201
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Baptista MAP, Keszei M, Oliveira M, Sunahara KKS, Andersson J, Dahlberg CIM, Worth AJ, Liedén A, Kuo IC, Wallin RPA, Snapper SB, Eidsmo L, Scheynius A, Karlsson MCI, Bouma G, Burns SO, Forsell MNE, Thrasher AJ, Nylén S, Westerberg LS. Deletion of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein triggers Rac2 activity and increased cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12175. [PMID: 27425374 PMCID: PMC4960314 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the WASp gene. Decreased cellular responses in WASp-deficient cells have been interpreted to mean that WASp directly regulates these responses in WASp-sufficient cells. Here, we identify an exception to this concept and show that WASp-deficient dendritic cells have increased activation of Rac2 that support cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells. Using two different skin pathology models, WASp-deficient mice show an accumulation of dendritic cells in the skin and increased expansion of IFNγ-producing CD8(+) T cells in the draining lymph node and spleen. Specific deletion of WASp in dendritic cells leads to marked expansion of CD8(+) T cells at the expense of CD4(+) T cells. WASp-deficient dendritic cells induce increased cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells by activating Rac2 that maintains a near neutral pH of phagosomes. Our data reveals an intricate balance between activation of WASp and Rac2 signalling pathways in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa A. P. Baptista
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marton Keszei
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Mariana Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Karen K. S. Sunahara
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Experimental Physiopathology, Department of Sciences/Experimental Physiopatholgy, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Andersson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Translational Immunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Carin I. M. Dahlberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Austen J. Worth
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Agne Liedén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, The National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Robert P. A. Wallin
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Gastroenterology Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Department of Medicine Solna, Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Annika Scheynius
- Department of Medicine Solna, Translational Immunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Mikael C. I. Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Gerben Bouma
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Siobhan O. Burns
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mattias N. E. Forsell
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Lisa S. Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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202
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Maisonnasse P, Bouguyon E, Piton G, Ezquerra A, Urien C, Deloizy C, Bourge M, Leplat JJ, Simon G, Chevalier C, Vincent-Naulleau S, Crisci E, Montoya M, Schwartz-Cornil I, Bertho N. The respiratory DC/macrophage network at steady-state and upon influenza infection in the swine biomedical model. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:835-49. [PMID: 26530136 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human and mouse respiratory tracts show anatomical and physiological differences, which will benefit from alternative experimental models for studying many respiratory diseases. Pig has been recognized as a valuable biomedical model, in particular for lung transplantation or pathologies such as cystic fibrosis and influenza infection. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the porcine respiratory immune system. Here we segregated and studied six populations of pig lung dendritic cells (DCs)/macrophages (Mθs) as follows: conventional DCs (cDC) 1 and cDC2, inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), monocyte-derived Mθs, and interstitial and alveolar Mθs. The three DC subsets present migratory and naive T-cell stimulation capacities. As observed in human and mice, porcine cDC1 and cDC2 were able to induce T-helper (Th)1 and Th2 responses, respectively. Interestingly, porcine moDCs increased in the lung upon influenza infection, as observed in the mouse model. Pig cDC2 shared some characteristics observed in human but not in mice, such as the expression of FCɛRIα and Langerin, and an intra-epithelial localization. This work, by unraveling the extended similarities of the porcine and human lung DC/Mθ networks, highlights the relevance of pig, both as an exploratory model of DC/Mθ functions and as a model for human inflammatory lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maisonnasse
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - E Bouguyon
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G Piton
- INRA, UMR Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Equipe Génétique Immunité Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du genome, CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Ezquerra
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Urien
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Deloizy
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Bourge
- I2BC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-J Leplat
- INRA, UMR Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Equipe Génétique Immunité Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du genome, CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G Simon
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP53, Ploufragan, France.,Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - C Chevalier
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Vincent-Naulleau
- INRA, UMR Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Equipe Génétique Immunité Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du genome, CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - E Crisci
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - M Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - I Schwartz-Cornil
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - N Bertho
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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203
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Bedoui S, Heath WR, Mueller SN. CD
4
+
T‐cell help amplifies innate signals for primary
CD
8
+
T‐cell immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 272:52-64. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Vic. Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Vic. Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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204
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Lo TH, Silveira PA, Fromm PD, Verma ND, Vu PA, Kupresanin F, Adam R, Kato M, Cogger VC, Clark GJ, Hart DNJ. Characterization of the Expression and Function of the C-Type Lectin Receptor CD302 in Mice and Humans Reveals a Role in Dendritic Cell Migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:885-98. [PMID: 27316686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors play important roles in immune cell interactions with the environment. We described CD302 as the simplest, single domain, type I C-type lectin receptor and showed it was expressed mainly on the myeloid phagocytes in human blood. CD302 colocalized with podosomes and lamellopodia structures, so we hypothesized that it played a role in cell adhesion or migration. In this study, we used mouse models to obtain further insights into CD302 expression and its potential immunological function. Mouse CD302 transcripts were, as in humans, highest in the liver, followed by lungs, lymph nodes (LN), spleen, and bone marrow. In liver, CD302 was expressed by hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells. A detailed analysis of CD302 transcription in mouse immune cells revealed highest expression by myeloid cells, particularly macrophages, granulocytes, and myeloid dendritic cells (mDC). Interestingly, 2.5-fold more CD302 was found in migratory compared with resident mDC populations and higher CD302 expression in mouse M1 versus M2 macrophages was also noteworthy. CD302 knockout (CD302KO) mice were generated. Studies on the relevant immune cell populations revealed a decrease in the frequency and numbers of migratory mDC within CD302KO LN compared with wild-type LN. In vitro studies showed CD302KO and wild-type DC had an equivalent capacity to undergo maturation, prime T cells, uptake Ags, and migrate toward the CCL19/CCL21 chemokines. Nevertheless, CD302KO migratory DC exhibited reduced in vivo migration into LN, confirming a functional role for CD302 in mDC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Ho Lo
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Pablo A Silveira
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Phillip D Fromm
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Nirupama D Verma
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Phi A Vu
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Fiona Kupresanin
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Rhonda Adam
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Masato Kato
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Biogerontology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and
| | - Georgina J Clark
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Derek N J Hart
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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205
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206
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Reinartz SM, van Tongeren J, van Egmond D, de Groot EJJ, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM. Dendritic Cell Subsets in Oral Mucosa of Allergic and Healthy Subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154409. [PMID: 27166951 PMCID: PMC4864364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry was used to identify, enumerate, and describe the tissue distribution of Langerhans type (CD1a and CD207), myeloid (CD1c and CD141), and plasmacytoid (CD303 and CD304) dendritic cell subsets in oral mucosa of allergic and non-allergic individuals. Allergic individuals have more CD141+ myeloid cells in epithelium and more CD1a+ Langerhans cells in the lamina propria compared to healthy controls, but similar numbers for the other DC subtypes. Our data are the first to describe the presence of CD303+ plasmacytoid DCs in human oral mucosa and a dense intraepithelial network of CD141+ DCs. The number of Langerhans type DCs (CD1a and CD207) and myeloid DCs (CD1c), was higher in the oral mucosa than in the nasal mucosa of the same individual independent of the atopic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M. Reinartz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost van Tongeren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Danielle van Egmond
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther J. J. de Groot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wytske J. Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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207
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Skin CD4(+) memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11514. [PMID: 27160938 PMCID: PMC4866325 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although memory T cells within barrier tissues can persist as permanent residents, at least some exchange with blood. The extent to which this occurs is unclear. Here we show that memory CD4+ T cells in mouse skin are in equilibrium with the circulation at steady state. These cells are dispersed throughout the inter-follicular regions of the dermis and form clusters with antigen presenting cells around hair follicles. After infection or administration of a contact sensitizing agent, there is a sustained increase in skin CD4+ T-cell content, which is confined to the clusters, with a concomitant CCL5-dependent increase in CD4+ T-cell recruitment. Skin CCL5 is derived from CD11b+ cells and CD8+ T cells, with the elimination of the latter decreasing CD4+ T-cell numbers. These results reveal a complex pattern of tissue-retention and equilibration for CD4+ memory T cells in skin, which is altered by infection and inflammation history. Memory T cells are vital responders to skin inflammation, but cell localization and dynamics of exchange with the bloodstream are not clear. Here the authors use parabiosis and intravital microscopy to show that CD4+ memory T cells equilibrate with the circulation and cluster around hair follicles in response to CCL5-dependent responses to viral infection or contact sensitization.
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208
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Mintern JD, Macri C, Chin WJ, Panozza SE, Segura E, Patterson NL, Zeller P, Bourges D, Bedoui S, McMillan PJ, Idris A, Nowell CJ, Brown A, Radford KJ, Johnston AP, Villadangos JA. Differential use of autophagy by primary dendritic cells specialized in cross-presentation. Autophagy 2016; 11:906-17. [PMID: 25950899 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1045178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells survey their environment and present captured antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Formation of MHC-antigen complexes occurs in specialized compartments where multiple protein trafficking routes, still incompletely understood, converge. Autophagy is a route that enables the presentation of cytosolic antigen by MHC class II molecules. Some reports also implicate autophagy in the presentation of extracellular, endocytosed antigen by MHC class I molecules, a pathway termed "cross-presentation." The role of autophagy in cross-presentation is controversial. This may be due to studies using different types of antigen presenting cells for which the use of autophagy is not well defined. Here we report that active use of autophagy is evident only in DC subtypes specialized in cross-presentation. However, the contribution of autophagy to cross-presentation varied depending on the form of antigen: it was negligible in the case of cell-associated antigen or antigen delivered via receptor-mediated endocytosis, but more prominent when the antigen was a soluble protein. These findings highlight the differential use of autophagy and its machinery by primary cells equipped with specific immune function, and prompt careful reassessment of the participation of this endocytic pathway in antigen cross-presentation.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- Atg7-DC CKO, Atg7 DC conditional knockout
- BafA, bafilomycin A1
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DALIS, dendritic cell aggresome-like inducible structures
- DC, dendritic cell
- IFC imaging flow cytometry
- LAP, LC3 associated phagocytosis
- LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β
- MHC I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- MHC II, major histocompatibility complex class II
- OT-I, OVA-specific CD8+ T cell
- OT-II, OVA-specific CD4+ T cell; SIM, structured illumination microscopy.
- OVA, ovalbumin
- antigen presentation
- autophagy
- dendritic cells
- green fluorescent protein, GFP
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209
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Kim KS, Kim H, Park Y, Kong WH, Lee SW, Kwok SJJ, Hahn SK, Yun SH. Noninvasive Transdermal Vaccination Using Hyaluronan Nanocarriers and Laser Adjuvant. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:2512-2522. [PMID: 27833475 PMCID: PMC5098559 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are commonly administered by injection using needles. Although transdermal microneedles are less-invasive promising alternatives, needle-free topical vaccination without involving physical damage to the natural skin barrier is still sought after as it can further reduce needle-induced anxiety and simply administration. However, this long-standing goal has been elusive since the intact skin is impermeable to most macromolecules. Here, we show an efficient, non-invasive transdermal vaccination in mice by employing two key innovations: first, the use of hyaluronan (HA) as vaccine carriers and, second, non-ablative laser adjuvants. Conjugates of a model vaccine ovalbumin (OVA) and HA-HA-OVA conjugates-induced more effective maturation of dendritic cells in vitro, compared to OVA or HA alone, through synergistic HA receptor-mediated effects. Following topical administration in the back skin, HA-OVA conjugates penetrated into the epidermis and dermis in murine and porcine skins up to 30% of the total applied quantity, as revealed by intravital microscopy and quantitative fluorescence assay. Topical administration of HA-OVA conjugates significantly elevated both anti-OVA IgG antibody levels in serum and IgA antibody levels in bronchioalveolar lavage, with peak levels at 4 weeks, while OVA alone had a negligible effect. An OVA challenge at week 8 elicited strong immune-recall humoral responses. With pre-treatment of the skin using non-ablative fractional laser beams (1410 nm wavelength, 10 ms pulse duration, 0.2 mJ/pulse) as laser adjuvant, strong immunization was achieved with much reduced doses of HA-OVA (1 mg/kg OVA). Our results demonstrate the potential of the non-invasive patch-type transdermal vaccination platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Su Kim
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St., Boston, Massachusetts 02140, USA
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Yunji Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Won Ho Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Sheldon J. J. Kwok
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St., Boston, Massachusetts 02140, USA
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St., Boston, Massachusetts 02140, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St., Boston, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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210
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Evers BDG, Engel DR, Böhner AMC, Tittel AP, Krause TA, Heuser C, Garbi N, Kastenmüller W, Mack M, Tiegs G, Panzer U, Boor P, Ludwig-Portugall I, Kurts C. CD103+ Kidney Dendritic Cells Protect against Crescentic GN by Maintaining IL-10-Producing Regulatory T Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3368-3382. [PMID: 27036736 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney dendritic cells (DCs) regulate nephritogenic T cell responses. Most kidney DCs belong to the CD11b+ subset and promote crescentic GN (cGN). The function of the CD103+ subset, which represents <5% of kidney DCs, is poorly understood. We studied the role of CD103+ DCs in cGN using several lines of genetically modified mice that allowed us to reduce the number of these cells. In all lines, we detected a reduction of FoxP3+ intrarenal regulatory T cells (Tregs), which protect against cGN. Mice lacking the transcription factor Batf3 had a more profound reduction of CD103+ DCs and Tregs than did the other lines used, and showed the most profound aggravation of cGN. The conditional reduction of CD103+ DC numbers by 50% in Langerin-DTR mice halved Treg numbers, which did not suffice to significantly aggravate cGN. Mice lacking the cytokine Flt3L had fewer CD103+ DCs and Tregs than Langerin-DTR mice but exhibited milder cGN than did Batf3-/- mice presumably because proinflammatory CD11b+ DCs were somewhat depleted as well. Conversely, Flt3L supplementation increased the number of CD103+ DCs and Tregs, but also of proinflammatory CD11b+ DCs. On antibody-mediated removal of CD11b+ DCs, Flt3L supplementation ameliorated cGN. Mechanistically, CD103+ DCs caused cocultured T cells to differentiate into Tregs and produced the chemokine CCL20, which is known to attract Tregs into the kidney. Our findings show that CD103+ DCs foster intrarenal FoxP3+ Treg accumulation, thereby antagonizing proinflammatory CD11b+ DCs. Thus, increasing CD103+ DC numbers or functionality might be advantageous in cGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix D G Evers
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander M C Böhner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - André P Tittel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten A Krause
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Heuser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II and Center for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology and
| | - Ulf Panzer
- III Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinic Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Nephrology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isis Ludwig-Portugall
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany;
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211
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Chandra J, Miao Y, Romoff N, Frazer IH. Epithelium Expressing the E7 Oncoprotein of HPV16 Attracts Immune-Modulatory Dendritic Cells to the Skin and Suppresses Their Antigen-Processing Capacity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152886. [PMID: 27031095 PMCID: PMC4816461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) in skin can promote either antigen-specific effector functions or antigen tolerance, and thus determine clearance or persistence of cutaneous viral infections. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can persist in squamous epithelium in immunocompetent individuals, and some persisting HPV infections, particularly with HPV16, promote malignant epithelial transformation. Here, we investigate whether local expression of the HPV16 protein most associated with malignant transformation, HPV16-E7, affects the phenotype and function of APC subsets in the skin. We demonstrate an expanded population of Langerhans cells in HPV16-E7 transgenic skin with distinct cell surface markers which express immune-modulatory enzymes and cytokines not expressed by cells from non transgenic skin. Furthermore, HPV16-E7 transgene expression in keratinocytes attracts new APC subsets to the epidermis. In vivo migration and transport of antigen to the draining lymph node by these APCs is markedly enhanced in HPV16-E7 expressing skin, whereas antigen-processing, as measured by proteolytic cleavage of DQ-OVA and activation of T cells in vivo by APCs, is significantly impaired. These data suggest that local expression of HPV16-E7 in keratinocytes can contribute to persisting infection with this oncogenic virus, by altering the phenotype and function of local APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Chandra
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yan Miao
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Natasha Romoff
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- * E-mail:
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212
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Hanafusa T, Kato K, Azukizawa H, Miyazaki JI, Takeda J, Katayama I. B-1 B cell progenitors transiently and partially express keratin 5 during differentiation in bone marrow. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 81:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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213
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Immunity and Tolerance Induced by Intestinal Mucosal Dendritic Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3104727. [PMID: 27034589 PMCID: PMC4789473 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells present in the digestive tract are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, commensal flora, and invading pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, these cells have high tolerogenic potential, triggering differentiation of regulatory T cells to protect the host from unwanted proinflammatory immune responses to innocuous antigens or commensals. On the other hand, these cells must discriminate between commensal flora and invading pathogens and mount powerful immune response against pathogens. A potential result of unbalanced tolerogenic versus proinflammatory responses mediated by dendritic cells is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, food allergies, and celiac disease. Herein, we review the dendritic cell population involved in mediating tolerance and immunity in mucosal surfaces, the progress in unveiling their development in vivo, and factors that can influence their functions.
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214
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Waithman J, Gebhardt T, Bedoui S. Skin tumor immunity: Site does matter for antigen presentation by DCs. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:543-6. [PMID: 26842676 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has the ability to specifically identify and eliminate tumors, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are not fully understood. A study published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology now provides new insights into this important problem. Joncker et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 609-618] show that the timely mobilization of tumor antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) from the periphery to the lymph nodes is critical for effective antitumor T-cell immunity, and that DCs present tumor antigens much more efficiently when encountered in the skin rather than in the subcutaneous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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215
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Imaging of the cross-presenting dendritic cell subsets in the skin-draining lymph node. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1044-9. [PMID: 26755602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513607113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells specialized for activating T cells to elicit effector T-cell functions. Cross-presenting DCs are a DC subset capable of presenting antigens to CD8(+) T cells and play critical roles in cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immune responses to microorganisms and cancer. Although their importance is known, the spatiotemporal dynamics of cross-presenting DCs in vivo are incompletely understood. Here, we study the T-cell zone in skin-draining lymph nodes (SDLNs) and find it is compartmentalized into regions for CD8(+) T-cell activation by cross-presenting DCs that express the chemokine (C motif) receptor 1 gene, Xcr1 and for CD4(+) T-cell activation by CD11b(+) DCs. Xcr1-expressing DCs in the SDLNs are composed of two different populations: migratory (CD103(hi)) DCs, which immigrate from the skin, and resident (CD8α(hi)) DCs, which develop in the nodes. To characterize the dynamic interactions of these distinct DC populations with CD8(+) T cells during their activation in vivo, we developed a photoconvertible reporter mouse strain, which permits us to distinctively visualize the migratory and resident subsets of Xcr1-expressing DCs. After leaving the skin, migratory DCs infiltrated to the deep T-cell zone of the SDLNs over 3 d, which corresponded to their half-life in the SDLNs. Intravital two-photon imaging showed that after soluble antigen immunization, the newly arriving migratory DCs more efficiently form sustained conjugates with antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells than other Xcr1-expressing DCs in the SDLNs. These results offer in vivo evidence for differential contributions of migratory and resident cross-presenting DCs to CD8(+) T-cell activation.
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216
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Greyer M, Whitney P, Stock A, Davey G, Tebartz C, Bachem A, Mintern J, Strugnell R, Turner S, Gebhardt T, O’Keeffe M, Heath W, Bedoui S. T Cell Help Amplifies Innate Signals in CD8 + DCs for Optimal CD8 + T Cell Priming. Cell Rep 2016; 14:586-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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217
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Joncker NT, Bettini S, Boulet D, Guiraud M, Guerder S. The site of tumor development determines immunogenicity via temporal mobilization of antigen-laden dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:609-18. [PMID: 26626316 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of solid tumors largely depends on effective T-cell priming by dendritic cells (DCs). For decades, studies focusing on antitumoral immune responses have been performed with tumors transplanted subcutaneously (s.c.). These studies however do not take into account the heterogeneous tissue distribution and functionality of the different DC subsets. Given the crucial role of DCs in inducing protective immune response, we postulated that the anatomic location of tumor development may greatly impact tumor immunogenicity. We therefore implanted tumor cells either in the DC-rich dermis environment or in the s.c. tissue that mainly contains macrophages and monocytes. We showed that intradermal (i.d.), but not s.c. tumors are rapidly rejected in a T-cell-dependent manner and induce protective T-cell responses. The rejection of i.d. tumors correlates with rapid recruitment of dermal DCs presenting the tumor antigen to both CD4 and CD8 T cells in the draining lymph nodes (dLNs). The same DC subsets were mobilized upon s.c. tumor transplantation but with delayed kinetics. Altogether, our results show that the anatomical site of tumor development influences tumor immunogenicity, notably by controlling the kinetics of DC mobilization in the draining LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie T Joncker
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Bettini
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Boulet
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Guiraud
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Guerder
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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218
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Halford WP, Geltz J, Messer RJ, Hasenkrug KJ. Antibodies Are Required for Complete Vaccine-Induced Protection against Herpes Simplex Virus 2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145228. [PMID: 26670699 PMCID: PMC4682860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) 0ΔNLS is a live HSV-2 ICP0- mutant vaccine strain that is profoundly attenuated in vivo due to its interferon-hypersensitivity. Recipients of the HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine are resistant to high-dose HSV-2 challenge as evidenced by profound reductions in challenge virus spread, shedding, disease and mortality. In the current study, we investigated the requirements for HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine-induced protection. Studies using (UV)-inactivated HSV-2 0ΔNLS revealed that self-limited replication of the attenuated virus was required for effective protection from vaginal or ocular HSV-2 challenge. Diminished antibody responses in recipients of the UV-killed HSV-2 vaccine suggested that antibodies might be playing a critical role in early protection. This hypothesis was investigated in B-cell-deficient μMT mice. Vaccination with live HSV-2 0ΔNLS induced equivalent CD8+ T cell responses in wild-type and μMT mice. Vaccinated μMT mice shed ~40-fold more infectious HSV-2 at 24 hours post-challenge relative to vaccinated wild-type (B-cell+) mice, and most vaccinated μMT mice eventually succumbed to a slowly progressing HSV-2 challenge. Importantly, passive transfer of HSV-2 antiserum restored full protection to HSV-2 0ΔNLS-vaccinated μMT mice. The results demonstrate that B cells are required for complete vaccine-induced protection against HSV-2, and indicate that virus-specific antibodies are the dominant mediators of early vaccine-induced protection against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Halford
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joshua Geltz
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, United States of America
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, United States of America
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219
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Apte SH, Stephenson RJ, Simerska P, Groves PL, Aljohani S, Eskandari S, Toth I, Doolan DL. Systematic evaluation of self-adjuvanting lipopeptide nano-vaccine platforms for the induction of potent CD8(+) T-cell responses. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 11:137-52. [PMID: 26653407 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Systematically evaluate lipid core peptide vaccine delivery platforms to identify core features promoting strong CD8(+) T-cell responses. MATERIALS & METHODS Three different self-adjuvanting lipid core peptide nanovaccines each comprising four copies of the dominant ovalbumin CD8(+) T-cell epitope and varying in the utilization of a polylysine or glucose core with 2-amino-hexadecanoic acid (C16) or 2-amino-dodecanoic acid (C12) lipids were synthesized. Vaccines were tested for ability to induce CD8(+) T-cell responses and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS The construct utilizing C12 lipids and polylysine core induced very robust effector T cells shown to have in vivo effector capability as demonstrated by in vivo cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit tumor growth as well as modulation of dendritic cell activation. CONCLUSION The C12 polylysine platform was an effective configuration for induction of potent CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Apte
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Penny L Groves
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Salwa Aljohani
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sharareh Eskandari
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4012, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
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220
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Salvador A, Sandgren KJ, Liang F, Thompson EA, Koup RA, Pedraz JL, Hernandez RM, Loré K, Igartua M. Design and evaluation of surface and adjuvant modified PLGA microspheres for uptake by dendritic cells to improve vaccine responses. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:371-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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221
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Stankovic S, Harpur CM, Macleod BL, Whitney PG, Gebhardt T, Brooks AG. Limited Internodal Migration of T Follicular Helper Cells after Peripheral Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4892-9. [PMID: 26453747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of CD4 T cells to give rise to specialized T follicular helper cells (TFH) critical to initiating appropriate Ab responses is regulated by environmental cues in lymphoid tissues draining the site of infection. In this study, we used a skin infection with HSV-1 characterized by the successive involvement of interconnected but distinct lymph nodes (LNs), to investigate the anatomical diversification of virus-specific CD4 T cell responses and the migratory capacity of TFH or their precursors. Whereas Th1 effector CD4 T cells expressing peripheral-targeting migration molecules readily migrated from primary to secondary reactive LNs, Bcl6(+) CXCR5(+) PD1(hi) TFH were largely retained at the site of initial activation with little spillover into the downstream LNs involved at later stages of infection. Consistent with this, TFH maintained high-level surface expression of CD69, indicative of impaired migratory capacity. Notably, the biased generation and retention of TFH in primary LNs correlated with a preferential generation of germinal centers at this site. Our results highlight a limited anatomical diversification of TFH responses and germinal center reactions that were imprinted within the first few cell divisions during TFH differentiation in LNs draining the site of initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Stankovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher M Harpur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Bethany L Macleod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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222
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Cutaneous RANK–RANKL Signaling Upregulates CD8-Mediated Antiviral Immunity during Herpes simplex Virus Infection by Preventing Virus-Induced Langerhans Cell Apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2676-2687. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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223
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Clausen BE, Stoitzner P. Functional Specialization of Skin Dendritic Cell Subsets in Regulating T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:534. [PMID: 26557117 PMCID: PMC4617171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous family of professional antigen-presenting cells classically recognized as most potent inducers of adaptive immune responses. In this respect, Langerhans cells have long been considered to be prototypic immunogenic DC in the skin. More recently this view has considerably changed. The generation of in vivo cell ablation and lineage tracing models revealed the complexity of the skin DC network and, in particular, established the existence of a number of phenotypically distinct Langerin+ and negative DC populations in the dermis. Moreover, by now we appreciate that DC also exert important regulatory functions and are required for the maintenance of tolerance toward harmless foreign and self-antigens. This review summarizes our current understanding of the skin-resident DC system in the mouse and discusses emerging concepts on the functional specialization of the different skin DC subsets in regulating T cell responses. Special consideration is given to antigen cross-presentation as well as immune reactions toward contact sensitizers, cutaneous pathogens, and tumors. These studies form the basis for the manipulation of the human counterparts of the murine DC subsets to promote immunity or tolerance for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Division of Experimental Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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224
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BCG Skin Infection Triggers IL-1R-MyD88-Dependent Migration of EpCAMlow CD11bhigh Skin Dendritic cells to Draining Lymph Node During CD4+ T-Cell Priming. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005206. [PMID: 26440518 PMCID: PMC4594926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of antigen from the periphery to the draining lymph node (DLN) is critical for T-cell priming but remains poorly studied during infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). To address this we employed a mouse model to track the traffic of Dendritic cells (DCs) and mycobacteria from the BCG inoculation site in the skin to the DLN. Detection of BCG in the DLN was concomitant with the priming of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells at that site. We found EpCAMlow CD11bhigh migratory skin DCs to be mobilized during the transport of BCG to the DLN. Migratory skin DCs distributed to the T-cell area of the LN, co-localized with BCG and were found in close apposition to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Consequently, blockade of skin DC traffic into DLN dramatically reduced mycobacterial entry into DLN and muted T-cell priming. Interestingly, DC and mycobacterial entry into the DLN was dependent on IL-1R-I, MyD88, TNFR-I and IL-12p40. In addition, we found using DC adoptive transfers that the requirement for MyD88 in BCG-triggered migration was not restricted to the migrating DC itself and that hematopoietic expression of MyD88 was needed in part for full-fledged migration. Our observations thus identify a population of DCs that contribute towards the priming of CD4+ T cells to BCG infection by transporting bacilli into the DLN in an IL-1R-MyD88-dependent manner and reveal both DC-intrinsic and -extrinsic requirements for MyD88 in DC migration.
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225
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Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25 Suppl 1:2-23. [PMID: 25752814 PMCID: PMC5024016 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have evolved over millions of years to propagate themselves in a range of different animal species including humans. Viruses that have co‐evolved slowly in this way typically cause chronic inapparent infections, with virion production in the absence of apparent disease. This is the case for many Beta and Gamma HPV types. The Alpha papillomavirus types have however evolved immunoevasion strategies that allow them to cause persistent visible papillomas. These viruses activate the cell cycle as the infected epithelial cell differentiates in order to create a replication competent environment that allows viral genome amplification and packaging into infectious particles. This is mediated by the viral E6, E7, and E5 proteins. High‐risk E6 and E7 proteins differ from their low‐risk counterparts however in being able to drive cell cycle entry in the upper epithelial layers and also to stimulate cell proliferation in the basal and parabasal layers. Deregulated expression of these cell cycle regulators underlies neoplasia and the eventual progression to cancer in individuals who cannot resolve high‐risk HPV infection. Most work to date has focused on the study of high‐risk HPV types such as HPV 16 and 18, which has led to an understanding of the molecular pathways subverted by these viruses. Such approaches will lead to the development of better strategies for disease treatment, including targeted antivirals and immunotherapeutics. Priorities are now focused toward understanding HPV neoplasias at sites other than the cervix (e.g. tonsils, other transformation zones) and toward understanding the mechanisms by which low‐risk HPV types can sometimes give rise to papillomatosis and under certain situations even cancers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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226
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Ono S, Kabashima K. Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT). ALLERGO JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-015-0911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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227
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Dudeck J, Ghouse S, Lehmann C, Hoppe A, Schubert N, Nedospasov S, Dudziak D, Dudeck A. Mast-Cell-Derived TNF Amplifies CD8+ Dendritic Cell Functionality and CD8+ T Cell Priming. Cell Rep 2015; 13:399-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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228
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Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:170-179. [PMID: 27069837 PMCID: PMC4792357 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin is equipped with serial barriers that provide rapid and efficient protection against external intruders. Beneath the epidermal physical barriers of the stratum corneum and the tight junctions, the integrated immune systems in both the epidermis and the dermis act in a coordinated manner to protect the host. This “immunological” barrier is composed of various cells, including skin-resident cells, such as keratinocytes, dendritic cells, tissue-resident macrophages, resident memory T cells, mast cells, and innate lymphoid cells. Additionally, infiltrating memory T cells, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are recruited in support of the host immunity. In addition to discussing the role of each of these cellular populations, we describe the concept of skin associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), which reminds us that the skin is an important component of the lymphatic system. We further describe the newly discovered phenomenon of multiple cell gathering under skin inflammation, which can be referred to as inducible SALT (iSALT). iSALT contributes to our understanding of SALT by highlighting the importance of direct cell-cell interaction in skin immunity.
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Cao Q, Lu J, Li Q, Wang C, Wang XM, Lee VWS, Wang C, Nguyen H, Zheng G, Zhao Y, Alexander SI, Wang Y, Harris DCH. CD103+ Dendritic Cells Elicit CD8+ T Cell Responses to Accelerate Kidney Injury in Adriamycin Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1344-60. [PMID: 26376858 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in nonlymphoid organs exhibit two main functions: maintaining tolerance by induction of regulatory T cells and protecting against tissue infection through cross-presentation of foreign antigens to CD8(+) T cells. However, the role of CD103(+) DCs in kidney disease is unknown. In this study, we show that CD103(+) DCs are one of four subpopulations of renal mononuclear phagocytes in normal kidneys. CD103(+) DCs expressed DC-specific surface markers, transcription factors, and growth factor receptors and were found in the kidney cortex but not in the medulla. The number of kidney CD103(+) DCs was significantly higher in mice with adriamycin nephropathy (AN) than in normal mice, and depletion of CD103(+) DCs attenuated kidney injury in AN mice. In vitro, kidney CD103(+) DCs preferentially primed CD8(+) T cells and did not directly induce tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. Adoptive transfer of CD8(+) T cells significantly exacerbated kidney injury in AN SCID mice, whereas depletion of CD103(+) DCs in these mice impaired activation and proliferation of transfused CD8(+) T cells and prevented the exacerbation of kidney injury associated with this transfusion. In conclusion, kidney CD103(+) DCs display a pathogenic role in murine CKD via activation of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Junyu Lu
- Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China; and
| | - Qing Li
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Xin Maggie Wang
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Hanh Nguyen
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Ye Zhao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
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230
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Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Containing the F Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Confers Protection without Pulmonary Disease by Modulating Specific Subsets of Dendritic Cells and Effector T Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:11692-705. [PMID: 26355098 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02018-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is no licensed vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) since the failure of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) due to its vaccine-enhanced disease. We investigated immune correlates conferring protection without causing disease after intranasal immunization with virus-like particle vaccine containing the RSV fusion protein (F VLP) in comparison to FI-RSV and live RSV. Upon RSV challenge, FI-RSV immune mice showed severe weight loss, eosinophilia, and histopathology, and RSV reinfection also caused substantial RSV disease despite their viral clearance. In contrast, F VLP immune mice showed least weight loss and no sign of histopathology and eosinophilia. High levels of interleukin-4-positive (IL-4(+)) and tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive (TNF-α(+)) CD4(+) T cells were found in FI-RSV immune mice, whereas gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ(+)) and TNF-α(+) CD4(+) T cells were predominantly detected in live RSV-infected mice. More importantly, in contrast to FI-RSV and live RSV that induced higher levels of CD11b(+) dendritic cells, F VLP immunization induced CD8α(+) and CD103(+) dendritic cells, as well as F-specific IFN-γ(+) and TNF-α(+) CD8(+) T cells. These results suggest that F VLP can induce protection without causing pulmonary RSV disease by inducing RSV neutralizing antibodies, as well as modulating specific subsets of dendritic cells and CD8 T cell immunity. IMPORTANCE It has been a difficult challenge to develop an effective and safe vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of respiratory disease. Immune correlates conferring protection but preventing vaccine-enhanced disease remain poorly understood. RSV F virus-like particle (VLP) would be an efficient vaccine platform conferring protection. Here, we investigated the protective immune correlates without causing disease after intranasal immunization with RSV F VLP in comparison to FI-RSV and live RSV. In addition to inducing RSV neutralizing antibodies responsible for clearing lung viral loads, we show that modulation of specific subsets of dendritic cells and CD8 T cells producing T helper type 1 cytokines are important immune correlates conferring protection but not causing vaccine-enhanced disease.
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231
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Hor JL, Whitney PG, Zaid A, Brooks AG, Heath WR, Mueller SN. Spatiotemporally Distinct Interactions with Dendritic Cell Subsets Facilitates CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Activation to Localized Viral Infection. Immunity 2015; 43:554-65. [PMID: 26297566 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of when and where CD4(+) T cells provide help for CD8(+) T cell priming and which dendritic cells (DCs) activate CD4(+) T cells in vivo after localized infection are poorly understood. By using a cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection model combined with intravital 2-photon imaging of the draining lymph node (LN) to concurrently visualize pathogen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, we found that early priming of CD4(+) T cells involved clustering with migratory skin DCs. CD8(+) T cells did not interact with migratory DCs and their activation was delayed, requiring later clustering interactions with LN-resident XCR1(+) DCs. CD4(+) T cells interacted with these late CD8(+) T cell clusters on resident XCR1(+) DCs. Together, these data reveal asynchronous T cell activation by distinct DC subsets and highlight the key role of XCR1(+) DCs as the central platform for cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and the delivery of CD4(+) T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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232
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Eickhoff S, Brewitz A, Gerner MY, Klauschen F, Komander K, Hemmi H, Garbi N, Kaisho T, Germain RN, Kastenmüller W. Robust Anti-viral Immunity Requires Multiple Distinct T Cell-Dendritic Cell Interactions. Cell 2015; 162:1322-37. [PMID: 26296422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Host defense against viruses and intracellular parasites depends on effector CD8(+) T cells, whose optimal clonal expansion, differentiation, and memory properties require signals from CD4(+) T cells. Here, we addressed the role of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in initial activation of the two T cell types and their co-operation. Surprisingly, initial priming of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was spatially segregated within the lymph node and occurred on different DCs with temporally distinct patterns of antigen presentation via MHCI versus MHCII molecules. DCs that co-present antigen via both MHC molecules were detected at a later stage; these XCR1(+) DCs are the critical platform involved in CD4(+) T cell augmentation of CD8(+) T cell responses. These findings delineate the complex choreography of cellular interactions underlying effective cell-mediated anti-viral responses, with implications for basic DC subset biology, as well as for translational application to the development of vaccines that evoke optimal T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Eickhoff
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Brewitz
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Komander
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ronald Nathan Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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233
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Selected Aspects in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:351732. [PMID: 26300591 PMCID: PMC4537751 DOI: 10.1155/2015/351732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune processes can be found in physiological circumstances. However, they are quenched with properly functioning regulatory mechanisms and do not evolve into full-blown autoimmune diseases. Once developed, autoimmune diseases are characterized by signature clinical features, accompanied by sustained cellular and/or humoral immunological abnormalities. Genetic, environmental, and hormonal defects, as well as a quantitative and qualitative impairment of immunoregulatory functions, have been shown in parallel to the relative dominance of proinflammatory Th17 cells in many of these diseases. In this review we focus on the derailed balance between regulatory and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we depict a cytokine imbalance, which gives rise to a biased T-cell homeostasis. The assessment of Th17/Treg-cell ratio and the simultaneous quantitation of cytokines, may give a useful diagnostic tool in autoimmune diseases. We also depict the multifaceted role of dendritic cells, serving as antigen presenting cells, contributing to the development of the pathognomonic cytokine signature and promote cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. Finally we describe the function and role of extracellular vesicles in particular autoimmune diseases. Targeting these key players of disease progression in patients with autoimmune diseases by immunomodulating therapy may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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234
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Gutiérrez-Martínez E, Planès R, Anselmi G, Reynolds M, Menezes S, Adiko AC, Saveanu L, Guermonprez P. Cross-Presentation of Cell-Associated Antigens by MHC Class I in Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2015; 6:363. [PMID: 26236315 PMCID: PMC4505393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have the unique ability to pick up dead cells carrying antigens in tissue and migrate to the lymph nodes where they can cross-present cell-associated antigens by MHC class I to CD8+ T cells. There is strong in vivo evidence that the mouse XCR1+ DCs subset acts as a key player in this process. The intracellular processes underlying cross-presentation remain controversial and several pathways have been proposed. Indeed, a wide number of studies have addressed the cellular process of cross-presentation in vitro using a variety of sources of antigen and antigen-presenting cells. Here, we review the in vivo and in vitro evidence supporting the current mechanistic models and disscuss their physiological relevance to the cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by DCs subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Remi Planès
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Giorgio Anselmi
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Shinelle Menezes
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Aimé Cézaire Adiko
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Centre for Molecular & Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Loredana Saveanu
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Centre for Molecular & Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Immunobiology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, CMCBI, King's College London , London , UK
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235
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van den Berg LM, Cardinaud S, van der Aar AMG, Sprokholt JK, de Jong MAWP, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Moris A, Geijtenbeek TBH. Langerhans Cell-Dendritic Cell Cross-Talk via Langerin and Hyaluronic Acid Mediates Antigen Transfer and Cross-Presentation of HIV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1763-73. [PMID: 26170391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal and mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs) express the C-type lectin receptor langerin that functions as a pattern recognition receptor. LCs are among the first immune cells to interact with HIV-1 during sexual transmission. In this study, we demonstrate that langerin not only functions as a pattern recognition receptor but also as an adhesion receptor mediating clustering between LCs and dendritic cells (DCs). Langerin recognized hyaluronic acid on DCs and removal of these carbohydrate structures partially abrogated LC-DC clustering. Because LCs did not cross-present HIV-1-derived Ags to CD8(+) T cells in a cross-presentation model, we investigated whether LCs were able to transfer Ags to DCs. LC-DC clustering led to maturation of DCs and facilitated Ag transfer of HIV-1 to DCs, which subsequently induced activation of CD8(+) cells. The rapid transfer of Ags to DCs, in contrast to productive infection of LCs, suggests that this might be an important mechanism for induction of anti-HIV-1 CD8(+) T cells. Induction of the enzyme hyaluronidase-2 by DC maturation allowed degradation of hyaluronic acid and abrogated LC-DC interactions. Thus, we have identified an important function of langerin in mediating LC-DC clustering, which allows Ag transfer to induce CTL responses to HIV-1. Furthermore, we showed this interaction is mediated by hyaluronidase-2 upregulation after DC maturation. These data underscore the importance of LCs and DCs in orchestrating adaptive immunity to HIV-1. Novel strategies might be developed to harness this mechanism for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M van den Berg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Cardinaud
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 06, University Sorbonne, F-75013 Paris, France; Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, INSERM, U1135, F-75013 Paris, France; Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, French National Centre for Scientific Research, ERL 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Angelic M G van der Aar
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris K Sprokholt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marein A W P de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Arnaud Moris
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 06, University Sorbonne, F-75013 Paris, France; Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, INSERM, U1135, F-75013 Paris, France; Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, French National Centre for Scientific Research, ERL 8255, F-75013 Paris, France; Department of Immunology, AP-HP University Medical Center Paris Area, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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236
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Spranger S, Bao R, Gajewski TF. Melanoma-intrinsic β-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2015. [PMID: 25970248 DOI: 10.1038/nature14404.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma treatment is being revolutionized by the development of effective immunotherapeutic approaches. These strategies include blockade of immune-inhibitory receptors on activated T cells; for example, using monoclonal antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 (refs 3-5). However, only a subset of patients responds to these treatments, and data suggest that therapeutic benefit is preferentially achieved in patients with a pre-existing T-cell response against their tumour, as evidenced by a baseline CD8(+) T-cell infiltration within the tumour microenvironment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the presence or absence of a spontaneous anti-tumour T-cell response in subsets of cases, therefore, should enable the development of therapeutic solutions for patients lacking a T-cell infiltrate. Here we identify a melanoma-cell-intrinsic oncogenic pathway that contributes to a lack of T-cell infiltration in melanoma. Molecular analysis of human metastatic melanoma samples revealed a correlation between activation of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway and absence of a T-cell gene expression signature. Using autochthonous mouse melanoma models we identified the mechanism by which tumour-intrinsic active β-catenin signalling results in T-cell exclusion and resistance to anti-PD-L1/anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody therapy. Specific oncogenic signals, therefore, can mediate cancer immune evasion and resistance to immunotherapies, pointing to new candidate targets for immune potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- 1] Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) possesses powerful local and global immunosuppressive capabilities that modulate unwanted inflammatory reactions in nervous tissue. These same immune-modulatory mechanisms are also co-opted by malignant brain tumors and pose a formidable challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy. Routes by which malignant gliomas coordinate immunosuppression include the mechanical and functional barriers of the CNS; immunosuppressive cytokines and catabolites; immune checkpoint molecules; tumor-infiltrating immune cells; and suppressor immune cells. The challenges to overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression, however, are not unique to the brain, and several analogous immunosuppressive mechanisms also exist for primary tumors outside of the CNS. Ultimately, the immune responses in the CNS are linked and complementary to immune processes in the periphery, and advances in tumor immunotherapy in peripheral sites may therefore illuminate novel approaches to brain tumor immunotherapy, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Powell Perng
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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238
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Reynolds G, Haniffa M. Human and Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte Networks: A Tale of Two Species? Front Immunol 2015; 6:330. [PMID: 26124761 PMCID: PMC4479794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are a heterogeneous population of mononuclear phagocytes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation to initiate and regulate immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, tumor, and tolerance to self. In addition to their afferent sentinel function, DCs and macrophages are also critical as effectors and coordinators of inflammation and homeostasis in peripheral tissues. Harnessing DCs and macrophages for therapeutic purposes has major implications for infectious disease, vaccination, transplantation, tolerance induction, inflammation, and cancer immunotherapy. There has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the developmental origin and function of the cellular constituents of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Significant progress has been made in tandem in both human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology. This progress has been accelerated by comparative biology analysis between mouse and human, which has proved to be an exceptionally fruitful strategy to harmonize findings across species. Such analyses have provided unexpected insights and facilitated productive reciprocal and iterative processes to inform our understanding of human and mouse mononuclear phagocytes. In this review, we discuss the strategies, power, and utility of comparative biology approaches to integrate recent advances in human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology and its potential to drive forward clinical translation of this knowledge. We also present a functional framework on the parallel organization of human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Reynolds
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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239
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Sei JJ, Haskett S, Kaminsky LW, Lin E, Truckenmiller ME, Bellone CJ, Buller RM, Norbury CC. Peptide-MHC-I from Endogenous Antigen Outnumber Those from Exogenous Antigen, Irrespective of APC Phenotype or Activation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004941. [PMID: 26107264 PMCID: PMC4479883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve anti-viral CD8+ T cells (TCD8+) are activated by the presence of peptide-MHC Class I complexes (pMHC-I) on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (pAPC). Increasing the number of pMHC-I in vivo can increase the number of responding TCD8+. Antigen can be presented directly or indirectly (cross presentation) from virus-infected and uninfected cells, respectively. Here we determined the relative importance of these two antigen presenting pathways in mousepox, a natural disease of the mouse caused by the poxvirus, ectromelia (ECTV). We demonstrated that ECTV infected several pAPC types (macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells (DC), including DC subsets), which directly presented pMHC-I to naïve TCD8+ with similar efficiencies in vitro. We also provided evidence that these same cell-types presented antigen in vivo, as they form contacts with antigen-specific TCD8+. Importantly, the number of pMHC-I on infected pAPC (direct presentation) vastly outnumbered those on uninfected cells (cross presentation), where presentation only occurred in a specialized subset of DC. In addition, prior maturation of DC failed to enhance antigen presentation, but markedly inhibited ECTV infection of DC. These results suggest that direct antigen presentation is the dominant pathway in mice during mousepox. In a broader context, these findings indicate that if a virus infects a pAPC then the presentation by that cell is likely to dominate over cross presentation as the most effective mode of generating large quantities of pMHC-I is on the surface of pAPC that endogenously express antigens. Recent trends in vaccine design have focused upon the introduction of exogenous antigens into the MHC Class I processing pathway (cross presentation) in specific pAPC populations. However, use of a pantropic viral vector that targets pAPC to express antigen endogenously likely represents a more effective vaccine strategy than the targeting of exogenous antigen to a limiting pAPC subpopulation. To induce a protective cell type (CD8+ T cells) following virus infection, it is necessary to present degraded fragments of viral protein in complex with self molecules on the surface of so-called antigen presenting cells (APC). This process can occur in infected or uninfected APC and has been studied and quantified extensively in experimental setups in the lab. However, the extent to which presentation by infected or uninfected cells contribute to the induction of a protective CD8+ T cell response has not been studied extensively during a natural infection in a mouse model. Here we use a natural mouse virus to examine importantly, quantify, the contribution of presentation of the fragments of viral protein by infected or uninfected cells. We find that the presentation by infected cells dwarfs that seen by uninfected cells. The importance of this work lies in the fact that, if infected cells present way more antigen than uninfected cells, successful vaccine design should utilize this observation to make a vaccine where infected cells expressing virus proteins are the prevalent mode of induction of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J. Sei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Scott Haskett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lauren W. Kaminsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Truckenmiller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clifford J. Bellone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - R. Mark Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kato Y, Zaid A, Davey GM, Mueller SN, Nutt SL, Zotos D, Tarlinton DM, Shortman K, Lahoud MH, Heath WR, Caminschi I. Targeting Antigen to Clec9A Primes Follicular Th Cell Memory Responses Capable of Robust Recall. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1006-14. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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241
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Glitzner E, Korosec A, Brunner PM, Drobits B, Amberg N, Schonthaler HB, Kopp T, Wagner EF, Stingl G, Holcmann M, Sibilia M. Specific roles for dendritic cell subsets during initiation and progression of psoriasis. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1312-27. [PMID: 25216727 PMCID: PMC4287934 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several subtypes of APCs are found in psoriasis patients, but their involvement in disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the contribution of Langerhans cells (LCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in psoriasis. In human psoriatic lesions and in a psoriasis mouse model (DKO* mice), LCs are severely reduced, whereas pDCs are increased. Depletion of pDCs in DKO* mice prior to psoriasis induction resulted in a milder phenotype, whereas depletion during active disease had no effect. In contrast, while depletion of Langerin-expressing APCs before disease onset had no effect, depletion from diseased mice aggravated psoriasis symptoms. Disease aggravation was due to the absence of LCs, but not other Langerin-expressing APCs. LCs derived from DKO* mice produced increased IL-10 levels, suggesting an immunosuppressive function. Moreover, IL-23 production was high in psoriatic mice and further increased in the absence of LCs. Conversely, pDC depletion resulted in reduced IL-23 production, and therapeutic inhibition of IL-23R signaling ameliorated disease symptoms. Therefore, LCs have an anti-inflammatory role during active psoriatic disease, while pDCs exert an instigatory function during disease initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Glitzner
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Korosec
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick M Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Drobits
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helia B Schonthaler
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Kopp
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Holcmann
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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242
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Schuster P, Thomann S, Werner M, Vollmer J, Schmidt B. A subset of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells expresses CD8α upon exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:557. [PMID: 26082771 PMCID: PMC4451679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) play important roles in the defense against murine and human infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV). So far, CD8α expression has only been reported for murine DC. CD8α+ DC have prominent cross-presenting activities, which are enhanced by murine CD8α+ PDC. The human orthologue of murine CD8α+ DC, the CD141 (BDCA3)+ DC, mainly cross-present after TLR3 ligation. We report here the serendipitous finding that a subset of human PDC upregulates CD8α upon HSV-1 stimulation, as shown by gene array and flow cytometry analyses. CD8α, not CD8ß, was expressed upon exposure. Markers of activation, migration, and costimulation were upregulated on CD8α-expressing human PDC. In these cells, increased cytokine and chemokine levels were detected that enhance development and function of T, B, and NK cells, and recruit immature DC, monocytes, and Th1 cells, respectively. Altogether, human CD8α+ PDC exhibit a highly activated phenotype and appear to recruit other immune cells to the site of inflammation. Further studies will show whether CD8α-expressing PDC contribute to antigen cross-presentation, which may be important for immune defenses against HSV infections in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schuster
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany ; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Thomann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maren Werner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany ; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
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243
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Atif SM, Nelsen MK, Gibbings SL, Desch AN, Kedl RM, Gill RG, Marrack P, Murphy KM, Grazia TJ, Henson PM, Jakubzick CV. Cutting Edge: Roles for Batf3-Dependent APCs in the Rejection of Minor Histocompatibility Antigen-Mismatched Grafts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:46-50. [PMID: 26034174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In transplantation, a major obstacle for graft acceptance in MHC-matched individuals is the mismatch of minor histocompatibility Ags. Minor histocompatibility Ags are peptides derived from polymorphic proteins that can be presented by APCs on MHC molecules. The APC subtype uniquely responsible for the rejection of minor Ag-mismatched grafts has not yet been identified. In this study, we examined graft rejection in three mouse models: 1) mismatch of male-specific minor Ags, 2) mismatch of minor Ags distinct from male-specific minor Ags, and 3) skin transplant. This study demonstrates that in the absence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, Batf3-dependent dendritic cells elicit the rejection of cells and grafts expressing mismatched minor Ags. The implication of our findings in clinical transplantation may be significant, as minor Ag reactivity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple allograft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh M Atif
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Michelle K Nelsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80206
| | | | - A Nicole Desch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80206
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Ronald G Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80206; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Denver, CO 80206; and
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Denver, CO 80206; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Todd J Grazia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80206
| | - Peter M Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80206
| | - Claudia V Jakubzick
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80206;
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244
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Weber CS, Hainz K, Deressa T, Strandt H, Florindo Pinheiro D, Mittermair R, Pizarro Pesado J, Thalhamer J, Hammerl P, Stoecklinger A. Immune Reactions against Gene Gun Vaccines Are Differentially Modulated by Distinct Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Skin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128722. [PMID: 26030383 PMCID: PMC4452175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin accommodates multiple dendritic cell (DC) subsets with remarkable functional diversity. Immune reactions are initiated and modulated by the triggering of DC by pathogen-associated or endogenous danger signals. In contrast to these processes, the influence of intrinsic features of protein antigens on the strength and type of immune responses is much less understood. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of distinct DC subsets in immune reactions against two structurally different model antigens, E. coli beta-galactosidase (betaGal) and chicken ovalbumin (OVA) under otherwise identical conditions. After epicutaneous administration of the respective DNA vaccines with a gene gun, wild type mice induced robust immune responses against both antigens. However, ablation of langerin+ DC almost abolished IgG1 and cytotoxic T lymphocytes against betaGal but enhanced T cell and antibody responses against OVA. We identified epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) as the subset responsible for the suppression of anti-OVA reactions and found regulatory T cells critically involved in this process. In contrast, reactions against betaGal were not affected by the selective elimination of LC, indicating that this antigen required a different langerin+ DC subset. The opposing findings obtained with OVA and betaGal vaccines were not due to immune-modulating activities of either the plasmid DNA or the antigen gene products, nor did the differential cellular localization, size or dose of the two proteins account for the opposite effects. Thus, skin-borne protein antigens may be differentially handled by distinct DC subsets, and, in this way, intrinsic features of the antigen can participate in immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrina Hainz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tekalign Deressa
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Helen Strandt
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Roberta Mittermair
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Hammerl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Central Animal Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Stoecklinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
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245
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Recent insights into cutaneous immunization: How to vaccinate via the skin. Vaccine 2015; 33:4663-74. [PMID: 26006087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Technologies and strategies for cutaneous vaccination have been evolving significantly during the past decades. Today, there is evidence for increased efficacy of cutaneously delivered vaccines allowing for dose reduction and providing a minimally invasive alternative to traditional vaccination. Considerable progress has been made within the field of well-established cutaneous vaccination strategies: Jet and powder injection technologies, microneedles, microporation technologies, electroporation, sonoporation, and also transdermal and transfollicular vaccine delivery. Due to recent advances, the use of cutaneous vaccination can be expanded from prophylactic vaccination for infectious diseases into therapeutic vaccination for both infectious and non-infectious chronic conditions. This review will provide an insight into immunological processes occurring in the skin and introduce the key innovations of cutaneous vaccination technologies.
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246
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Flacher V, Tripp CH, Mairhofer DG, Steinman RM, Stoitzner P, Idoyaga J, Romani N. Murine Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells prime CD8+ T cells while Langerhans cells induce cross-tolerance. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1191-204. [PMID: 25085878 PMCID: PMC4197865 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) control the immunogenicity of cutaneously administered vaccines. Antigens targeted to DCs via the C-type lectin Langerin/CD207 are cross-presented to CD8+ T cells in vivo. We investigated the relative roles of Langerhans cells (LCs) and Langerin+ dermal DCs (dDCs) in different vaccination settings. Poly(I:C) and anti-CD40 agonist antibody promoted cytotoxic responses upon intradermal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA)-coupled anti-Langerin antibodies (Langerin/OVA). This correlated with CD70 upregulation in Langerin+ dDCs, but not LCs. In chimeric mice where Langerin targeting was restricted to dDCs, CD8+ T-cell memory was enhanced. Conversely, providing Langerin/OVA exclusively to LCs failed to prime cytotoxicity, despite initial antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. Langerin/OVA combined with imiquimod could not prime CD8+ T cells and resulted in poor cytotoxicity in subsequent responses. This tolerance induction required targeting and maturation of LCs. Altogether, Langerin+ dDCs prime long-lasting cytotoxic responses, while cross-presentation by LCs negatively influences CD8+ T-cell priming. Moreover, this highlights that DCs exposed to TLR agonists can still induce tolerance and supports the existence of qualitatively different DC maturation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David G Mairhofer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralph M Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
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247
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Li HS, Watowich SS. Innate immune regulation by STAT-mediated transcriptional mechanisms. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:84-101. [PMID: 25123278 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term innate immunity typically refers to a quick but non-specific host defense response against invading pathogens. The innate immune system comprises particular immune cell populations, epithelial barriers, and numerous secretory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, and defense peptides. Innate immune cells are also now recognized to play important contributing roles in cancer and pathological inflammatory conditions. Innate immunity relies on rapid signal transduction elicited upon pathogen recognition via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell:cell communication conducted by soluble mediators, including cytokines. A majority of cytokines involved in innate immune signaling use a molecular cascade encompassing receptor-associated Jak protein tyrosine kinases and STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcriptional regulators. Here, we focus on roles for STAT proteins in three major innate immune subsets: neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). While knowledge in this area is only now emerging, understanding the molecular regulation of these cell types is necessary for developing new approaches to treat human disorders such as inflammatory conditions, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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248
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Spranger S, Bao R, Gajewski TF. Melanoma-intrinsic β-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2015; 523:231-5. [PMID: 25970248 DOI: 10.1038/nature14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1972] [Impact Index Per Article: 219.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma treatment is being revolutionized by the development of effective immunotherapeutic approaches. These strategies include blockade of immune-inhibitory receptors on activated T cells; for example, using monoclonal antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 (refs 3-5). However, only a subset of patients responds to these treatments, and data suggest that therapeutic benefit is preferentially achieved in patients with a pre-existing T-cell response against their tumour, as evidenced by a baseline CD8(+) T-cell infiltration within the tumour microenvironment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the presence or absence of a spontaneous anti-tumour T-cell response in subsets of cases, therefore, should enable the development of therapeutic solutions for patients lacking a T-cell infiltrate. Here we identify a melanoma-cell-intrinsic oncogenic pathway that contributes to a lack of T-cell infiltration in melanoma. Molecular analysis of human metastatic melanoma samples revealed a correlation between activation of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway and absence of a T-cell gene expression signature. Using autochthonous mouse melanoma models we identified the mechanism by which tumour-intrinsic active β-catenin signalling results in T-cell exclusion and resistance to anti-PD-L1/anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody therapy. Specific oncogenic signals, therefore, can mediate cancer immune evasion and resistance to immunotherapies, pointing to new candidate targets for immune potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- 1] Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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249
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Skin dendritic cells induce follicular helper T cells and protective humoral immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1387-97.e1-7. [PMID: 25962902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of individual subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) to generation of adaptive immunity is central to understanding immune homeostasis and protective immune responses. OBJECTIVE We sought to define functions for steady-state skin DCs. METHODS We present an approach in which we restrict antigen presentation to individual DC subsets in the skin and monitor the effects on endogenous antigen-specific CD4(+) T- and B-cell responses. RESULTS Presentation of foreign antigen by Langerhans cells (LC) in the absence of exogenous adjuvant led to a large expansion of T follicular helper (TFH) cells. This was accompanied by B-cell activation, germinal center formation, and protective antibody responses against influenza. The expansion of TFH cells and antibody responses could be elicited by both systemic and topical skin immunization. TFH cell induction was not restricted to LCs and occurred in response to antigen presentation by CD103(+) dermal DCs. CD103(+) DCs, despite inducing similar TFH responses as LCs, were less efficient in induction of germinal center B cells and humoral immune responses. We also found that skin DCs are sufficient to expand CXCR5(+) TFH cells through an IL-6- and IFN-α/β receptor-independent mechanism, but B cells were required for sustained Bcl-6(+) expression. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that a major unappreciated function of skin DCs is their promotion of TFH cells and humoral immune responses that potentially represent an efficient approach for vaccination.
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250
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Terhorst D, Fossum E, Baranska A, Tamoutounour S, Malosse C, Garbani M, Braun R, Lechat E, Crameri R, Bogen B, Henri S, Malissen B. Laser-assisted intradermal delivery of adjuvant-free vaccines targeting XCR1+ dendritic cells induces potent antitumoral responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5895-902. [PMID: 25941327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines inducing efficient CD8(+) T cell responses is the focus of intense research. Dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the XCR1 chemokine receptor, also known as CD103(+) or CD8α(+) DCs, excel in the presentation of extracellular Ags to CD8(+) T cells. Because of its high numbers of DCs, including XCR1(+) DCs, the skin dermis is an attractive site for vaccine administration. By creating laser-generated micropores through the epidermis, we targeted a model protein Ag fused to XCL1, the ligand of XCR1, to dermal XCR1(+) DCs and induced Ag-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses. Efficient immunization required the emigration of XCR1(+) dermal DCs to draining lymph nodes and occurred irrespective of TLR signaling. Moreover, a single intradermal immunization protected mice against melanoma tumor growth in prophylactic and therapeutic settings, in the absence of exogenous adjuvant. The mild inflammatory milieu created in the dermis by skin laser microporation itself most likely favored the development of potent T cell responses in the absence of exogenous adjuvants. The existence of functionally equivalent XCR1(+) dermal DCs in humans should permit the translation of laser-assisted intradermal delivery of a tumor-specific vaccine targeting XCR1(+) DCs to human cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, considering that the use of adjuvants in vaccines is often associated with safety issues, the possibility of inducing protective responses against melanoma tumor growth independently of the administration of exogenous adjuvants should facilitate the development of safer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Terhorst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Department of Dermatology, Charité University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Even Fossum
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Anna Baranska
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Camille Malosse
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Mattia Garbani
- Department of Molecular Allergology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | | | - Elmira Lechat
- Pantec Biosolutions, 9491 Ruggell, Liechtenstein; and
| | - Reto Crameri
- Department of Molecular Allergology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway; Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo 0424 Norway
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France;
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France;
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