage in either genotype, tumour hypoxia was elevated in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice. Furthermore, although ECCre+;FAKKD/KD mice showed reduced blood vessel leakage, ECCre+;FAKDM/DM and ECCre-;FAKDM/DM mice showed no difference in leakage. Mechanistically, fibronectin-stimulated Y397 autophosphorylation was reduced in Cre+;FAKKD/KD ECs as compared with Cre+;FAKWT/WT cells, with no change in phosphorylation of the known Src targets FAK-Y577, FAK-Y861, FAK-Y925, paxillin-Y118, p130Cas-Y410. Cre+;FAKDM/DM ECs showed decreased Src target phosphorylation levels, suggesting that the Y397E substitution actually disrupted Src activation. Reduced VE-cadherin-pY658 levels in Cre+;FAKKD/KD ECs were rescued in Cre+FAKDM/DM ECs, corresponding with the rescue in vessel leakage in the ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice. We show that EC-specific FAK kinase activity is required for tumour growth, angiogenesis, and vascular permeability. The ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice restored the KD-dependent tumour vascular leakage observed in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD mice in vivo. This study opens new fields in in vivo FAK signalling. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine M Lees
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Natalia Bodrug
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Tanguy Lechertier
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Isabelle Fernandez
- Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris‐SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Gabriela D'Amico
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew Dukinfield
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Silvia Batista
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer ResearchSuttonUK
| | - Bernardo Tavora
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer BiologyRockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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209
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Chang F, Flavahan S, Flavahan NA. Impaired activity of adherens junctions contributes to endothelial dilator dysfunction in ageing rat arteries. J Physiol 2017; 595:5143-5158. [PMID: 28561330 DOI: 10.1113/jp274189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Ageing-induced endothelial dysfunction contributes to organ dysfunction and progression of cardiovascular disease. VE-cadherin clustering at adherens junctions promotes protective endothelial functions, including endothelium-dependent dilatation. Ageing increased internalization and degradation of VE-cadherin, resulting in impaired activity of adherens junctions. Inhibition of VE-cadherin clustering at adherens junctions (function-blocking antibody; FBA) reduced endothelial dilatation in young arteries but did not affect the already impaired dilatation in old arteries. After junctional disruption with the FBA, dilatation was similar in young and old arteries. Src tyrosine kinase activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin were increased in old arteries. Src inhibition increased VE-cadherin at adherens junctions and increased endothelial dilatation in old, but not young, arteries. Src inhibition did not increase dilatation in old arteries treated with the VE-cadherin FBA. Ageing impairs the activity of adherens junctions, which contributes to endothelial dilator dysfunction. Restoring the activity of adherens junctions could be of therapeutic benefit in vascular ageing. ABSTRACT Endothelial dilator dysfunction contributes to pathological vascular ageing. Experiments assessed whether altered activity of endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) might contribute to this dysfunction. Aortas and tail arteries were isolated from young (3-4 months) and old (22-24 months) F344 rats. VE-cadherin immunofluorescent staining at endothelial AJs and AJ width were reduced in old compared to young arteries. A 140 kDa VE-cadherin species was present on the cell surface and in TTX-insoluble fractions, consistent with junctional localization. Levels of the 140 kDa VE-cadherin were decreased, whereas levels of a TTX-soluble 115 kDa VE-cadherin species were increased in old compared to young arteries. Acetylcholine caused endothelium-dependent dilatation that was decreased in old compared to young arteries. Disruption of VE-cadherin clustering at AJs (function-blocking antibody, FBA) inhibited dilatation to acetylcholine in young, but not old, arteries. After the FBA, there was no longer any difference in dilatation between old and young arteries. Src activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin were increased in old compared to young arteries. In old arteries, Src inhibition (saracatinib) increased: (i) 140 kDa VE-cadherin in the TTX-insoluble fraction, (ii) VE-cadherin intensity at AJs, (iii) AJ width, and (iv) acetylcholine dilatation. In old arteries treated with the FBA, saracatinib no longer increased acetylcholine dilatation. Saracatinib did not affect dilatation in young arteries. Therefore, ageing impairs AJ activity, which appears to reflect Src-induced phosphorylation, internalization and degradation of VE-cadherin. Moreover, impaired AJ activity can account for the endothelial dilator dysfunction in old arteries. Restoring endothelial AJ activity may be a novel therapeutic approach to vascular ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheila Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas A Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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210
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Kabacik S, Raj K. Ionising radiation increases permeability of endothelium through ADAM10-mediated cleavage of VE-cadherin. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82049-82063. [PMID: 29137243 PMCID: PMC5669869 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between ionising radiation (IR) exposure and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is well documented, but the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. As atherosclerotic plaques are the most common cause of CVD, we investigated the effects of IR on one of the critical parameters for atherosclerotic plaque formation – endothelium permeability to macromolecules. We used endothelial cells from human coronary artery as a model of the endothelial layer. Our results show that exposure of this endothelial layer to IR increased its permeability to macromolecules of various sizes in a dose-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed disruption of cell junctions caused by decreased amounts of two junction proteins, one of which is vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). The reduction in the level of this protein was not due to diminished transcription but to protein processing instead. We observed a radiation dose-dependent increase in the cleavage of VE-cadherin by ADAM10. This was not mediated through the canonical VEGF route but was instead accompanied by intra-cellular calcium release. Importantly, inhibition of ADAM10 activity rescued IR-induced permeability. Our observations demonstrate that exposure to IR activates ADAM10 to cleave VE-cadherin leading to augmented endothelium permeability; a feature that can lead to the development of atherosclerotic plaques and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Kabacik
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
| | - Ken Raj
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
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211
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Stefopoulos G, Giampietro C, Falk V, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A. Facile endothelium protection from TNF-α inflammatory insult with surface topography. Biomaterials 2017; 138:131-141. [PMID: 28558298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adverse events triggered by the direct contact between blood and synthetic materials constitute a sincere shortcoming of cardiovascular implant technology. A well-connected autologous endothelium, generated through the process of endothelialization, impedes such interaction and endows the implant luminal interface with optimal protection. The endothelialization of artificial substrates is the result of a complex interplay between endothelial cells (ECs), surface topography, and flow-generated wall shear stress (WSS). This is however tainted by the pro-inflammatory signaling, typical of cardiovascular patients, which compromises endothelial integrity and survival. Here, we challenge human endothelial monolayers with the pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α under realistic WSS conditions. In these experimental settings we demonstrate that the simple contact between ECs and an optimized surface geometry can inhibit NF-kB activation downstream of TNF-α yielding increased stability of VE-Cadherin mediated cell-to-cell junctions and of focal adhesions. Therefore the here-presented topographic modification can be implemented on a range of artificial substrates enabling their endothelialization under supra-physiological flow and in the presence of pro-inflammatory insults. These new findings constitute an important step toward achieving the full hemocompatibility of cardiovascular implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Stefopoulos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Institute Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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212
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Komarova YA, Kruse K, Mehta D, Malik AB. Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability. Circ Res 2017; 120:179-206. [PMID: 28057793 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The monolayer of endothelial cells lining the vessel wall forms a semipermeable barrier (in all tissue except the relatively impermeable blood-brain and inner retinal barriers) that regulates tissue-fluid homeostasis, transport of nutrients, and migration of blood cells across the barrier. Permeability of the endothelial barrier is primarily regulated by a protein complex called adherens junctions. Adherens junctions are not static structures; they are continuously remodeled in response to mechanical and chemical cues in both physiological and pathological settings. Here, we discuss recent insights into the post-translational modifications of junctional proteins and signaling pathways regulating plasticity of adherens junctions and endothelial permeability. We also discuss in the context of what is already known and newly defined signaling pathways that mediate endothelial barrier leakiness (hyperpermeability) that are important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and lung diseases and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Komarova
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Kevin Kruse
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Dolly Mehta
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Asrar B Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago.
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213
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Triacca V, Güç E, Kilarski WW, Pisano M, Swartz MA. Transcellular Pathways in Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Regulate Changes in Solute Transport by Fluid Stress. Circ Res 2017; 120:1440-1452. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
The transport of interstitial fluid and solutes into lymphatic vessels is important for maintaining interstitial homeostasis and delivering antigens and soluble factors to the lymph node for immune surveillance. Transendothelial transport across lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) is commonly considered to occur paracellularly, or between cell–cell junctions, and driven by local pressure and concentration gradients. However, emerging evidence suggests that LECs also play active roles in regulating interstitial solute balance and can scavenge and store antigens, raising the possibility that vesicular or transcellular pathways may be important in lymphatic solute transport.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of transcellular (vesicular) versus paracellular transport pathways by LECs and how mechanical stress (ie, fluid flow conditioning) alters either pathway.
Methods and Results:
We demonstrate that transcellular transport mechanisms substantially contribute to lymphatic solute transport and that solute uptake occurs in both caveolae- and clathrin-coated vesicles. In vivo, intracelluar uptake of fluorescently labeled albumin after intradermal injection by LECs was similar to that of dermal dendritic cells. In vitro, we developed a method to differentially quantify intracellular solute uptake versus transendothelial transport by LECs. LECs preconditioned to 1 µm/s transmural flow demonstrated increased uptake and basal-to-apical solute transport, which could be substantially reversed by blocking dynamin-dependent vesicle formation.
Conclusions:
These findings reveal the importance of intracellular transport in steady-state lymph formation and suggest that LECs use transcellular mechanisms in parallel to the well-described paracellular route to modulate solute transport from the interstitium according to biomechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Triacca
- From the Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (V.T., E.G., W.W.K., M.P., M.A.S.); and Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, IL (W.W.K., M.A.S.)
| | - Esra Güç
- From the Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (V.T., E.G., W.W.K., M.P., M.A.S.); and Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, IL (W.W.K., M.A.S.)
| | - Witold W. Kilarski
- From the Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (V.T., E.G., W.W.K., M.P., M.A.S.); and Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, IL (W.W.K., M.A.S.)
| | - Marco Pisano
- From the Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (V.T., E.G., W.W.K., M.P., M.A.S.); and Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, IL (W.W.K., M.A.S.)
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- From the Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (V.T., E.G., W.W.K., M.P., M.A.S.); and Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, IL (W.W.K., M.A.S.)
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214
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Zhang WJ, Li PX, Guo XH, Huang QB. Role of moesin, Src, and ROS in advanced glycation end product-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. Microcirculation 2017; 24. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-jin Zhang
- First Clinical College of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Pei-xin Li
- First Clinical College of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao-hua Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology; Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qiao-bing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology; Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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215
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Dong R, Hu D, Yang Y, Chen Z, Fu M, Wang DW, Xu X, Tu L. EETs reduces LPS-induced hyperpermeability by targeting GRP78 mediated Src activation and subsequent Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50958-50971. [PMID: 28881620 PMCID: PMC5584221 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrity of endothelial barrier is a determinant of the prognosis in the acute lung injury caused by sepsis. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), metabolites of arachidonic acid, exhibit protective effects in various pathogenic states, however, whether EETs play a role in endothelial barrier enhancement and the involved mechanisms remain to be investigated. Here, we show that increased EETs level by endothelial specific cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2J2 over-expression and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor TPPU reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial hyper-permeability in vivo, accompanied by improved survival of septic mice. In addition, sEH inhibitor AUDA and 11,12-EET also decreased endothelial hyper-permeability in the in-vitro study. Importantly, the relative mechanisms were associated with reduced GRP78-Src interaction and ROS production, and subsequently reduced RhoA/ROCK activation, and eventually decreased VE-cadherin and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Thus CYP2J2-EETs is crucial for RhoA-dependent regulation of cytoskeletal architecture leading to reversible changes in vascular permeability, which may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches for pulmonary edema and other diseases caused by abnormal vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Dong
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Danli Hu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Menglu Fu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- The Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xizhen Xu
- The Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ling Tu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
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216
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Soni D, Regmi SC, Wang DM, DebRoy A, Zhao YY, Vogel SM, Malik AB, Tiruppathi C. Pyk2 phosphorylation of VE-PTP downstream of STIM1-induced Ca 2+ entry regulates disassembly of adherens junctions. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L1003-L1017. [PMID: 28385807 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00008.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) stabilizes endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) through constitutive dephosphorylation of VE-cadherin. Here we investigated the role of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in regulating AJ assembly. We observed that SOCE induced by STIM1 activated Pyk2 in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) and induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-PTP at Y1981. Pyk2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-PTP promoted Src binding to VE-PTP, Src activation, and subsequent VE-cadherin phosphorylation and thereby increased the endothelial permeability response. The increase in permeability was secondary to disassembly of AJs. Pyk2-mediated responses were blocked in EC-restricted Stim1 knockout mice, indicating the requirement for STIM1 in initiating the signaling cascade. A peptide derived from the Pyk2 phosphorylation site on VE-PTP abolished the STIM1/SOCE-activated permeability response. Thus Pyk2 activation secondary to STIM1-induced SOCE causes tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-PTP, and VE-PTP, in turn, binds to and activates Src, thereby phosphorylating VE-cadherin to increase endothelial permeability through disassembly of AJs. Our results thus identify a novel signaling mechanism by which STIM1-induced Ca2+ signaling activates Pyk2 to inhibit the interaction of VE-PTP and VE-cadherin and hence increase endothelial permeability. Therefore, targeting the Pyk2 activation pathway may be a potentially important anti-inflammatory strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Soni
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sushil C Regmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Auditi DebRoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen M Vogel
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chinnaswamy Tiruppathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
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217
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Dragoni S, Hudson N, Kenny BA, Burgoyne T, McKenzie JA, Gill Y, Blaber R, Futter CE, Adamson P, Greenwood J, Turowski P. Endothelial MAPKs Direct ICAM-1 Signaling to Divergent Inflammatory Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4074-4085. [PMID: 28373581 PMCID: PMC5421301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is critically dependent on intraendothelial signaling triggered by adhesion to ICAM-1. Here we show that endothelial MAPKs ERK, p38, and JNK mediate diapedesis-related and diapedesis-unrelated functions of ICAM-1 in cerebral and dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). All three MAPKs were activated by ICAM-1 engagement, either through lymphocyte adhesion or Ab-mediated clustering. MAPKs were involved in ICAM-1-dependent expression of TNF-α in cerebral and dermal MVECs, and CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, VCAM-1, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in cerebral MVECs. Endothelial JNK and to a much lesser degree p38 were the principal MAPKs involved in facilitating diapedesis of CD4+ lymphocytes across both types of MVECs, whereas ERK was additionally required for TEM across dermal MVECs. JNK activity was critical for ICAM-1-induced F-actin rearrangements. Furthermore, activation of endothelial ICAM-1/JNK led to phosphorylation of paxillin, its association with VE-cadherin, and internalization of the latter. Importantly ICAM-1-induced phosphorylation of paxillin was required for lymphocyte TEM and converged functionally with VE-cadherin phosphorylation. Taken together we conclude that during lymphocyte TEM, ICAM-1 signaling diverges into pathways regulating lymphocyte diapedesis, and other pathways modulating gene expression thereby contributing to the long-term inflammatory response of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Hudson
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget-Ann Kenny
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny A McKenzie
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Gill
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Blaber
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Adamson
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Patric Turowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
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218
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Zhang B, Xu X, Chu X, Yu X, Zhao Y. Protective effects of angiopoietin-like 4 on the blood-brain barrier in acute ischemic stroke treated with thrombolysis in mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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219
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Sakaue T, Fujisaki A, Nakayama H, Maekawa M, Hiyoshi H, Kubota E, Joh T, Izutani H, Higashiyama S. Neddylated Cullin 3 is required for vascular endothelial-cadherin-mediated endothelial barrier function. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:208-215. [PMID: 27987332 PMCID: PMC5329144 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial (VE)‐cadherin, a major endothelial adhesion molecule, regulates vascular permeability, and increased vascular permeability has been observed in several cancers. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the NEDD8‐Cullin E3 ligase, in maintaining barrier permeability. To this end, we investigated the effects of the inhibition of Cullin E3 ligases, by using inhibitors and knockdown techniques in HUVECs. Furthermore, we analyzed the mRNA and protein levels of the ligases by quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The results revealed that NEDD8‐conjugated Cullin 3 is required for VE‐cadherin‐mediated endothelial barrier functions. Treatment of HUVECs with MLN4924, a chemical inhibitor of the NEDD8‐activating enzyme, led to high vascular permeability due to impaired cell–cell contact. Similar results were obtained when HUVECs were treated with siRNA directed against Cullin 3, one of the target substrates of NEDD8. Immunocytochemical staining showed that both treatments equally depleted VE‐cadherin protein localized at the cell–cell borders. However, quantitative RT‐PCR showed that there was no significant difference in the VE‐cadherin mRNA levels between the treatment and control groups. In addition, cycloheximide chase assay revealed that the half‐life of VE‐cadherin protein was dramatically reduced by Cullin 3 depletion. Together, these findings suggest that neddylated Cullin 3 plays a crucial role in endothelial cell barrier function by regulating VE‐cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Sakaue
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Ayako Fujisaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Hironao Nakayama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironori Izutani
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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220
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Delgado-Bellido D, Serrano-Saenz S, Fernández-Cortés M, Oliver FJ. Vasculogenic mimicry signaling revisited: focus on non-vascular VE-cadherin. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:65. [PMID: 28320399 PMCID: PMC5359927 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a blood supply system independent of endothelial vessels in tumor cells from different origins. It reflects the plasticity of aggressive tumor cells that express vascular cell markers and line tumor vasculature. The presence of VM is associated with a high tumor grade, short survival, invasion and metastasis. Endothelial cells (ECs) express various members of the cadherin superfamily, in particular vascular endothelial (VE-) cadherin, which is the main adhesion receptor of endothelial adherent junctions. Aberrant extra-vascular expression of VE-cadherin has been observed in certain cancer types associated with VM. In this review we focus on non-endothelial VE-cadherin as a prominent factor involved in the acquisition of tubules-like structures by aggressive tumor cells and we summarize the specific signaling pathways, the association with trans-differentiation and stem-like phenotype and the therapeutic opportunities derived from the in-depth knowledge of the peculiarities of the biology of VE-cadherin and other key components of VM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - F Javier Oliver
- IPBLN, CSIC, CIBERONC, Granada, Spain. .,IPBLN, CSIC, Av. Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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221
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Heinolainen K, Karaman S, D'Amico G, Tammela T, Sormunen R, Eklund L, Alitalo K, Zarkada G. VEGFR3 Modulates Vascular Permeability by Controlling VEGF/VEGFR2 Signaling. Circ Res 2017; 120:1414-1425. [PMID: 28298294 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the main driver of angiogenesis and vascular permeability via VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), whereas lymphangiogenesis signals are transduced by VEGFC/D via VEGFR3. VEGFR3 also regulates sprouting angiogenesis and blood vessel growth, but to what extent VEGFR3 signaling controls blood vessel permeability remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of VEGFR3 in the regulation of VEGF-induced vascular permeability. METHODS AND RESULTS Long-term global Vegfr3 gene deletion in adult mice resulted in increased fibrinogen deposition in lungs and kidneys, indicating enhanced vascular leakage at the steady state. Short-term deletion of Vegfr3 in blood vascular endothelial cells increased baseline leakage in various tissues, as well as in tumors, and exacerbated vascular permeability in response to VEGF, administered via intradermal adenoviral delivery or through systemic injection of recombinant protein. VEGFR3 gene silencing upregulated VEGFR2 protein levels and phosphorylation in cultured endothelial cells. Consistent with elevated VEGFR2 activity, vascular endothelial cadherin showed reduced localization at endothelial cell-cell junctions in postnatal retinas after Vegfr3 deletion, or after VEGFR3 silencing in cultured endothelial cells. Furthermore, concurrent deletion of Vegfr2 prevented VEGF-induced excessive vascular leakage in mice lacking Vegfr3. CONCLUSIONS VEGFR3 limits VEGFR2 expression and VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway activity in quiescent and angiogenic blood vascular endothelial cells, thereby preventing excessive vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Heinolainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.H., S.K., G.D'A., T.T., K.A., G.Z.); Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (R.S.); and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland (L.E.)
| | - Sinem Karaman
- From the Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.H., S.K., G.D'A., T.T., K.A., G.Z.); Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (R.S.); and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland (L.E.)
| | - Gabriela D'Amico
- From the Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.H., S.K., G.D'A., T.T., K.A., G.Z.); Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (R.S.); and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland (L.E.)
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- From the Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.H., S.K., G.D'A., T.T., K.A., G.Z.); Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (R.S.); and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland (L.E.)
| | - Raija Sormunen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.H., S.K., G.D'A., T.T., K.A., G.Z.); Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (R.S.); and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland (L.E.)
| | - Lauri Eklund
- From the Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.H., S.K., G.D'A., T.T., K.A., G.Z.); Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (R.S.); and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland (L.E.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.H., S.K., G.D'A., T.T., K.A., G.Z.); Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (R.S.); and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland (L.E.)
| | - Georgia Zarkada
- From the Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.H., S.K., G.D'A., T.T., K.A., G.Z.); Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (R.S.); and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland (L.E.).
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222
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Satoh T, Satoh K, Yaoita N, Kikuchi N, Omura J, Kurosawa R, Numano K, Al-Mamun E, Siddique MAH, Sunamura S, Nogi M, Suzuki K, Miyata S, Morser J, Shimokawa H. Activated TAFI Promotes the Development of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Possible Novel Therapeutic Target. Circ Res 2017; 120:1246-1262. [PMID: 28289017 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease; however, its pathogenesis still remains to be elucidated. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is synthesized by the liver and inhibits fibrinolysis. Plasma TAFI levels are significantly increased in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of activated TAFI (TAFIa) in the development of CTEPH. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining showed that TAFI and its binding partner thrombomodulin (TM) were highly expressed in the pulmonary arteries (PAs) and thrombus in patients with CTEPH. Moreover, plasma levels of TAFIa were increased 10-fold in CTEPH patients compared with controls. In mice, chronic hypoxia caused a 25-fold increase in plasma levels of TAFIa with increased plasma levels of thrombin and TM, which led to thrombus formation in PA, vascular remodeling, and pulmonary hypertension. Consistently, plasma clot lysis time was positively correlated with plasma TAFIa levels in mice. Additionally, overexpression of TAFIa caused organized thrombus with multiple obstruction of PA flow and reduced survival rate under hypoxia in mice. Bone marrow transplantation showed that circulating plasma TAFI from the liver, not in the bone marrow, was activated locally in PA endothelial cells through interactions with thrombin and TM. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that TAFIa increased PA endothelial permeability, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and monocyte/macrophage activation. Importantly, TAFIa inhibitor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists significantly reduced TAFIa and ameliorated animal models of pulmonary hypertension in mice and rats. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TAFIa could be a novel biomarker and realistic therapeutic target of CTEPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijyu Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Nobuhiro Yaoita
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Nobuhiro Kikuchi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Junichi Omura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Ryo Kurosawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kazuhiko Numano
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Elias Al-Mamun
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Mohammad Abdul Hai Siddique
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Masamichi Nogi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kota Suzuki
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - John Morser
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.).
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223
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Dejana E, Hirschi KK, Simons M. The molecular basis of endothelial cell plasticity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14361. [PMID: 28181491 PMCID: PMC5309780 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is capable of remarkable plasticity. In the embryo, primitive endothelial cells differentiate to acquire arterial, venous or lymphatic fates. Certain endothelial cells also undergo hematopoietic transition giving rise to multi-lineage hematopoietic stem and progenitors while others acquire mesenchymal properties necessary for heart development. In the adult, maintenance of differentiated endothelial state is an active process requiring constant signalling input. The failure to do so leads to the development of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition that plays an important role in pathogenesis of a number of diseases. A better understanding of these phenotypic changes may lead to development of new therapeutic interventions. Vascular endothelium possesses remarkable plasticity in response to cues from its surroundings, leading to great heterogeneity of endothelial cells in different vascular beds. Here the authors explain the molecular basis of endothelial plasticity during embryogenesis and in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Dejana
- Vascular Biology Unit, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20129, Italy
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Karen K. Hirschi
- Yale Cardiovasc. Res. Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Genetics and Biomedical Engineering New Haven, Connecticut CT06511, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut CT06511, USA
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224
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Mascharak S, Benitez PL, Proctor AC, Madl CM, Hu KH, Dewi RE, Butte MJ, Heilshorn SC. YAP-dependent mechanotransduction is required for proliferation and migration on native-like substrate topography. Biomaterials 2017; 115:155-166. [PMID: 27889666 PMCID: PMC5572766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Native vascular extracellular matrices (vECM) consist of elastic fibers that impart varied topographical properties, yet most in vitro models designed to study the effects of topography on cell behavior are not representative of native architecture. Here, we engineer an electrospun elastin-like protein (ELP) system with independently tunable, vECM-mimetic topography and demonstrate that increasing topographical variation causes loss of endothelial cell-cell junction organization. This loss of VE-cadherin signaling and increased cytoskeletal contractility on more topographically varied ELP substrates in turn promote YAP activation and nuclear translocation, resulting in significantly increased endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Our findings identify YAP as a required signaling factor through which fibrous substrate topography influences cell behavior and highlights topography as a key design parameter for engineered biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamik Mascharak
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Patrick L Benitez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amy C Proctor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Christopher M Madl
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kenneth H Hu
- Biophysics Graduate Group, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruby E Dewi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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225
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Abstract
Endothelial cells are a constitutive part of the heart and vasculature and form a crucial link between the cardiovascular system and the immune system. Besides their commonly accepted roles in angiogenesis, hemostasis, and the regulation of vascular tone, they are an essential and active component of immune responses. Expression of a range of innate pattern recognition receptors allows them to respond to inflammatory stimulation, and they control immune cell recruitment and extravasation into target tissues throughout the body.In this chapter, I will therefore summarize classical endothelial cell properties and functions and their cross talk with the immune system as well as the operational immunological role of endothelial cells in facilitating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Sturtzel
- Innovative Cancer Models, Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V, Vienna, Austria.
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226
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Dephosphorylation of Y685-VE-Cadherin Involved in Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Barrier Injury Induced by Angiotensin II. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8696481. [PMID: 28119542 PMCID: PMC5227173 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8696481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) caused pulmonary microvascular endothelial barrier injury, which induced acute aortic dissection (AAD) combined with acute lung injury (ALI). However, the exact mechanism is unclear. We investigated the role of dephosphorylation of Y685-VE-cadherin in the AngII induced pulmonary microvascular endothelial barrier injury. Mice or pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were divided into control group, AngII group, AngII+PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor) group, and PP2 group. PP2 was used to inhibit the phosphorylation of Y685-VE-cadherin. Pathological changes, infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, and pulmonary microvascular permeability were used to determine the pulmonary microvascular endothelial barrier function. Flow cytometry was used to determine the apoptosis of PMVECs, and immunofluorescence was used to determine the skeletal arrangement. Transendothelial resistance was used to detect the permeability of endothelial barrier. Phosphorylation of Y685-VE-cadherin was significantly reduced after AngII stimulation (P < 0.05), together with skeletal rearrangement, and elevation of endothelial permeability which finally induced endothelial barrier injury. After PP2 interference, the phosphorylation of Y685-VE-cadherin was further reduced and the endothelial permeability was further elevated. These data indicated that AngII could induce pulmonary injury by triggering endothelial barrier injury, and such process may be related to the dephosphorylation of Y685-VE-cadherin and the endothelial skeletal rearrangement.
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227
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Herrera C, Voisin MB, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Nourshargh S, Gutiérrez JM. Effects of PI and PIII Snake Venom Haemorrhagic Metalloproteinases on the Microvasculature: A Confocal Microscopy Study on the Mouse Cremaster Muscle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168643. [PMID: 27992592 PMCID: PMC5161479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanisms by which Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs) disrupt the microvasculature and cause haemorrhage have not been completely elucidated, and novel in vivo models are needed. In the present study, we compared the effects induced by BaP1, a PI SVMP isolated from Bothrops asper venom, and CsH1, a PIII SVMP from Crotalus simus venom, on cremaster muscle microvasculature by topical application of the toxins on isolated tissue (i.e., ex vivo model), and by intra-scrotal administration of the toxins (i.e., in vivo model). The whole tissue was fixed and immunostained to visualize the three components of blood vessels by confocal microscopy. In the ex vivo model, BaP1 was able to degrade type IV collagen and laminin from the BM of microvessels. Moreover, both SVMPs degraded type IV collagen from the BM in capillaries to a higher extent than in PCV and arterioles. CsH1 had a stronger effect on type IV collagen than BaP1. In the in vivo model, the effect of BaP1 on type IV collagen was widespread to the BM of arterioles and PCV. On the other hand, BaP1 was able to disrupt the endothelial barrier in PCV and to increase vascular permeability. Moreover, this toxin increased the size of gaps between pericytes in PCV and created new gaps between smooth muscle cells in arterioles in ex vivo conditions. These effects were not observed in the case of CsH1. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that both SVMPs degrade type IV collagen from the BM in capillaries in vivo. Moreover, while the action of CsH1 is more directed to the BM of microvessels, the effects of BaP1 are widespread to other microvascular components. This study provides new insights in the mechanism of haemorrhage and other pathological effects induced by these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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228
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Wang T, Gross C, Desai AA, Zemskov E, Wu X, Garcia AN, Jacobson JR, Yuan JXJ, Garcia JGN, Black SM. Endothelial cell signaling and ventilator-induced lung injury: molecular mechanisms, genomic analyses, and therapeutic targets. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 312:L452-L476. [PMID: 27979857 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00231.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving intervention in critically ill patients with respiratory failure due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Paradoxically, mechanical ventilation also creates excessive mechanical stress that directly augments lung injury, a syndrome known as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The pathobiology of VILI and ARDS shares many inflammatory features including increases in lung vascular permeability due to loss of endothelial cell barrier integrity resulting in alveolar flooding. While there have been advances in the understanding of certain elements of VILI and ARDS pathobiology, such as defining the importance of lung inflammatory leukocyte infiltration and highly induced cytokine expression, a deep understanding of the initiating and regulatory pathways involved in these inflammatory responses remains poorly understood. Prevailing evidence indicates that loss of endothelial barrier function plays a primary role in the development of VILI and ARDS. Thus this review will focus on the latest knowledge related to 1) the key role of the endothelium in the pathogenesis of VILI; 2) the transcription factors that relay the effects of excessive mechanical stress in the endothelium; 3) the mechanical stress-induced posttranslational modifications that influence key signaling pathways involved in VILI responses in the endothelium; 4) the genetic and epigenetic regulation of key target genes in the endothelium that are involved in VILI responses; and 5) the need for novel therapeutic strategies for VILI that can preserve endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Christine Gross
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Evgeny Zemskov
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alexander N Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona;
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229
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Bachmann BJ, Bernardi L, Loosli C, Marschewski J, Perrini M, Ehrbar M, Ermanni P, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A, Mazza E. A Novel Bioreactor System for the Assessment of Endothelialization on Deformable Surfaces. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38861. [PMID: 27941901 PMCID: PMC5150819 DOI: 10.1038/srep38861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of a living protective layer at the luminal surface of cardiovascular devices, composed of an autologous functional endothelium, represents the ideal solution to life-threatening, implant-related complications in cardiovascular patients. The initial evaluation of engineering strategies fostering endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation as well as the long-term tissue homeostasis requires in vitro testing in environmental model systems able to recapitulate the hemodynamic conditions experienced at the blood-to-device interface of implants as well as the substrate deformation. Here, we introduce the design and validation of a novel bioreactor system which enables the long-term conditioning of human endothelial cells interacting with artificial materials under dynamic combinations of flow-generated wall shear stress and wall deformation. The wall shear stress and wall deformation values obtained encompass both the physiological and supraphysiological range. They are determined through separate actuation systems which are controlled based on validated computational models. In addition, we demonstrate the good optical conductivity of the system permitting online monitoring of cell activities through live-cell imaging as well as standard biochemical post-processing. Altogether, the bioreactor system defines an unprecedented testing hub for potential strategies toward the endothelialization or re-endothelialization of target substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn J. Bachmann
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bernardi
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Loosli
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Marschewski
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Perrini
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Obstetrics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Obstetrics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ermanni
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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230
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Garrett JP, Lowery AM, Adam AP, Kowalczyk AP, Vincent PA. Regulation of endothelial barrier function by p120-catenin∙VE-cadherin interaction. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:85-97. [PMID: 27852896 PMCID: PMC5221632 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining VE-cadherin levels by inhibiting its endocytosis through p120-catenin binding is not sufficient for forming a restrictive barrier. Instead, p120-catenin binding to VE-cadherin is required to allow tyrosine-phosphorylated VE-cadherin to contribute to barrier formation. Endothelial p120-catenin (p120) maintains the level of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cad) by inhibiting VE-Cad endocytosis. Loss of p120 results in a decrease in VE-Cad levels, leading to the formation of monolayers with decreased barrier function (as assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance [TEER]), whereas overexpression of p120 increases VE-Cad levels and promotes a more restrictive monolayer. To test whether reduced endocytosis mediated by p120 is required for VE-Cad formation of a restrictive barrier, we restored VE-Cad levels using an endocytic-defective VE-Cad mutant. This endocytic-defective mutant was unable to rescue the loss of TEER associated with p120 or VE-Cad depletion. In contrast, the endocytic-defective mutant was able to prevent sprout formation in a fibrin bead assay, suggesting that p120•VE-Cad interaction regulates barrier function and angiogenic sprouting through different mechanisms. Further investigation found that depletion of p120 increases Src activity and that loss of p120 binding results in increased VE-Cad phosphorylation. In addition, expression of a Y658F–VE-Cad mutant or an endocytic-defective Y658F–VE-Cad double mutant were both able to rescue TEER independently of p120 binding. Our results show that in addition to regulating endocytosis, p120 also allows the phosphorylated form of VE-Cad to participate in the formation of a restrictive monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and.,Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307.,Department of Dermatology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307
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231
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Nanes BA, Grimsley-Myers CM, Cadwell CM, Robinson BS, Lowery AM, Vincent PA, Mosunjac M, Früh K, Kowalczyk AP. p120-catenin regulates VE-cadherin endocytosis and degradation induced by the Kaposi sarcoma-associated ubiquitin ligase K5. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:30-40. [PMID: 27798235 PMCID: PMC5221628 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of VE-cadherin in response to the Kaposi sarcoma E3 ubiquitin ligase K5 is dependent on two membrane-proximal lysine residues but independent of a constitutive endocytosis motif. p120-catenin blocks endocytosis mediated by both motifs, demonstrating that p120 is a master regulator of multiple context-dependent endocytic signals. Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin undergoes constitutive internalization driven by a unique endocytic motif that also serves as a p120-catenin (p120) binding site. p120 binding masks the motif, stabilizing the cadherin at cell junctions. This mechanism allows constitutive VE-cadherin endocytosis and recycling to contribute to adherens junction dynamics without resulting in junction disassembly. Here we identify an additional motif that drives VE-cadherin endocytosis and pathological junction disassembly associated with the endothelial-derived tumor Kaposi sarcoma. Human herpesvirus 8, which causes Kaposi sarcoma, expresses the MARCH family ubiquitin ligase K5. We report that K5 targets two membrane-proximal VE-cadherin lysine residues for ubiquitination, driving endocytosis and down-regulation of the cadherin. K5-induced VE-cadherin endocytosis does not require the constitutive endocytic motif. However, K5-induced VE-cadherin endocytosis is associated with displacement of p120 from the cadherin, and p120 protects VE-cadherin from K5. Thus multiple context-dependent signals drive VE-cadherin endocytosis, but p120 binding to the cadherin juxtamembrane domain acts as a master regulator guarding cadherin stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Nanes
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Chantel M Cadwell
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Brian S Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anthony M Lowery
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Peter A Vincent
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Marina Mosunjac
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 .,Department of Dermatology, and, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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232
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Mesenchymal state of intimal cells may explain higher propensity to ascending aortic aneurysm in bicuspid aortic valves. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35712. [PMID: 27779199 PMCID: PMC5078843 DOI: 10.1038/srep35712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) are at significantly higher risk of developing aortic complications than individuals with tricuspid aortic valves (TAV) and defective signaling during the embryonic development and/or life time exposure to abnormal hemodynamic have been proposed as underlying factors. However, an explanation for the molecular mechanisms of aortopathy in BAV has not yet been provided. We combined proteomics, RNA analyses, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy to identify molecular differences in samples of non-dilated ascending aortas from BAV (N = 62) and TAV (N = 54) patients. Proteomic analysis was also performed for dilated aortas (N = 6 BAV and N = 5 TAV) to gain further insight into the aortopathy of BAV. Our results collectively showed the molecular signature of an endothelial/epithelial-mesenchymal (EndMT/EMT) transition-like process, associated with instability of intimal cell junctions and activation of RHOA pathway in the intima and media layers of ascending aorta in BAV patients. We propose that an improper regulation of EndMT/EMT during the spatiotemporally related embryogenesis of semilunar valves and ascending aorta in BAV individuals may result in aortic immaturity and instability prior to dilation. Exasperation of EndMT/EMT state in post embryonic life and/or exposure to non-physiological hemodynamic could lead to the aneurysm of ascending aorta in BAV individuals.
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233
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Gomez Perdiguero E, Liabotis-Fontugne A, Durand M, Faye C, Ricard-Blum S, Simonutti M, Augustin S, Robb BM, Paques M, Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Thurston G, Galaup A, Monnot C, Germain S. ANGPTL4-αvβ3 interaction counteracts hypoxia-induced vascular permeability by modulating Src signalling downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. J Pathol 2016; 240:461-471. [PMID: 27577973 DOI: 10.1002/path.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic control of endothelial cell junctions is essential for vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis. We recently provided genetic evidence that ANGPTL4 is a key regulator of vascular integrity both during developmental and in hypoxia-induced pathological conditions. The purpose of the present study was to decipher the molecular mechanisms through which ANGPTL4 regulates vascular integrity. Using surface plasmon resonance and proximity ligation assays, we show that ANGPTL4 binds integrin αvβ3. In vitro and in vivo functional assays with Angptl4-deficient mice demonstrate that ANGPTL4-αvβ3 interaction is necessary to mediate ANGPTL4 vasoprotective effects. Mechanistically, ANGPTL4-αvβ3 interaction enhances Src recruitment to integrin αvβ3 and inhibits Src signalling downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEFGR2), thereby repressing hypoxia-induced breakdown of VEGFR2-VE-cadherin and VEGFR2-αvβ3 complexes. We further demonstrate that intravitreal injection of recombinant human ANGPTL4 limits vascular permeability and leads to increased adherens junction and tight junction integrity. These findings identify a novel mechanism by which ANGPTL4 counteracts hypoxia-driven vascular permeability through integrin αvβ3 binding, modulation of VEGFR2-Src kinase signalling, and endothelial junction stabilization. We further demonstrate that Angptl4-deficient mice show increased vascular leakage in vivo in a model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, indicating that this newly identified ANGPTL4-αvβ3 axis might be a target for pharmaceutical intervention in pathological conditions. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gomez Perdiguero
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Ecole Doctorale 394: Physiologie, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Athanasia Liabotis-Fontugne
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Ecole Doctorale 394: Physiologie, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Durand
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Clément Faye
- UMR 5086 CNRS Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- UMR 5086 CNRS Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Simonutti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Augustin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Bryan M Robb
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ariane Galaup
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Monnot
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Germain
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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234
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Wu Z, Liu H, Ren W, Dai F, Chang J, Li B. VE-cadherin involved in the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell barrier injury induced by angiotensin II through modulating the cellular apoptosis and skeletal rearrangement. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4310-4319. [PMID: 27830014 PMCID: PMC5095323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II (AngII) involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury through impairing the integrity of pulmonary microvascular endothelial barrier, but the mechanism is still not clear. We aim to determine the roles of VE-cadherin, playing crucial roles in the adhesion of the vascular endothelial barrier and the barrier function, in the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) barrier injury mediated by AngII. METHODS Mice acute lung injury (ALI) model was induced through pumping of AngII. The infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils as well as the PMVEC permeability were determined in order to determine the barrier injury in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of VE-cadherin was established using siRNA technique, and its roles in the apoptosis and skeletal rearrangement in the PMVECs were evaluated. RESULTS After AngII interference, the expression of VE-cadherin in the PMVECs and pulmonary tissues in mice was down-regulated. Upon VE-cadherin knockdown through siRNA technique, AngII induced susceptibility of PMVECs to apoptosis. Knockdown of VE-cadherin contributed to the skeletal rearrangement in the endothelial cells, together with increase of permeability. CONCLUSIONS VE-cadherin expression is closely related to the apoptosis and skeletal rearrangement of PMVECs induced by AngII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huagang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Feifeng Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jinxing Chang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
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235
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Birukova AA, Shah AS, Tian Y, Gawlak G, Sarich N, Birukov KG. Selective Role of Vinculin in Contractile Mechanisms of Endothelial Permeability. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:476-486. [PMID: 27115795 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0328oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular endothelial cell (EC) permeability is a result of intercellular gap formation that may be induced by contraction-dependent and contraction-independent mechanisms. This study investigated a role of the adaptor protein vinculin in EC permeability induced by contractile (thrombin) and noncontractile (IL-6) agonists. Although thrombin and IL-6 caused a similar permeability increase in human pulmonary ECs and disrupted the association between vinculin and vascular endothelial-cadherin, they induced different patterns of focal adhesion (FA) arrangement. Thrombin, but not IL-6, caused formation of large, vinculin-positive FAs, phosphorylation of FA proteins, FA kinase and Crk-associated substrate, and increased vinculin-talin association. Thrombin-induced formation of talin-positive FA and intercellular gaps were suppressed in ECs with small interfering RNA-induced vinculin knockdown. Vinculin knockdown and inhibitors of Rho kinase and myosin-II motor activity also attenuated thrombin-induced EC permeability. Importantly, ectopic expression of the vinculin mutant lacking the F-actin-binding domain decreased thrombin-induced Rho pathway activation and EC permeability. In contrast, IL-6-induced EC permeability did not involve RhoA- or myosin-dependent mechanisms but engaged Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-mediated phosphorylation and internalization of vascular endothelial-cadherin. This process was vinculin independent but Janus kinase/tyrosine kinase Src-dependent. These data suggest that vinculin participates in a contractile-dependent mechanism of permeability by integrating FA with stress fibers, leading to maximal RhoA activation and EC permeability response. Vinculin inhibition does not affect contractile-independent mechanisms of EC barrier failure. This study provides, for the first time, a comparative analysis of two alternative mechanisms of vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and defines a specific role for vinculin in the contractile type of permeability response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Birukova
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alok S Shah
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yufeng Tian
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Grzegorz Gawlak
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicolene Sarich
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Konstantin G Birukov
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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236
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Schnittler H. Contraction of endothelial cells: 40 years of research, but the debate still lives. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:651-656. [PMID: 27680546 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Force generation in non-muscle cells is vital for many cellular and tissue functions. Force-generating mechanisms include actomyosin-mediated contraction, actin polymerization that drives plasma membrane protrusions and filopodia as well as kinesin- and dynein-controlled transport of vesicles and organelles along the microtubule cytoskeleton. The actomyosin-mediated contractility and actin remodeling in both epithelium and endothelium were shown to have significant impact on cell migration, shape change and formation and control of intercellular junctions. In endothelium, contraction is supposed to control permeability for fluid and solutes. However, recent studies demonstrated the constitutive appearance of junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia (JAIL) that drive vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) dynamics and control endothelial permeability. Since thrombin blocks JAIL formation and thus increases endothelial permeability, the concept of a simple Rho GTPase-controlled contraction, which is supposed to open endothelial junctions, becomes challenged. Furthermore, specific tyrosine phosphorylation sites of VE-cadherin and catenins have been shown to be involved in control of VE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. How the causal-mechanistic interdependency between contractility, VE-cadherin and catenin phosphorylation and JAIL-mediated dynamic remodeling of VE-cadherin is regulated is still an open question and needs to be further addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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237
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Leclair HM, André-Grégoire G, Treps L, Azzi S, Bidère N, Gavard J. The E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH3 controls the endothelial barrier. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3660-3668. [PMID: 27616439 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell contacts coordinate the endothelial barrier function in response to external cues. To identify new mediators involved in cytokine-promoted endothelial permeability, we screened a siRNA library targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases. Here, we report that silencing of the late endosome/lysosomal membrane-associated RING-CH-3 (MARCH3) enzyme protects the endothelial barrier. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis unmasked the upregulation of the tight junction-encoding gene occludin (OCLN) in MARCH3-depleted cells. Indeed, MARCH3 silencing results in the strengthening of cell-cell contacts, as evidenced by the accumulation of junctional proteins. From a molecular standpoint, the FoxO1 forkhead transcription repressor was inactivated in the absence of MARCH3. This provides a possible molecular link between MARCH3 and the signaling pathway involved in regulating the expression of junctional proteins and barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse M Leclair
- CRCINA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nantes, France.,Team SOAP, 'Signaling in Oncogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Permeability', Nantes, France.,CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Gwennan André-Grégoire
- CRCINA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nantes, France.,Team SOAP, 'Signaling in Oncogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Permeability', Nantes, France
| | - Lucas Treps
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Sandy Azzi
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Nicolas Bidère
- CRCINA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nantes, France.,Team SOAP, 'Signaling in Oncogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Permeability', Nantes, France.,CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Julie Gavard
- CRCINA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nantes, France. .,Team SOAP, 'Signaling in Oncogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Permeability', Nantes, France. .,CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, France.
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238
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Ikezoe T, Yang J, Nishioka C, Umezawa K, Yokoyama A. Thrombomodulin blocks calcineurin inhibitor-induced vascular permeability via inhibition of Src/VE-cadherin axis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 52:245-251. [PMID: 27643869 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) counteracted capillary leakage and alleviated edema in individuals with sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and engraftment syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We previously showed that rTM increased levels of antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 and protected endothelial cells from calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which rTM enhances barrier function in vascular endothelial cells remain unknown. Here we show that exposure of vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells to CsA induced phosphorylation of Src/vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and translocation of VE-cadherin from cell surface to cytoplasm, resulting in an increase in vascular permeability. In addition, CsA increased production of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, associated with an increase in nuclear levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) which also enhanced vascular permeability. Importantly, the fourth and fifth regions of epidermal growth factor-like domain of TM (TME45) attenuated CsA-induced p-Src/VE-cadherin and vascular permeability in parallel with a decrease in nuclear levels of NF-κB and cytokine production in EA.hy926 cells. In conclusion, TM, especially TME45, maintains vascular integrity, at least in part, via Src signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - J Yang
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - C Nishioka
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - K Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine Screening, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - A Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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239
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Du Y, Cao M, Liu Y, He Y, Yang C, Wu M, Zhang G, Gao F. Low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA) accelerates lymph node metastasis of melanoma cells by inducing disruption of lymphatic intercellular adhesion. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1232235. [PMID: 27999746 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1232235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial integrity defects initiate lymphatic metastasis of tumor cells. Low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA) derived from plasma and interstitial fluid was reported to be associated with tumor lymphatic metastasis. In addition, LMW-HA was proved to disrupt lymphatic vessel endothelium integrity, thus promoting lymphatic metastasis of tumor cells. Until now, there are few reports on how LMW-HA modulates lymphatic endothelial cells adhesion junctions and affects cancer cells metastasizing into lymph vessels. The aim of our study is to unravel the novel mechanism of LMW-HA in mediating tumor lymphatic metastasis. Here, we employed a melanoma metastasis model to investigate whether LMW-HA facilitates tumor cells transferring from foci to remote lymph nodes by disrupting the lymphatic endothelial integrity. Our data indicate that LMW-HA significantly induces metastasis of melanoma cells to lymph nodes and accelerates interstitial-lymphatic flow in vivo. Further experiments show that increased migration of melanoma cells across human dermal lymphatic endothelial cell (HDLEC) monolayers is accompanied by impaired lymphatic endothelial barrier function and increased permeability. The mechanism study reveals that VE-cadherin-β-catenin pathway and relevant signals are involved in modulating the interactions between endothelial cells and that a significant inhibition of lymphatic endothelium disruption is observed when antibodies to the LMW-HA receptor (LYVE-1) are present. Thus, our findings demonstrate a disruptive effect of LMW-HA on lymphatic endothelium continuity which leads to a promotion on melanoma lymphatic metastasis and also suggest a cellular signaling mechanism associated with VE-cadherin-mediated lymphatic intercellular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Manlin Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cuixia Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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240
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Adam AP, Lowery AM, Martino N, Alsaffar H, Vincent PA. Src Family Kinases Modulate the Loss of Endothelial Barrier Function in Response to TNF-α: Crosstalk with p38 Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161975. [PMID: 27603666 PMCID: PMC5014308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Src Family Kinase (SFK) signaling is required for the increase in endothelial permeability induced by a variety of cytokines and growth factors. However, we previously demonstrated that activation of endogenous SFKs by expression of dominant negative C-terminal Src Kinase (DN-Csk) is not sufficient to decrease endothelial adherens junction integrity. Basal SFK activity has been observed in normal venular endothelia and was not associated with increased basal permeability. The basal SFK activity however was found to contribute to increased sensitivity of the venular endothelium to inflammatory mediator-induced leakage. How SFK activation achieves this is still not well understood. Here, we show that SFK activation renders human dermal microvascular endothelial cells susceptible to low doses of TNF-α. Treatment of DN-Csk-expressing cells with 50 pg/ml TNF-α induced a loss of TEER as well as drastic changes in the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion proteins. This synergistic effect was independent of ROCK or NF-κB activity. TNF-α-induced p38 signaling was required for the synergistic effect on barrier function, and activation of the p38 MAPK alone was also able to induce changes in permeability only in monolayers with active SFKs. These results suggest that the activation of endogenous levels of SFK renders the endothelial barrier more susceptible to low, physiologic doses of TNF-α through activation of p38 which leads to a loss of endothelial tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro P. Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAV); (APA)
| | - Anthony M. Lowery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Nina Martino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Hiba Alsaffar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAV); (APA)
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241
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Wylezinski LS, Hawiger J. Interleukin 2 Activates Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Resulting in Destabilization of Adherens Junctions. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22913-22923. [PMID: 27601468 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 2 (IL2) disrupts the blood-brain barrier and alters brain microcirculation, underlying vascular leak syndrome that complicates cancer immunotherapy with IL2. The microvascular effects of IL2 also play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis and other chronic neurological disorders. The mechanism of IL2-induced disruption of brain microcirculation has not been determined previously. We found that both human and murine brain microvascular endothelial cells express constituents of the IL2 receptor complex. Then we established that signaling through this receptor complex leads to activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor κB, resulting in expression of proinflammatory interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. We also discovered that IL2 induces disruption of adherens junctions, concomitant with cytoskeletal reorganization, ultimately leading to increased endothelial cell permeability. IL2-induced phosphorylation of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), a constituent of adherens junctions, leads to dissociation of its stabilizing adaptor partners, p120-catenin and β-catenin. Increased phosphorylation of VE-cadherin was also accompanied by a reduction of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2, known to maintain vascular barrier function. These results unravel the mechanism of deleterious effects induced by IL2 on brain microvascular endothelial cells and may inform the development of new measures to improve IL2 cancer immunotherapy, as well as treatments for autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Hawiger
- From the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and .,Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363
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242
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Giampietro C. VE-cadherin complex plasticity: EPS8 and YAP play relay at adherens junctions. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1232024. [PMID: 28123926 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1232024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a selective barrier that separates the organs from the circulating blood. The endothelium has a wide variety of functions controlled by cell-to-cell junctions and in particular by Vascular Endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) complexes. Recent research identified the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8 (EPS8) and the co-transcriptional regulator yes-associated protein (YAP) as new components of the adherens junction complexes. The binding of these 2 proteins to VE-cadherin determines the formation of different specialized adhesive structures contributing to the dynamic control of vascular permeability. This commentary will summarize what is currently known about the role of EPS8 and YAP in the modification of molecular organization and intracellular signaling of adherens junction complexes, and their potential multiple effects on vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Giampietro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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243
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Seebach J, Cao J, Schnittler HJ. Quantitative dynamics of VE-cadherin at endothelial cell junctions at a glance: basic requirements and current concepts. Discoveries (Craiova) 2016; 4:e63. [PMID: 32309583 PMCID: PMC7159836 DOI: 10.15190/d.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular junctions of the vascular endothelium are dynamic structures that display a high degree of plasticity, which is required to contribute to their regulation of many physiological and pathological processes including monolayer integrity, barrier function, wound healing and angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) is connected via catenins to the actin cytoskeleton, both of which are key structures in endothelial junction regulation, and thus are the focus of much investigation. Fluorescence-based live cell imaging is the method of choice to study dynamic remodeling in living cells. Although these methods have been successfully applied to many cell types, investigations of endothelial junction dynamics were for a long time limited as they are largely resistant to transfection using many classical protocols. Application of virus-based gene transduction techniques, together with advanced microscopy, now allows both sufficient expression of fluorescence tagged junction-localized proteins in the endothelium and time-lapse recording over long periods. Using highly spatiotemporally resolved fluorescence microscopy it turned out that endothelial junctions display extensive junction heterogeneity at the subcellular level; a fact that largely limits automated quantification by available software. Recent work describes open software tools to quantitatively analyze large amounts of fluorescence-based image data in either single or confluent epithelial and endothelial cells. Based on quantitative VE-cadherin and actin dynamics novel key players, mechanisms and concepts have been suggested that control endothelial junction dynamics. Here we aim to summarize the recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Seebach
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| | - Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
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244
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Reglero-Real N, Colom B, Bodkin JV, Nourshargh S. Endothelial Cell Junctional Adhesion Molecules: Role and Regulation of Expression in Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2048-2057. [PMID: 27515379 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the lumen of all blood vessels and play a critical role in maintaining the barrier function of the vasculature. Sealing of the vessel wall between adjacent endothelial cells is facilitated by interactions involving junctionally expressed transmembrane proteins, including tight junctional molecules, such as members of the junctional adhesion molecule family, components of adherence junctions, such as VE-Cadherin, and other molecules, such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Of importance, a growing body of evidence indicates that the expression of these molecules is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner during inflammation: responses that have significant implications for the barrier function of blood vessels against blood-borne macromolecules and transmigrating leukocytes. This review summarizes key aspects of our current understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms that regulate the expression of endothelial cells junctional molecules during inflammation and discusses the associated functional implications of such events in acute and chronic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Reglero-Real
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bartomeu Colom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jennifer Victoria Bodkin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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245
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Cell-cell junctional mechanotransduction in endothelial remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:279-292. [PMID: 27506620 PMCID: PMC5219012 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is one of the most dynamic tissues that encounter numerous mechanical cues derived from pulsatile blood flow, blood pressure, activity of smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall, and transmigration of immune cells. The inner layer of blood and lymphatic vessels is covered by the endothelium, a monolayer of cells which separates blood from tissue, an important function that it fulfills even under the dynamic circumstances of the vascular microenvironment. In addition, remodeling of the endothelial barrier during angiogenesis and trafficking of immune cells is achieved by specific modulation of cell-cell adhesion structures between the endothelial cells. In recent years, there have been many new discoveries in the field of cellular mechanotransduction which controls the formation and destabilization of the vascular barrier. Force-induced adaptation at endothelial cell-cell adhesion structures is a crucial node in these processes that challenge the vascular barrier. One of the key examples of a force-induced molecular event is the recruitment of vinculin to the VE-cadherin complex upon pulling forces at cell-cell junctions. Here, we highlight recent advances in the current understanding of mechanotransduction responses at, and derived from, endothelial cell-cell junctions. We further discuss their importance for vascular barrier function and remodeling in development, inflammation, and vascular disease.
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246
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Stefopoulos G, Robotti F, Falk V, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A. Endothelialization of Rationally Microtextured Surfaces with Minimal Cell Seeding Under Flow. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4113-4126. [PMID: 27346806 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a confluent and functional endothelium at the luminal surface of cardiovascular devices represents the ideal solution to avoid contact between blood and synthetic materials thus allowing the long-term body integration of the implants. Due to the foreseen paucity of source cells in cardiovascular patients, surface engineering strategies to achieve full endothelialization, while minimizing the amount of endothelial cells required to seed the surface leading to prompt and full coverage with an endothelium are necessary. A stable endothelialization is the result of the interplay between endothelial cells, the flow-generated walls shear stress and the substrate topography. Here a novel strategy is designed and validated based on the use of engineered surface textures combined with confined islands of seeded endothelial cells. Upon release of the confinement, the cell island populations are able to migrate on the texture and merge under physiological flow conditions to promptly generate a fully connected endothelium. The interaction between endothelial cells and surface textures supports the process of endothelialization through the stabilization of cell-to-substrate adhesions and cell-to-cell junctions. It is shown that with this approach, when ≈50% of a textured surface is initially covered with cell seeding, the time to full endothelialization compared to an untextured surface is almost halved, underpinning the viability and effectiveness of the method for the quick and stable coverage of cardiovascular implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Stefopoulos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Robotti
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Institute Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gordon EJ, Fukuhara D, Weström S, Padhan N, Sjöström EO, van Meeteren L, He L, Orsenigo F, Dejana E, Bentley K, Spurkland A, Claesson-Welsh L. The endothelial adaptor molecule TSAd is required for VEGF-induced angiogenic sprouting through junctional c-Src activation. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra72. [PMID: 27436360 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2) by VEGF binding is critical for vascular morphogenesis. In addition, VEGF disrupts the endothelial barrier by triggering the phosphorylation and turnover of the junctional molecule VE-cadherin, a process mediated by the VEGFR2 downstream effectors T cell-specific adaptor (TSAd) and the tyrosine kinase c-Src. We investigated whether the VEGFR2-TSAd-c-Src pathway was required for angiogenic sprouting. Indeed, Tsad-deficient embryoid bodies failed to sprout in response to VEGF. Tsad-deficient mice displayed impaired angiogenesis specifically during tracheal vessel development, but not during retinal vasculogenesis, and in VEGF-loaded Matrigel plugs, but not in those loaded with FGF. The SH2 and proline-rich domains of TSAd bridged VEGFR2 and c-Src, and this bridging was critical for the localization of activated c-Src to endothelial junctions and elongation of the growing sprout, but not for selection of the tip cell. These results revealed that vascular sprouting and permeability are both controlled through the VEGFR2-TSAd-c-Src signaling pathway in a subset of tissues, which may be useful in developing strategies to control tissue-specific pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
| | - Daisuke Fukuhara
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Simone Weström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Narendra Padhan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Elisabet O Sjöström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Laurens van Meeteren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Fabrizio Orsenigo
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden. FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Katie Bentley
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0317, Norway
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
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248
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Dorland YL, Malinova TS, van Stalborch AMD, Grieve AG, van Geemen D, Jansen NS, de Kreuk BJ, Nawaz K, Kole J, Geerts D, Musters RJP, de Rooij J, Hordijk PL, Huveneers S. The F-BAR protein pacsin2 inhibits asymmetric VE-cadherin internalization from tensile adherens junctions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12210. [PMID: 27417273 PMCID: PMC4947187 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular homoeostasis, development and disease critically depend on the regulation of endothelial cell-cell junctions. Here we uncover a new role for the F-BAR protein pacsin2 in the control of VE-cadherin-based endothelial adhesion. Pacsin2 concentrates at focal adherens junctions (FAJs) that are experiencing unbalanced actomyosin-based pulling. FAJs move in response to differences in local cytoskeletal geometry and pacsin2 is recruited consistently to the trailing end of fast-moving FAJs via a mechanism that requires an intact F-BAR domain. Photoconversion, photobleaching, immunofluorescence and super-resolution microscopy reveal polarized dynamics, and organization of junctional proteins between the front of FAJs and their trailing ends. Interestingly, pacsin2 recruitment inhibits internalization of the VE-cadherin complex from FAJ trailing ends and is important for endothelial monolayer integrity. Together, these findings reveal a novel junction protective mechanism during polarized trafficking of VE-cadherin, which supports barrier maintenance within dynamic endothelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Dorland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Tsveta S Malinova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marieke D van Stalborch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Adam G Grieve
- Hubrecht Institute and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne van Geemen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolette S Jansen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan de Kreuk
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Kalim Nawaz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kole
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - René J P Musters
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Rooij
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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249
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Fournier P, Dussault S, Fusco A, Rivard A, Royal I. Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPRJ/DEP-1 Is an Essential Promoter of Vascular Permeability, Angiogenesis, and Tumor Progression. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5080-91. [PMID: 27364551 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ/DEP-1 has been implicated in negative growth regulation in endothelial cells, where its expression varies at transitions between proliferation and contact inhibition. However, in the same cells, DEP-1 has also been implicated in VEGF-dependent Src activation, permeability, and capillary formation, suggesting a positive role in regulating these functions. To resolve this dichotomy in vivo, we investigated postnatal angiogenesis and vascular permeability in a DEP-1-deficient mouse. In this study, we report that DEP-1 is required for Src activation and phosphorylation of its endothelial cell-specific substrate, VE-cadherin, after systemic injection of VEGF. Accordingly, VEGF-induced vascular leakage was abrogated in the DEP-1-deficient mice. Furthermore, capillary formation was impaired in murine aortic tissue rings or Matrigel plugs infused with VEGF. In the absence of DEP-1, angiogenesis triggered by ischemia or during tumor formation was defective, which in the latter case was associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Macrophage infiltration was also impaired, reflecting reduced vascular permeability in the tumors or a possible cell autonomous effect of DEP-1. Consequently, the formation of spontaneous and experimental lung metastases was strongly decreased in DEP-1-deficient mice. In clinical specimens of cancer, less vascularized tumors exhibited lower microvascular expression of DEP-1. Altogether, our results established DEP-1 as an essential driver of VEGF-dependent permeability, angiogenesis, and metastasis, suggesting a novel therapeutic route to cancer treatment. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5080-91. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fournier
- CRCHUM - Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Dussault
- CRCHUM - Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alain Rivard
- CRCHUM - Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Royal
- CRCHUM - Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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250
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Tanaka S, Chen-Yoshikawa TF, Miyamoto E, Takahashi M, Ohata K, Kondo T, Hijiya K, Motoyama H, Aoyama A, Date H. Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin Expression After Reperfusion Correlates With Lung Injury in Rat Lung Transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:2161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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