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Coates CJ, Lim J, Harman K, Rowley AF, Griffiths DJ, Emery H, Layton W. The insect, Galleria mellonella, is a compatible model for evaluating the toxicology of okadaic acid. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 35:219-232. [PMID: 30426330 PMCID: PMC6556153 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-09448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The polyether toxin, okadaic acid, causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in humans. Despite extensive research into its cellular targets using rodent models, we know little about its putative effect(s) on innate immunity. We inoculated larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, with physiologically relevant doses of okadaic acid by direct injection into the haemocoel (body cavity) and/or gavage (force-feeding). We monitored larval survival and employed a range of cellular and biochemical assays to assess the potential harmful effects of okadaic acid. Okadaic acid at concentrations ≥ 75 ng/larva (≥ 242 μg/kg) led to significant reductions in larval survival (> 65%) and circulating haemocyte (blood cell) numbers (> 50%) within 24 h post-inoculation. In the haemolymph, okadaic acid reduced haemocyte viability and increased phenoloxidase activities. In the midgut, okadaic acid induced oxidative damage as determined by increases in superoxide dismutase activity and levels of malondialdehyde (i.e. lipid peroxidation). Our observations of insect larvae correspond broadly to data published using rodent models of shellfish-poisoning toxidrome, including complementary LD50 values: 206–242 μg/kg in mice, ~ 239 μg/kg in G. mellonella. These data support the use of this insect as a surrogate model for the investigation of marine toxins, which offers distinct ethical and financial incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jenson Lim
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Katie Harman
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrew F Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Helena Emery
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Will Layton
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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202
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Smith J, Connell P, Evans RH, Gellene AG, Howard MDA, Jones BH, Kaveggia S, Palmer L, Schnetzer A, Seegers BN, Seubert EL, Tatters AO, Caron DA. A decade and a half of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and domoic acid along the coast of southern California. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:87-104. [PMID: 30420020 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia that produce the neurotoxin domoic acid have been documented with regularity along the coast of southern California since 2003, with the occurrence of the toxin in shellfish tissue predating information on domoic acid in the particulate fraction in this region. Domoic acid concentrations in the phytoplankton inhabiting waters off southern California during 2003, 2006, 2007, 2011 and 2017 were comparable to some of the highest values that have been recorded in the literature. Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia have exhibited strong seasonality, with toxin appearing predominantly in the spring. Year-to-year variability of particulate toxin has been considerable, and observations during 2003, 2006, 2007, 2011 and again in 2017 linked domoic acid in the diets of marine mammals and seabirds to mass mortality events among these animals. This work reviews information collected during the past 15 years documenting the phenology and magnitude of Pseudo-nitzschia abundances and domoic acid within the Southern California Bight. The general oceanographic factors leading to blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia and outbreaks of domoic acid in this region are clear, but subtle factors controlling spatial and interannual variability in bloom magnitude and toxin production remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Paige Connell
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Richard H Evans
- Pacific Marine Mammal Center, 20612 Laguna Canyon Rd., Laguna Beach, CA 92651, United States
| | - Alyssa G Gellene
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Meredith D A Howard
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States
| | - Burton H Jones
- KAUST, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 King Abdullah Boulevard, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susan Kaveggia
- International Bird Rescue, 3601 S Gaffey St, San Pedro, CA 90731, United States
| | - Lauren Palmer
- Marine Mammal Care Center, 3601 S. Gaffey St., San Pedro, CA 90731, United States
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- North Carolina State University, 4248 Jordan Hall, 2800 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 276958, United States
| | - Bridget N Seegers
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 616.2, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, United States; GESTAR/Universities Space Research Association, 7178 Columbia Gateway Drive, Columbia, MD 21046, United States
| | - Erica L Seubert
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Avery O Tatters
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
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203
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UAVs in Support of Algal Bloom Research: A Review of Current Applications and Future Opportunities. DRONES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/drones2040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Algal blooms have become major public health and ecosystem vitality concerns globally. The prevalence of blooms has increased due to warming water and additional nutrient inputs into aquatic systems. In response, various remotely-sensed methods of detection, analysis, and forecasting have been developed. Satellite imaging has proven successful in the identification of various inland and coastal blooms at large spatial and temporal scales, and airborne platforms offer higher spatial and often spectral resolution at targeted temporal frequencies. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently emerged as another tool for algal bloom detection, providing users with on-demand high spatial and temporal resolution at lower costs. However, due to the challenges of processing images of water, payload costs and limitations, and a lack of standardized methods, UAV-based algal bloom studies have not gained critical traction. This literature review explores the current state of this field, and highlights opportunities that could promote its growth. By understanding the technical parameters required to identify algal blooms with airborne platforms, and comparing these capabilities to current UAV technology, such knowledge will assist managers, researchers, and public health officials in utilizing UAVs to monitor and predict blooms at greater spatial and temporal precision, reducing exposure to potentially toxic events.
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204
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Brunson JK, McKinnie SMK, Chekan JR, McCrow JP, Miles ZD, Bertrand EM, Bielinski VA, Luhavaya H, Oborník M, Smith GJ, Hutchins DA, Allen AE, Moore BS. Biosynthesis of the neurotoxin domoic acid in a bloom-forming diatom. Science 2018; 361:1356-1358. [PMID: 30262498 PMCID: PMC6276376 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic harmful algal blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms produce the potent mammalian neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). Despite decades of research, the molecular basis for its biosynthesis is not known. By using growth conditions known to induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, we implemented transcriptome sequencing in order to identify DA biosynthesis genes that colocalize in a genomic four-gene cluster. We biochemically investigated the recombinant DA biosynthetic enzymes and linked their mechanisms to the construction of DA's diagnostic pyrrolidine skeleton, establishing a model for DA biosynthesis. Knowledge of the genetic basis for toxin production provides an orthogonal approach to bloom monitoring and enables study of environmental factors that drive oceanic DA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Brunson
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shaun M K McKinnie
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan R Chekan
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John P McCrow
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zachary D Miles
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Erin M Bertrand
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Vincent A Bielinski
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hanna Luhavaya
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia and Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - G Jason Smith
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - David A Hutchins
- Marine and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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205
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Swan SC, Turner AD, Bresnan E, Whyte C, Paterson RF, McNeill S, Mitchell E, Davidson K. Dinophysis acuta in Scottish Coastal Waters and Its Influence on Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxin Profiles. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100399. [PMID: 30274219 PMCID: PMC6215201 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins produced by the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are a major problem for the shellfish industry worldwide. Separate species of the genus have been associated with the production of different analogues of the okadaic acid group of toxins. To evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of Dinophysis species and toxins in the important shellfish-harvesting region of the Scottish west coast, we analysed data collected from 1996 to 2017 in two contrasting locations: Loch Ewe and the Clyde Sea. Seasonal studies were also undertaken, in Loch Ewe in both 2001 and 2002, and in the Clyde in 2015. Dinophysis acuminata was present throughout the growing season during every year of the study, with blooms typically occurring between May and September at both locations. The appearance of D. acuta was interannually sporadic and, when present, was most abundant in the late summer and autumn. The Clyde field study in 2015 indicated the importance of a temperature front in the formation of a D. acuta bloom. A shift in toxin profiles of common mussels (Mytilus edulis) tested during regulatory monitoring was evident, with a proportional decrease in okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and an increase in dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) occurring when D. acuta became dominant. Routine enumeration of Dinophysis to species level could provide early warning of potential contamination of shellfish with DTX2 and thus determine the choice of the most suitable kit for effective end-product testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
| | - Callum Whyte
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Ruth F Paterson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Sharon McNeill
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Elaine Mitchell
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
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206
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Gӧrӧcs Z, Tamamitsu M, Bianco V, Wolf P, Roy S, Shindo K, Yanny K, Wu Y, Koydemir HC, Rivenson Y, Ozcan A. A deep learning-enabled portable imaging flow cytometer for cost-effective, high-throughput, and label-free analysis of natural water samples. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:66. [PMID: 30245813 PMCID: PMC6143550 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a deep learning-enabled field-portable and cost-effective imaging flow cytometer that automatically captures phase-contrast color images of the contents of a continuously flowing water sample at a throughput of 100 mL/h. The device is based on partially coherent lens-free holographic microscopy and acquires the diffraction patterns of flowing micro-objects inside a microfluidic channel. These holographic diffraction patterns are reconstructed in real time using a deep learning-based phase-recovery and image-reconstruction method to produce a color image of each micro-object without the use of external labeling. Motion blur is eliminated by simultaneously illuminating the sample with red, green, and blue light-emitting diodes that are pulsed. Operated by a laptop computer, this portable device measures 15.5 cm × 15 cm × 12.5 cm, weighs 1 kg, and compared to standard imaging flow cytometers, it provides extreme reductions of cost, size and weight while also providing a high volumetric throughput over a large object size range. We demonstrated the capabilities of this device by measuring ocean samples at the Los Angeles coastline and obtaining images of its micro- and nanoplankton composition. Furthermore, we measured the concentration of a potentially toxic alga (Pseudo-nitzschia) in six public beaches in Los Angeles and achieved good agreement with measurements conducted by the California Department of Public Health. The cost-effectiveness, compactness, and simplicity of this computational platform might lead to the creation of a network of imaging flow cytometers for large-scale and continuous monitoring of the ocean microbiome, including its plankton composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Gӧrӧcs
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Miu Tamamitsu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Vittorio Bianco
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Patrick Wolf
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Shounak Roy
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Koyoshi Shindo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Kyrollos Yanny
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yichen Wu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yair Rivenson
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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207
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Global change in marine aquaculture production potential under climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1745-1750. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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208
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Long-Term Changes in Water Clarity in Lake Liangzi Determined by Remote Sensing. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water clarity (via the Secchi disk depth, SDD) is an important indicator of water quality and lake ecosystem health. Monitoring long-term SDD change is vital for water quality assessment and lake management. In this study, we developed and validated an empirical model for estimating the SDD based on Landsat ETM+ and OLI data using the combination of band ratio of the near-infrared (NIR) band to the blue band and the NIR band. Time series data of remotely estimated SDD in Lake Liangzi were retrieved from 2007 to 2016 using the proposed models based on forty Landsat images. The results of the Mann–Kendall test (p = 0.002) and linear regression (R2 = 0.352, p < 0.001) indicated that the SDD in Lake Liangzi demonstrated a significant decreasing trend during the study period. The annual mean SDD in Lake Liangzi was significantly negatively correlated with the population (R2 = 0.530, p = 0.017) and gross domestic product (R2 = 0.619, p = 0.007) of the Lake Liangzi basin. In addition, water level increase and the flood have an important effect on SDD decrease. Our study revealed that anthropogenic activities may be driving factors for the long-term declining trend in the SDD. Additionally, floods and heavy precipitation may decrease the SDD over the short term in Lake Liangzi. A declining trend in the SDD in Lake Liangzi may continue under future intense anthropogenic activities and climate change such as the extreme heavy precipitation event increase.
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209
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Braga AC, Camacho C, Marques A, Gago-Martínez A, Pacheco M, Costa PR. Combined effects of warming and acidification on accumulation and elimination dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:647-654. [PMID: 29631223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) have been increasing in frequency and intensity most likely due to changes on global conditions, which constitute a significant threat to wild shellfish and its commercial farming. This study evaluated the impact of increasing seawater temperature and acidification on the accumulation/elimination dynamics of HAB-toxins in shellfish. Mytilus galloprovincialis were acclimated to four environmental conditions simulating different climate change scenarios: i) current conditions, ii) warming, iii) acidification and iv) interaction of warming with acidification. Once acclimated, mussels were exposed to the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum for 5 days and to non-toxic diet during the subsequent 10 days. High toxicity levels (1493 µg STX eq. kg-1) exceeding the safety limits were determined under current conditions at the end of the uptake period. Significantly lower PSP toxicity levels were registered for warming- and acidification-acclimated mussels (661 and 761 µg STX eq. kg-1). The combined effect of both warming and acidification resulted in PSP toxicity values slightly higher (856 μg STX eq. kg-1). A rapid decrease of toxicity was observed in mussels at the current conditions after shifting to a non-toxic diet, which was not noticed under the predicted climate change scenarios. Variability of each PST analogue, measured throughout the experiment, highlighted different mechanisms are associated with changes of each environmental factor, although both resulting in lower toxicity. Warming-acclimated mussels showed lower accumulation/elimination rates, while acidification-acclimated mussels showed higher capability to accumulate toxins, but also a higher elimination rate preventing high toxicity levels. As different mechanisms are triggered by warming and acidification, their combined effect not leads to a synergism of their individual effects. The present work is the first assessing the combined effect of climate change drivers on accumulation/elimination of PSTs, in mussels, indicating that warming and acidification may lead to lower toxicity values but longer toxic episodes. PSTs are responsible for the food poisoning syndrome, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. This study can be considered as the first step to build models for predicting shellfish toxicity under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Braga
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carolina Camacho
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Universidad de Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Costa
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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210
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Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Tester PA, Holderied K, Hondolero DE, Powell K, Baird S, Doroff A, Dugan D, Litaker RW. Environmental factors influencing the distribution and abundance of Alexandrium catenella in Kachemak bay and lower cook inlet, Alaska. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 77:81-92. [PMID: 30005804 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the long history of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) events in Alaska, little is known about the seasonal distribution and abundance of the causative organism, Alexandrium, or the environmental factors that govern toxic bloom development. To address this issue, a five year study (2012-2017) was undertaken in Kachemak Bay and lower Cook Inlet Alaska to determine how the occurrence of Alexandrium catenella, the dominant PSP-causing Alexandrium species, was influenced by temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations, and other environmental factors. Cell concentrations from 572 surface water samples were estimated using quantitative PCR. Monthly sampling revealed a seasonal pattern of A. catenella bloom development that was positively correlated with water temperature. Prevailing salinity conditions did not significantly affect abundance, nor was nutrient limitation a direct factor. Elevated cell concentrations were detected in 35 samples from Kachemak Bay (100-3050 cell eq. L-1) while a maximum abundance of 67 cell eq. L-1 was detected in samples from lower Cook Inlet sites. Monitoring data showed average water temperatures in Kachemak Bay increased by ∼2 °C over the course of the study and were accompanied by an increase in Alexandrium abundance. Based on these findings, 7-8 °C appears to represent a temperature threshold for significant bloom development in Kachemak Bay, with the greatest risk of shellfish toxicity occurring when temperatures exceed 10-12 °C. The role of temperature is further supported by time series data from the Alaska Coastal Current (station GAK1), which showed that summertime shellfish toxicity events in Kachemak Bay generally followed periods of anomalously high winter water temperatures. These data indicate monitoring changes in water temperatures may be used as an early warning signal for subsequent development of shellfish toxicity in Kachemak Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - Steven R Kibler
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - Kristine Holderied
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Dominic E Hondolero
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Kim Powell
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Steve Baird
- Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Angela Doroff
- South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Charleston, OR, USA
| | - Darcy Dugan
- Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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211
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Neukermans G, Oziel L, Babin M. Increased intrusion of warming Atlantic water leads to rapid expansion of temperate phytoplankton in the Arctic. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2545-2553. [PMID: 29394007 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean and its surrounding shelf seas are warming much faster than the global average, which potentially opens up new distribution areas for temperate-origin marine phytoplankton. Using over three decades of continuous satellite observations, we show that increased inflow and temperature of Atlantic waters in the Barents Sea resulted in a striking poleward shift in the distribution of blooms of Emiliania huxleyi, a marine calcifying phytoplankton species. This species' blooms are typically associated with temperate waters and have expanded north to 76°N, five degrees further north of its first bloom occurrence in 1989. E. huxleyi's blooms keep pace with the changing climate of the Barents Sea, namely ocean warming and shifts in the position of the Polar Front, resulting in an exceptionally rapid range shift compared to what is generally detected in the marine realm. We propose that as the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean further atlantifies and ocean temperatures continue to rise, E. huxleyi and other temperate-origin phytoplankton could well become resident bloom formers in the Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Neukermans
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, CNRS, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LOV), F-Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laurent Oziel
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, CNRS, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marcel Babin
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, CNRS, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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212
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Schmidt W, Evers-King HL, Campos CJA, Jones DB, Miller PI, Davidson K, Shutler JD. A generic approach for the development of short-term predictions of Escherichia coli and biotoxins in shellfish. AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 2018; 10:173-185. [PMID: 29805719 PMCID: PMC5969569 DOI: 10.3354/aei00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological contamination or elevated marine biotoxin concentrations within shellfish can result in temporary closure of shellfish aquaculture harvesting, leading to financial loss for the aquaculture business and a potential reduction in consumer confidence in shellfish products. We present a method for predicting short-term variations in shellfish concentrations of Escherichia coli and biotoxin (okadaic acid and its derivates dinophysistoxins and pectenotoxins). The approach was evaluated for 2 contrasting shellfish harvesting areas. Through a meta-data analysis and using environmental data (in situ, satellite observations and meteorological nowcasts and forecasts), key environmental drivers were identified and used to develop models to predict E. coli and biotoxin concentrations within shellfish. Models were trained and evaluated using independent datasets, and the best models were identified based on the model exhibiting the lowest root mean square error. The best biotoxin model was able to provide 1 wk forecasts with an accuracy of 86%, a 0% false positive rate and a 0% false discovery rate (n = 78 observations) when used to predict the closure of shellfish beds due to biotoxin. The best E. coli models were used to predict the European hygiene classification of the shellfish beds to an accuracy of 99% (n = 107 observations) and 98% (n = 63 observations) for a bay (St Austell Bay) and an estuary (Turnaware Bar), respectively. This generic approach enables high accuracy short-term farm-specific forecasts, based on readily accessible environmental data and observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Schmidt
- Centre for Geography, Environment and Society, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | | | - Carlos J. A. Campos
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Darren B. Jones
- Centre for Geography, Environment and Society, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Peter I. Miller
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Jamie D. Shutler
- Centre for Geography, Environment and Society, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
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213
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Abstract
Prymnesium parvum is a toxin-producing microalga that causes harmful algal blooms globally, which often result in large-scale fish kills that have severe ecological and economic implications. Although many toxins have previously been isolated from P. parvum, ambiguity still surrounds the responsible ichthyotoxins in P. parvum blooms and the biotic and abiotic factors that promote bloom toxicity. A major fish kill attributed to P. parvum occurred in Spring 2015 on the Norfolk Broads, a low-lying set of channels and lakes (Broads) found on the East of England. Here, we discuss how water samples taken during this bloom have led to diverse scientific advances ranging from toxin analysis to discovery of a new lytic virus of P. parvum, P. parvum DNA virus (PpDNAV-BW1). Taking recent literature into account, we propose key roles for sialic acids in this type of viral infection. Finally, we discuss recent practical detection and management strategies for controlling these devastating blooms.
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214
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Basti L, Suzuki T, Uchida H, Kamiyama T, Nagai S. Thermal acclimation affects growth and lipophilic toxin production in a strain of cosmopolitan harmful alga Dinophysis acuminata. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 73:119-128. [PMID: 29602499 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Species of the harmful algal bloom (HAB) genera Dinophysis are causative of one of the most widespread and expanding HAB events associated with the human intoxication, diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). The effects of warming temperature on the physiology and toxinology of these mixotrophic species remain intractable due to their low biomass in nature and difficulties in establishing and maintaining them in culture. Hence, the present study investigated the influence of warming temperature, encompassing present and predicted climate scenarios, on growth and toxin production in a strain of the most cosmopolitan DSP-causative species, Dinophysis acuminata. The strain was isolated from western Japan, acclimated, and cultured over extended time spans. The specific growth and toxin production rates were highest at 20-26 °C and 17-29 °C, respectively, and had significant linear relationships during exponential phase. The cellular toxin production of okadaic acid and pectenotoxin-2 were highest during early exponential growth phase at temperatures ≤17 °C but highest during late stationary phase at temperatures ≥20 °C. The cellular toxin production of Dinophysistoxin-1, however, increased from early exponential to late stationary growth phase independently from temperature. The net toxin productions were not affected by acclimation temperature but significantly affected by growth and were highest during early exponential growth phase. Warming water temperatures increase growth and promote toxin production of D. acuminata, potentially increasing incidence of diarrheic shellfish poisoning events and closures of shellfish production. It is likely that D. acuminata is more toxic at low cell densities during bloom initiation in winter, and at high cell densities during bloom termination in spring-autumn. The results of the present research are also of importance for the mass production of D. acuminata for subsequent studies of the toxicological and pharmacological bioactivities of DSTs and PTX2, and the fate of these toxins in the natural environment and the vectoring shellfish molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Basti
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanazawa, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanazawa, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamiyama
- Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research and Education Agency 4-9-1, Sakiyama, Miyako, Iwate 027-0097, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanazawa, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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215
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Figueroa RI, Estrada M, Garcés E. Life histories of microalgal species causing harmful blooms: Haploids, diploids and the relevance of benthic stages. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 73:44-57. [PMID: 29602506 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In coastal and offshore waters, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) currently threaten the well-being of coastal countries. These events, which can be localized or involve wide-ranging areas, pose risks to human health, marine ecosystems, and economic resources, such as tourism, fisheries, and aquaculture. Dynamics of HABs vary from one site to another, depending on the hydrographic and ecological conditions. The challenge in investigating HABs is that they are caused by organisms from multiple algal classes, each with its own unique features, including different life histories. The complete algal life cycle has been determined in <1% of the described species, although elucidation of the life cycles of bloom-forming species is essential in developing preventative measures. The knowledge obtained thus far has confirmed the complexity of the algal life cycle, which is composed of discrete life stages whose morphology, ecological niche (plankton/benthos), function, and lifespan vary. The factors that trigger transitions between the different stages in nature are mostly unknown, but it is clear that an understanding of this process provides the key to effectively forecasting bloom recurrence, maintenance, and decline. Planktonic stages constitute an ephemeral phase of the life cycle of most species whereas resistant, benthic stages enable a species to withstand adverse conditions for prolonged periods, thus providing dormant reservoirs for eventual blooms and facilitating organismal dispersal. Here we review current knowledge of the life cycle strategies of major groups of HAB producers in marine and brackish waters. Rather than providing a comprehensive discussion, the objective was to highlight several of the research milestones that have changed our understanding of the plasticity and frequency of the different life cycle stages as well as the transitions between them. We also discuss the relevance of benthic and planktonic forms and their implications for HAB dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Isabel Figueroa
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), C.O. Vigo, 36280 Vigo, Spain; Aquatic Ecology Division, Department of Biology, Lund University, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Marta Estrada
- Departament de Biología Marina i Oceanografía, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Garcés
- Departament de Biología Marina i Oceanografía, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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216
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Sources of paralytic shellfish toxin accumulation variability in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Toxicon 2018; 144:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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217
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Lang-Yona N, Kunert AT, Vogel L, Kampf CJ, Bellinghausen I, Saloga J, Schink A, Ziegler K, Lucas K, Schuppan D, Pöschl U, Weber B, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J. Fresh water, marine and terrestrial cyanobacteria display distinct allergen characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:767-774. [PMID: 28866404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, global cyanobacteria biomass increased due to climate change as well as industrial usage for production of biofuels and food supplements. Thus, there is a need for thorough characterization of their potential health risks, including allergenicity. We therefore aimed to identify and characterize similarities in allergenic potential of cyanobacteria originating from the major ecological environments. Different cyanobacterial taxa were tested for immunoreactivity with IgE from allergic donors and non-allergic controls using immunoblot and ELISA. Moreover, mediator release from human FcεR1-transfected rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells was measured, allowing in situ examination of the allergenic reaction. Phycocyanin content and IgE-binding potential were determined and inhibition assays performed to evaluate similarities in IgE-binding epitopes. Mass spectrometry analysis identified IgE-reactive bands ranging between 10 and 160kDa as phycobiliprotein compounds. Levels of cyanobacterial antigen-specific IgE in plasma of allergic donors and mediator release from sensitized RBL cells were significantly higher compared to non-allergic controls (p<0.01). Inhibition studies indicated cross-reactivity between IgE-binding proteins from fresh water cyanobacteria and phycocyanin standard. We further addressed IgE-binding characteristics of marine water and soil-originated cyanobacteria. Altogether, our data suggest that the intensive use and the strong increase in cyanobacterial abundance due to climate change call for increasing awareness and further monitoring of their potential health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Lang-Yona
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Anna Theresa Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lothar Vogel
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Allergology, Langen, Germany
| | - Christopher Johannes Kampf
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Schink
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kira Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
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218
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Hattenrath-Lehmann TK, Lusty MW, Wallace RB, Haynes B, Wang Z, Broadwater M, Deeds JR, Morton SL, Hastback W, Porter L, Chytalo K, Gobler CJ. Evaluation of Rapid, Early Warning Approaches to Track Shellfish Toxins Associated with Dinophysis and Alexandrium Blooms. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010028. [PMID: 29342840 PMCID: PMC5793076 DOI: 10.3390/md16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxin-contaminated seafood has caused thousands of poisonings worldwide this century. Given these threats, there is an increasing need for improved technologies that can be easily integrated into coastal monitoring programs. This study evaluates approaches for monitoring toxins associated with recurrent toxin-producing Alexandrium and Dinophysis blooms on Long Island, NY, USA, which cause paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (PSP and DSP), respectively. Within contrasting locations, the dynamics of pelagic Alexandrium and Dinophysis cell densities, toxins in plankton, and toxins in deployed blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were compared with passive solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers filled with two types of resin, HP20 and XAD-2. Multiple species of wild shellfish were also collected during Dinophysis blooms and used to compare toxin content using two different extraction techniques (single dispersive and double exhaustive) and two different toxin analysis assays (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PP2A)) for the measurement of DSP toxins. DSP toxins measured in the HP20 resin were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.7–0.9, p < 0.001) with total DSP toxins in shellfish, but were detected more than three weeks prior to detection in deployed mussels. Both resins adsorbed measurable levels of PSP toxins, but neither quantitatively tracked Alexandrium cell densities, toxicity in plankton or toxins in shellfish. DSP extraction and toxin analysis methods did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), were highly correlated (R2 = 0.98–0.99; p < 0.001) and provided complete recovery of DSP toxins from standard reference materials. Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) were found to accumulate DSP toxins above federal and international standards (160 ng g−1) during Dinophysis blooms while Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) did not. This study demonstrated that SPATT samplers using HP20 resin coupled with PP2A technology could be used to provide early warning of DSP, but not PSP, events for shellfish management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark W Lusty
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Ryan B Wallace
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Bennie Haynes
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Zhihong Wang
- JHT, Inc., under contract to NOAA, NOAA Charleston Lab, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Maggie Broadwater
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Steve L Morton
- Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, CA 29412, USA.
| | - William Hastback
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Leonora Porter
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Karen Chytalo
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket, NY 11733, USA.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
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219
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Chen Z, Zheng W, Yang L, Boughner LA, Tian Y, Zheng T, Xu H. Lytic and Chemotactic Features of the Plaque-Forming Bacterium KD531 on Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2581. [PMID: 29312256 PMCID: PMC5742596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a dominant bloom forming species and potential biofuel feedstock. To control P. tricornutum bloom or to release lipids from P. tricornutum, we previously screened and identified the lytic bacterium Labrenzia sp. KD531 toward P. tricornutum. In the present study, we evaluated the lytic activity of Labrenzia sp. KD531 on microalgae and investigated its lytic mechanism. The results indicated that the lytic activity of KD531 was temperature- and pH-dependent, but light-independent. In addition to P. tricornutum, KD531 also showed lytic activity against other algal species, especially green algae. A quantitative analysis of algal cellular protein, carbohydrate and lipid content together with measurements of dry weight after exposure to bacteria-infected algal lysate indicated that the bacterium KD531 influenced the algal biomass by disrupting the algal cells. Both chemotactic analysis and microscopic observations of subsamples from different regions of formed plaques showed that KD531 could move toward and then directly contact algal cells. Direct contact between P. tricornutum and KD531 cells was essential for the lytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangran Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Luxi Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lisa A Boughner
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Yun Tian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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220
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Low-Décarie E, Boatman TG, Bennett N, Passfield W, Gavalás-Olea A, Siegel P, Geider RJ. Predictions of response to temperature are contingent on model choice and data quality. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10467-10481. [PMID: 29238568 PMCID: PMC5723626 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The equations used to account for the temperature dependence of biological processes, including growth and metabolic rates, are the foundations of our predictions of how global biogeochemistry and biogeography change in response to global climate change. We review and test the use of 12 equations used to model the temperature dependence of biological processes across the full range of their temperature response, including supra- and suboptimal temperatures. We focus on fitting these equations to thermal response curves for phytoplankton growth but also tested the equations on a variety of traits across a wide diversity of organisms. We found that many of the surveyed equations have comparable abilities to fit data and equally high requirements for data quality (number of test temperatures and range of response captured) but lead to different estimates of cardinal temperatures and of the biological rates at these temperatures. When these rate estimates are used for biogeographic predictions, differences between the estimates of even the best-fitting models can exceed the global biological change predicted for a decade of global warming. As a result, studies of the biological response to global changes in temperature must make careful consideration of model selection and of the quality of the data used for parametrizing these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noah Bennett
- School of Biological Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK
| | - Will Passfield
- School of Biological Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK
| | - Antonio Gavalás-Olea
- School of Biological Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK.,Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Philipp Siegel
- School of Biological Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK
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221
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Reply to Dees et al.: Ocean warming promotes species-specific increases in the cellular growth rates of harmful algal blooms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9765-E9766. [PMID: 29087349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715749114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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222
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223
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Griffith AW, Gobler CJ. Transgenerational exposure of North Atlantic bivalves to ocean acidification renders offspring more vulnerable to low pH and additional stressors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11394. [PMID: 28900271 PMCID: PMC5595845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While early life-stage marine bivalves are vulnerable to ocean acidification, effects over successive generations are poorly characterized. The objective of this work was to assess the transgenerational effects of ocean acidification on two species of North Atlantic bivalve shellfish, Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians. Adults of both species were subjected to high and low pCO2 conditions during gametogenesis. Resultant larvae were exposed to low and ambient pH conditions in addition to multiple, additional stressors including thermal stress, food-limitation, and exposure to a harmful alga. There were no indications of transgenerational acclimation to ocean acidification during experiments. Offspring of elevated pCO2-treatment adults were significantly more vulnerable to acidification as well as the additional stressors. Our results suggest that clams and scallops are unlikely to acclimate to ocean acidification over short time scales and that as coastal oceans continue to acidify, negative effects on these populations may become compounded and more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Griffith
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA.
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224
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Ou G, Wang H, Si R, Guan W. The dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea will benefit from future climate change: The interactive effects of ocean acidification, warming and high irradiance on photophysiology and hemolytic activity. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:118-127. [PMID: 28962974 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to global climate change, marine phytoplankton will likely experience low pH (ocean acidification), high temperatures and high irradiance in the future. Here, this work report the results of a batch culture experiment conducted to study the interactive effects of elevated CO2, increased temperature and high irradiance on the harmful dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea, isolated at Dongtou Island, Eastern China Sea. The A. sanguinea cells were acclimated in high CO2 condition for about three months before testing the responses of cells to a full factorial matrix experimentation during a 7-day period. This study measured the variation in physiological parameters and hemolytic activity in 8 treatments, representing full factorial combinations of 2 levels each of exposure to CO2 (400 and 1000μatm), temperature (20 and 28°C) and irradiance (50 and 200μmol photons m-2s-1). Sustained growth of A. sanguinea occurred in all treatments, but high CO2 (HC) stimulated faster growth than low CO2 (LC). The pigments (chlorophyll a and carotenoid) decreased in all HC treatments. The quantum yield (Fv/Fm) declined slightly in all high-temperature (HT) treatments. High irradiance (HL) induced the accumulation of ultraviolet-absorbing compounds (UVabc) irrespective of temperature and CO2. The hemolytic activity in the LC treatments, however, declined when exposed to HT and HL, but HC alleviated the adverse effects of HT and HL on hemolytic activity. All HC and HL conditions and the combinations of high temperature*high light (HTHL) and high CO2*high temperature*high light (HCHTHL) positively affected the growth in comparison to the low CO2*low temperature*low light (LCLTLL) treatment. High temperature (HT), high light (HL) and a combination of HT*HL, however, negatively impacted hemolytic activity. CO2 was the main factor that affected the growth and hemolytic activity. There were no significant interactive effects of CO2*temperature*irradiance on growth, pigment, Fv/Fm or hemolytic activity, but there were effects on Pm, α, and Ek. If these results are extrapolated to the natural environment, it can be hypothesized that A. sanguinea cells will benefit from the combination of ocean acidification, warming, and high irradiance that are likely to occur under future climate change. It is assumed that faster growth and higher hemolytic activity and UVabc of this species will occur under future conditions compared with those the current CO2 (400μatm) and temperature (20°C) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Ou
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ranran Si
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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225
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Zhu Z, Qu P, Fu F, Tennenbaum N, Tatters AO, Hutchins DA. Understanding the blob bloom: Warming increases toxicity and abundance of the harmful bloom diatom Pseudo-nitzschia in California coastal waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 67:36-43. [PMID: 28755719 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia produces environmentally damaging harmful algal blooms (HABs) along the U.S. west coast and elsewhere, and a recent ocean warming event coincided with toxic blooms of record extent. This study examined the effects of temperature on growth, domoic acid toxin production, and competitive dominance of two Pseudo-nitzschia species from Southern California. Growth rates of cultured P. australis were maximal at 23°C (∼0.8d-1), similar to the maximum temperature recorded during the 2014-2015 warming anomaly, and decreased to ∼0.1 d-1 by 30°C. In contrast, cellular domoic acid concentrations only became detectable at 23°C, and increased to maximum levels at 30°C. In two incubation experiments using natural Southern California phytoplankton communities, warming also increased the relative abundance of another potentially toxic local species, P. delicatissima. These results suggest that both the toxicity and the competitive success of particular Pseudo-nitzschia spp. can be positively correlated with temperature, and therefore there is a need to determine whether harmful blooms of this diatom genus may be increasingly prevalent in a warmer future coastal ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pingping Qu
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Feixue Fu
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nancy Tennenbaum
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Avery O Tatters
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - David A Hutchins
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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226
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Cressey D. Climate change is making algal blooms worse. Nature 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2017.21884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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227
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Dechraoui Bottein MY, Clausing RJ. Receptor-Binding Assay for the Analysis of Marine Toxins. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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