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de Campos MF, Lo Nostro FL, Da Cuña RH, Moreira RG. Endocrine disruption of phenanthrene in the protogynous dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Serranidae: Perciformes). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:255-263. [PMID: 28652135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus is a protogynous hermaphrodite fish, that maintains high levels of plasma steroids as juveniles, as substrates for sex inversion. These fish are exposed to marine pollution from oil spills during cargo handling. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as phenanthrene (Phe), are the main crude oil components and are toxic to fish, acting as endocrine disruptors (ED). This is the first study that investigated impacts of Phe as an ED in E. marginatus juveniles. An in vivo sublethal exposure (96h) to Phe was carried out at two concentrations (0.1mg/L and 1mg/L); exposure to the vehicle (ethanol; ETOH) was also performed. Plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) were measured by ELISA. Gonads, liver and spleen were processed for histological analysis. In an in vitro bioassay, gonad fragments were incubated with Phe (8.91mg/L) or ETOH. Steroid levels in the culture media were measured by ELISA. The in vivo exposure to Phe triggered an increase of the area of the hepatocytes, increased number of melanomacrophagic centers and hemosiderosis in the spleen; ETOH induced similar effects on spleen. E2 and T levels did not change in plasma or in vitro media. In plasma, ETOH decreased 11-KT levels. Phenanthrene sharply reduced 11-KT levels in vitro. Although in vivo bioassay results were not unequivocal owing to ethanol effects, Phe might disrupt steroidogenesis in juvenile grouper, possibly causing dysfunctions during sex change and gonadal maturity, considering the importance of 11-KT in developing ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Frias de Campos
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Dep. de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana L Lo Nostro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Dept. de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires & IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo H Da Cuña
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Dept. de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires & IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Dep. de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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202
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Characterization and spatial relationships of the hepatic vascular–biliary tracts, and their associated pancreocytes and macrophages, in the model fish guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ): A study of serial sections by light microscopy. Tissue Cell 2018; 50:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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203
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Castaldelli G, Giari L. Histopathological and ultrastructural assessment of two mugilid species infected with myxozoans and helminths. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:299-307. [PMID: 29064086 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The histopathology and ultrastructure of the intestine of mullets, Liza ramada and Liza saliens, from Comacchio lagoons (northern Italy) naturally infected with myxozoans and helminths were investigated and described. Sixty-two (80.5%) of 77 mullets harboured one or more of the following parasites species: Myxobolus mugchelo (Myxozoa), Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Acanthocephala), Haplosplanchnus pachysomus and Dicrogaster contractus (Digenea). Co-occurrence of helminths with myxozoans was common. The main damage caused by digeneans was destruction of the mucosal epithelium of the villi, necrosis and degeneration of intestinal epithelial cells. More severe intestinal damage was caused by acanthocephalans which reach the submucosa layer with their proboscis. At the site of helminths infection, several mast cells (MCs), rodlet cells (RCs), mucous cells and few neutrophils and macrophages were observed in the epithelium. RCs and mucous cells exhibited discharge activity in close vicinity to the worm's tegument. M. mugchelo conspicuous plasmodia were encysted mainly in muscle and submucosa layers of the intestine. Indeed, spores of M. mugchelo were documented within the epithelial cells of host intestine and in proximity to MCs. Degranulation of the MCs near the myxozoans was very frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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204
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Sun Y, Li Y, Rao J, Liu Z, Chen Q. Effects of inorganic mercury exposure on histological structure, antioxidant status and immune response of immune organs in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
). J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:843-854. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Yingwen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Jiedan Rao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
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205
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Manera M, Sayyaf Dezfuli B, DePasquale JA, Giari L. Pigmented macrophages and related aggregates in the spleen of european sea bass dosed with heavy metals: Ultrastructure and explorative morphometric analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:351-364. [PMID: 29318746 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure and morphometrics of pigmented macrophages (PMs) were assessed in the spleen of European sea bass experimentally dosed with Cd and Hg. PMs occurred either as solitary cells or as variably structured aggregations, defined as macrophage aggregates (MAs). Light microscopy revealed a high degree of morphological heterogeneity amongst MAs of all experimental groups. At the ultrastructural level, MAs showed a heterogeneous pigment content that was not influenced by the treatment. Cytoplasm rarefaction/vacuolation and euchromatic nuclei, were observed in PMs of dosed fish. Undosed and Cd-dosed samples differ significantly with regard to the following morphometric features: the Minor axis of the best fitting ellipse, Aspect Ratio, and Roundness. In Cd-dosed fish, MAs showed reduced size and complexity. Lacunarity showed significant differences between undosed and both Cd and Hg-dosed samples. These results suggest that heavy metals, and especially Cd, may influence the dynamics of PM aggregation/disaggregation. Variability in splenic MAs was observed both by light and electron microscopy. However, only the morphometric techniques adequately and objectively described the phenomenon, allowing a quantitative/statistical comparison of morphology among experimental groups. These morphometric analyses could be usefully applied in toxicological and ecotoxicological, as well as morpho-functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, I-64100, Italy
| | - Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
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206
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Pavlov V, Rosental B, Hansen NF, Beers JM, Parish G, Rowbotham I, Block BA. Hydraulic control of tuna fins: A role for the lymphatic system in vertebrate locomotion. Science 2018; 357:310-314. [PMID: 28729512 DOI: 10.1126/science.aak9607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system in teleost fish has genetic and developmental origins similar to those of the mammalian lymphatic system, which is involved in immune response and fluid homeostasis. Here, we show that the lymphatic system of tunas functions in swimming hydrodynamics. Specifically, a musculo-vascular complex, consisting of fin muscles, bones, and lymphatic vessels, is involved in the hydraulic control of median fins. This specialization of the lymphatic system is associated with fish in the family Scombridae and may have evolved in response to the demand for swimming and maneuvering control in these high-performance species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Pavlov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nathaniel F Hansen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Jody M Beers
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - George Parish
- Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA 93950, USA
| | - Ian Rowbotham
- Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA 93950, USA
| | - Barbara A Block
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
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207
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Ghisi NC, Oliveira EC, Guiloski IC, de Lima SB, Silva de Assis HC, Longhi SJ, Prioli AJ. Multivariate and integrative approach to analyze multiple biomarkers in ecotoxicology: A field study in Neotropical region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1208-1218. [PMID: 28787795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic pollution has dramatically worsened in developing countries, due to the discharge of a mixture of pollutants into water bodies, to the lack of stringent laws, and the inadequate treatment of effluents. In this study, the Neotropical fish Astyanax aff. paranae was sampled from three sites with different pollution levels: 1) a Biological Reserve (Rebio), protected by the Brazilian government; 2) an agricultural area in one of the most productive regions of Brazil, upstream of an urban zone; and 3) a site downstream from urban zone, characterized by the influx of different effluents, including wastes from industry, a sewer treatment plant, and agricultural areas. We assess biomarkers at multiple levels, such as the comet assay, hepatic histopathological analysis, brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the hepatic enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and lipoperoxidation (LPO), during winter and summer. The interpretation of field results is always a very complex operation, since many factors can influence the variables analyzed in uncontrollable conditions. For this reason, we apply an integrative multivariate analysis. The results showed that the environmental risk of the three sites was significantly different. We can see a gradient in data distribution in discriminant analysis: separating, from one side, the fish of Rebio; in the middle are the fish from agricultural area and, in the other side are the animals from downstream site. Overall, the biomarkers responses were more greatly altered in the downstream site, whereas fish from the agricultural area showed an intermediate level of damage. The greatest changes were likely caused by agriculture, industrial chemical effluents and ineffective sewage treatments, in a synergic interaction in downstream site. In conclusion, the use of multiple biomarkers at different response levels to assess the toxic effects of mixed pollutants in a natural aquatic environment is an important tool for monitoring polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nédia C Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos e Continentais (PEA)/Nupélia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil; Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 04, P.O. Box 157, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| | - Elton C Oliveira
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 04, P.O. Box 157, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Izonete C Guiloski
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua Coronel Fco. H. dos Santos, s/n, P.O. Box 19031, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sonia Barbosa de Lima
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Campo Mourão, Via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, P. O. Box 271, 87301-899 Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil
| | - Helena C Silva de Assis
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua Coronel Fco. H. dos Santos, s/n, P.O. Box 19031, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Solon Jonas Longhi
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 04, P.O. Box 157, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Alberto J Prioli
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos e Continentais (PEA)/Nupélia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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208
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Johnston HJ, Verdon R, Gillies S, Brown DM, Fernandes TF, Henry TB, Rossi AG, Tran L, Tucker C, Tyler CR, Stone V. Adoption of in vitro systems and zebrafish embryos as alternative models for reducing rodent use in assessments of immunological and oxidative stress responses to nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:252-271. [PMID: 29239234 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1404965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the safety of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) is paramount to the responsible and sustainable development of nanotechnology, which provides huge societal benefits. Currently, there is no evidence that engineered NMs cause detrimental health effects in humans. However, investigation of NM toxicity using in vivo, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico models has demonstrated that some NMs stimulate oxidative stress and inflammation, which may lead to adverse health effects. Accordingly, investigation of these responses currently dominates NM safety assessments. There is a need to reduce reliance on rodent testing in nanotoxicology for ethical, financial and legislative reasons, and due to evidence that rodent models do not always predict the human response. We advocate that in vitro models and zebrafish embryos should have greater prominence in screening for NM safety, to better align nanotoxicology with the 3Rs principles. Zebrafish are accepted for use by regulatory agencies in chemical safety assessments (e.g. developmental biology) and there is growing acceptance of their use in biomedical research, providing strong foundations for their use in nanotoxicology. We suggest that investigation of the response of phagocytic cells (e.g. neutrophils, macrophages) in vitro should also form a key part of NM safety assessments, due to their prominent role in the first line of defense. The development of a tiered testing strategy for NM hazard assessment that promotes the more widespread adoption of non-rodent, alternative models and focuses on investigation of inflammation and oxidative stress could make nanotoxicology testing more ethical, relevant, and cost and time efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Verdon
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Suzanne Gillies
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David M Brown
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Theodore B Henry
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- b Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Lang Tran
- c Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Carl Tucker
- b Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- d Department of Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
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209
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Borucinska JD, Morka D, Grabowski Z, Smith H. A follow-up study of selected biomarkers of health in cod Gadus morhua L. collected from the southern Baltic off the Polish coast. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1883-1894. [PMID: 28661024 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Selected biomarkers of health were examined in 50 post-spawning cod Gadus morhua collected in November 2015 from the southern Baltic. The biomarkers included condition factor (CF), macroscopic lesions, histopathology of spleen, liver and gonads, and morphometry of follicular atresia and hepatic and splenic melanomacrophage cells (MMC). All fish appeared in good body condition. One fish had a dermal ulcer, and in seven, macroscopic nematodes were noted within body cavity. Microscopic lesions in the liver included biliary myxozoanosis, microsporidial and necrocentric granulomas, parasitic hepatitis, multifocal necrosis, foci of cellular alterations, spongiosis, peliosis and cytoplasmic fibrillar inclusions. The spleen and gonads had microsporidial and/or necrocentric granulomas. Some of the biomarkers showed differences as compared to spawning cod collected in May from the same location in 2012, most importantly values an order of magnitude lower for splenic MMC in post-spawning fish. In post-spawning fish, there were statistically significant correlations between MMC, CF, follicular atresia, parasitic hepatitis and microsporidiosis. This is the first comparison of biomarkers of health in post-spawning and spawning Baltic cod. Future studies need to examine the relationships of biomarkers to levels of pollutants in the environment and in tissues of cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Borucinska
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - D Morka
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pomeranian University, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Z Grabowski
- School of the Environment, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - H Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
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210
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Ye RR, Peterson DR, Seemann F, Kitamura SI, Lee JS, Lau TCK, Tsui SKW, Au DWT. Immune competence assessment in marine medaka (Orzyias melastigma)-a holistic approach for immunotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27687-27701. [PMID: 27473621 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many anthropogenic pollutants in coastal marine environments can induce immune impairments in wild fish and reduce their survival fitness. There is a pressing need to establish sensitive and high throughput in vivo tools to systematically evaluate the immunosuppressive effects of contaminants in marine teleosts. This study reviewed a battery of in vivo immune function detection technologies established for different biological hierarchies at molecular (immune function pathways and genes by next generation sequencing (NGS)), cellular (leukocytes profiles by flow cytometry), tissues/organ system (whole adult histo-array), and organism (host resistance assays (HRAs)) levels, to assess the immune competence of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. This approach enables a holistic assessment of fish immune competence under different chemical exposure or environmental scenarios. The data obtained will also be useful to unravel the underlying immunotoxic mechanisms. Intriguingly, NGS analysis of hepatic immune gene expression profiles (male > female) are in support of the bacterial HRA findings, in which infection-induced mortality was consistently higher in females than in males. As such, reproductive stages and gender-specific responses must be taken into consideration when assessing the risk of immunotoxicants in the aquatic environment. The distinct phenotypic sexual dimorphism and short generation time (3 months) of marine medaka offer additional advantages for sex-related immunotoxicological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy R Ye
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Drew R Peterson
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Frauke Seemann
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - J S Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Terrance C K Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen K W Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Doris W T Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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211
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Dezfuli BS, Manera M, DePasquale JA, Pironi F, Giari L. Liver of the fish Gymnotus inaequilabiatus and nematode larvae infection: Histochemical features and expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1765-1774. [PMID: 28493503 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological lesions due to third-larval stage of nematode Brevimulticaecum sp. within the liver of a subpopulation of 31 Gymnotus inaequilabiatus from the Pantanal Region (Brazil) were studied with histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. In 93.5% of fish, livers harboured nematode larvae and the intensity of infection ranged from 8 to 293. In livers with highest number of larvae, the hepatic tissue was occupied primarily by the nematodes. Each larva was encircled by focal inflammatory granulomatous reaction. Within the thickness of the granuloma, three concentric layers were recognized: an inner layer of densely packed epithelioid cells, a middle layer of mast cells (MCs) entrapped in a thin fibroblast-connective mesh and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue with fibroblasts. Epithelioid cells and fibroblasts within the thickness of the granuloma wall were positive for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Moreover, several hepatocytes in infected liver were immunoreactive to PCNA. Occurrence of rodlet cells and MCs in parenchyma, in close proximity to the encysted nematode larvae and near the blood vessel of infected liver, was observed. Macrophage aggregates (MAs) were numerous within the granulomas and scattered in parenchyma of the infected liver. High quantity of haemosiderin was encountered in MAs and hepatocytes of infected liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - F Pironi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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212
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Jo E, Elvitigala DAS, Wan Q, Oh M, Oh C, Lee J. Identification and molecular profiling of DC-SIGN-like from big belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) inferring its potential relevancy in host immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:270-279. [PMID: 28867209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic-cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is a C-type lectin that functions as a pattern recognition receptor by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). It is also involved in various events of the dendritic cell (DC) life cycle, such as DC migration, antigen capture and presentation, and T cell priming. In this study, a DC-SIGN-like gene from the big belly seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis (designated as ShDCS-like) was identified and molecularly characterized. The putative, complete ORF was found to be 1368 bp in length, encoding a protein of 462 amino acids with a molecular mass of 52.6 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.26. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a single carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), in which six conserved cysteine residues and two Ca2+-binding site motifs (QPN, WND) were identified. Based on pairwise sequence analysis, ShDCS-like exhibits the highest amino acid identity (94.6%) and similarity (97.4%) with DC-SIGN-like counterpart from tiger tail seahorse Hippocampus comes. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that ShDCS-like mRNA is transcribed universally in all tissues examined, but with abundance in kidney and gill tissues. The basal mRNA expression of ShDCS-like was modulated in blood cell, kidney, gill and liver tissues in response to the stimulation of healthy fish with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Edwardsiella tarda, or Streptococcus iniae. Moreover, recombinant ShDCS-like-CRD domain exhibited detectable agglutination activity against different bacteria. Collectively, these results suggest that ShDCS-like may potentially involve in immune function in big belly seahorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Jo
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Jeju International Marine Science Research & Education Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Oh
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Jeju International Marine Science Research & Education Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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213
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Patey G, Couillard CM, Pierron F, Baudrimont M, Couture P. Biotransformation, antioxidant and histopathological biomarker responses to contaminants in European and American yellow eels from the Gironde and St. Lawrence estuaries. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:292-303. [PMID: 28888117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, populations of American (Anguilla rostrata) and European eels (Anguilla anguilla) have suffered a sharp decline. The causes of their decline are likely multifactorial and include chemical pollution. A field study was conducted in eight sites varying in organic and metal contamination along the St. Lawrence (Eastern Canada) and Gironde (France) systems to investigate the relationships among contaminants, biological characteristics and biotransformation, antioxidant and histopathological biomarkers in eels from both species. For A. rostrata, no major influences of persistent organic contaminants on biomarkers were identified. For A. anguilla, eels from the most contaminated site expressed higher surface of MelanoMacrophage Centers (MMCs) and eels from another contaminated site expressed higher amount of spleen lipofuscin pigment. These two histopathological biomarkers were also associated with aging. Compared to eels from the cleanest French site, higher hepatic catalase activity and density of MMC in eels from contaminated sites was related to higher concentration of organic (DDT and metabolites, sum of PCBs, sum of PBDEs) and inorganic (Hg and Cd) contaminants. In both species, a higher deposition of spleen hemosiderin pigment was measured in eels from the most brackish sites compared to eels living in freshwater environments. Our results suggest an association between higher hemosiderin pigment and metal contamination (As for A. anguilla and Pb for A. rostrata). Parasitism by A. crassus was observed in European eels from freshwater sites but not in eels from brackish habitats. Overall, contamination may pose a greater risk for the health of European compared to American eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Patey
- Institut National De La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 De La Couronne, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 Route de la Mer, Mont-Joli (Québec), G5H 3Z4, Québec, Canada.
| | - Catherine M Couillard
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 Route de la Mer, Mont-Joli (Québec), G5H 3Z4, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | - Patrice Couture
- Institut National De La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 De La Couronne, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada.
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214
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Murali M, Suganthi P, Athif P, Sadiq Bukhari A, Syed Mohamed HE, Basu H, Singhal RK. Histological alterations in the hepatic tissues of Al 2O 3 nanoparticles exposed freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:125-131. [PMID: 28965567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adverse effects of nanoparticles on aquatic environment and organisms have drawn much special attention to many researches. Aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3-NPs) have potential uses in varied fields and are seen entering into the ecosystem. Their potential toxicity to the freshwater fish is not much studied. Hence this study was framed to investigate the effect Al2O3 NPs on freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus in terms of sub lethal toxicity, histological changes and hepato somatic index (HSI) under laboratory conditions. Fishes were exposed to varying concentrations of Al2O3 NPs for 96hr. LC50 value was found to be in between 235 and 245ppm. The findings of the present work showed that the NPs were accumulated in the fish liver and caused major histological anomalies such as structural alterations in the portal vein, necrotic hepatocytes, vacuolation, aggregation of blood cells and melanomacrophages. Significant histological alterations were observed in the highest concentration. Our results evidenced that the Al2O3 NPs in the aquatic environment affects the health condition of the fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murali
- Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Suganthi
- Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Athif
- Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Sadiq Bukhari
- Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - H E Syed Mohamed
- Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H Basu
- Analytical Spectroscopy Section, Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 4000085, India
| | - R K Singhal
- Analytical Spectroscopy Section, Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 4000085, India
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215
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Singh R, Hussain MA, Kumar J, Kumar M, Kumari U, Mazumder S. Chronic fluoride exposure exacerbates headkidney pathology and causes immune commotion in Clarias gariepinus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:30-39. [PMID: 28917943 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study was aimed to understand the effects of chronic fluoride exposure on fish immune system. African sharp tooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were exposed to 73.45mg/L of fluoride corresponding to 1/10 96h LC50 for 30 d and the effects on general fish health and several immune parameters were studied. Chronic fluoride exposure led to significant alteration in serum biochemical parameters including alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, triglycerides, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen levels revealing the detrimental effect of fluoride on general fish health. Upregulation in cytochrome P450 1A expression, both at mRNA and protein level suggested that fluoride activates the detoxification machinery in headkidney (HK) of C. gariepinus. Histopathological analysis of HK from exposed fish further revealed fluoride-induced hypertrophy, increase in melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) and the development of cell-depleted regions. Fluoride reduced headkidney somatic index (HKSI) and the phagocytic potential of headkidney macrophages (HKM). It induced caspase-3-dependent headkidney leukocyte (HKL) apoptosis, elevated superoxide generation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α besides suppressed T-cell proliferation in the exposed fish. We surmise the elevation in superoxide levels coupled with increased TNF-α production to be plausible causes of fluoride-induced HKL apoptosis. It is concluded that chronic fluoride exposure induces structure-function alterations in HK, the primary lymphoid organ in fish leading to impairment in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Singh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Md Arafat Hussain
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Jai Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Manmohan Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
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216
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217
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Franco-Belussi L, Provete DB, De Oliveira C. Environmental correlates of internal coloration in frogs vary throughout space and lineages. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9222-9233. [PMID: 29187963 PMCID: PMC5696405 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Internal organs of ectotherms have melanin‐containing cells that confer different degrees of coloration to them. Previous experimental studies analyzed their developmental origin, role in immunity, and hormonal regulation. For example, melanin increases with ultraviolet radiation (UV) and temperature in frogs and fish. However, little is known about how environmental variables influence the amount of coloration on organs among amphibian species over a large spatial extent. Here, we tested how climatic variables (temperature, UV, and photoperiod) influence the coloration of internal organs of anurans. We recorded the level of melanin pigmentation using four categories on 12 internal organs and structures of 388 specimens from 43 species belonging to six anuran families. Then, we tested which climatic variables had the highest covariation with the pigmentation on each organ after controlling for spatial autocorrelation in climatic variables and phylogenetic signal in organ coloration using the extended version of the RLQ ordination. Coloration in all organs was correlated with the phylogeny. However, the coloration of different organs was affected by different variables. Specifically, the coloration of the heart, kidneys, and rectum of hylids, Rhinella schneideri, some Leptodactylus, and Proceratophrys strongly covaried with temperature and photoperiod, whereas that of the testicle, lumbar parietal peritoneum, lungs, and mesenterium of Leiuperinae, Hylodidae, Adenomera, and most Leptodactylus had highest covariation with UV‐B and temperature. Our results support the notion that melanin pigmentation on the surface of organs of amphibians has an adaptive function conferred by the protective functions of the pigment. But most importantly, internal melanin seems to respond differently to climatic variables depending on the lineage and locality in which species occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Department of Biology São Paulo State University (UNESP) São José do Rio PretoSão Paulo Brazil.,Present address: Graduate program in Biotechnology and Environmental monitoring CCTS Federal University of São Carlos Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Diogo Borges Provete
- FAPESP postdoctoral fellow Department of Environmental Sciences Federal University of São Carlos Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Göteborg Sweden.,Present address: Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Classius De Oliveira
- Department of Biology São Paulo State University (UNESP) São José do Rio PretoSão Paulo Brazil
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218
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Padrilah SN, Ahmad SA, Yasid NA, Sabullah MK, Daud HM, Khalid A, Shukor MY. Toxic effects of copper on liver and cholinesterase of Clarias gariepinus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22510-22523. [PMID: 28804856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The release of pollutants, especially heavy metals, into the aquatic environment is known to have detrimental effects on such an environment and on living organisms including humans when those pollutants are allowed to enter the food chain. The aim of this study is to analyse the damage to Clarias gariepinus' liver caused by exposure to different concentrations of copper. In the present study, samples of C. gariepinus were exposed to sub-lethal copper sulphate (CuSO4) concentrations (from 0.2 to 20.0 mg/L) for 96 h. Physiological and behavioural alterations were observed with respect to their swimming pattern, mucus secretion and skin colour. Mortality was also observed at high concentrations of copper. Histopathological alterations of the liver were analysed under light, transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The liver of the untreated group showed normal tissue structures, while histopathological abnormalities were observed in the treated fish under light and electron microscopes with increased copper concentrations. Histopathological abnormalities include necrosis, melanomacrophage, hepatic fibrosis and congested blood vessels. In addition, the enzyme activity of liver cholinesterase (ChE) was also found to be affected by copper sulphate, as 100% of cholinesterase activity was inhibited at 20.0 mg/L. Thus, liver enzyme activity and histopathological changes are proven to be alternative sources for biomarkers of metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nadzirah Padrilah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Adeela Yasid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khalizan Sabullah
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Mohd Daud
- Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ariff Khalid
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yunus Shukor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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219
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Jayawardena UA, Angunawela P, Wickramasinghe DD, Ratnasooriya WD, Udagama PV. Heavy metal-induced toxicity in the Indian green frog: Biochemical and histopathological alterations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2855-2867. [PMID: 28474750 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination may have adverse effects on wetland biota, particularly on amphibians. Severe immunotoxic effects elicited in Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Indian green frog) because of metal exposure (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the Bellanwila-Attidiya Sanctuary, a polluted urban wetland in Sri Lanka, provided the rationale for the present study. We evaluated the biochemical and histopathological effects of this metal contamination with a reference E. hexadactylus population and a laboratory exposure group that was subjected to 28 d of exposure to a mixture of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn (5 ppm in each mixture). A histopathological scoring for the semiquantification of tissue damage was established. Results of the biochemical and histopathological markers were remarkably consistent between the 2 exposure scenarios, providing validation for the heavy metal exposure hypothesis. Damage to liver, kidney, lung, and skin of metal-exposed E. hexadactylus quantified multiple impairments absent in the reference frogs. Liver injuries complemented significantly elevated aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), and alkaline phosphatases in frog liver homogenate, indicating hepatocellular leakage and loss of functional and structural integrity of the hepatocyte membrane in both field- and laboratory-exposed frogs. Significant elevation of Kupffer cell hypertrophy, pigmentation, inflammatory cell infiltrates and hepatic inflammation, extramedullary hematopoiesis, karyocytomegaly of hepatocytes (p < 0.05) of the liver, and degeneration of epithelia and necrosis of the lung, manifested as impairments in both metal exposure scenarios. Significantly reduced serum total protein and albumin and significantly elevated urea and creatinine in metal-exposed frogs were indicative of hepatic and renal dysfunction, respectively. The present study affirms histopathology-related biochemical alterations as potential biomarkers for heavy metal toxicity in amphibians. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2855-2867. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preethika Angunawela
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Preethi Vidya Udagama
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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220
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Stankevičiūtė M, Sauliutė G, Svecevičius G, Kazlauskienė N, Baršienė J. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity response to environmentally relevant complex metal mixture (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd) accumulated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Part I: importance of exposure time and tissue dependence. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1051-1064. [PMID: 28669044 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Health impact of metal mixture at environment realistic concentrations are difficult to predict especially for long-term effects where cause-and-effect relationships may not be directly obvious. This study was aimed to evaluate metal mixture (Zn-0.1, Cu-0.01, Ni-0.01, Cr-0.01, Pb-0.005 and Cd-0.005 mg/L, respectively for 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days at concentrations accepted for the inland waters in EU) genotoxicity (micronuclei, nuclear buds, nuclear buds on filament), cytotoxicity (8-shaped nuclei, fragmented-apoptotic erythrocytes), bioaccumulation, steady-state and the reference level of geno-cytotoxicity in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon tissues. Metals accumulated mostly in gills and kidneys, to the lesser extent in the muscle. Uptake of metals from an entire mixture in the fish for 14 days is sufficient to reach steady-state Cr, Pb concentrations in all tissues; Zn, Cu-in kidneys and muscle, Ni-in liver, kidneys, muscle and Cd-in muscle. Treatment with metal mixture significantly increased summed genotoxicity levels at 7 days of exposure in peripheral blood and liver erythrocytes, at 14 days of exposure in gills and kidney erythrocytes. Significant elevation of cytotoxicity was detected after 2 and 14 days of exposure in gills erythrocytes and after 28 days-in peripheral blood erythrocytes. The amount of Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd accumulated in tissues was dependent upon duration of exposure; nuclear buds, 8-shaped nuclei frequencies also were dependent upon duration of exposure. This study indicates that metals at low levels when existing in mixture causes significant geno-cytotoxicity responses and metals bioaccumulation in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janina Baršienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
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221
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Campuzano-Caballero JC, Uribe MC. Functional morphology of the gonoduct of the viviparous teleostPoeciliopsis gracilis(Heckel, 1848) (Poeciliidae). J Morphol 2017; 278:1647-1655. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción Animal. Departamento de Biología Comparada. Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México México
| | - Mari Carmen Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción Animal. Departamento de Biología Comparada. Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México México
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222
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Torres-Martínez A, Hernández-Franyutti A, Uribe MC, Contreras-Sánchez WM. Ovarian structure and oogenesis of the extremophile viviparous teleostPoecilia mexicana(Poeciliidae) from an active sulfur spring cave in Southern Mexico. J Morphol 2017; 278:1667-1681. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Torres-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tab; México
| | - Arlette Hernández-Franyutti
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tab; México
| | - Mari Carmen Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción Animal, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México; México
| | - Wilfrido Miguel Contreras-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tab; México
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223
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Arciuli M, Fiocco D, Fontana S, Arena MP, Frassanito MA, Gallone A. Administration of a polyphenol-enriched feed to farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Kidney melanomacrophages response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:404-410. [PMID: 28743629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcement of the defense mechanism of fish, through the administration of immunostimulants, is considered as a promising alternative to vaccines. Natural immunostimulants such as polyphenols, flavanoids, pigments and essential oils can modulate the innate immune response. In lower vertebrates, melano-macrophage centres, i.e. clusters of pigment-containing cells forming the extracutaneous pigment system, are wide-spread in the stroma of the haemopoietic tissue, mainly in kidney and spleen. In fishes, melano-macrophage centres play an important role in the immune response against antigenic stimulants and pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a polyphenol-enriched diet on the health status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Farmed sea bass were administered a feed containing a phytocomplex, rich in catechins and epigallocatechins, which was obtained from the seeds of Canosina Nero di Troia Vitis vinifera and mixed with conventional feed at two different concentrations. The effects of such a diet were investigated in juvenile and commercial size samples, i.e. undergoing a short- and long-term period of diet, respectively, focusing on their extracutaneous pigmentary system and, in more detail, on the enzymatic activities leading to melanin biosynthesis. Our results show that prolonged dietary treatments with higher concentration of polyphenols might modulate tyrosinase activity and gene expression in commercial size fishes. An increase of melano-macrophage activity is correlated to a stimulation of cytoprotective functions against antigenic stimulants and pathogens, as an expression of a robust and protective adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Pia Arena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Anna Gallone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy.
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224
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Ebrahimi M, Daeman NH, Chong CM, Karami A, Kumar V, Hoseinifar SH, Romano N. Comparing the effects of different dietary organic acids on the growth, intestinal short-chain fatty acids, and liver histopathology of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and potential use of these as preservatives. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1195-1207. [PMID: 28349418 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary organic acids are increasingly being investigated as a potential means of improving growth and nutrient utilization in aquatic animals. A 9-week study was performed to compare equal amounts (2%) of different organic acids (sodium butyrate, acetate, propionate, or formate) on the growth, muscle proximate composition, fatty acid composition, cholesterol and lipid peroxidation, differential cell counts, plasma biochemistry, intestinal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) level, and liver histopathology to red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) (initial mean weight of 2.87 g). A second experiment was performed to determine their effects on lipid peroxidation and trimethylamine (TMA) when added at 1% to tilapia meat and left out for 24 h. The results of the first experiment showed no treatment effect to growth, feeding efficiencies, or muscle fatty acid composition, but all dietary organic acids significantly decreased intestinal SCFA. Dietary butyrate and propionate significantly decreased muscle lipid peroxidation compared to the control group, but the dietary formate treatment had the lowest lipid peroxidation compared to all treatments. Muscle crude protein and lipid in tilapia fed the formate diet were significantly lower and higher, respectively, and showed evidence of stress based on the differential cell counts, significantly higher plasma glucose and liver glycogen, as well as inflammatory responses in the liver. Although a potential benefit of dietary organic acids was a reduction to lipid peroxidation, this could be accomplished post-harvest by direct additions to the meat. In addition, inclusions of butyrate and propionate to tilapia meat significantly decreased TMA, which might be a more cost-effective option to improve the shelf life of tilapia products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hafizah Daeman
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chou Min Chong
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ali Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Division of Aquaculture, College of Agriculture, Food Science and Sustainable Systems, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, USA
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nicholas Romano
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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225
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Steinel NC, Bolnick DI. Melanomacrophage Centers As a Histological Indicator of Immune Function in Fish and Other Poikilotherms. Front Immunol 2017; 8:827. [PMID: 28769932 PMCID: PMC5512340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) are aggregates of highly pigmented phagocytes found primarily in the head kidney and spleen, and occasionally the liver of many vertebrates. Preliminary histological analyses suggested that MMCs are structurally similar to the mammalian germinal center (GC), leading to the hypothesis that the MMC plays a role in the humoral adaptive immune response. For this reason, MMCs are frequently described in the literature as “primitive GCs” or the “evolutionary precursors” to the mammalian GC. However, we argue that this designation may be premature, having been pieced together from mainly descriptive studies in numerous distinct species. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the MMC literature, including a phylogenetic analysis of MMC distribution across vertebrate species. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the MMCs function in immunity and lingering questions. We suggest additional experiments needed to confirm that MMCs serve a GC-like role in fish immunity. Finally, we address the utility of the MMC as a broadly applicable histological indicator of the fish (as well as amphibian and reptilian) immune response in both laboratory and wild populations of both model and non-model vertebrates. We highlight the factors (sex, pollution exposure, stress, stocking density, etc.) that should be considered when using MMCs to study immunity in non-model vertebrates in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Steinel
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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226
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Wu C, Zhang Y, Chai L, Wang H. Histological changes, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in the liver of Bufo gargarizans exposed to cadmium concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:337-346. [PMID: 28384601 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) were exposed to different concentrations of cadmium (5, 50, 100, 200 and 500 μg Cd L-1) from Gosner stage 3-42. Metamorphosis rate, body weight, total length and body length were measured. Histological alterations in thyroid gland and liver were examined. Changes in hepatocyte were also examined using Transmission electron microscopic. In addition, the mRNA expression of several genes involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and thyroid hormones signaling pathways were also measured. Our results showed that 200 and 500 μg Cd L-1 decreased the metamorphosis rate and inhibited the body size of B. gargarizans larvae at G42. Moreover, histological examinations have clearly exhibited that cadmium caused liver damage. Ultrastructural examination revealed lipid accumulation and abnormal mitochondria. Exposure to 200 and 500 μg Cd L-1 significantly up-regulated mRNA expression of D2, SOD, GPx, ACC and FAE, but down-regulated mRNA expression of TRα, TRβ, PPARα, ACOX, CPT and SCP. However, low Cd concentration (5, 50 and 100) exposure did not cause any effect in genes expression. Thus, we conclude that high Cd concentrations could affect the normal processes of lipid metabolism though increasing lipid synthesis and reducing the ability of fatty acid β-oxidation, and disturb thyroid hormone pathways in liver, and induced oxidative stress. In addition, lipid metabolism might be regulated by THs. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to report the influence of cadmium on hepatic lipid metabolism in B. gargarizans and will greatly provide new insights into cadmium hepatotoxicity in amphibian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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227
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Galindo GM, Rodrigues RA, Marcondes SF, Soares P, Tavares LER, Fernandes CE. Morphological and morphometric features of nematode-cysts in Gymnotus inaequilabiatus liver in the Brazilian Pantanal. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:285-291. [PMID: 28902262 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric measures and morphological aspects of nematode-cysts in Gymnotus inaequilabiatus, and the presence of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) associated with the periphery of cysts and in the liver parenchyma. Adult specimens, 34 female (123.1 ± 43.9g) and 45 male (135.5 ± 43.4g), from Paraguay River, Corumbá, Brazil, were used. The number of nematode-cysts was determined in 79 livers and 25 of them randomly selected for histopathological analysis and morphometric measures of nematode-cysts (mean diameter, thickness of collagen layer, and cyst-wall layer). The percentage of cysts with MMCs on the periphery and density in the liver parenchyma was estimated. The average number of macroscopic cysts was of 48.7 ± 2.78. Granulomatous reaction was observed surrounding the cysts. Diameter, collagen layer and cyst-wall measurements were 293.0 ± 75.18 (µm), 17.72 ± 6.01 (µm) and 12.21 ± 9.51 (µm), respectively. The number of nematode-cysts was correlated with hepatosomatic index, (r=0.26, P<0.05). Collagen layer was correlated with cyst diameter (r=0.62, P<0.01). Pericystic and parenchymatous MMCs were moderately (r=0.48) and highly (r=0.90) correlated with nematode-cysts number. Morphological characteristics of hepatic tissue and cysts-nematodes measures suggest that G. inaequilabiatus acts as a paratenic host to nematodes in the larval stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizela Melina Galindo
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Robson Andrade Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Sandriely Fernanda Marcondes
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Priscilla Soares
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Roland Tavares
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eurico Fernandes
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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228
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Barros IT, Ceccon JP, Glinski A, Liebel S, Grötzner SR, Randi MAF, Benedito E, Ortolani-Machado CF, Filipak Neto F, de Oliveira Ribeiro CA. Environmental risk assessment in five rivers of Parana River basin, Southern Brazil, through biomarkers in Astyanax spp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16228-16240. [PMID: 28540546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, water quality of five river sites in Parana River basin (Brazil), utilized for public water supply, was assessed through a set of biomarkers in fish Astyanax spp. Population growth and inadequate use of land are challenges to the preservation of biodiversity and resources such as water. Some physicochemical parameters as well as somatic indexes, gills and liver histopathology, genotoxicity, and biochemical biomarkers were evaluated. The highest gonadosomatic index (GSI) and antioxidant parameters (catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities, non-protein thiols), as well as the lowest damage to biomolecules (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA damage) were observed in site 0 (Piava River), which is located at an environmental protected area. Site 1, located in the same river, but downstream site 0 and outside the protection area, presents some level of impact. Fish from site 2 (Antas River), which lack of riparian forest and suffer from silting, presented the highest micronucleus incidence and no melanomacrophages. Differently, individuals from site 3 (Xambrê River) and site 4 (Pinhalzinho River) which receive surface runoff from Umuarama city, urban and industrial sewage, have the highest incidences of liver and gill histopathological alterations, including neoplasia, which indicated the worst health conditions of all sites. In particular, site 4 had high levels of total nitrogen and ammonia, high turbidity, and very low oxygen levels, which indicate important chemical impact. Comparison of the biomarkers in fish allowed classification of the five sites in terms of environmental impact and revealed that sites 3 and 4 had particular poor water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaldete Tijolin Barros
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Parolin Ceccon
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Andressa Glinski
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, 19031, Brazil
| | - Samuel Liebel
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, 19031, Brazil
| | - Sonia Regina Grötzner
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, 19031, Brazil
| | | | - Evanilde Benedito
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura Nupélia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87.020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Filipak Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, 19031, Brazil
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229
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Fu D, Bridle A, Leef M, Gagnon MM, Hassell KL, Nowak BF. Using a multi-biomarker approach to assess the effects of pollution on sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:211-219. [PMID: 28392090 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic gene expression and liver histology were examined in sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) from six locations in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Four sets of genes including thyroid-related genes (D1, D2, TTR, TRα and TRβ), metal metabolism-related genes (MT, MTF1, TF, Ferritin and FPN1), apoptosis-related genes (Diablo/SMAC1, Diablo/SMAC2 and CYP1A) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress biomarker gene (GRP78) were examined in female flathead using qRT-PCR. TRβ and Diablo/SMAC1 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in fish from all polluted sites compared to those from a reference site. The transcripts of TRα and FPN1 were significantly higher in flathead from Corio Bay, while the hepatic mRNA of TTR and GRP78 were significantly lower in those fish. Positive correlations were observed between Diablo/SMAC1 and CYP1A, D2 and TRβ, TRα and TRβ. This study demonstrates that application of pathway-based biomarker genes and histopathology can provide comprehensive information on the impact of environmental pollutants on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkun Fu
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Melanie Leef
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Marthe Monique Gagnon
- Department of Environment & Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Hassell
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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230
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Mateus AP, Costa RA, Cardoso JCR, Andree KB, Estévez A, Gisbert E, Power DM. Thermal imprinting modifies adult stress and innate immune responsiveness in the teleost sea bream. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:381-394. [PMID: 28420709 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of thermal imprinting on the plasticity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and stress response in an adult ectotherm, the gilthead sea bream (Sparusaurata, L.), during its development was assessed. Fish were reared under 4 thermal regimes, and the resulting adults exposed to acute confinement stress and plasma cortisol levels and genes of the HPI axis were monitored. Changes in immune function, a common result of stress, were also evaluated using histomorphometric measurements of melanomacrophages centers (MMCs) in the head kidney and by monitoring macrophage-related transcripts. Thermal history significantly modified the HPI responsiveness in adult sea bream when eggs and larvae were reared at a higher than optimal temperature (HT, 22°C), and they had a reduced amplitude in their cortisol response and significantly upregulated pituitary pomc and head kidney star transcripts. Additionally, after an acute stress challenge, immune function was modified and the head kidney of adult fish reared during development at high temperatures (HT and LHT, 18-22°C) had a decreased number of MMCs and a significant downregulation of dopachrome tautomerase. Thermal imprinting during development influenced adult sea bream physiology and increased plasma levels of glucose and sodium even in the absence of an acute stress in fish reared under a high-low thermal regime (HLT, 22-18°C). Overall, the results demonstrate that temperature during early development influences the adult HPI axis and immune function in a teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Mateus
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative BiologyCentro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Escola Superior de SaúdeUniversidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rita A Costa
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative BiologyCentro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative BiologyCentro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA-SCRUnitat de Cultius Aqüicoles, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Alicia Estévez
- IRTA-SCRUnitat de Cultius Aqüicoles, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA-SCRUnitat de Cultius Aqüicoles, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative BiologyCentro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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231
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Gillett AK, Ploeg R, Flint M, Mills PC. Postmortem examination of Australian sea snakes ( Hydrophiinae): Anatomy and common pathologic conditions. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:593-611. [PMID: 28545324 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717710056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited published information about disease in wild sea snakes and no standardized guideline for postmortem examination of sea snakes. Identifying causes of morbidity and mortality of marine vertebrate species has been pivotal to understanding disease factors implicated in stranding events and assisting with the formulation of conservation plans. Additionally, postmortem findings can provide valuable information on life history traits and the ecology of these reclusive species. Sick, moribund, or dead sea snakes are intermittently washed ashore along Australian and international beaches and provide an opportunity to examine a subset of the population and identify causes of population decline. We present an illustrated description of sea snake anatomy and describe a systematic approach to postmortem examination of sea snakes. We describe common pathologic conditions identified from clinical and postmortem examinations of stranded Australian sea snakes from southeast Queensland. Notable pathologic conditions include traumatic injury, inflammatory conditions, parasitic infections, and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber K Gillett
- Vet-MARTI, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Gillett, Flint, Mills).,Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, Australia (Gillett).,IDEXX Laboratories, East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Ploeg).,School of Forest Resources and Conservation, The Florida Aquarium's Center for Conservation, University of Florida, Apollo Beach, FL (Flint)
| | - Richard Ploeg
- Vet-MARTI, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Gillett, Flint, Mills).,Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, Australia (Gillett).,IDEXX Laboratories, East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Ploeg).,School of Forest Resources and Conservation, The Florida Aquarium's Center for Conservation, University of Florida, Apollo Beach, FL (Flint)
| | - Mark Flint
- Vet-MARTI, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Gillett, Flint, Mills).,Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, Australia (Gillett).,IDEXX Laboratories, East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Ploeg).,School of Forest Resources and Conservation, The Florida Aquarium's Center for Conservation, University of Florida, Apollo Beach, FL (Flint)
| | - Paul C Mills
- Vet-MARTI, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia (Gillett, Flint, Mills).,Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, Australia (Gillett).,IDEXX Laboratories, East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Ploeg).,School of Forest Resources and Conservation, The Florida Aquarium's Center for Conservation, University of Florida, Apollo Beach, FL (Flint)
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232
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Mateus AP, Anjos L, Cardoso JR, Power DM. Chronic stress impairs the local immune response during cutaneous repair in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.). Mol Immunol 2017; 87:267-283. [PMID: 28521279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Scale removal in fish triggers a damage-repair program to re-establish the lost epidermis and scale and an associated local immune response. In mammals, chronic stress is known to delay wound healing and to modulate the cutaneous stress axis, but this is unstudied in teleost fish the most successful extant vertebrates. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that chronic stress impairs cutaneous repair in teleost fish as a consequence of suppression of the immune response. The hypothesis was tested by removing the scales and damaging the skin on one side of the body of fish previously exposed for 4 weeks to a chronic crowding stress and then evaluating cutaneous repair for 1 week. Scale removal caused the loss of the epidermis although at 3days it was re-established. At this stage the basement membrane was significantly thicker (p=0.038) and the hypodermis was significantly thinner (p=0.016) in the regenerating skin of stressed fish relative to the control fish. At 3days, stressed fish also had a significantly lower plasma osmolality (p=0.015) than control fish indicative of reduced barrier function. Chronic stress caused a significant down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (gr) in skin before damage (time 0, p=0.005) and of star at 3 and 7days (p<0.05) after regeneration relative to control fish. In regenerating skin key transcripts of cutaneous repair, pcna, colivα1 and mmp9, and the inflammatory response, tgfβ1, csf-1r, mpo and crtac2, were down-regulated (p<0.05) by chronic stress. Irrespective of chronic stress and in contrast to intact skin many hyper pigmented masses, putative melanomacrophages, infiltrated the epidermis of regenerating skin. This study reveals that chronic stress suppresses the local immune response to scale removal and impairs the expression of key transcripts of wound healing. Elements of the stress axis were identified and modulated by chronic stress during cutaneous repair in gilthead seabream skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Mateus
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Algarve, Av. Dr. Adelino da Palma Carlos, 8000-510 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Liliana Anjos
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - João R Cardoso
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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233
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Doria HB, Voigt CL, Sandrini-Neto L, Campos SX, de Oliveira-Ribeiro CA, Randi MAF. How and where to perform biomonitoring studies: different levels of toxic metal pollution are detected in the Alagados Reservoir in Southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13080-13094. [PMID: 28382448 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Alagados Reservoir located in the Brazilian city of Ponta Grossa is used to supply water for human consumption but is impacted by toxic metals. The current study combined chemical, biochemical, and multivariate analyses to determine the bioavailability of toxic metals at three sites (AL-A, AL-B, and AL-C) within the Alagados Reservoir. Metal bioaccumulation was analyzed in the liver, gills, and muscle tissue of a native fish species (Geophagus brasiliensis), and neurotoxicity, xenobiotic metabolism, and oxidative stress were evaluated using biochemical biomarkers. Additionally, histopathological studies were performed on the gills and the liver using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conventional light microscopy (LM), respectively. Overall, the bioaccumulation of metals, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and melanomacrophage counts indicate that the AL-C and the AL-A sites are the most and least affected by metals, respectively. The AL-B site presented the lowest acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity, a finding which was probably associated with the agricultural activities around this area of the reservoir. The biomarkers clearly revealed that toxic metals negatively affect all three sites studied herein and that human activity is the major source of pollutants. Despite the existence of different pollution levels within the Alagados Reservoir, it is still used as a human water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Binde Doria
- Department of Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Caixa Postal 19.031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Lúcia Voigt
- Ponta Grossa State University (UEPG), Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Caixa Postal 992, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Sandrini-Neto
- Center for Ocean Studies, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Av. Beira Mar, Caixa Postal 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - Sandro Xavier Campos
- Ponta Grossa State University (UEPG), Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Caixa Postal 992, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Ciro Alberto de Oliveira-Ribeiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Caixa Postal 19.031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Ferreira Randi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Caixa Postal 19.031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
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234
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Jordanova M, Rebok K, Dragun Z, Ramani S, Ivanova L, Kostov V, Valić D, Krasnići N, Marijić VF, Kapetanović D. Effects of heavy metal pollution on pigmented macrophages in kidney of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman). Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:930-935. [PMID: 28455875 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pollution with heavy metals may influence the immune system of fish, leading to impairment of their health or even increase their mortality. The fish kidney is one of the first fish organs to be affected by water contamination. Amounts of kidney macrophages (MACs), which are involved in fish immune response, as well as the qualitative and quantitative changes in the pigmented MACs in fish kidney, are used as biomarkers of pollution. Therefore, in this study, we have evaluated relative and total volumes of trunk kidney pigmented MACs, and analyzed the pigments accumulated within them. Fish were sampled from two mining impacted rivers, Kriva and Zletovska, highly contaminated with heavy metals, and from one reference river, Bregalnica, in spring and autumn of 2012. We have observed that main pigments found in kidney MACs of Vardar chub were melanin and lipofuscin/ceroid, as well as that relative volumes of MACs ranged from 0.56 to 1.68%. Moreover, the results showed that relative volumes of pigmented MACs were higher in metal contaminated rivers, especially in autumn season in the Zletovska River, concurrently with extremely high metal exposure. In addition, condition factors and kidney somatic indices were found significantly lower in the Zletovska River in both seasons, autumn and spring, possibly also as a consequence of high water pollution. Our data confirm that increase in relative volumes of pigmented MACs may serve as warning sign of potential heavy metal pollution in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jordanova
- Department for cytology, histology and embryology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Arhimedova 3, Skopje, 1000, Macedonia
| | - Katerina Rebok
- Department for cytology, histology and embryology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Arhimedova 3, Skopje, 1000, Macedonia
| | - Zrinka Dragun
- Laboratory for Biological Effects of Metals, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, 10002, Croatia
| | - Sheriban Ramani
- Air and Soil Quality Monitoring and Laboratory Analyses; Hydrobiology and Ecology Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy, Hydrometeorological Administration, Division for Water, Skupi 28, Skopje, 1000, Macedonia
| | - Lozenka Ivanova
- Department for cytology, histology and embryology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Arhimedova 3, Skopje, 1000, Macedonia
| | - Vasil Kostov
- Fishery department, Institute of Animal Sciences, Ile Ilievski 92a, Skopje, 1000, Macedonia
| | - Damir Valić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, 10002, Croatia
| | - Nesrete Krasnići
- Laboratory for Biological Effects of Metals, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, 10002, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Filipović Marijić
- Laboratory for Biological Effects of Metals, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, 10002, Croatia
| | - Damir Kapetanović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, 10002, Croatia
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235
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Vaissi S, Parto P, Sharifi M. Anatomical and histological study of the liver and pancreas of two closely related mountain newts Neurergus microspilotus and N. kaiseri (Amphibia: Caudata: Salamandridae). ZOOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.34.e13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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236
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Valverde EJ, Borrego JJ, Sarasquete MC, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Castro D. Target organs for lymphocystis disease virus replication in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Vet Res 2017; 48:21. [PMID: 28399906 PMCID: PMC5387237 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphocystis disease (LCD), the main viral pathology described in cultured gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), is a self-limiting condition characterized by the appearance of hypertrophied fibroblasts (named lymphocysts) in the connective tissue of fish, primarily in the skin and fins. The causative agent of the disease is the Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), a member of the Iridoviridae family. In the present study, LCDV genome and transcripts were detected by real-time PCR in caudal fin, as well as in several internal organs, such as intestine, liver, spleen, kidney and brain, from asymptomatic, diseased and recovered gilthead seabream juveniles. These results indicate that the LCDV has a broad range tissue tropism, and can establish a systemic infection, even in subclinically infected fish. As showed by in situ hybridization, the permissive cells for LCDV infection seem to be fibroblasts, hepatocytes and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Histopathological alterations associated with LCD were observed in all the organs analysed, including necrotic changes in liver and kidney, inflammatory response in the intestine submucosa or brain haemorrhage, although lymphocysts were only detected in the dermis of the caudal fin. Nevertheless, these histological changes were reverted in recovered animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania J Valverde
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario Teatinos, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario Teatinos, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Dolores Castro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario Teatinos, Malaga, Spain.
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237
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Graves SD, Kidd KA, Houlahan JE, Munkittrick KR. General and histological indicators of health in wild fishes from a biological mercury hotspot in northeastern North America. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:976-987. [PMID: 27595668 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada, is considered a biological mercury (Hg) hotspot because the tissues of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and common loons (Gavia immer) inhabiting the lakes frequently exceed so-called safe levels of Hg. In the present study, the relationships between Hg and overall health of males and females of 3 forage fish species (brown bullhead Ameirus nebulosus, banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus, and golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas; n = 6-18/sex/lake) in 6 lakes at the park were assessed using condition factor, liversomatic index (LSI), and macrophage aggregates (MAs; indicators of tissue damage). Mean muscle total Hg (THg) concentrations of brown bullhead, banded killifish, and golden shiner across lakes were 0.32 μg/g, 0.27 μg/g, and 0.34 μg/g, respectively. Condition was negatively related to muscle THg in golden shiner and banded killifish, LSI was not related to THg in any species, and all species showed evidence of increasing MA prevalence (counts and area) with increasing THg concentrations. The MAs were most prevalent in spleen tissues of golden shiner, with mean percentage cover ranging from 0.36% to 5.59% across lakes. In addition, the area of MAs appeared to be better predicted by THg concentration than was the number of MAs in the same tissue. These findings suggest that Hg is affecting the health of wild fishes in Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site and that other populations with similar or higher concentrations of this metal may also be at risk. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:976-987. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen A Kidd
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jeff E Houlahan
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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238
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Abo-Al-Ela HG, El-Nahas AF, Mahmoud S, Ibrahim EM. Vitamin C Modulates the Immunotoxic Effect of 17α-Methyltestosterone in Nile Tilapia. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2042-2050. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham G. Abo-Al-Ela
- Animal Health Research Institute, Shibin Al-Kom
Branch, Agriculture Research Centre, El-Minufiya, Egypt
- Department
of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Abeer F. El-Nahas
- Department
of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Shawky Mahmoud
- Department
of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr
El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Essam M. Ibrahim
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research
Centre, Giza, Egypt
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239
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Xing J, Ma J, Tang X, Sheng X, Zhan W. Characterizations of CD4-1, CD4-2 and CD8β T cell subpopulations in peripheral blood leucocytes, spleen and head kidney of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Mol Immunol 2017; 85:155-165. [PMID: 28260650 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the previous study, antibodies against CD3 molecule have been produced and were used in labeling T cells in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this paper, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes subpopulations in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL), spleen and head kidney of flounder were investigated. The flounder CD4-1, CD4-2 and CD8β recombinant proteins and their antibodies (Abs) were produced, then the cross-reactivity of the Abs to CD4-1, CD4-2 and CD8β was detected by Western blotting, respectively, and the reactions of Abs to PBL were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining (IFS) and flow cytometry (FCM). CD4-1+/CD3+, CD4-2+/CD3+, and CD8β+/CD3+ lymphocytes in PBL, spleen and head kidney were observed by double IFS, then their proportions were analyzed using two-color FCM, respectively. Further, CD4-1/CD8β, CD4-2/CD8β, or CD4-1/CD4-2 lymphocytes were analyzed using double-IFS and two-color FCM. Finally, CD4-1+, CD4-2+, and CD8β+ lymphocytes in spleen and head kidney were observed by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the Abs were specific for CD4-1, CD4-2 and CD8β molecules, respectively. The proportions of CD4-1+/CD3+, CD4-2+/CD3+, and CD8β+/CD3+ lymphocytes were 6.7±2.0%, 8.6±2.8%, 2.1±1.3% in PBL; 13.6±3.6%, 15.6±5.2%, 2.8±1.4% in spleen; 20.0±4.6%, 20.5±4.6%, 3.2±1.5% in head kidney, respectively. Most CD4+ and CD8+ cell subpopulations belonged to CD3+ cells; there were no cross-reactivity between CD4+ and CD8+ cells. CD4-1+/CD4-2-, CD4-1-/CD4-2+, and CD4-1+/CD4-2+ cells presented different proportions in PBL, spleen and head kidney, among them, CD4-1+/CD4-2+ cell is the majority of CD4T cell subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals,KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Junjie Ma
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals,KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals,KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals,KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals,KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Qingdao, PR China.
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240
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Longenecker K, Langston R, Crane M. Hermaphroditism in the dash-and-dot goatfish Parupeneus barberinus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1149-1152. [PMID: 28097655 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Presence of bisexual individuals and a sex-specific bimodal size distribution are suggestive of protogyny in the dash-and-dot goatfish Parupeneus barberinus, but the most parsimonious interpretation of histological analysis is juvenile hermaphroditism. This is the first report of hermaphroditism in the Mullidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Longenecker
- Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i, 96817, U.S.A
| | - R Langston
- Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i, 96817, U.S.A
- Windward Community College, 45-720 Kea'ahala Road, Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i, 96744, U.S.A
| | - M Crane
- Northern Marianas College, P.O. Box 501250, Saipan, Marianas Protectorate, 96950, C.N.M.I
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241
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Stacy NI, Ranly M, Pelton C. What is your diagnosis? Blood film from a Green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:193-194. [PMID: 28195654 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melissa Ranly
- Volusia County Marine Science Center, Ponce Inlet, FL, USA
| | - Craig Pelton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Volusia County Marine Science Center, Ponce Inlet, FL, USA
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242
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Dang M, Nørregaard R, Bach L, Sonne C, Søndergaard J, Gustavson K, Aastrup P, Nowak B. Metal residues, histopathology and presence of parasites in the liver and gills of fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) and shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) near a former lead-zinc mine in East Greenland. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 153:171-180. [PMID: 27984761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fourhorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) and shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius) have been considered suitable local bioindicators for environmental monitoring studies in the Arctic. Because these species share many characteristics, data from the two species have previously been pooled when assessing marine metal contamination. A chemical and histological study was conducted on fourhorn and shorthorn sculpins collected around a contaminated lead-zinc mine at East Greenland to investigate whether there were any differences in the residues of metals, histopathology and parasites in liver and gills between the two sculpin species. The results demonstrated that concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were significantly higher in the fourhorn sculpins (p<0.001) while there were no significant differences for arsenic (As) or cadmium (Cd). Furthermore, density of blood vessel fibrosis (p=0.028), prevalence and density of chondroplasia (p=0.002 and p=0.005, respectively), number of mucin-containing mucous cells (p<0.001) and chloride cells (p<0.001) and mean intensity of colonial Peritricha (p<0.001) were significantly higher in fourhorn sculpin. Based on these results we suggest that pooling the two species when conducting environmental assessments is not recommended as it can lead to incorrect conclusions. We propose that a larger study investigating the biological effects of zinc-lead mining in Greenland is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Dang
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Rasmus Nørregaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lis Bach
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Gustavson
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Aastrup
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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243
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Diaz de Cerio O, Bilbao E, Ruiz P, Pardo BG, Martínez P, Cajaraville MP, Cancio I. Hepatic gene transcription profiles in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) experimentally exposed to heavy fuel oil nº 6 and to styrene. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 123:14-24. [PMID: 27846414 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oil and chemical spills in the marine environment, although sporadic, are highly dangerous to biota inhabiting coastal and estuarine areas. Effects of spilled compounds in exposed organisms occur at different biological organization levels: from molecular, cellular or tissue levels to the physiological one. The present study aims to determine the specific hepatic gene transcription profiles observed in turbot juveniles under exposure to fuel oil n °6 and styrene vs controls using an immune enriched turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) oligo-microarray containing 2716 specific gene probes. After 3 days of exposure, fuel oil specifically induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated transcriptional response through up-regulation of genes, such as ahrr and cyp1a1. More gene transcripts were regulated after 14 days of exposure involved in ribosomal biosynthesis, immune modulation, and oxidative response among the most significantly regulated functional pathways. On the contrary, gene transcription alterations caused by styrene did not highlight any significantly regulated molecular or metabolic pathway. This was also previously reported at cell and tissue level where no apparent responses were distinguishable. For the fuel oil experiment, obtained specific gene profiles could be related to changes in cell-tissue organization in the same individuals, such as increased hepatocyte vacuolization, decrease in melano-macrophage centers and the regulation of leukocyte numbers. In conclusion, the mode of action reflected by gene transcription profiles analyzed hereby in turbot livers could be linked with the responses previously reported at higher biological organization levels. Molecular alterations described hereby could be preceding observed alterations at cell and tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Diaz de Cerio
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Fac. Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eider Bilbao
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Fac. Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Pamela Ruiz
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Fac. Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Xenética, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Xenética, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Miren P Cajaraville
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Fac. Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ibon Cancio
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Fac. Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain.
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244
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Sales CF, Silva RF, Amaral MGC, Domingos FFT, Ribeiro RIMA, Thomé RG, Santos HB. Comparative histology in the liver and spleen of three species of freshwater teleost. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We describe and compare the histology of liver and spleen ofGeophagus brasiliensis (Perciformes), Hypostomus francisci (Siluriformes) and Hoplias aff. malabaricus (Characiformes), tropical freshwater fishes. InG. brasiliensisandH. aff. malabaricusthe hepatocytes were arranged in tubular form whereas in H. franciscithey cord-like. In all species, hepatocytes presented glycogen, but in G. brasiliensis and H. aff. malabaricus they showed strong stained for hemossiderin in the cytoplasm. InG. brasiliensis and H. aff. malabaricus, melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) were associated to hepatic structures and only in G. brasiliensis was observed intrahepatic exocrine pancreas. The spleen, in all species, was characterized by red and white pulp without boundary between the two regions, but only in H. francisci was recorded nodular organization in splenic parenchyma. The G. brasiliensisandH. aff. malabaricuspresented in the white pulp MMCs linked mainly to ellipsoids. Besides, we observed large MMCs in the spleen in relation to liver of G. brasiliensis and H. aff. malabaricus. In liver, highest values of reticular fibers and collagen were observed inG. brasiliensis. In spleen, highest values of reticular fibers and collagen were recorded inH. aff. malabaricusandH. francisci, respectively. Histological differences confirm the hypothesis that the phylogenetic distance is reflected in liver and spleen.
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245
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Mešťanová V, Varga I. Morphological view on the evolution of the immunity and lymphoid organs of vertebrates, focused on thymus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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246
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Evans D, Nowak B. Effect of ranching time on melanomacrophage centres in anterior kidney and spleen of Southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:358-364. [PMID: 27826111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) are common in the haemopoietic tissue of fish and are an important component of the humoral immune response. Increasingly they are being studied as a biomarker of environmental stress in both wild and aquaculture fish stocks. Computer image analysis of histological sections of the head kidney and spleen of ranched Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) was used to investigate changes in MMCs over various stages of the ranching cycle. Histochemical pigment differentiation indicated haemosiderin, lipofuscin and melanin were present in MMCs of both the kidney and spleen, with kidney MMCs being highly positive for lipofuscin and melanin and spleen having high levels of haemosiderin and a lower level of melanin than kidney. The MMC area in the kidney of wild sampled SBT ranged from 0.41 ± 0.13% to 2.95 ± 0.26% and that in the spleen ranged from 0.35 ± 0.09% to 2.75 ± 0.86%. The MMC area in the spleen of SBT increased over the latter stages of ranching and at harvest compared to SBT sampled in the wild and at the end of tow. There was no statistically significant difference in the MMC area in the kidney of ranched SBT sampled at various stages. SBT appear to have a higher MMC area in haemopoietic organs than numerous other fish species, perhaps providing a greater capacity to deal with 'wear and tear' and increased immune-competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Evans
- IMAS, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia; Marnikol Fisheries Pty Ltd, Port Lincoln, SA, Australia
| | - Barbara Nowak
- IMAS, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
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247
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Zee J, Patterson S, Wiseman S, Hecker M. Is hepatic oxidative stress a main driver of dietary selenium toxicity in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:334-340. [PMID: 27494256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most species of sturgeon have experienced significant population declines and poor recruitment over the past decades, leading many, including white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), to be listed as endangered. Reasons for these declines are not yet fully understood but benthic lifestyle, longevity, and delayed sexual maturation likely render sturgeon particularly susceptible to factors such as habitat alteration and contaminant exposures. One contaminant of particular concern to white sturgeon is selenium (Se), especially in its more bioavailable form selenomethionine (SeMet), as it is known to efficiently bioaccumulate in prey items of this species. Studies have shown white sturgeon to be among the most sensitive species of fish to dietary SeMet as well as other pollutants such as metals, dioxin-like chemicals and endocrine disrupters. One of the primary hypothesized mechanisms of toxicity of SeMet in fish is oxidative stress; however, little is know about the specific mode by which SeMet affects the health of white sturgeon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize oxidative stress and associated antioxidant responses as a molecular event of toxicity, and to link it with the pathological effects observed previously. Specifically, three-year-old white sturgeon were exposed for 72 days via their diet to 1.4, 5.6, 22.4 or 104.4µg Se per g feed (dm). Doses were chosen to range over a necessary Se intake level, current environmentally relevant intakes and an intake representing predicted increases of Se release. Lipid hydroperoxides, which are end products of lipid oxidation, were quantified as a marker of oxidative stress. Changes in gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, apoptosis inducing factor and caspase 3 were quantified as markers of the response to oxidative stress. Concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides were highly variable within dose groups and no dose response was observed. GPx expression was significantly increased in the low dose group indicating an induced antioxidant response. Expression of other genes were not significantly induced or suppressed. Overall, there was very little evidence of oxidative stress, and therefore, in contrast to previous reports on other species of teleost fishes, oxidative stress is not believed to be a main driver of toxicity in white sturgeon exposed to SeMet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Zee
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Room 323, Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C8.
| | - Sarah Patterson
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3.
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3.
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Room 323, Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C8; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3.
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Kumar R, Joy KP, Singh SM. Morpho-histology of head kidney of female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: seasonal variations in melano-macrophage centers, melanin contents and effects of lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone on melanins. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1287-306. [PMID: 26984710 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, the anterior kidney is a hemopoietic tissue which surrounds the adrenal homologues, interrenal (IR) and chromaffin tissues corresponding to the adrenal cortical and adrenal medulla of higher mammals. The IR tissue is arranged in cell cords around the posterior cardinal vein (PCV) and its tributaries and secretes corticosteroids. The chromaffin tissue is scattered singly or in nests of one or more cells around the epithelial lining of the PCV or blood capillaries within the IR tissue. They are ferric ferricyanide-positive. Leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF)-like reactivity was noticed in the lining of the epithelium of the IR cell cords and around the wall of the PCV and blood capillaries. No staining was observed in the hemopoietic cells. IL-1β- and TNF-α-like immunoreactivity was seen in certain cells in the hemopoietic tissue but not in the IR region. Macrophages were identified with mammalian macrophage-specific MAC387 antibodies and are present in the hemopoietic mass but not in the IR tissue. Pigments accumulate in the hemopoietic mass as melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) and are PAS-, Schmorl's- and Perls'-positive. The pigments contain melanin (black), hemosiderin (blue) and lipofuscin/ceroid (oxidized lipid, yellowish tan), as evident from the Perls' reaction. The MMCs were TUNEL-positive as evident from FITC fluorescence, indicating their apoptotic nature. The MMCs showed significant seasonal variation with their density increasing to the peak in the postspawning phase. Melanins were characterized spectrophotometrically for the first time in fish anterior kidney. The predominant form is pheomelanin (PM), followed by eumelanin (EM) and alkali-soluble melanin (ASM). Melanins showed significant seasonal variations with the level low in the resting phase and increasing to the peak in the postspawning phase. Under in vitro conditions, lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/mL) treatment increased significantly the levels of PM and EM levels both at 16 and at 32 h and the ASM level at 32 h. On the other hand, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (100 nM) decreased significantly the levels of EM, PM and ASM time-dependently. The results indicate that the anterior kidney is an important site of immune-endocrine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682022, India.
| | - S M Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Jayawardena UA, Ratnasooriya WD, Wickramasinghe DD, Udagama PV. Heavy metal mediated innate immune responses of the Indian green frog, Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Anura: Ranidae): Cellular profiles and associated Th1 skewed cytokine response. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1194-1204. [PMID: 27335164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell and cytokine profiles in relation to metal exposure though much studied in mammals has not been adequately investigated in amphibians, due mainly to lack of suitable reagents for cytokine profiling in non-model species. However, interspecies cross reactivity of cytokines permitted us to assay levels of IFNγ, TNFα, IL6 and IL10in a common anuran, the Indian green frog (Euphlyctis hexadactylus), exposed to heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb, at ~5ppm each) under field and laboratory settings in Sri Lanka. Enumeration of immune cells in blood and melanomacrophages in the liver, assay of serum and hepatic cytokines, and Th1/Th2 cytokine polarisation were investigated. Immune cell counts indicated overall immunosuppression with decreasing total WBC and splenocyte counts while neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio increased with metal exposure, indicating metal mediated stress. Serum IL6 levels of metal exposed frogs reported the highest (~9360pg/mL) of all cytokines tested. Significantly elevated IFNγ production (P<0.05) was evident in heavy metal exposed frogs. Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio in both serum and liver tissue homogenates was Th1 skewed due to significantly higher production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFNγ in serum and TNFα in the liver (P<0.01).Metal mediated aggregations of melanomacrophages in the liver were positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the hepatic expression of TNFα, IL6 and IL10 activity. Overall, Th1 skewed response may well be due to oxidative stress mediated nuclear factor κ-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) which enhances the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Xenobiotic stress has recently imposed an unprecedented level of threat to wildlife, particularly to sensitive species such as amphibians. Therefore, understanding the interactions between physiological stress and related immune responses is fundamental to conserve these environmental sentinels in the face of emerging eco-challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Preethi V Udagama
- Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
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Kumari U, Srivastava N, Shelly A, Khatri P, N S, Singh DK, Mazumder S. Inducible headkidney cytochrome P450 contributes to endosulfan immunotoxicity in walking catfish Clarias gariepinus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:44-54. [PMID: 27567944 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of endosulfan metabolites on fish immune system is not well known. It is also not clear whether endosulfan accumulates in fish immune organs and undergoes metabolic biotransformation in situ. In the present study we investigated the role of headkidney (HK), an important fish immune organ on endosulfan metabolism and the long term effects of endosulfan metabolites on the fish immune system. C. gariepinus (walking catfish) were exposed to 2.884ppb of endosulfan (1/10th LC50) for 30d followed by their maintenance in endosulfan-free water for 30d for recovery. Endosulfan induced time-dependent reduction in the HK somatic index and histo-pathological changes in renal and hemopoietic components of the organ. At cellular level, exposure to endosulfan led to death of HK leucocytes. Gas-liquid-chromatography documented the presence of both α- and β-isomers of endosulfan along with the toxic metabolite endosulfan sulfate (ESS) in the HK of exposed fishes. We report that β-endosulfan accumulates more readily in the HK. Depuration studies suggested the persistence of ESS in the HK. Enzyme-immunoassay and qPCR results demonstrated direct relationship between cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) expression and ESS levels in the HK. Pre-treatment of HKL with CYP1A specific inhibitor α-Naphthoflavone (ANF) led to reduction in CYP1A mRNA, protein levels, and inhibited ESS formation together implicating the role of CYP1A on endosulfan metabolism. When the exposed fish were transferred to endosulfan-free water ('recovered fish') it was observed that after 30d of recovery period the concentration of endosulfan and its metabolite in the HK were significantly reduced, compared to 30-d exposed fish. We also observed improvement in HK histo-architecture but no significant recovery in HKL number and viability. Collectively, our findings suggest that HK plays an important role in endosulfan metabolism. We propose that endosulfan induces the activation of CYP1A in HK which led to the generation of persistent metabolite, ESS, resulting in immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Kumari
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Asha Shelly
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Preeti Khatri
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Sarat N
- Pesticide Toxicology and Soil Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Dileep Kumar Singh
- Pesticide Toxicology and Soil Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
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