201
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Jia Y, Liu L, Shan B. Future of immune checkpoint inhibitors: focus on tumor immune microenvironment. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1095. [PMID: 33145314 PMCID: PMC7575936 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a powerful clinical strategy in cancer treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have opened a new era for cancer immunotherapy. Nowadays, the number of immunotherapy drug approvals has increased, with numerous treatment options in clinical and preclinical development. However, there remain some obstacles to improve the efficacy of ICIs further. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) consists of cancer cell, immune cells and cytokines, et cetera. The dynamics of TIME determine the efficacies of ICIs. Although the ICIs showed manageable toxicity, immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) are still unignorable for clinicians. Since some primary resistance mechanisms exist in TIME, ICIs can only show effects in individual cancer patients. Even for the patients who responded, acquired resistance will occur to neutralize the effect of ICIs. Understanding how to increase the response rates and overcome the resistance to various classes of ICIs is the key to improving clinical efficacy. Besides the novel ICIs in development, there are some approaches to establish combination therapies are underway to improve further the efficacies of ICIs in treating cancer patients. Here, we describe the complicated TIME and state quo of ICIs to prospect the future of ICIs in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Jia
- Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Hebei Cancer Institute, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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202
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Abstract
Through the successes of checkpoint blockade and adoptive cellular therapy, immunotherapy has become an established treatment modality for cancer. Cellular metabolism has emerged as a critical determinant of the viability and function of both cancer cells and immune cells. In order to sustain prodigious anabolic needs, tumours employ a specialized metabolism that differs from untransformed somatic cells. This metabolism leads to a tumour microenvironment that is commonly acidic, hypoxic and/or depleted of critical nutrients required by immune cells. In this context, tumour metabolism itself is a checkpoint that can limit immune-mediated tumour destruction. Because our understanding of immune cell metabolism and cancer metabolism has grown significantly in the past decade, we are on the cusp of being able to unravel the interaction of cancer cell metabolism and immune metabolism in therapeutically meaningful ways. Although there are metabolic processes that are seemingly fundamental to both cancer and responding immune cells, metabolic heterogeneity and plasticity may serve to distinguish the two. As such, understanding the differential metabolic requirements of the diverse cells that comprise an immune response to cancer offers an opportunity to selectively regulate immune cell function. Such a nuanced evaluation of cancer and immune metabolism can uncover metabolic vulnerabilities and therapeutic windows upon which to intervene for enhanced immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Leone
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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203
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Exploring the VISTA of microglia: immune checkpoints in CNS inflammation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1415-1430. [PMID: 32856125 PMCID: PMC7525281 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Negative checkpoint regulators (NCR) are intensely pursued as targets to modulate the immune response in cancer and autoimmunity. A large variety of NCR is expressed by central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell types and is associated with CNS homeostasis, interactions with peripheral immunity and CNS inflammation and disease. Immunotherapy blocking NCR affects the CNS as patients can develop neurological issues including encephalitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). How these treatments affect the CNS is incompletely understood, since expression and function of NCR in the CNS are only beginning to be unravelled. V-type immunoglobulin-like suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an NCR that is expressed primarily in the haematopoietic system by myeloid and T cells. VISTA regulates T cell quiescence and activation and has a variety of functions in myeloid cells including efferocytosis, cytokine response and chemotaxis. In the CNS, VISTA is predominantly expressed by microglia and macrophages of the CNS. In this review, we summarize the role of NCR in the CNS during health and disease. We highlight expression of VISTA across cell types and CNS diseases and discuss the function of VISTA in microglia and during CNS ageing, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding the role of VISTA and other NCR in the CNS is important considering the adverse effects of immunotherapy on the CNS, and in view of their therapeutic potential in CNS disease.
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204
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Haibe Y, El Husseini Z, El Sayed R, Shamseddine A. Resisting Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Therapy: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6176. [PMID: 32867025 PMCID: PMC7504220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment landscape in oncology has witnessed a major revolution with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors: anti-PD1, anti-PDL1 and anti-CTLA-4. These agents enhance the immune response towards cancer cells instead of targeting the tumor itself, contrary to standard chemotherapy. Although long-lasting durable responses have been observed with immune checkpoints inhibitors, the response rate remains relatively low in many cases. Some patients respond in the beginning but then eventually develop acquired resistance to treatment and progress. Other patients having primary resistance never respond. Multiple studies have been conducted to further elucidate these variations in response in different tumor types and different individuals. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors and highlights the possible therapeutic approaches under investigation aiming to overcome such resistance in order to improve the clinical outcomes of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Shamseddine
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (Y.H.); (Z.E.H.); (R.E.S.)
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205
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Qie C, Jiang J, Liu W, Hu X, Chen W, Xie X, Liu J. Single-cell RNA-Seq reveals the transcriptional landscape and heterogeneity of skin macrophages in Vsir -/- murine psoriasis. Theranostics 2020; 10:10483-10497. [PMID: 32929361 PMCID: PMC7482809 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a novel inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule. Vsir-/- mice have exacerbated psoriasis-like skin inflammation. The immune cell subsets involved in inflammation in Vsir-/- psoriatic mice are largely unknown. We have used scRNA-seq as an unbiased profiling strategy to study the heterogeneity of immune cells at a single cell level in the skin of Vsir-/- psoriatic mice. Methods: In the present study, the right ear and shaved back skin of wild type and Vsir-/- mice were treated with IMQ for 5 consecutive days to induce psoriasis-like dermatitis. Then, the single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of mouse back skin lesions was performed using 10 × Genomics technique. Results: We identified 12 major cell subtypes among 23,258 cells. The major populations of the skin cells included macrophages, dendritic cells and fibroblasts. Macrophages constituted the main immune cell population in the WT (61.29%) and Vsir-/- groups (77.7%). It should be noted that DCs and fibroblasts were expanded in the Vsir-/- psoriatic mice. Furthermore, the gene expression signatures were assessed. We observed that Hspb1 and Cebpb were significantly upregulated in the Vsir-/- psoriatic mice. Differential gene expression and gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed specific gene expression patterns distinguishing these subsets and uncovered putative functions of each cell type. Date analysis resulted in the discovery of a number of novel psoriasis-associated genes in Vsir-/- mice. Conclusion: We present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of the skin immune cells in Vsir-/- psoriatic mice. These unprecedented data uncovered the transcriptional landscape and phenotypic heterogeneity of skin macrophages in psoriasis and identified their gene expression signature suggesting specialized functions in Vsir-/- mice. Our findings will open novel opportunities to investigate the role of VISTA in driving psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Qie
- Jiangsu key lab of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Jiangsu key lab of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Nanjing Gemini Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wanmei Liu
- Jiangsu key lab of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinlei Hu
- Jiangsu key lab of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenting Chen
- Jiangsu key lab of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xie
- Jiangsu key lab of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Jiangsu key lab of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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206
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Wu H, Estrella V, Beatty M, Abrahams D, El-Kenawi A, Russell S, Ibrahim-Hashim A, Longo DL, Reshetnyak YK, Moshnikova A, Andreev OA, Luddy K, Damaghi M, Kodumudi K, Pillai SR, Enriquez-Navas P, Pilon-Thomas S, Swietach P, Gillies RJ. T-cells produce acidic niches in lymph nodes to suppress their own effector functions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4113. [PMID: 32807791 PMCID: PMC7431837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic pH of tumors profoundly inhibits effector functions of activated CD8 + T-cells. We hypothesize that this is a physiological process in immune regulation, and that it occurs within lymph nodes (LNs), which are likely acidic because of low convective flow and high glucose metabolism. Here we show by in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging, that LN paracortical zones are profoundly acidic. These acidic niches are absent in athymic Nu/Nu and lymphodepleted mice, implicating T-cells in the acidifying process. T-cell glycolysis is inhibited at the low pH observed in LNs. We show that this is due to acid inhibition of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), resulting in a negative feedback on glycolytic rate. Importantly, we demonstrate that this acid pH does not hinder initial activation of naïve T-cells by dendritic cells. Thus, we describe an acidic niche within the immune system, and demonstrate its physiological role in regulating T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Veronica Estrella
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Matthew Beatty
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Dominique Abrahams
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Asmaa El-Kenawi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shonagh Russell
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Anna Moshnikova
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Oleg A Andreev
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Kimberly Luddy
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Krithika Kodumudi
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Smitha R Pillai
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Pedro Enriquez-Navas
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shari Pilon-Thomas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, England, UK.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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207
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Ngiow SF, Young A. Re-education of the Tumor Microenvironment With Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1633. [PMID: 32849557 PMCID: PMC7399169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of cancer immunotherapies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 has ignited a substantial research effort to improve our understanding of tumor immunity. Recent studies have revealed that the immune contexture of a tumor influences therapeutic response and survival benefit for cancer patients. Identifying treatment modalities that limit immunosuppression, relieve T cell exhaustion, and potentiate effector functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is of much interest. In particular, combinatorial therapeutic approaches that re-educate the TME by limiting the accumulation of immunosuppressive immune cells, such as Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), while promoting CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cell activity is critical. Here, we review key approaches to target these immunosuppressive immune cell subsets and signaling molecules and define the impact of these changes to the tumor milieu. We will highlight the preclinical and clinical evidence for their ability to improve anti-tumor immune responses as well as strategies and challenges for their implementation. Together, this review will provide understanding of therapeutic approaches to efficiently shape the TME and reinvigorate the immune response against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Arabella Young
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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208
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Hill GR, Koyama M. Cytokines and costimulation in acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2020; 136:418-428. [PMID: 32526028 PMCID: PMC7378458 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is an important curative therapy for high-risk hematological malignancies, but the development of severe and/or steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains a significant limitation to optimal outcomes. New approaches to prevent and treat aGVHD remain an unmet need that can be best addressed by understanding the complex disease pathophysiology. It is now clear that chemoradiotherapy used prior to alloSCT induces the release of endogenous alarmins (eg, HMGB-1, ATP, IL-1α, IL-33) from recipient tissue. Exogenous pathogen-derived molecules (eg, lipopolysaccharide, nucleic acids) also translocate from the gastrointestinal tract lumen. Together, these danger signals activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to efficiently present alloantigen to donor T cells while releasing cytokines (eg, interleukin-12 [IL-12], IL-23, IL-6, IL-27, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β) that expand and differentiate both pathogenic and regulatory donor T cells. Concurrent costimulatory signals at the APC-T-cell interface (eg, CD80/CD86-CD28, CD40-CD40L, OX40L-OX40, CD155/CD112-DNAM-1) and subsequent coinhibitory signals (eg, CD80/CD86-CTLA4, PDL1/2-PD1, CD155/CD112-TIGIT) are critical to the acquisition of effector T-cell function and ensuing secretion of pathogenic cytokines (eg, IL-17, interferon-γ, tissue necrosis factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and cytolytic degranulation pathway effectors (eg, perforin/granzyme). This review focuses on the combination of cytokine and costimulatory networks at the T-cell surface that culminates in effector function and subsequent aGVHD in target tissue. Together, these pathways now represent robust and clinically tractable targets for preventing the initiation of deleterious immunity after alloSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Motoko Koyama
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
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209
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Mohammadzadeh A. Co-inhibitory receptors, transcription factors and tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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210
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Mechanisms of immune escape in the cancer immune cycle. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106700. [PMID: 32590316 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a critical issue globally with high incidence and mortality, imposing great burden on the society. Although great progress has been made in immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint, only a subset of patients responds to this treatment, suggesting that cancer immune evasion is still a major barrier in current immunotherapy. There are a series of factors contributing to immune evasion despite in an immunocompetent environment. Given that these factors are involved in different steps of the cancer immune cycle. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of immune escape in each step of the cancer immune cycle and then present therapeutic strategies for overcoming immune escape, with the potential to better understand the determinants of immune escape and make anti-tumor immunity more effective.
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211
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Bader JE, Voss K, Rathmell JC. Targeting Metabolism to Improve the Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Cell 2020; 78:1019-1033. [PMID: 32559423 PMCID: PMC7339967 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The growing field of immune metabolism has revealed promising indications for metabolic targets to modulate anti-cancer immunity. Combination therapies involving metabolic inhibitors with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), chemotherapy, radiation, and/or diet now offer new approaches for cancer therapy. However, it remains uncertain how to best utilize these strategies in the context of the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Oncogene-driven changes in tumor cell metabolism can impact the TME to limit immune responses and present barriers to cancer therapy. These changes also reveal opportunities to reshape the TME by targeting metabolic pathways to favor immunity. Here we explore current strategies that shift immune cell metabolism to pro-inflammatory states in the TME and highlight a need to better replicate physiologic conditions to select targets, clarify mechanisms, and optimize metabolic inhibitors. Unifying our understanding of these pathways and interactions within the heterogenous TME will be instrumental to advance this promising field and enhance immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie E Bader
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kelsey Voss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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212
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Rational Cancer Treatment Combinations: An Urgent Clinical Need. Mol Cell 2020; 78:1002-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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213
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Therapeutic Development of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:619-649. [PMID: 32185726 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been proven to be an effective strategy for enhancing the effector activity of anti-tumor T cells, and checkpoint blockers targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 have displayed strong and durable clinical responses in certain cancer patients. The new hope brought by ICB therapy has led to the boost in therapeutic development of ICBs in recent years. Nonetheless, the therapeutic efficacy of ICBs varies substantially among cancer types and patients, and only a proportion of cancer patients could benefit from ICBs. The emerging targets and molecules for enhancing anticancer immunity may bring additional therapeutic opportunities for cancer patients. The current challenges in the ICB therapy have been discussed, aimed to provide further strategies for maximizing the efficacy of ICB therapy.
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214
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215
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Expression of the immune checkpoint VISTA in breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1437-1446. [PMID: 32266446 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a novel immune checkpoint that is an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the expression of VISTA and its association with clinicopathologic parameters as well as with the key immune markers including programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast [corrected]. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect VISTA, PD-1, PD-L1, and CD8 in tissue microarrays from 919 patients with IDC (N = 341 in the exploratory cohort and = 578 in the validation cohort). VISTA was expressed on the immune cells of 29.1% (267/919) of the samples and on the tumor cells of 8.2% (75/919). VISTA was more frequently expressed in samples that were estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, poorly differentiated, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-enriched, and consisting of basal-like tumors. VISTA on immune cells correlated with PD-1, PD-L1, stromal CD8, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte expression and was an independent prognostic factor for improved relapse-free and disease-specific survival in patients with estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and basal-like IDC. These findings support therapeutic strategies that modulate VISTA expression, perhaps in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, in human breast cancer immunotherapy.
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216
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Wang G, Tai R, Wu Y, Yang S, Wang J, Yu X, Lei L, Shan Z, Li N. The expression and immunoregulation of immune checkpoint molecule VISTA in autoimmune diseases and cancers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 52:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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217
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Coleman MF, Cozzo AJ, Pfeil AJ, Etigunta SK, Hursting SD. Cell Intrinsic and Systemic Metabolism in Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040852. [PMID: 32244756 PMCID: PMC7225951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has shown extraordinary promise at treating cancers otherwise resistant to treatment. However, for ICI therapy to be effective, it must overcome the metabolic limitations of the tumor microenvironment. Tumor metabolism has long been understood to be highly dysregulated, with potent immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, T cell activation and longevity within the tumor microenvironment are intimately tied to T cell metabolism and are required for the long-term efficacy of ICI therapy. We discuss in this review the intersection of metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment, T cell activation and metabolism, the roles of tumor cell metabolism in immune evasion, and the impact of host metabolism in determining immune surveillance and ICI therapy outcomes. We also discussed the effects of obesity and calorie restriction—two important systemic metabolic perturbations that impact intrinsic metabolic pathways in T cells as well as cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Alyssa J. Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Alexander J. Pfeil
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Suhas K. Etigunta
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cha HR, Lee JH, Ponnazhagan S. Revisiting Immunotherapy: A Focus on Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1615-1623. [PMID: 32066566 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions to harness the immune system against tumor cells have provided mixed results in the past for several solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. However, immunotherapy has advanced considerably over the last decade and is becoming an integral combination for treating patients with advanced solid tumors. In particular, prostate cancer immunotherapy has shown modest efficacy for patients in the past. With several key discoveries on immune mechanisms and advanced molecular diagnostic platforms recently, immunotherapy is re-emerging as a viable option for prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), to stimulate antitumor immunity. Combination of patient-tailored immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockers with conventional cytotoxic agents and androgen receptor-targeted therapies should move the field forward. With a recent adaptation that the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been successful in the treatment of more than a dozen solid tumors, including melanoma, lymphoma, liver, cervical, gastrointestinal, and breast cancers, it is a timely endeavor to harness immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Here, we provide an account on the progression of immunotherapy with new discoveries and precision approaches for tumors, in particular CRPC, from mechanistic standpoint to emerging limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Ram Cha
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,PharmAbcine Inc., Yuseong-gu Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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219
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ElTanbouly MA, Schaafsma E, Noelle RJ, Lines JL. VISTA: Coming of age as a multi-lineage immune checkpoint. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:120-130. [PMID: 31930484 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is governed by a highly complex set of interactions among cells and mediators. T cells may be rendered dysfunctional by the presence of high levels of antigen in the absence of co-stimulation while myeloid cells may be programmed towards an immunosuppressive state that promotes cancer growth and metastasis while deterring tumor immunity. In addition, inhibitory programs driven by immune checkpoint regulators dampen anti-tumor immunity. The ideal cancer immunotherapy treatment will improve both cross-priming in the tumor microenvironment and relieve suppression by the inhibitory checkpoints. Recently, blockade of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) has elicited impressive results, but not in all patients, so additional targets are under investigation. V-set immunoglobulin domain suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a novel immunoregulatory receptor that is broadly expressed on cells of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages, and is frequently implicated as a poor prognostic indicator in multiple cancers. Importantly, antibody targeting of VISTA uniquely engages both innate and adaptive immunity. This, combined with the expression of VISTA and its non-redundant activities compared to other immune checkpoint regulators, qualifies VISTA to be a promising target for improving cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A ElTanbouly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - E Schaafsma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - R J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - J L Lines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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220
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Brown C, Rudensky AY. Enforcing T cell innocence. Science 2020; 367:247-248. [PMID: 31949067 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysothemis Brown
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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