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Cai B, Gong L, Zhu Y, Kong L, Ju X, Li X, Yang X, Zhou H, Li Y. Identification of Gossypol Acetate as an Autophagy Modulator with Potent Anti-tumor Effect against Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2589-2599. [PMID: 35180345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, is intricately involved in many aspects of human health and a variety of human diseases, including cancer. Discovery of small-molecule autophagy modulators with potent anticancer effect would be of great significance. To this end, a natural product library consisting of 170 natural compounds were screened as autophagy modulators with potent cytotoxicity in our present study. Among these compounds, gossypol acetate (GAA), the mostly used medicinal form of gossypol, was identified. GAA effectively increased the number of autophagic puncta in GFP-LC3B-labeled 293T cells and significantly decreased cell viability in different cancer cells. In A549 cells, GAA at concentrations below 10 μM triggered caspase-independent cell death via targeting autophagy, as evidenced by elevated LC3 conversion and decreased p62/SQSTM1 levels. Knocking down of LC3 significantly attenuated GAA-induced cell death. Mechanistically, GAA at low concentrations induced autophagy through targeting AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1 signaling. Interestingly, high concentrations of GAA induced LC3 conversion, p62 accumulation, and yellow autophagosome formation, indicating that GAA at high concentrations blocked autophagic flux. Mechanistically, GAA decreased intracellular ATP level and suppressed lysosome activity. Exogenous ATP partially reversed the inhibitory effect of GAA on autophagy, suggesting that decreased ATP level and lysosome activity might be involved in the blocking of autophagy flux by GAA. Collectively, our present study reveals the mechanisms by which GAA modulates autophagy and illustrates whether autophagy regulation by GAA is functionally involved in GAA-induced cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan, China
- Institute of Shenzhen Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 518020 Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan, China
| | - Yiying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan, China
| | - Lingmei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoman Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan, China
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202
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Xiao J, Luo SS, Du JH, Liu QY, Huang Y, Wang WF, Chen XL, Chen XH, Liu H, Zhou XY, Zhao YZ, Wang HL. Transcriptomic analysis of gills in nitrite-tolerant and -sensitive families of Litopenaeus vannamei. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 253:109212. [PMID: 34748971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite stress is a major environmental factor that limits aquatic animal growth, reproduction and survival. Even so, some shrimps still can withstand somewhat high concentrations of nitrite environment. However, few studies have been conducted about the tolerance molecular mechanism of Litopenaeus vannamei in the high concentration nitrite. To identify the genes and pathways involved in the regulation of nitrite tolerance, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis in the L. vannamei nitrite-tolerant (NT) and nitrite-sensitive (NS) families, and untreated shrimps were used as the control group. After 24 h of nitrite exposure (NaNO2, 112.5 mg/L), a total of 1521 and 868 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from NT compared with NS and control group, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that most of these DEGs were involved in immune defense, energy metabolism processes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. During nitrite stress, energy metabolism in NT was significantly enhanced by activating the related genes expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Meanwhile, some DEGs involved in innate immunity- related genes and pathways, and ER stress responses also were highly expressed in NT. Therefore, we speculate that accelerated energy metabolism, higher expression of immunity and ER related genes might be the important adaptive strategies for NT in relative to NS under nitrite stress. These results will provide new insights on the potential tolerant molecular mechanisms and the breeding of new varieties of nitrite tolerant L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Luo
- key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing-Hao Du
- key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qing-Yun Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yan Huang
- key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei-Feng Wang
- key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiu-Li Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiao-Han Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hong Liu
- key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhou
- key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Huan-Ling Wang
- key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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203
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Khan N, Halcrow PW, Afghah Z, Baral A, Geiger J, Chen X. HIV-1 Tat endocytosis and retention in endolysosomes affects HIV-1 Tat-induced LTR transactivation in astrocytes. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22184. [PMID: 35113458 PMCID: PMC9627655 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101722r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in the periphery and brain represents a major obstacle to curing HIV-1 infection. As an essential protein for HIV-1 viral replication, HIV-1 Tat, mostly intracellular, has been implicated in latent HIV-1 infection. From HIV-1 infected cells, HIV-1 Tat is actively secreted and bystander cells uptake the released Tat whereupon it is endocytosed and internalized into endolysosomes. However, to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter and increase HIV-1 replication, HIV-1 Tat must first escape from the endolysosomes and then enter the nucleus. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 Tat can accumulate in endolysosomes and contribute to the activation of latent HIV-1 in astrocytes. Using U87MG astrocytoma cells expressing HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase and primary human astrocytes we found that exogenous HIV-1 Tat enters endolysosomes, resides in endolysosomes for extended periods of time, and induces endolysosome de-acidification as well as enlargement. The weak base chloroquine promoted the release of HIV-1 Tat from endolysosomes and induced HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Similar results were observed by activating endolysosome Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7/8. Conversely, pharmacological block of TLRs and knocking down expression levels of TLR3 and TLR7, but not TLR8, prevented endolysosome leakage and attenuated HIV-1 Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 Tat accumulation in endolysosomes may play an important role in controlling HIV-1 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Aparajita Baral
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
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204
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Gunaratne GS, Marchant JS. The ins and outs of virus trafficking through acidic Ca 2+ stores. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102528. [PMID: 35033909 PMCID: PMC8860173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses exploit host-cell Ca2+ signaling processes throughout their life cycle. This is especially relevant for viruses that translocate through the endolysosomal system, where cellular infection is keyed to the microenvironment of these acidic Ca2+ stores and Ca2+-dependent trafficking pathways. As regulators of the endolysosomal ionic milieu and trafficking dynamics, two families of endolysosomal Ca2+-permeable cation channels - two pore channels (TPCs) and transient receptor potential mucolipins (TRPMLs) - have emerged as important host-cell factors in viral entry. Here, we review: (i) current evidence implicating Ca2+ signaling in viral translocation through the endolysosomal system, (ii) the roles of these ion channels in supporting cellular infection by different viruses, and (iii) areas for future research that will help define the potential of TPC and TRPML ligands as progressible antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan S Gunaratne
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
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205
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Machlovi SI, Neuner SM, Hemmer BM, Khan R, Liu Y, Huang M, Zhu JD, Castellano JM, Cai D, Marcora E, Goate AM. APOE4 confers transcriptomic and functional alterations to primary mouse microglia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 164:105615. [PMID: 35031484 PMCID: PMC8934202 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Common genetic variants in more than forty loci modulate risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD risk alleles are enriched within enhancers active in myeloid cells, suggesting that microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, may play a key role in the etiology of AD. A major genetic risk factor for AD is Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, with the ε4/ε4 (E4) genotype increasing risk for AD by approximately 15 fold compared to the most common ε3/ε3 (E3) genotype. However, the impact of APOE genotype on microglial function has not been thoroughly investigated. To address this, we cultured primary microglia from mice in which both alleles of the mouse Apoe gene have been humanized to encode either human APOE ε3 or APOE ε4. Relative to E3 microglia, E4 microglia exhibit altered morphology, increased endolysosomal mass, increased cytokine/chemokine production, and increased lipid and lipid droplet accumulation at baseline. These changes were accompanied by decreased translation and increased phosphorylation of eIF2ɑ and eIF2ɑ-kinases that participate in the integrated stress response, suggesting that E4 genotype leads to elevated levels of cellular stress in microglia relative to E3 genotype. Using live-cell imaging and flow cytometry, we also show that E4 microglia exhibited increased phagocytic uptake of myelin and other substrates compared to E3 microglia. While transcriptomic profiling of myelin-challenged microglia revealed a largely overlapping response profile across genotypes, differential enrichment of genes in interferon signaling, extracellular matrix and translation-related pathways was identified in E4 versus E3 microglia both at baseline and following myelin challenge. Together, our results suggest E4 genotype confers several important functional alterations to microglia even prior to myelin challenge, providing insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which APOE4 may increase risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima I Machlovi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah M Neuner
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brittany M Hemmer
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riana Khan
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiyuan Liu
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min Huang
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zhu
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Castellano
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dongming Cai
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA; Alzheimer Disease Research Center, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA; Alzheimer Disease Research Center, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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206
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Ivanova D, Cousin MA. Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and the Endolysosomal System: A Reappraisal of Form and Function. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:826098. [PMID: 35280702 PMCID: PMC8916035 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.826098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endolysosomal system is present in all cell types. Within these cells, it performs a series of essential roles, such as trafficking and sorting of membrane cargo, intracellular signaling, control of metabolism and degradation. A specific compartment within central neurons, called the presynapse, mediates inter-neuronal communication via the fusion of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles (SVs). The localized recycling of SVs and their organization into functional pools is widely assumed to be a discrete mechanism, that only intersects with the endolysosomal system at specific points. However, evidence is emerging that molecules essential for endolysosomal function also have key roles within the SV life cycle, suggesting that they form a continuum rather than being isolated processes. In this review, we summarize the evidence for key endolysosomal molecules in SV recycling and propose an alternative model for membrane trafficking at the presynapse. This includes the hypotheses that endolysosomal intermediates represent specific functional SV pools, that sorting of cargo to SVs is mediated via the endolysosomal system and that manipulation of this process can result in both plastic changes to neurotransmitter release and pathophysiology via neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ivanova
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Daniela Ivanova,
| | - Michael A. Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Michael A. Cousin,
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207
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Transport of lysosomes decreases in the perinuclear region: Insights from changepoint analysis. Biophys J 2022; 121:1205-1218. [PMID: 35202608 PMCID: PMC9034247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that serve as the endpoint for endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy, degrading the molecules, pathogens, and organelles localized within them. These cellular functions require intracellular transport. We use fluorescence microscopy to characterize the motion of lysosomes as a function of intracellular region, perinuclear or periphery, and lysosome diameter. Single particle tracking data is complemented by changepoint identification and analysis of a mathematical model for state-switching. We first classify lysosomal motion as motile or stationary. We then study how lysosome location and diameter affects the proportion of time spent in each state and quantify the speed during motile periods. We find that the proportion of time spent stationary is strongly region-dependent, with significantly decreased motility in the perinuclear region. Increased lysosome diameter only slightly decreases speed. Overall, these results demonstrate the importance of decomposing particle trajectories into qualitatively different behaviors before conducting population-wide statistical analysis. Our results suggest that intracellular region is an important factor to consider in studies of intracellular transport.
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208
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Katsura K, Nakano Y, Zhang Y, Shemirani R, Li W, Den Besten P. WDR72 regulates vesicle trafficking in ameloblasts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2820. [PMID: 35181734 PMCID: PMC8857301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the hardest tissue in the human body, tooth enamel formation is a highly regulated process involving several stages of differentiation and key regulatory genes. One such gene, tryptophan-aspartate repeat domain 72 (WDR72), has been found to cause a tooth enamel defect when deleted or mutated, resulting in a condition called amelogenesis imperfecta. Unlike the canonical genes regulating tooth development, WDR72 remains intracellularly and is not secreted to the enamel matrix space to regulate mineralization, and is found in other major organs of the body, namely the kidney, brain, liver, and heart. To date, a link between intracellular vesicle transport and enamel mineralization has been suggested, however identification of the mechanistic regulators has yet to be elucidated, in part due to the limitations associated with studying highly differentiated ameloblast cells. Here we show compelling evidence that WDR72 regulates endocytosis of proteins, both in vivo and in a novel in vitro ameloblast cell line. We elucidate WDR72's function to be independent of intracellular vesicle acidification while still leading to defective enamel matrix pH extracellularly. We identify a vesicle function associated with microtubule assembly and propose that WDR72 directs microtubule assembly necessary for membrane mobilization and subsequent vesicle transport. Understanding WDR72 function provides a mechanistic basis for determining physiologic and pathologic tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Katsura
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnasus Ave, Box 0422, San Francisco, CA, 04143-0422, USA
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnasus Ave, Box 0422, San Francisco, CA, 04143-0422, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnasus Ave, Box 0422, San Francisco, CA, 04143-0422, USA
| | - Rozana Shemirani
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnasus Ave, Box 0422, San Francisco, CA, 04143-0422, USA
| | - Wu Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnasus Ave, Box 0422, San Francisco, CA, 04143-0422, USA
| | - Pamela Den Besten
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnasus Ave, Box 0422, San Francisco, CA, 04143-0422, USA.
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209
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Jin S, Zhang W, Xiong Y, Jiang S, Qiao H, Gong Y, Wu Y, Fu H. Identification of Important Genes Involved in the Sex-Differentiation Mechanism of Oriental River Prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, During the Gonad Differentiation and Development Period. Front Genet 2022; 13:797796. [PMID: 35242165 PMCID: PMC8886218 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.797796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of important genes, involved in the gonad differentiation and development, plays essential roles in the establishment of the artificial technique to regulate the process of testis development in M. nipponense. In this study, we aimed to determine the sensitive period of gonad differentiation and development through hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The important genes involved in the gonad differentiation and development of M. nipponense were then identified through transcriptome profiling analysis during the sensitive period of gonad differentiation and development. HE staining analysis revealed that the sensitive period of gonad differentiation and development was from the post–larval developmental stages 5 (PL5) to PL25, which was dramatically faster than was for the other identified aquatic animals. The transcriptome profiling analysis predicted that phagosome, lysosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis play essential roles in the mechanism of gonad differentiation and development in M. nipponense. A total of 29 genes were further identified as the candidate genes, involved in the process of gonad differentiation and development in M. nipponense, based on the gene annotation and gene expression pattern. The qPCR analysis of Mn-JHEH, Mn-DHP, Mn-ALY, and Mn-SMA6 during the whole developmental process revealed that all of these four genes showed high expression levels during the sensitive period of gonad differentiation and development in M. nipponense. Mn-JHEH, Mn-DHP, and Mn-ALY showed higher expressions at PL25F than at PL25M, while Mn-SMA6 showed a higher expression at PL25M. The RNA interference (RNAi) analysis was further used to investigate the potential functions of SMA6 in male sexual development of M. nipponense. The RNAi analysis revealed that SMA6 positively regulated the testis development in M. nipponense by affecting the expression of Mn-IAG. This study provided valuable evidences for the establishment of the technique to regulate the process of gonad development in M. nipponense.
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210
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Roney JC, Cheng XT, Sheng ZH. Neuronal endolysosomal transport and lysosomal functionality in maintaining axonostasis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213000. [PMID: 35142819 PMCID: PMC8932522 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes serve as degradation hubs for the turnover of endocytic and autophagic cargos, which is essential for neuron function and survival. Deficits in lysosome function result in progressive neurodegeneration in most lysosomal storage disorders and contribute to the pathogenesis of aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Given their size and highly polarized morphology, neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining cellular homeostasis in regions far removed from the cell body where mature lysosomes are enriched. Neurons therefore require coordinated bidirectional intracellular transport to sustain efficient clearance capacity in distal axonal regions. Emerging lines of evidence have started to uncover mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating endolysosome transport and maturation to maintain axonal homeostasis, or “axonostasis,” that is relevant to a range of neurologic disorders. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how axonal endolysosomal trafficking, distribution, and lysosomal functionality support neuronal health and become disrupted in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Roney
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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211
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Abstract
The heart is a never-stopping engine that relies on a formidable pool of mitochondria to generate energy and propel pumping. Because dying cardiomyocytes cannot be replaced, this high metabolic rate creates the challenge of preserving organelle fitness and cell function for life. Here, we provide an immunologist's perspective on how the heart solves this challenge, which is in part by incorporating macrophages as an integral component of the myocardium. Cardiac macrophages surround cardiomyocytes and capture dysfunctional mitochondria that these cells eject to the milieu, effectively establishing a client cell-support cell interaction. We refer to this heterologous partnership as heterophagy. Notably, this process shares analogies with other biological systems, is essential for proteostasis and metabolic fitness of cardiomyocytes, and unveils a remarkable degree of dependence of the healthy heart on immune cells for everyday function.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Nicolás-Ávila
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain (J.A.N.-A., L.P.-C., P.M.-C., A.H.)
| | - Laura Pena-Couso
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain (J.A.N.-A., L.P.-C., P.M.-C., A.H.)
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain (J.A.N.-A., L.P.-C., P.M.-C., A.H.).,Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBERNED, Spain (P.M.-C.).,ICREA, Spain (P.M.-C.)
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain (J.A.N.-A., L.P.-C., P.M.-C., A.H.)
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212
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Ren H, Li Y, Ma X, Zhang C, Peng R, Ming L. Differential microRNA expression profile of Trichinella spiralis larvae after exposure to the host small intestinal milieu. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106174. [PMID: 34627754 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The process by which Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae are activated to infect the intestine after exposure to the host small intestinal milieu is crucial for the successful establishment of T. spiralis infection. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by T. spiralis has not been elucidated. MicroRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that participate in parasite growth and development, pathogenic processes, and host-parasite interactions. In the present study, the differential expression profile of miRNAs in T. spiralis after exposure to the mouse small intestinal milieu was analysed using Solexa high-throughput sequencing technology. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to analyse the functions of miRNA target genes, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were subsequently applied to test the regulatory effects of one significantly decreased miRNA (let-7) on its four predicted target genes. In total, 2,000 known miRNAs (930 upregulated and 1070 downregulated) and 43 novel miRNAs (22 upregulated and 21 downregulated) were found to be differentially expressed in intestinal larvae, compared with muscle larvae. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the predicted target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in 299 different pathways, and the top 10 pathways were metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, lysosome, focal adhesion, purine metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, tight junction, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and pathways in cancer. As one of the most widely studied miRNA families, the expression of let-7 was significantly decreased in T. spiralis after exposure to host small intestinal milieu. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that neuropeptide Y receptor type 6 and carboxypeptidase E were direct target genes of let-7, and were downregulated by binding with their 3' UTR. GO function analysis showed that carboxypeptidase E had multiple enzymatic activities, suggesting that it might participate in cell membrane damage and larval invasion. These data suggest that the differentially expressed miRNAs in T. spiralis might have a regulatory role in the invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells. This study provides a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of invasion by T. spiralis and the regulatory functions of miRNAs in host-Trichinella interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ruoyu Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Liang Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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213
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Zou G, Chen S, Liu N, Yu Y. A ratiometric fluorescent probe based on carbon dots assembly for intracellular lysosomal polarity imaging with wide range response. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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214
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Romano R, Del Fiore VS, Saveri P, Palamà IE, Pisciotta C, Pareyson D, Bucci C, Guerra F. Autophagy and Lysosomal Functionality in CMT2B Fibroblasts Carrying the RAB7 K126R Mutation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030496. [PMID: 35159308 PMCID: PMC8834514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B (CMT2B) disease is a dominant axonal peripheral neuropathy caused by five mutations in the RAB7A gene. Autophagy and late endocytic trafficking were already characterized in CMT2B. Indeed, impairment of autophagy and an increase in lysosomal degradative activity were found in cells expressing the mutant proteins. Recently, we described a novel RAB7 mutation associated with predominantly motor CMT2 and impaired EGFR trafficking. With the aim to analyze the autophagy process and lysosomal activity in CMT2B fibroblasts carrying the p.K126R RAB7 novel mutation and to investigate further the causes of the different phenotype, we have performed Western blot, immunofluorescence and cytometric analyses monitoring autophagic markers and endocytic proteins. Moreover, we investigated lipophagy by analyzing accumulation of lipid droplets and their co-localization with endolysosomal degradative compartments. We found that cells expressing the RAB7K126R mutant protein were characterized by impairment of autophagy and lipophagy processes and by a moderate increase in lysosomal activity compared to the previously studied cells carrying the RAB7V162M mutation. Thus, we concluded that EGFR trafficking alterations and a moderate increase in lysosomal activity with concomitant impairment of autophagy could induce the specific predominantly motor phenotype observed in K126R patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (V.S.D.F.)
| | - Victoria Stefania Del Fiore
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (V.S.D.F.)
| | - Paola Saveri
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (C.P.); (D.P.)
| | | | - Chiara Pisciotta
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (C.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (C.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (V.S.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (F.G.); Tel.: +39-08-3229-8900 (C.B.)
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (V.S.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (F.G.); Tel.: +39-08-3229-8900 (C.B.)
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215
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Fan N, Li P, Zhou Y, Wu C, Wang X, Liu Z, Tang B. Demystifying Lysosomal α-l-Fucosidase in Liver Cancer-Bearing Mice by Specific Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging. ACS Sens 2022; 7:71-81. [PMID: 34968045 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and has high mortality. However, the early treatment and prognosis can greatly prolong the survival time of patients, which depends on its early detection. α-l-Fucosidase (AFU), as a vital lysosomal hydrolase, is considered to be an ideal biomarker for early stage liver cancer. So, in vivo monitoring of AFU is essential for the early and accurate diagnosis of liver cancer. Hence, we designed the first two-photon turn-on fluorescent reporter, termed HcyCl-F, which localized to lysosomes for fast imaging of AFU. The 2-chloro-4-phenyl-α-l-fucoside bond of HcyCl-F could be effectively hydrolyzed by AFU and released the hydroxyl on the benzene ring, eventually obtaining a strong conjugated compound (HcyCl-OH) with shiny fluorescence. We demonstrated that HcyCl-F was able to rapidly and accurately respond to AFU. Using a two-photon fluorescence microscope, we successfully visualized the fluctuation of AFU in lysosomes. More importantly, a fascinatingly strong fluorescence signal was observed in the tumor tissue of liver cancer-bearing mice. Of note, we confirmed that HcyCl-F could clearly detect liver tumors in stage I. Altogether, our work provides a simple and convenient method for deciphering the critical pathological function of AFU in depth and facilitates the nondestructive and effective diagnosis of liver cancer in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
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216
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Le TS, Takahashi M, Isozumi N, Miyazato A, Hiratsuka Y, Matsumura K, Taguchi T, Maenosono S. Quick and Mild Isolation of Intact Lysosomes Using Magnetic-Plasmonic Hybrid Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2022; 16:885-896. [PMID: 34978188 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient isolation of intact lysosomes is necessary to study their functions and metabolites by proteomic analysis. We developed a swift and robust nanoparticle-based magnetic separation method in which magnetic-plasmonic hybrid nanoparticles (MPNPs) conjugated with amino dextran (aDxt) were targeted to the lumen of lysosomes via the endocytosis pathway. For well-directed magnetic separation of the lysosomes, it is important to trace the intracellular trafficking of the aDxt-conjugated MPNPs (aDxt-MPNPs) in the endocytosis pathway. Therefore, we analyzed the intracellular transport process of the aDxt-MPNPs by investigating the time-dependent colocalization of plasmonic scattering of aDxt-MPNPs and immunostained marker proteins of organelles using the threshold Manders' colocalization coefficient (Rt). Detailed analysis of time variations of Rt for early and late endosomes and lysosomes allowed us to derive the transport kinetics of aDxt-MPNPs in a cell. After confirming the incubation time required for sufficient accumulation of aDxt-MPNPs in lysosomes, the lysosomes were magnetically isolated as intact as possible. By varying the elapsed time from homogenization to complete isolation of lysosomes (tdelay) and temperature (T), the influences of tdelay and T on the protein composition of the lysosomes were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. We found that the intactness of lysosomes could become impaired quite quickly, and to isolate lysosomes as intact as possible with high purity, tdelay = 30 min and T = 4 °C were optimal settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- The Son Le
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Mari Takahashi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Akio Miyazato
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiratsuka
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumura
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai Aoba-ku, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinya Maenosono
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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217
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Kos J, Mitrović A, Perišić Nanut M, Pišlar A. Lysosomal peptidases – Intriguing roles in cancer progression and neurodegeneration. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:708-738. [PMID: 35067006 PMCID: PMC8972049 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal peptidases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting waste proteins that are targeted to lysosomes via endocytosis and autophagy. Besides intracellular protein catabolism, they play more specific roles in several other cellular processes and pathologies, either within lysosomes, upon secretion into the cell cytoplasm or extracellular space, or bound to the plasma membrane. In cancer, lysosomal peptidases are generally associated with disease progression, as they participate in crucial processes leading to changes in cell morphology, signaling, migration, and invasion, and finally metastasis. However, they can also enhance the mechanisms resulting in cancer regression, such as apoptosis of tumor cells or antitumor immune responses. Lysosomal peptidases have also been identified as hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, playing roles in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal intercellular communication, dysregulated trafficking, and the deposition of protein aggregates in neuronal cells. Furthermore, deficiencies in lysosomal peptidases may result in other pathological states, such as lysosomal storage disease. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of lysosomal peptidases in particular pathological processes of cancer and neurodegeneration and to address the potential of lysosomal peptidases in diagnosing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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218
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Chibh S, Kaur K, Gautam UK, Panda JJ. Dimension switchable auto-fluorescent peptide-based 1D and 2D nano-assemblies and their self-influence on intracellular fate and drug delivery. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:715-735. [PMID: 34937079 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06768k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The production of dynamic, environment-responsive shape-tunable biomaterials marks a significant step forward in the construction of synthetic materials that can easily rival their natural counterparts. Significant progress has been made in the self-assembly of bio-materials. However, the self-assembly of a peptide into morphologically distinct auto-fluorescent nanostructures, without the incorporation of any external moiety is still in its infancy. Hence, in this study, we have developed peptide-based self-assembled auto-fluorescent nanostructures that can shuttle between 1D and 2D morphologies. Different morphological nanostructures are well known to have varied cellular internalization efficiencies. Taking advantage of our morphologically different particles emanating from the same peptide monomer, we further explored the intracellular fate of our nanostructures. We observed that the nanostructures' cellular internalization is a complex process that gets influenced by particle morphology and this might further affect their intracellular drug delivery potential. Overall, this study provides initial cues for the preparation of environment-responsive shape-shifting peptide-nano assemblies. Efforts have also been made to understand their shape driven cellular uptake behaviour, along with establishing them as nanocarriers for the cellular delivery of therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Chibh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Komalpreet Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Ujjal K Gautam
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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219
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Wiwatchaitawee K, Ebeid K, Quarterman JC, Naguib Y, Ali MY, Oliva C, Griguer C, Salem AK. Surface Modification of Nanoparticles Enhances Drug Delivery to the Brain and Improves Survival in a Glioblastoma Multiforme Murine Model. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1957-1972. [PMID: 35041398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant type of brain tumor and has an extremely poor prognosis. Current treatment protocols lack favorable outcomes, and alternative treatments with superior efficacy are needed. In this study, we demonstrate that loading paclitaxel (PTX) in a polymeric, nanoparticulate delivery system is capable of improving its brain accumulation and therapeutic activity. We independently incorporated two different positively charged surface modifiers, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) and poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), onto poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG), PLGA-PEG, nanoparticles (NPs) using a modified nanoprecipitation technique that assures the formation of nanosized particles while exposing the positively charged polymer on the surface. The prepared NPs underwent comprehensive analyses of their size, charge, in vitro permeability against a BBB cell line, and in vivo biodistribution. Our results demonstrated the successful fabrication of positively charged NPs using PAMAM or PEI. Importantly, significant improvement in brain accumulation (in vivo) was associated with NPs containing PAMAM compared to unmodified NPs or NPs containing PEI. Finally, the efficacy of PAMAM-modified NPs loaded with PTX was evaluated with orthotopic human GBM xenografts in a mouse model, and the data demonstrated improved survival and equivalent safety compared to soluble PTX. Our data substantiate the importance of surface chemistry on the magnitude of NP accumulation in the brain and pave the way for further in vivo evaluation of chemotherapeutic drugs against GBM that have previously been overlooked because of their limited ability to cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanawat Wiwatchaitawee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kareem Ebeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Minia 61519, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Deraya University, New Minia City, Minia 61768, Egypt
| | - Juliana C Quarterman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Youssef Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Minia 61519, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Deraya University, New Minia City, Minia 61768, Egypt
| | - Md Yousuf Ali
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Claudia Oliva
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Corinne Griguer
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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220
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Cai Y, Liu C, Lei Z, Wang Z, Bian Y, He S, Zeng X. Novel lysosome-targeted fluorescent molecular rotors based on a cyanine-like modular system and their application in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120404. [PMID: 34562859 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two novel fluorescence molecular rotors DpIn and NaIn were designed and synthesized involving of indolium units linked with meta-diphenol or ortha-naphthalenediol moiety, respectively. They underwent intramolecular charge transfer to form a cyanine-like modular system at a physiological pH. In glycerol aqueous solutions, the probe DpIn exhibited NIR strong emission (3-fold) at ca. 700 nm, while the probe NaIn displayed a turn-on emission (8-fold) with a larger Stokes shift (⊿λ ≈ 97 nm). The HeLa cell imaging experiments indicated probe DpIn and NaIn both exhibited excellent selectivity for staining intracellular lysosomes instead of mitochondria. 1H NMR spectra revealed that more electrons were accumulated around benzene ring of indolium groups, which could be the evidence for its basic character leading to the lysosomes targeted staining. Furthermore, the probe NaIn proved to be an ideal lysosome-targeting tracer for monitor the changes of viscosity caused by stimuli in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhaoxia Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yaye Bian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Song He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xianshun Zeng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, and Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
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221
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Zhang H, Shi L, Li K, Liu X, Won M, Liu Y, Choe Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Chen S, Yu K, Kim JS, Yu X. Discovery of an Ultra‐rapid and Sensitive Lysosomal Fluorescence Lipophagy Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Yan‐Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Youmi Choe
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Xin‐Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Shan‐Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Kang‐Kang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Xiao‐Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 61064 P. R. China
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222
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Wu Y, Xu M, Wang P, Syeda AKR, Huang P, Dong XP. Lysosomal potassium channels. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102536. [PMID: 35016151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysosome is an important membrane-bound acidic organelle that is regarded as the degradative center as well as multifunctional signaling hub. It digests unwanted macromolecules, damaged organelles, microbes, and other materials derived from endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytosis. To function properly, the ionic homeostasis and membrane potential of the lysosome are strictly regulated by transporters and ion channels. As the most abundant cation inside the cell, potassium ions (K+) are vital for lysosomal membrane potential and lysosomal calcium (Ca2+) signaling. However, our understanding about how lysosomal K+homeostasis is regulated and what are the functions of K+in the lysosome is very limited. Currently, two lysosomal K+channels have been identified: large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+channel (BK) and transmembrane Protein 175 (TMEM175). In this review, we summarize recent development in our understanding of K+ homeostasis and K+channels in the lysosome. We hope to guide the readers into a more in-depth discussion of lysosomal K+ channels in lysosomal physiology and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai 201318, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Mengnan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Pingping Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alia Kazim Rizvi Syeda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai 201318, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai 201318, China.
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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223
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Mu YL, Pan L, Lu Q, Xing S, Liu KY, Zhang X. A bifunctional sensitive fluorescence probe based on pyrene for the detection of pH and viscosity in lysosome. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120228. [PMID: 34388430 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome is one of the important organelles in intracellular transport. It plays a significant role in the physiological process. The lysosomal microenvironment affects the functions of lysosome. When the original acidic environment of lysozyme is destroyed or the fluid viscosity increases gradually, various diseases are easily induced. However, most fluorescent probes can only locate in cells. The fewer probes of subcellular organelles were found and their functions are often single. So, it is of great importance to design multifunctional fluorescent probes with the capable of localizing in lysosome. In this study, a novel lysosome probe, 4-(4-Pyren-1-yl-but-3-enyl)-morpholine (PIM), was synthesized using pyrene as a fluorescent group and morpholine as a target group. The introduction of morpholine group made PIM localize in lysosome with high selectivity. The fluorescence will be enhanced with the increased viscosity because of restricting the rotation of CC bond and CN in PIM, and the detecting linear range is from 4.05 cP to 393.48 cP, which qualified the requirement of the viscosity monitoring in body. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity of PIM declines with the decrease of pH because the Schiff base of PIM is hydrolyzed, which was affirmed by 1H NMR, LC-MS and fluorescence spectra. Moreover, cell imaging and MTT experiments confirmed that PIM as a novel bifunctional probe can be used to detect pH and endogenous viscosity in lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Shu Xing
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Ke-Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
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224
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Bouhamdani N, Comeau D, Turcotte S. A Compendium of Information on the Lysosome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:798262. [PMID: 34977038 PMCID: PMC8714965 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.798262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, lysosomes were considered as mere waste bags for cellular constituents. Thankfully, studies carried out in the past 15 years were brimming with elegant and crucial breakthroughs in lysosome research, uncovering their complex roles as nutrient sensors and characterizing them as crucial multifaceted signaling organelles. This review presents the scientific knowledge on lysosome physiology and functions, starting with their discovery and reviewing up to date ground-breaking discoveries highlighting their heterogeneous functions as well as pending questions that remain to be answered. We also review the roles of lysosomes in anti-cancer drug resistance and how they undergo a series of molecular and functional changes during malignant transformation which lead to tumor aggression, angiogenesis, and metastases. Finally, we discuss the strategy of targeting lysosomes in cancer which could lead to the development of new and effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bouhamdani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Dr. Georges-L. Dumont University Hospital Centre, Clinical Research Sector, Vitalité Health Network, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Dominique Comeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Sandra Turcotte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
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225
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Recent advance in dual-functional luminescent probes for reactive species and common biological ions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5087-5103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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226
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Luo Y, Wang WX. Immune responses of oyster hemocyte subpopulations to in vitro and in vivo zinc exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 242:106022. [PMID: 34798302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are an excellent biomonitor of coastal pollution and the hyper-accumulator of toxic metals such as copper and zinc (Zn). One unique feature of molluscs is their hemocytes which are mainly involved in immune defenses. Different subpopulations of hemocytes have been identified, but their functions in metal transport and detoxification are not clear. In this study, we examined the immune responses of different subpopulations of oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis hemocytes under different periods of Zn exposure by using flow cytometer and confocal microscopy. In vitro exposure to Zn resulted in acute immune responses by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytosis and decreased number of granulocytes and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) within 3 h. Granulocyte mortality and lysosomal pH increased whereas glutathione (GSH) decreased within 1 h of in vitro exposure, indicating the immune stimulation of granulocytes. Within the first 7 days of in vivo exposure, immunocompetence of granulocytes was inhibited with increasing granulocyte mortality but decreasing ROS production and phagocytosis. However, with a further extension of Zn exposure to 14 days, both phagocytosis and lysosomal content increased with an increasing number of granulocytes, indicating the increase of hemocyte-mediated immunity. Our study demonstrated that granulocytes played important roles in oyster immune defenses while other subpopulations may also participate in immune functions. The degranulation and granulation due to transition between semigranulocytes and granulocytes after Zn exposure were important in metal detoxification. The study contributed to our understanding of the immune phenomena and the adaptive capability of oysters in metal contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Luo
- School of Energy and Environment and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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227
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Abstract
The defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells is the segregation of critical cellular functions within various membrane bound cellular organelles, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria. Cell biologists therefore have extensively utilized organelle specific counterstains to help identify the localization of specific proteins or other targets of interest in order to garner an understanding of either their potential functions or their effects on the cell. There currently is a wide array of fluorescent dyes and reagents that can be utilized in live and fixed cells to identify organelles, thereby creating challenges in both choosing between the plethora of options and optimizing their use. Here we present a discussion of commonly utilized commercially available organelle dyes and summarize the factors that influence selection of the various dyes for: a given organelle; live versus fixed cellular conditions; adaptation to a specific protocol; spectral multiplexing; or matching excitation/emission spectra to available imaging equipment. Also presented are recommended protocols for a typical example reagent that can be reliably utilized to visualize its target cellular organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Paul Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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228
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Barott KL, Thies AB, Tresguerres M. V-type H +-ATPase in the symbiosome membrane is a conserved mechanism for host control of photosynthesis in anthozoan photosymbioses. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211449. [PMID: 35116156 PMCID: PMC8790332 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In reef-building corals (order Scleractinia) and giant clams (phylum Molluca), V-type H+-ATPase (VHA) in host cells is part of a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) that regulates photosynthetic rates of their symbiotic algae. Here, we show that VHA plays a similar role in the sea anemone Anemonia majano, a member of the order Actinaria and sister group to the Scleractinia, which in contrast to their colonial calcifying coral relatives is a solitary, soft-bodied taxa. Western blotting and immunofluorescence revealed that VHA was abundantly present in the host-derived symbiosome membrane surrounding the photosymbionts. Pharmacological inhibition of VHA activity in individual anemones resulted in an approximately 80% decrease of photosynthetic O2 production. These results extend the presence of a host-controlled VHA-dependent CCM to non-calcifying cnidarians of the order Actiniaria, suggesting it is widespread among photosymbiosis between aquatic invertebrates and Symbiodiniaceae algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Barott
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angus B. Thies
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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229
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Ambiliraj DB, Francis B, MLP R. Lysosome-targeting luminescent lanthanide complexes: From molecular design to bioimaging. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7748-7762. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are essential acidic cytoplasmic membrane-bound organelles in human cells that play a critical role in many cellular events. A comprehensive understanding of lysosome-specific imaging can ultimately help us to...
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230
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Zhang T, Hong XQ, Zhi HT, Hu J, Chen WH. Synthesis and mechanism of biological action of morpholinyl-bearing arylsquaramides as small-molecule lysosomal pH modulators. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22748-22759. [PMID: 36105976 PMCID: PMC9376937 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal pH is an important modulator for many cellular processes. An agent that is capable of regulating lysosomal pH may find a wide range of potential applications in the field of biomedicine. In this study, we describe the synthesis of a family of morpholinyl-bearing arylsquaramides as small-molecule lysosomal pH modulators. These compounds are able to efficiently facilitate the transmembrane transport of chloride anions as mobile carriers across vesicular and cellular phospholipid membranes. They are capable of specifically alkalizing liposomes, disrupting the homeostasis of lysosomal pH and inactivivating lysosomal Cathepsin B enzyme. Anion transport is considered as the probable mechanism of action for the high efficiency of these compounds to modulate lysosomal pH. The present findings present a novel means to efficiently regulate lysosomal pH, which is in contrast to the methods shown by conventional lysosomal pH modulators that generally function by either acting as a weak base/acid, or releasing a basic/acidic component in lysosomal environments to change lysosomal pH. A family of small-molecule arylsquaramides were synthesized as transmembrane anion transporters for modulating lysosomal pH.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiao Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian Dist, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Zhi
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, P. R. China
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231
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Ang MJY, Yoon J, Zhou M, Wei HL, Goh YY, Li Z, Feng J, Wang H, Su Q, Ong DST, Liu X. Deciphering Nanoparticle Trafficking into Glioblastomas Uncovers an Augmented Antitumor Effect of Metronomic Chemotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106194. [PMID: 34726310 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been explored in glioblastomas as they can traverse the blood-brain barrier and target glioblastoma selectively. However, direct observation of nanoparticle trafficking into glioblastoma cells and their underlying intracellular fate after systemic administration remains uncharacterized. Here, based on high-resolution transmission electron microscopy experiments of an intracranial glioblastoma model, it is shown that ligand-modified nanoparticles can traverse the blood-brain barrier, endocytose into the lysosomes of glioblastoma cells, and undergo endolysosomal escape upon photochemical ionization. Moreover, an optimal dose of metronomic chemotherapy using dual-drug-loaded nanocarriers can induce an augmented antitumor effect directly on tumors, which has not been recognized in previous studies. Metronomic chemotherapy enhances antitumor effects 3.5-fold compared with the standard chemotherapy regimen using the same accumulative dose in vivo. This study provides a conceptual framework that can be used to develop metronomic nanoparticle regimens as a safe and viable therapeutic strategy for treating glioblastomas and other advanced-stage solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melgious Jin Yan Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- The N1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Jeehyun Yoon
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Mingzhu Zhou
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Han-Lin Wei
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yi Yiing Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- The N1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Zhenglin Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qianqian Su
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Derrick Sek Tong Ong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138632, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- The N1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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232
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Kim JS, Zhang H, Li K, Shi L, Liu X, Won M, Liu YZ, Choe Y, Liu XY, Liu YH, Chen SY, Yu KK, Yu XQ. Discovery of an Ultra-rapid and Sensitive Lysosomal Fluorescence Lipophagy Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116439. [PMID: 34964238 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive dynamic tracking of lysosomes and their interactions with other organelles is important for the study of lysosomal function and related diseases. However, many fluorescent dyes developed so far to target lysosomes cannot be used to monitor these processes due to the high concentrations required for imaging, long cell penetration times, and non-ideal photostability. In this regard, we synthesized three lysosomal targeting probes with large Stokes shifts, good stability, and high brightness. The Q-P-ARh , developed by us for the first time, can stain lysosomes at ultra-low concentrations (1.0 nM) without affecting the physiological functions of the lysosomes. More importantly, its excellent anti-interference ability and ultrafast lysosomal staining ability (within 1.0 min) clearly monitored the entire dynamic process of lipophagy. Ultimately, this method can greatly contribute to the study of autophagy pathways. This novel fluorescence platform shows great promise for the development of biological probes for application in pathological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seung Kim
- Korea University, Department of Chemistry, Anamdong, 02841, Seoul, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Hong Zhang
- Sichuan University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Kun Li
- Sichuan University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Lei Shi
- Sichuan University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Xin Liu
- Sichuan University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Miae Won
- Korea University, Department of Chemistry, 337, Asan Science Build. 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Seoul, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | | | - Youmi Choe
- Korea University - Seoul Campus: Korea University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Xin-Yao Liu
- Sichuan University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | | | | | | | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Sichuan University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
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233
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Hong J, Li Q, Xia Q, Feng G. Real-Time and High-Fidelity Tracking of Lysosomal Dynamics with a Dicyanoisophorone-Based Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16956-16964. [PMID: 34874697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of high-performance probes that can visualize and track the dynamic changes of lysosomes is very important for the in-depth study of lysosomes. Herein, we report that a dicyanoisophorone-based probe (named DCIP) can be used for high-fidelity imaging of lysosomes and lysosomal dynamics. DCIP can be easily prepared and shows strong far-red to near-infrared emissions centered at 653 nm in water with a huge Stokes shift (224 nm), high quantum yield (Φ = 0.15), high pKa value (∼8.79), and good biocompatibility. DCIP also shows good cell permeability and can label lysosomes rapidly with bright fluorescence without a time-consuming washing process before imaging. DCIP also possesses good photostability and negligible background, making it effective for long-term and high spatiotemporal resolution (0.44 s of exposure) imaging of lysosomes. Moreover, DCIP achieved high-fidelity tracking of lysosomal dynamics at an extremely low concentration (1 nM). Finally, we also demonstrated that DCIP could real-time track the interactions of lysosomes with other organelles (damaged mitochondria as a model) and image the drug-escape processes from lysosomes. All of the results show that DCIP holds broad prospects in lysosome-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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234
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Szabo MP, Mishra S, Knupp A, Young JE. The role of Alzheimer's disease risk genes in endolysosomal pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 162:105576. [PMID: 34871734 PMCID: PMC9071255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample pathological and biological evidence for endo-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and emerging genetic studies repeatedly implicate endo-lysosomal genes as associated with increased AD risk. The endo-lysosomal network (ELN) is essential for all cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), yet each unique cell type utilizes cellular trafficking differently (see Fig. 1). Challenges ahead involve defining the role of AD associated genes in the functionality of the endo-lysosomal network (ELN) and understanding how this impacts the cellular dysfunction that occurs in AD. This is critical to the development of new therapeutics that will impact, and potentially reverse, early disease phenotypes. Here we review some early evidence of ELN dysfunction in AD pathogenesis and discuss the role of selected AD-associated risk genes in this pathway. In particular, we review genes that have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies(Andrews et al., 2020; Jansen et al., 2019; Kunkle et al., 2019; Lambert et al., 2013; Marioni et al., 2018) and reviewed in(Andrews et al., 2020) that have defined roles in the endo-lysosomal network. These genes include SORL1, an AD risk gene harboring both rare and common variants associated with AD risk and a role in trafficking cargo, including APP, through the ELN; BIN1, a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis whose expression correlates with Tau pathology; CD2AP, an AD risk gene with roles in endosome morphology and recycling; PICALM, a clathrin-binding protein that mediates trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes; and Ephrin Receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with AD associations and interactions with other AD risk genes. Finally, we will discuss how human cellular models can elucidate cell-type specific differences in ELN dysfunction in AD and aid in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell P Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
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235
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Chen D, Zheng Q, Sun L, Ji M, Li Y, Deng H, Zhang H. ORF3a of SARS-CoV-2 promotes lysosomal exocytosis-mediated viral egress. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3250-3263.e5. [PMID: 34706264 PMCID: PMC8502680 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral entry and egress are important determinants of virus infectivity and pathogenicity. β-coronaviruses, including the COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2 and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), exploit the lysosomal exocytosis pathway for egress. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a, but not SARS-CoV ORF3a, promotes lysosomal exocytosis. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a facilitates lysosomal targeting of the BORC-ARL8b complex, which mediates trafficking of lysosomes to the vicinity of the plasma membrane, and exocytosis-related SNARE proteins. The Ca2+ channel TRPML3 is required for SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a-mediated lysosomal exocytosis. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a greatly elevates extracellular viral release in cells infected with the coronavirus MHV-A59, which itself lacks ORF3a. In SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a, Ser171 and Trp193 are critical for promoting lysosomal exocytosis and blocking autophagy. When these residues are introduced into SARS-CoV ORF3a, it acquires the ability to promote lysosomal exocytosis and inhibit autophagy. Our results reveal a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with host factors to promote its extracellular egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoxia Zheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Long Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
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236
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Mahapatra KK, Mishra SR, Behera BP, Patil S, Gewirtz DA, Bhutia SK. The lysosome as an imperative regulator of autophagy and cell death. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7435-7449. [PMID: 34716768 PMCID: PMC11071813 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are single membrane-bound organelles containing acid hydrolases responsible for the degradation of cellular cargo and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes could originate from pre-existing endolysosomes or autolysosomes, acting as a critical juncture between autophagy and endocytosis. Stress that triggers lysosomal membrane permeabilization can be altered by ESCRT complexes; however, irreparable damage to the membrane results in the induction of a selective lysosomal degradation pathway, specifically lysophagy. Lysosomes play an indispensable role in different types of autophagy, including microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, and various cell death pathways such as lysosomal cell death, apoptotic cell death, and autophagic cell death. In this review, we discuss lysosomal reformation, maintenance, and degradation pathways following the involvement of the lysosome in autophagy and cell death, which are related to several pathophysiological conditions observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Behera
- Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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237
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Takemoto H, Nishiyama N. Construction of nanomaterials based on pH-responsive polymers for effective tumor delivery. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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238
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Golgi requires a new casting in the screenplay of mucopolysaccharidosis II cytopathology. Biol Futur 2021; 73:31-42. [PMID: 34837645 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-021-00107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome (L), a hydrolytic compartment of the endo-lysosomal system (ELS), plays a central role in the metabolic regulation of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, it has a central role in the cytopathology of several diseases, primarily in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter disease) is a rare LSD caused by idunorate-2-sulphatase (IDS) enzyme deficiency. To provide a new platform for drug development and clarifying the background of the clinically observed cytopathology, we established a human in vitro model, which recapitulates all cellular hallmarks of the disease. Some of our results query the traditional concept by which the storage vacuoles originate from the endosomal system and suggest a new concept, in which endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and RAB2/LAMP positive Golgi (G) vesicles play an initiative role in the vesicle formation. In this hypothesis, Golgi is not only an indirectly affected organelle but enforced to be the main support of vacuole formation. The purposes of this minireview are to give a simple guide for understanding the main relationships in ELS, to present the storage vacuoles and their relation to ELS compartments, to recommend an alternative model for vacuole formation, and to place the Golgi in spotlight of MPS II cytopathology.
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239
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Saffi GT, Tang E, Mamand S, Inpanathan S, Fountain A, Salmena L, Botelho RJ. Reactive oxygen species prevent lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259313. [PMID: 34813622 PMCID: PMC8610251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are terminal, degradative organelles of the endosomal pathway that undergo repeated fusion-fission cycles with themselves, endosomes, phagosomes, and autophagosomes. Lysosome number and size depends on balanced fusion and fission rates. Thus, conditions that favour fusion over fission can reduce lysosome numbers while enlarging their size. Conversely, favouring fission over fusion may cause lysosome fragmentation and increase their numbers. PIKfyve is a phosphoinositide kinase that generates phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate to modulate lysosomal functions. PIKfyve inhibition causes an increase in lysosome size and reduction in lysosome number, consistent with lysosome coalescence. This is thought to proceed through reduced lysosome reformation and/or fission after fusion with endosomes or other lysosomes. Previously, we observed that photo-damage during live-cell imaging prevented lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition. Thus, we postulated that lysosome fusion and/or fission dynamics are affected by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that ROS generated by various independent mechanisms all impaired lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition and promoted lysosome fragmentation during PIKfyve re-activation. However, depending on the ROS species or mode of production, lysosome dynamics were affected distinctly. H2O2 impaired lysosome motility and reduced lysosome fusion with phagosomes, suggesting that H2O2 reduces lysosome fusogenecity. In comparison, inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, thiol groups, glutathione, or thioredoxin, did not impair lysosome motility but instead promoted clearance of actin puncta on lysosomes formed during PIKfyve inhibition. Additionally, actin depolymerizing agents prevented lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition. Thus, we discovered that ROS can generally prevent lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition using distinct mechanisms depending on the type of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam T. Saffi
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sami Mamand
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Polytechnic Research Center, Erbil Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Regional Government, Erbil, Kurdistan
| | - Subothan Inpanathan
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Fountain
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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240
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Li LL, Lv WY, Wang Y, Li YF, Li CM, Huang CZ. DNA Logic Nanodevices for Real-Time Monitoring of ATP in Lysosomes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15331-15339. [PMID: 34756034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA logic nanodevices have prospects in molecular recognitions but still face challenges in achieving DNA computation-controlled regulation in specific compartments of living cells. By incorporating the i-motif sequence and ATP aptamers into a Y-shaped DNA (Y-DNA) structure, and applying gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the transporting carrier, herein we present a new type of DNA logic nanodevices to monitor the ATP levels in lysosomes of living cells. Triple energy transfers including dual fluorescent resonance energy transfers (FRETs) and a nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) occurred in the DNA logic nanodevices. It was identified that the proposed nanodevices perform an AND logic operation to output FRET signals only when an endogenous proton and ATP simultaneously exist in the cellular microenvironment. Owing to the use of the i-motif sequence, the nanodevices have lysosome-recognizing capacity without causing alkalization of the acidic organelle, making DNA computation-controlled regulation at the level of cellular organelles achievable. These DNA logic nanodevices show high application prospects in lysosome-related cellular function and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chun Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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241
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Translation Inhibitors Activate Autophagy Master Regulators TFEB and TFE3. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112083. [PMID: 34769510 PMCID: PMC8584619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosome pathway is a major protein degradation pathway stimulated by multiple cellular stresses, including nutrient or growth factor deprivation, hypoxia, misfolded proteins, damaged organelles, and intracellular pathogens. Recent studies have revealed that transcription factor EB (TFEB) and transcription factor E3 (TFE3) play a pivotal role in the biogenesis and functions of autophagosome and lysosome. Here we report that three translation inhibitors (cycloheximide, lactimidomycin, and rocaglamide A) can facilitate the nuclear translocation of TFEB/TFE3 via dephosphorylation and 14-3-3 dissociation. In addition, the inhibitor-mediated TFEB/TFE3 nuclear translocation significantly increases the transcriptional expression of their downstream genes involved in the biogenesis and function of autophagosome and lysosome. Furthermore, we demonstrated that translation inhibition increased autophagosome biogenesis but impaired the degradative autolysosome formation because of lysosomal dysfunction. These results highlight the previously unrecognized function of the translation inhibitors as activators of TFEB/TFE3, suggesting a novel biological role of translation inhibition in autophagy regulation.
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242
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The Innate Immune Response to Infection by Polyascus gregaria in the Male Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis), Revealed by Proteomic Analysis. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is a representative catadromous invertebrate of the Yangtze River and a commercial species widely cultivated in China. Both cultivated and wild crabs suffer from a variety of parasites and pathogens, which can result in catastrophic economic losses in aquaculture revenue. Polyascus gregaria, a parasitic barnacle with a highly derived morphology, is specialized in invading these crabs. This study examines the immunological mechanism in E. sinensis infected with P. gregaria. Tandem mass tags (TMT), a specialized method of mass-spectrometry, was used to analyze the infection by P. gregaria resistance at the protein level. In the hepatopancreas of infected crabs, 598 proteins differentially expressed relating to physiological change, of which, 352 were upregulated and 246 were downregulated. Based on this differential protein expression, 104 GO terms and 13 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. Differentially expressed proteins, such as ATG, cathepsin, serpin, iron-related protein, Rab family, integrin, and lectin, are associated with the lysosome GO term and the autophagy-animal KEGG pathways, both of which likely relate to the immune response to the parasitic P. gregaria infection. These results show the benefit of taking a detailed, protein-level approach to understanding the innate immune response of aquatic invertebrates to macroparasite infection.
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243
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Loss of Christianson Syndrome Na +/H + Exchanger 6 (NHE6) Causes Abnormal Endosome Maturation and Trafficking Underlying Lysosome Dysfunction in Neurons. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9235-9256. [PMID: 34526390 PMCID: PMC8570832 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1244-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger 6 (NHE6) cause the X-linked neurologic disorder Christianson syndrome. Patients exhibit symptoms associated with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative abnormalities. While loss of NHE6 has been shown to overacidify the endosome lumen, and is associated with endolysosome neuropathology, NHE6-mediated mechanisms in endosome trafficking and lysosome function have been understudied. Here, we show that NHE6-null mouse neurons demonstrate worsening lysosome function with time in culture, likely as a result of defective endosome trafficking. NHE6-null neurons exhibit overall reduced lysosomal proteolysis despite overacidification of the endosome and lysosome lumen. Akin to Nhx1 mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we observe decreased endosome-lysosome fusion in NHE6-null neurons. Also, we find premature activation of pH-dependent cathepsin D (CatD) in endosomes. While active CatD is increased in endosomes, CatD activation and CatD protein levels are reduced in the lysosome. Protein levels of another mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR)-dependent enzyme, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, were also decreased in lysosomes of NHE6-null neurons. M6PRs accumulate in late endosomes, suggesting defective M6PR recycling and retromer function in NHE6-null neurons. Finally, coincident with decreased endosome-lysosome fusion, using total internal reflection fluorescence, we also find a prominent increase in fusion between endosomal multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane, indicating enhanced exosome secretion from NHE6-null neurons. In summary, in addition to overacidification of endosomes and lysosomes, loss of NHE6 leads to defects in endosome maturation and trafficking, including enhanced exosome release, contributing to lysosome deficiency and potentially leading to neurodegenerative disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Loss-of-function mutations in the endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger 6 (NHE6) cause Christianson syndrome, an X-linked neurologic disorder. Loss of NHE6 has been shown to overacidify endosomes; however, endosome trafficking mechanisms have been understudied, and the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration are largely unknown. In NHE6-null mouse neurons in vitro, we find worsening lysosome function with days in culture. Notably, pH-dependent lysosome enzymes, such as cathepsin D, have reduced activity in lysosomes yet increased, precocious activity in endosomes in NHE6-null neurons. Further, endosomes show reduced fusion to lysosomes, and increased fusion to the plasma membrane with increased exosome release. This study identifies new mechanisms involving defective endosome maturation and trafficking that impair lysosome function in Christianson syndrome, likely contributing to neurodegeneration.
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244
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Yin J, Huang L, Wu L, Li J, James TD, Lin W. Small molecule based fluorescent chemosensors for imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12098-12150. [PMID: 34550134 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00645b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment (local environment), including viscosity, temperature, polarity, hypoxia, and acidic-basic status (pH), plays indispensable roles in cellular processes. Significantly, organelles require an appropriate microenvironment to perform their specific physiological functions, and disruption of the microenvironmental homeostasis could lead to malfunctions of organelles, resulting in disorder and disease development. Consequently, monitoring the microenvironment within specific organelles is vital to understand organelle-related physiopathology. Over the past few years, many fluorescent probes have been developed to help reveal variations in the microenvironment within specific cellular regions. Given that a comprehensive understanding of the microenvironment in a particular cellular region is of great significance for further exploration of life events, a thorough summary of this topic is urgently required. However, there has not been a comprehensive and critical review published recently on small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors for the cellular microenvironment. With this review, we summarize the recent progress since 2015 towards small-molecule based fluorescent probes for imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions, including the mitochondria, lysosomes, lipid drops, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, nucleus, cytoplasmic matrix and cell membrane. Further classifications at the suborganelle level, according to detection of microenvironmental factors by probes, including polarity, viscosity, temperature, pH and hypoxia, are presented. Notably, in each category, design principles, chemical synthesis, recognition mechanism, fluorescent signals, and bio-imaging applications are summarized and compared. In addition, the limitations of the current microenvironment-sensitive probes are analyzed and the prospects for future developments are outlined. In a nutshell, this review comprehensively summarizes and highlights recent progress towards small molecule based fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions since 2015. We anticipate that this summary will facilitate a deeper understanding of the topic and encourage research directed towards the development of probes for the detection of cellular microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Luling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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245
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Sun X, Mahajan D, Chen B, Song Z, Lu L. A quantitative study of the Golgi retention of glycosyltransferases. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272560. [PMID: 34533190 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How Golgi glycosyltransferases and glycosidases (hereafter glycosyltransferases) localize to the Golgi is still unclear. Here, we first investigated the post-Golgi trafficking of glycosyltransferases. We found that glycosyltransferases can escape the Golgi to the plasma membrane, where they are subsequently endocytosed to the endolysosome. Post-Golgi glycosyltransferases are probably degraded by ectodomain shedding. We discovered that most glycosyltransferases are not retrieved from post-Golgi sites, indicating that retention rather than retrieval is the primary mechanism for their Golgi localization. We therefore used the Golgi residence time to study Golgi retention of glycosyltransferases quantitatively and systematically. Quantitative analysis of chimeras of ST6GAL1 and either transferrin receptor or tumor necrosis factor α revealed the contributions of three regions of ST6GAL1, namely the N-terminal cytosolic tail, the transmembrane domain and the ectodomain, to Golgi retention. We found that each of the three regions is sufficient for Golgi retention in an additive manner. N-terminal cytosolic tail length negatively affects the Golgi retention of ST6GAL1, similar to effects observed for the transmembrane domain. Therefore, the long N-terminal cytosolic tail and transmembrane domain could act as Golgi export signals for transmembrane secretory cargos. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore637551
| | - Divyanshu Mahajan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore637551
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore637551
| | - Zhiwei Song
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore138668
| | - Lei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore637551
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246
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Gkika KS, Kargaard A, Burke CS, Dolan C, Heise A, Keyes TE. Ru(ii)/BODIPY core co-encapsulated ratiometric nanotools for intracellular O 2 sensing in live cancer cells. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1520-1533. [PMID: 34704057 PMCID: PMC8496004 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is a crucial reagent in many biochemical processes within living cells and its concentration can be an effective marker in disease, particularly in cancer where tissue hypoxia has been shown to indicate tumour growth. Probes that can reflect the oxygen concentration and distribution using ratiometric signals can be applied to a range of conventional methods without the need for specialised equipment and are particularly useful. The preparation and in cellulo study of luminescent ratiometric core–shell nanoparticles are presented. Here, a new lipophilic and oxygen-responsive Ru(ii) tris-heteroleptic polypyridyl complex is co-encapsulated with a reference BODIPY dye into the core of poly-l-lysine-coated polystyrene particles. The co-core encapsulation ensures oxygen response but reduces the impact of the environment on both probes. Single wavelength excitation of the particles, suspended in aqueous buffer, at 480 nm, triggers well-resolved dual emission from both dyes with peak maxima at 515 nm and 618 nm. A robust ratiometric oxygen response is observed from water, with a linear dynamic range of 3.6–262 μM which matches well with typical biological ranges. The uptake of RuBDP NPs was found to be cell-line dependent, but in cancerous cell lines, the particles were strongly permeable with late endosomal and partial lysosomal co-staining observed within 3 to 4 hours, eventually leading to extensive staining of the cytoplasm. The co-localisation of the ruthenium and BODIPY emission confirms that the particles remain intact in cellulo with no indication of dye leaching. The ratiometric O2 sensing response of the particles in cellulo was demonstrated using a plate-based assay and by confocal xyλ scanning of cells exposed to hypoxic conditions. Uptake and quantitative ratiometric oxygen sensing response of core–shell nanoparticles containing ruthenium probe and BODIPY reference is demonstrated using a plate reader-based assay and by confocal xyλ scanning of live cancer cells under hypoxic conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel Sofia Gkika
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| | | | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland .,Department of Chemistry, RCSI Dublin Ireland
| | - Ciaran Dolan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI Dublin Ireland.,CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices RCSI Dublin D02 Ireland.,AMBER, The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre RCSI Dublin D02 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
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247
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Yu H, Guo Y, Zhu W, Havener K, Zheng X. Recent advances in 1,8-naphthalimide-based small-molecule fluorescent probes for organelles imaging and tracking in living cells. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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248
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Fan J, Li Q, Chen L, Du J, Xue W, Yu S, Su X, Yang Y. Research Progress in the Synthesis of Targeting Organelle Carbon Dots and Their Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1891-1916. [PMID: 34706792 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With increasing knowledge about diseases at the histological, cytological to sub-organelle level, targeting organelle therapy has gradually been envisioned as an approach to overcome the shortcomings of poor specificity and multiple toxic side effects on tissues and cell-level treatments using the currently available therapy. Organelle carbon dots (CDs) are a class of functionalized CDs that can target organelles. CDs can be prepared by a "synchronous in situ synthesis method" and "asynchronous modification method." The superior optical properties and good biocompatibility of CDs can be preserved, and they can be used as targeting particles to carry drugs into cells while reducing leakage during transport. Given the excellent organelle fluorescence imaging properties, targeting organelle CDs can be used to monitor the physiological metabolism of organelles and progression of human diseases, which will provide advanced understanding and accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancers. This study reviews the methods used for preparation of targeting organelle CDs, mechanisms of accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer, as well as their application in the area of cancer diagnosis and treatment research. Finally, the current difficulties and prospects for targeting organelle CDs are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Fan
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Interventional Treatment Department, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jinglei Du
- Interventional Treatment Department, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Wenqiang Xue
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shiping Yu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiuqin Su
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yongzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Saxena N, Phatak P, Chauhan V. Differential toxicity of abrin in human cell lines of different organ origin. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105250. [PMID: 34601064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abrus precatorius is a highly toxic seed containing the poison abrin. Similar in properties to ricin, this toxin binds to ribosomes causing cessation of protein synthesis and cell death. With an estimated human lethal dose of 0.1-1 μg/kg, it has been the cause of fatalities due to accidental and intentional ingestion. In present study, we profiled seven human cell lines of different organ origin, for their sensitivity against abrin toxicity. These cell lines are, A549, COLO 205, HEK 293, HeLa, Hep G2, Jurkat, SH-SY5Y and derived from lung, intestine, kidney, cervix, liver, immune and nervous system respectively. MTT, NR, CVDE and LDH assays have been used to determine their response against abrin toxin. Among these cell lines A549 was the most sensitive cell line while Hep G2 was found least sensitive cell lines. Hep G2 cells are shown to have mitochondrial resistance and delayed generation of oxidative stress compared to A549 cells. Remarkable variation in sensitivity against abrin toxicity prompted the evaluation of Bcl2, Bax and downstream caspases in both cells. Difference in Bcl2 level has been shown to play important role in variable sensitivity. Findings of present study are helpful for selection of suitable cellular model for toxicity assessment and antidote screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Saxena
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Defence Research Development & Establishment, Defence Research Development Organization, Gwalior 474002, India.
| | - Pooja Phatak
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Defence Research Development & Establishment, Defence Research Development Organization, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Vinita Chauhan
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research Development & Establishment, Defence Research Development Organization, Gwalior 474002, India
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250
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Khan N, Halcrow PW, Lakpa LK, Rehan M, Chen X, Geiger JD. Endolysosome iron restricts Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation by increasing HIV-1 Tat oligomerization and β-catenin expression. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:755-773. [PMID: 34550543 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is required for HIV-1 replication, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HIV-1 Tat can enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis where it can reside in endolysosomes; upon its escape from these acidic organelles, HIV-1 Tat can enter the cytosol and nucleus where it activates the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Although it is known that HIV-1 replication is affected by the iron status of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), very little is known about how iron affects HIV-1 Tat activation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Because HIV-1 proteins de-acidify endolysosomes and endolysosome de-acidification affects subcellular levels and actions of iron, we tested the hypothesis that the endolysosome pool of iron is sufficient to affect Tat-induced HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Ferric (Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) iron both restricted Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Chelation of endolysosome iron with deferoxamine (DFO) and 2-2 bipyridyl, but not chelation of cytosolic iron with deferiprone and deferasirox, significantly enhanced Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. In the presence of iron, HIV-1 Tat increasingly oligomerized and DFO prevented the oligomerization. DFO also reduced protein expression levels of the HIV-1 restriction agent beta-catenin in the cytosol and nucleus. These findings suggest that DFO increases HIV-1 LTR transactivation by increasing levels of the more active dimeric form of Tat relative to the less active oligomerized form of Tat, increasing the escape of dimeric Tat from endolysosomes, and/or reducing beta-catenin protein expression levels. Thus, intracellular iron might play a significant role in regulating HIV-1 replication, and these findings raise cautionary notes for chelation therapies in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Peter W Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Leo K Lakpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Mohd Rehan
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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