201
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Chakravarty N, Senthilnathan T, Paiola S, Gyani P, Castillo Cario S, Urena E, Jeysankar A, Jeysankar P, Ignatius Irudayam J, Natesan Subramanian S, Lavretsky H, Joshi S, Garcia G, Ramaiah A, Arumugaswami V. Neurological pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and pandemic potential RNA viruses: a comparative analysis. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2854-2871. [PMID: 34757622 PMCID: PMC8652524 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has infected hundreds of millions of people with over four million dead, resulting in one of the worst global pandemics in recent history. Neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19 include anosmia, ageusia, headaches, confusion, delirium, and strokes. These may manifest due to viral entry into the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by means of ill-defined mechanisms. Here, we summarize the abilities of SARS-CoV-2 and other neurotropic RNA viruses, including Zika virus and Nipah virus, to cross the BBB into the CNS, highlighting the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessing presence and severity of brain structural changes in COVID-19 patients. We present new insight into key mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (P681H) and B.1.617.2 (P681R), which may impact on neuropilin 1 (NRP1) binding and CNS invasion. We postulate that SARS-CoV-2 may infect both peripheral cells capable of crossing the BBB and brain endothelial cells to traverse the BBB and spread into the brain. COVID-19 patients can be followed up with MRI modalities to better understand the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thrisha Senthilnathan
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Sophia Paiola
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Priya Gyani
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Estrella Urena
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Akash Jeysankar
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Prakash Jeysankar
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | - Helen Lavretsky
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Shantanu Joshi
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and SocietyCenter at inStemBangaloreKAIndia
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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202
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Song J, Chow RD, Pena-Hernandez M, Zhang L, Loeb SA, So EY, Liang OD, Wilen CB, Lee S. LRRC15 is an inhibitory receptor blocking SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated entry in trans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.11.23.469714. [PMID: 34845449 PMCID: PMC8629192 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.23.469714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the entry receptor ACE2. Although attachment factors and co-receptors facilitating entry are extensively studied, cellular entry factors inhibiting viral entry are largely unknown. Using a surfaceome CRISPR activation screen, we identified human LRRC15 as an inhibitory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. LRRC15 directly binds to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein with a moderate affinity and inhibits spike-mediated entry. Analysis of human lung single cell RNA sequencing dataset reveals that expression of LRRC15 is primarily detected in fibroblasts and particularly enriched in pathological fibroblasts in COVID-19 patients. ACE2 and LRRC15 are not co-expressed in the same cell types in the lung. Strikingly, expression of LRRC15 in ACE2-negative cells blocks spike-mediated viral entry in ACE2+ cell in trans, suggesting a protective role of LRRC15 in a physiological context. Therefore, LRRC15 represents an inhibitory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 regulating viral entry in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Song
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ryan D. Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mario Pena-Hernandez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Skylar A. Loeb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eui-Young So
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Olin D. Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Lead contact
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203
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SARS-CoV-2 interaction with Siglec-1 mediates trans-infection by dendritic cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2676-2678. [PMID: 34782760 PMCID: PMC8591443 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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204
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McCallum M, Walls AC, Sprouse KR, Bowen JE, Rosen LE, Dang HV, De Marco A, Franko N, Tilles SW, Logue J, Miranda MC, Ahlrichs M, Carter L, Snell G, Pizzuto MS, Chu HY, Van Voorhis WC, Corti D, Veesler D. Molecular basis of immune evasion by the Delta and Kappa SARS-CoV-2 variants. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 374:1621-1626. [PMID: 34751595 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Ha V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sasha W Tilles
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marcos C Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Margaret Ahlrichs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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205
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Macrophages and Monocytes: "Trojan Horses" in COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112178. [PMID: 34834984 PMCID: PMC8624282 DOI: 10.3390/v13112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore whether variants of SARS-CoV-2 (Chinese-derived strain (D614, lineage A), Italian strain PV10734 (D614G, lineage B.1.1) and Alpha strain (lineage B.1.1.7)) were able to infect monocytes (MN) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and whether these infected cells may, in turn, be vectors of infection. For this purpose, we designed an in vitro study following the evolution of MN and MDM infection at different time points in order to confirm whether these cells were permissive for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Finally, we investigated whether, regardless of viral replication, the persistent virus can be transferred to non-infected cells permissive for viral replication. Thus, we co-cultured the infected MN/MDM with permissive VERO E6 cells verifying the viral transmission. This is a further in vitro demonstration of the important role of MN and MDM in the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 and evolution of the COVID-19 disease.
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206
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Cramer J, Lakkaichi A, Aliu B, Jakob RP, Klein S, Cattaneo I, Jiang X, Rabbani S, Schwardt O, Zimmer G, Ciancaglini M, Abreu Mota T, Maier T, Ernst B. Sweet Drugs for Bad Bugs: A Glycomimetic Strategy against the DC-SIGN-Mediated Dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17465-17478. [PMID: 34652144 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN is a pattern recognition receptor expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells. It has been identified as a promiscuous entry receptor for many pathogens, including epidemic and pandemic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, and HIV-1. In the context of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, DC-SIGN-mediated virus dissemination and stimulation of innate immune responses has been implicated as a potential factor in the development of severe COVID-19. Inhibition of virus binding to DC-SIGN, thus, represents an attractive host-directed strategy to attenuate overshooting innate immune responses and prevent the progression of the disease. In this study, we report on the discovery of a new class of potent glycomimetic DC-SIGN antagonists from a focused library of triazole-based mannose analogues. Structure-based optimization of an initial screening hit yielded a glycomimetic ligand with a more than 100-fold improved binding affinity compared to methyl α-d-mannopyranoside. Analysis of binding thermodynamics revealed an enthalpy-driven improvement of binding affinity that was enabled by hydrophobic interactions with a loop region adjacent to the binding site and displacement of a conserved water molecule. The identified ligand was employed for the synthesis of multivalent glycopolymers that were able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein binding to DC-SIGN-expressing cells, as well as DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection of ACE2+ cells by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-expressing viruses, in nanomolar concentrations. The identified glycomimetic ligands reported here open promising perspectives for the development of highly potent and fully selective DC-SIGN-targeted therapeutics for a broad spectrum of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cramer
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adem Lakkaichi
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Butrint Aliu
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman P Jakob
- Department Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Klein
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Cattaneo
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Matias Ciancaglini
- Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 8, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Abreu Mota
- Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 8, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timm Maier
- Department Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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207
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Park YJ, De Marco A, Starr TN, Liu Z, Pinto D, Walls AC, Zatta F, Zepeda SK, Bowen J, Sprouse KS, Joshi A, Giurdanella M, Guarino B, Noack J, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Lempp FA, Benigni F, Snell G, Neyts J, Whelan SPJ, Virgin HW, Bloom JD, Corti D, Pizzuto MS, Veesler D. Antibody-mediated broad sarbecovirus neutralization through ACE2 molecular mimicry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.10.13.464254. [PMID: 34671770 PMCID: PMC8528076 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.13.464254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus antibody responses is key to developing countermeasures effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future spillovers of other sarbecoviruses. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody, designated S2K146, broadly neutralizing viruses belonging to all three sarbecovirus clades known to utilize ACE2 as entry receptor and protecting therapeutically against SARS-CoV-2 beta challenge in hamsters. Structural and functional studies show that most of the S2K146 epitope residues are shared with the ACE2 binding site and that the antibody inhibits receptor attachment competitively. Viral passaging experiments underscore an unusually high barrier for emergence of escape mutants making it an ideal candidate for clinical development. These findings unveil a key site of vulnerability for the development of a next generation of vaccines eliciting broad sarbecovirus immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samantha K. Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaitlin S Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anshu Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martina Giurdanella
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sean PJ Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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208
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Greaney AJ, Starr TN, Eguia RT, Loes AN, Khan K, Karim F, Cele S, Bowen JE, Logue JK, Corti D, Veesler D, Chu HY, Sigal A, Bloom JD. A SARS-CoV-2 variant elicits an antibody response with a shifted immunodominance hierarchy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.10.12.464114. [PMID: 34671768 PMCID: PMC8528074 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.12.464114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many SARS-CoV-2 variants have mutations at key sites targeted by antibodies. However, it is unknown if antibodies elicited by infection with these variants target the same or different regions of the viral spike as antibodies elicited by earlier viral isolates. Here we compare the specificities of polyclonal antibodies produced by humans infected with early 2020 isolates versus the B.1.351 variant of concern (also known as Beta or 20H/501Y.V2), which contains mutations in multiple key spike epitopes. The serum neutralizing activity of antibodies elicited by infection with both early 2020 viruses and B.1.351 is heavily focused on the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, within the RBD, B.1.351-elicited antibodies are more focused on the "class 3" epitope spanning sites 443 to 452, and neutralization by these antibodies is notably less affected by mutations at residue 484. Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 variants can elicit polyclonal antibodies with different immunodominance hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Rachel T. Eguia
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrea N. Loes
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Sandile Cele
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Veesler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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209
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Kuo CW, Yang TJ, Chien YC, Yu PY, Hsu STD, Khoo KH. Distinct shifts in site-specific glycosylation pattern of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins associated with arising mutations in the D614G and Alpha variants. Glycobiology 2021; 32:60-72. [PMID: 34735575 PMCID: PMC8689840 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive glycosylation of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus not only shields the major part of it from host immune responses, but glycans at specific sites also act on its conformation dynamics and contribute to efficient host receptor binding, and hence infectivity. As variants of concern arise during the course of the coronavirus disease of 2019 pandemic, it is unclear if mutations accumulated within the spike protein would affect its site-specific glycosylation pattern. The Alpha variant derived from the D614G lineage is distinguished from others by having deletion mutations located right within an immunogenic supersite of the spike N-terminal domain (NTD) that make it refractory to most neutralizing antibodies directed against this domain. Despite maintaining an overall similar structural conformation, our mass spectrometry-based site-specific glycosylation analyses of similarly produced spike proteins with and without the D614G and Alpha variant mutations reveal a significant shift in the processing state of N-glycans on one specific NTD site. Its conversion to a higher proportion of complex type structures is indicative of altered spatial accessibility attributable to mutations specific to the Alpha variant that may impact its transmissibility. This and other more subtle changes in glycosylation features detected at other sites provide crucial missing information otherwise not apparent in the available cryogenic electron microscopy-derived structures of the spike protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jing Yang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Sec 4, Daan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chien
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Sec 4, Daan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Yu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Te Danny Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Sec 4, Daan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Sec 4, Daan, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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210
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Galani IE, Andreakos E. Impaired innate antiviral defenses in COVID-19: Causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Semin Immunol 2021; 55:101522. [PMID: 34815163 PMCID: PMC8576141 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged pathogen that has caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the worst pandemic of our times leading to tremendous loss of human life and unprecedented measures of social distancing. COVID-19 symptom manifestations range from asymptomatic disease to severe and lethal outcomes. Lack of previous exposure and immunity to SARS-CoV-2, and high infectivity of the virus have contributed to its broad spread across the globe. In the absence of specific adaptive immunity, innate immune mechanisms are crucial for efficient antiviral defenses and control of the infection. Accumulating evidence now suggests that the remarkable heterogeneity in COVID-19 disease manifestations is due to variable degrees of impairment of innate immune mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings describing both viral and host intrinsic factors that have been linked to defective innate immune responses and account for severe COVID-19. We also discuss emerging therapeutic opportunities for targeting innate immunity for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna-Evdokia Galani
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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211
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Gu R, Mao T, Lu Q, Tianjiao Su T, Wang J. Myeloid dysregulation and therapeutic intervention in COVID-19. Semin Immunol 2021; 55:101524. [PMID: 34823995 PMCID: PMC8576142 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of myeloid cell responses is increasingly demonstrated to be a major mechanism of pathogenesis for COVID-19. The pathological cellular and cytokine signatures associated with this disease point to a critical role of a hyperactivated innate immune response in driving pathology. Unique immunopathological features of COVID-19 include myeloid-cell dominant inflammation and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) alongside lymphopenia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), all of which correlate with severe disease. Studies suggest a range of causes mediating myeloid hyperactivation, such as aberrant innate sensing, asynchronized immune cellular responses, as well as direct viral protein/host interactions. These include the recent identification of new myeloid cell receptors that bind SARS-CoV-2, which drive myeloid cell hyperinflammatory responses independently of lung epithelial cell infection via the canonical receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The spectrum and nature of myeloid cell dysregulation in COVID-19 also differs from, at least to some extent, what is observed in other infectious diseases involving myeloid cell activation. While much of the therapeutic effort has focused on preventative measures with vaccines or neutralizing antibodies that block viral infection, recent clinical trials have also targeted myeloid cells and the associated cytokines as a means to resolve CRS and severe disease, with promising but thus far modest effects. In this review, we critically examine potential mechanisms driving myeloid cell dysregulation, leading to immunopathology and severe disease, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting myeloid cells as a new paradigm for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Gu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Qiao Lu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tina Tianjiao Su
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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