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Martinez-Gomez D, Guallar-Castillon P, Higueras-Fresnillo S, Garcia-Esquinas E, Lopez-Garcia E, Bandinelli S, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Physical Activity Attenuates Total and Cardiovascular Mortality Associated With Physical Disability: A National Cohort of Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:240-247. [PMID: 28977342 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular physical activity (PA) has been shown to protect against disability onset but, once the disability is present, it is unclear if PA might attenuate its harmful health consequences. Thus, we examined if mortality risk associated with physical disability can be offset by PA among older adults. Methods We used data from a cohort of 3,752 individuals representative of the noninstitutionalized population aged 60 years and older in Spain. In 2000-2001, participants self-reported both PA levels (inactive, occasionally, monthly, weekly) and five physical disabilities (agility, mobility, global daily activities, instrumental activities of daily living, and self-care). Individuals were prospectively followed through 2014 to assess incident deaths. Results The mean follow-up was 10.8 years, with a total of 1,727 deaths, 638 of them due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). All disability types were associated with higher total and CVD mortality. Being physically active (ie, doing any PA) was associated with a statistically significant 26%-37% and 35%-50% lower risk of total and CVD death, respectively, across types of disability. As compared with those being physically active and without disability, those who were inactive and had a disability showed the highest mortality risk from total (hazard ratios from 1.52 to 1.90 across disabilities, all p < .05) and from CVD (hazard ratios from 1.99 to 2.24 across disabilities, all p < .05). Total and CVD mortality risk was similar in physically active participants with disabilities and in inactive individuals without disability. Conclusions In older adults, PA could attenuate the increased risk of mortality associated with physical disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Guallar-Castillon
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.,IMDEA-Food Institute and CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Higueras-Fresnillo
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Esquinas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Esther Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.,IMDEA-Food Institute and CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.,IMDEA-Food Institute and CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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202
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Batmyagmar D, Kundi M, Ponocny-Seliger E, Lukas I, Lehrner J, Haslacher H, Winker R. High intensity endurance training is associated with better quality of life, but not with improved cognitive functions in elderly marathon runners. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4629. [PMID: 30874592 PMCID: PMC6420638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of cognitive functions in advanced age leads to a reduced quality of life and impaired ability to perform everyday tasks. The positive impact of physical exercise on the quality of life and well-being, also at a later age, is well established. However, the effect of endurance exercises, including long distance running and cycling, on cognitive function and mental health within the elderly population has still to be elucidated. To this end, elderly active marathoners (N = 50) aged over 60 years and non-athlete controls (N = 49) were followed for four years. Cognitive function was assessed using the CERAD test battery. In addition, the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was applied to assess self-reported physical, mental, and emotional health. Except for age, sex and education-corrected z-values of the test “Word list recall”, with marathon runners showing a decline compared to an improvement in controls (p < 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in time trend between groups. In contrast, concerning self-reported health, scores in all eight domains of the SF-36 remained stable over time and, in nearly all of them, marathon runners showed higher self-reported health than controls. The results indicated that extensive endurance exercise is associated with improved subjective health but does not lead to better scores in cognitive performance tests in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Batmyagmar
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kundi
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - I Lukas
- Health and Prevention Centre, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Lehrner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - R Winker
- Health and Prevention Centre, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
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203
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Liu W, Kuang H, Xia Y, Pope ZC, Wang Z, Tang C, Yin D. Regular aerobic exercise-ameliorated troponin I carbonylation to mitigate aged rat soleus muscle functional recession. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:715-728. [PMID: 30820991 DOI: 10.1113/ep087564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the biological role of carbonylation in muscle age-related functional decline and how might exercise affect the carbonylation process differently compared to habitual sedentary behaviour? What is the main finding and its importance? The carbonylation of troponin I (TNNI1), tropomyosin α-1 chain and α-actinin-1 demonstrated a relationship with muscle age-related functional decline. Exercise attenuated the decline by slowing the rate of carbonylation and promoting antioxidant reactions within the muscle. As exercise demonstrated the greatest effect on TNNI1, quantification of protein carbonyls in TNNI1 may be used as a potential biomarker of muscle age-related functional decline. ABSTRACT This study investigated the biological role of carbonylation in muscle age-related functional decline and how regular aerobic exercise may affect the carbonylation process differently from habitual sedentary behaviour. Twenty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (mean age: 23 months) were randomly divided into an old-aged sedentary control group (O-SED) and an old-aged aerobic exercise group (O-EX). The O-EX group participated in regular aerobic exercise - treadmill running - with exercise intensity increased gradually from 50-55% to 65-70% of maximum oxygen consumption ( V ̇ O 2 max ) over 10 weeks. Rats' body weight, exercise behaviour index, morphology and oxidative stress were monitored. Avidin magnetic beads and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used for gathering and separating carbonylated proteins while western blot tested for molecular targets. O-SED and O-EX rats both had 19 oxidative modification sites for protein carbonylation. In the O-SED group, 16 specific carbonylated proteins were identified, while 16 additional specific species were also found in the O-EX group, with all 28 species demonstrating oxidative modifications. The carbonylated proteins included troponin I (TNNI1; slow skeletal muscle), tropomyosin α1 and α-actinin 1. In particular, TNNI1 carbonylation modifications were found only in sedentary rats. Aerobic exercise increased TNNI1 and Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα expression significantly. Observations suggested that quantification of TNNI1 carbonylation may be a potential biomarker of muscle age-related functional decline. Importantly, regular aerobic exercise appeared to have antioxidant effects in the muscle that reduced TNNI1 slow carbonylation and promoted Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CAMK2) and TNNI1 expression for skeletal muscle contraction regulation, thus attenuating possible age-related skeletal muscle functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410012, China.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Heyu Kuang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410012, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410012, China
| | - Zachary C Pope
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410012, China
| | - Changfa Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410012, China
| | - Dazhong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410012, China.,Qingyuan People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511500, China
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204
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Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Emanuele E, Pareja-Galeano H, Lucia A. Supplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2983-3008. [PMID: 30604177 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several supplements are purported to promote muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in healthy subjects, or to prevent muscle wasting in atrophying situations (e.g., ageing or disuse periods). However, their effectiveness remains unclear. METHODS This review summarizes the available evidence on the beneficial impacts of several popular supplements on muscle mass or strength. RESULTS Among the supplements tested, nitrate and caffeine returned sufficient evidence supporting their acute beneficial effects on muscle strength, whereas the long-term consumption of creatine, protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids seems to consistently increase or preserve muscle mass and strength (evidence level A). On the other hand, mixed or unclear evidence was found for several popular supplements including branched-chain amino acids, adenosine triphosphate, citrulline, β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, minerals, most vitamins, phosphatidic acid or arginine (evidence level B), weak or scarce evidence was found for conjugated linoleic acid, glutamine, resveratrol, tribulus terrestris or ursolic acid (evidence level C), and no evidence was found for other supplements such as ornithine or α-ketoglutarate (evidence D). Of note, although most supplements appear to be safe when consumed at typical doses, some adverse events have been reported for some of them (e.g., caffeine, vitamins, α-ketoglutarate, tribulus terrestris, arginine) after large intakes, and there is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of many frequently used supplements (e.g., ornithine, conjugated linoleic acid, ursolic acid). CONCLUSION In summary, despite their popularity, there is little evidence supporting the use of most supplements, and some of them have been even proven ineffective or potentially associated with adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain.,Physiology Unit. Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier S Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain. .,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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205
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Gu YH, Bai JB, Chen XL, Wu WW, Liu XX, Tan XD. Healthy aging: A bibliometric analysis of the literature. Exp Gerontol 2018; 116:93-105. [PMID: 30590123 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to dramatic growth of the aging population worldwide, there has been an urgent call for a public health strategy to manage healthy aging, with the ultimate goal being advancement of aging research. Considerable progress has been made in uncovering the mystery of aging process using multidisciplinary methods. There is a growing consensus in the field that aging traits which were originally thought to be disparate are likely to be interconnected. Thus, emerging research is needed to incorporate current findings of aging by building multiscale network models. This study reported the network of healthy aging research using bibliometric approaches. Based on the results, aging of the brain and muscle is a primary research focus which is a critical part of the multiscale network regulating the aging process. Among aging-associated diseases, Alzheimer's disease and frailty are among the main research focuses, and emerging work has focused on developing diagnostic tools for these diseases. For research on anti-aging interventions, calorie restriction, physical activity, and anti-aging pharmacology are the main interventions, of which the underlying mechanisms have been comprehensively studied in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hua Gu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 115, Dong Hu Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Jin-Bing Bai
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Xiao-Li Chen
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 115, Dong Hu Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wen-Wen Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 115, Dong Hu Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 115, Dong Hu Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Tan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 115, Dong Hu Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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206
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Riuzzi F, Sorci G, Arcuri C, Giambanco I, Bellezza I, Minelli A, Donato R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia: the S100B perspective. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:1255-1268. [PMID: 30499235 PMCID: PMC6351675 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sarcopenia is a condition of reduced skeletal muscle mass and strength, reduced agility, and increased fatigability and risk of bone fractures characteristic of aged, otherwise healthy people. The pathogenesis of primary sarcopenia is not completely understood. Herein, we review the essentials of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of skeletal mass maintenance; the alterations of myofiber metabolism and deranged properties of muscle satellite cells (the adult stem cells of skeletal muscles) that underpin the pathophysiology of primary sarcopenia; the role of the Ca2+ -sensor protein, S100B, as an intracellular factor and an extracellular signal regulating cell functions; and the functional role of S100B in muscle tissue. Lastly, building on recent results pointing to S100B as to a molecular determinant of myoblast-brown adipocyte transition, we propose S100B as a transducer of the deleterious effects of accumulation of reactive oxygen species in myoblasts and, potentially, myofibers concurring to the pathophysiology of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Alba Minelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology.,Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
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207
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Carroll JE, Van Dyk K, Bower JE, Scuric Z, Petersen L, Schiestl R, Irwin MR, Ganz PA. Cognitive performance in survivors of breast cancer and markers of biological aging. Cancer 2018; 125:298-306. [PMID: 30474160 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological aging pathways accelerated by cancer treatments may be a mechanism for cognitive impairment in cancer survivors. The goal of the current study was to examine whether indicators of biological aging, namely elevated levels of DNA damage, reduced telomerase enzymatic activity, and shorter peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) telomere length (TL) would be related to cognitive function in a cohort of survivors of breast cancer. METHODS The authors evaluated a cross-sectional sample of 94 women aged 36 to 69 years who were treated for early-stage breast cancer 3 to 6 years previously. Leukocyte DNA damage, PBMC telomerase enzymatic activity, PBMC TL, and the inflammatory marker soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNF-RII) were determined from blood samples. Cognitive function was assessed using a neuropsychological test battery and self-report. Linear regression models examined the relationship between biological aging predictors and cognitive outcomes. RESULTS Both higher DNA damage and lower telomerase were found to be statistically significantly related to lower executive function scores adjusting for age, body mass index, race, years from treatment, and intelligence score (standardized coefficients [B], -0.23 and 0.30; all P values <.05). In addition, lower telomerase activity was associated with worse attention and motor speed scores (B values, 0.30 and 0.24; P <.05). sTNF-RII and TL were found to be unrelated to any of the neurocognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest a significant association between measures of biological aging and objective measures of cognitive performance in survivors of breast cancer. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm a causal role of biological aging as a driver of declines in cognitive function after cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kathleen Van Dyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julienne E Bower
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zorica Scuric
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Environmental Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,University of California at Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura Petersen
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert Schiestl
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Environmental Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,University of California at Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patricia A Ganz
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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208
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Belviranlı M, Okudan N. Exercise training increases cardiac, hepatic and circulating levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and irisin in young and aged rats. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 36:hmbci-2018-0053. [PMID: 30367793 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background The objective of study was to examine the impacts of exercise training on cardiac, hepatic and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin levels in young and aged rats. Materials and methods Four-month-old (young) and 20-month-old (aged) female rats performed exercise training consisting of voluntary wheel running for 12 weeks. BDNF and irisin levels were analyzed in the heart, liver and plasma samples by using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results Cardiac, hepatic and plasma BDNF levels were lower in the aged sedentary rats, than in the young exercised and aged exercised rats (p < 0.05). Heart, liver and plasma irisin concentrations were lower in the aged sedentary group than in the young sedentary, young exercised and aged exercised groups (p < 0.05) and regular exercise increased irisin levels in all the analyzed tissues when compared to the sedentary counterparts (p < 0.05). Conclusions The current results show that regular exercise improves aging-induced decrease in the cardiac, hepatic and plasma BNDF and irisin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaz Belviranlı
- Selçuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya 42030, Turkey, Phone: 90 332 224 47 31, Fax: 90 332 224 48 08
| | - Nilsel Okudan
- Selçuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
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209
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Higueras-Fresnillo S, Cabanas-Sánchez V, Lopez-Garcia E, Esteban-Cornejo I, Banegas JR, Sadarangani KP, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Martinez-Gomez D. Physical Activity and Association Between Frailty and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Older Adults: Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018; 66:2097-2103. [DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Higueras-Fresnillo
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement; Autonomous University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Verónica Cabanas-Sánchez
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement; Autonomous University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Esther Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine; Autonomous University of Madrid / Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health; Madrid Spain
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
- “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - José R. Banegas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine; Autonomous University of Madrid / Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health; Madrid Spain
| | - Kabir P. Sadarangani
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences; Universidad San Sebastián; Santiago Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Odontología; Universidad Diego Portales; Santiago Chile
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine; Autonomous University of Madrid / Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health; Madrid Spain
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Madrid Spain
| | - David Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement; Autonomous University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Madrid Spain
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210
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Physical activity attenuates the impact of poor physical, mental, and social health on total and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: a population-based prospective cohort study. Qual Life Res 2018; 27:3293-3302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-018-1974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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211
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Chalfont G, Milligan C, Simpson J. A mixed methods systematic review of multimodal non-pharmacological interventions to improve cognition for people with dementia. DEMENTIA 2018; 19:1086-1130. [PMID: 30193536 PMCID: PMC7180318 DOI: 10.1177/1471301218795289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective Multimodal non-pharmacological interventions have been argued to
have the potential to complement current pharmacological
approaches to improving quality of life for people living with
dementia. The aim of this review was to identify, synthesise and
appraise the evidence for the effectiveness of multimodal
non-pharmacological interventions for improving cognitive
function specifically. Method After a comprehensive search strategy including grey literature, 26
studies were reviewed. The inclusion criteria concerned adults
with a primary diagnosis of dementia. Studies used two or more
different modes of intervention, and measured a cognitive
outcome. Due to differences in the conceptualisations of the
term ‘multimodal’, a typology of modes and methods was developed
to facilitate classification of candidate studies. Results Twenty-one group studies and five case studies were found. Group
studies used two or three modes of intervention and multiple
methods to implement them. Interventions utilised were
cognitive, physical, psychological and psychosocial, nutrition,
fasting, gut health, sleep hygiene, stress reduction,
detoxification, hormonal health and oxygen therapy. Five
individual case studies were found in two separate papers. Each
personalised patient treatment utilised in-depth assessments and
prescribed up to nine different modes. In 19 (90%) of the 21
group comparisons, participants were reported to have cognitive
improvements, stability with their dementia or a delay in their
decline. The extent of these improvements in terms of meaningful
clinical change was variable. Conclusion Multimodal non-pharmacological interventions have the potential to
complement singular therapeutic approaches by addressing
multiple modifiable risk factors currently understood to
contribute towards cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garuth Chalfont
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Christine Milligan
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jane Simpson
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength or physical function) is increasing in adults aged 65 years and older. A major subset of adults over the age of 65 is now classified as having sarcopenic obesity, a high-risk geriatric syndrome predominantly observed in an ageing population that is at risk of synergistic complications from both sarcopenia and obesity. This Review discusses pathways and mechanisms leading to muscle impairment in older adults with obesity. We explore sex-specific hormonal changes, inflammatory pathways and myocellular mechanisms leading to the development of sarcopenic obesity. We discuss the evolution, controversies and challenges in defining sarcopenic obesity and present current body composition modalities used to assess this condition. Epidemiological surveys form the basis of defining its prevalence and consequences beyond comorbidity and mortality. Current treatment strategies, and the evidence supporting them, are outlined, with a focus on calorie restriction, protein supplementation and aerobic and resistance exercises. We also describe weight loss-induced complications in patients with sarcopenic obesity that are relevant to clinical management. Finally, we review novel and potential future therapies including testosterone, selective androgen receptor modulators, myostatin inhibitors, ghrelin analogues, vitamin K and mesenchymal stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Batsis
- Sections of General Internal Medicine and Weight and Wellness, and the Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, The Health Promotion Research Center and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Dennis T Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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213
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López-Lluch G, Hernández-Camacho JD, Fernández-Ayala DJM, Navas P. Mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolism and ageing: shared mechanisms and outcomes? Biogerontology 2018; 19:461-480. [PMID: 30143941 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key in the metabolism of aerobic organisms and in ageing progression and age-related diseases. Mitochondria are essential for obtaining ATP from glucose and fatty acids but also in many other essential functions in cells including aminoacids metabolism, pyridine synthesis, phospholipid modifications and calcium regulation. On the other hand, the activity of mitochondria is also the principal source of reactive oxygen species in cells. Ageing and chronic age-related diseases are associated with the deregulation of cell metabolism and dysfunction of mitochondria. Cell metabolism is controlled by three major nutritional sensors: mTOR, AMPK and Sirtuins. These factors control mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics by regulating fusion, fission and turnover through mito- and autophagy. A complex interaction between the activity of these nutritional sensors, mitochondrial biogenesis rate and dynamics exists and affect ageing, age-related diseases including metabolic disease. Further, mitochondria maintain a constant communication with nucleus modulating gene expression and modifying epigenetics. In this review we highlight the importance of mitochondria in ageing and the repercussion in the progression of age-related diseases and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo López-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Juan Diego Hernández-Camacho
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel J Moreno Fernández-Ayala
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
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Ji N, Luan J, Hu F, Zhao Y, Lv B, Wang W, Xia M, Zhao X, Lao K. Aerobic exercise-stimulated Klotho upregulation extends life span by attenuating the excess production of reactive oxygen species in the brain and kidney. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3511-3517. [PMID: 30233703 PMCID: PMC6143843 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise induces many adaptive changes in the whole body and improves metabolic characteristics. Klotho, an anti-aging gene, is mainly expressed in the brain and kidney. The roles of Klotho in the brain and kidney during aerobic exercise remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to determine whether aerobic exercise could influence the expression of Klotho, decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prolong life span. Sprague Dawley rats were exercised on a motor treadmill. Klotho mRNA and protein expression levels in rat brain and kidney tissues were examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. ROS production was detected following intermittent aerobic exercise (IAE) or continuous aerobic exercise (CAE). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis demonstrated that aerobic exercise significantly improved rat survival (P<0.001). The ROS levels in rat brain and kidney tissues were decreased in the aerobic exercise groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). In addition, Klotho mRNA and protein expression levels were increased significantly following aerobic exercise compared with controls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the IAE and CAE groups in any experiments (P>0.05). These results suggest that aerobic exercise-stimulated Klotho upregulation extends the life span by attenuating the excess production of ROS in the brain and kidney. As Klotho exhibits a potential anti-aging effect, promoting Klotho expression through aerobic exercise may be a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naichun Ji
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Luan
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China.,Institute of Holistic Integrated Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Fengrui Hu
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China.,Institute of Holistic Integrated Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Yirong Zhao
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Bosen Lv
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Meng Xia
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Kejing Lao
- Department of Physical Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
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Chaudhari SN, Kipreos ET. The Energy Maintenance Theory of Aging: Maintaining Energy Metabolism to Allow Longevity. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800005. [PMID: 29901833 PMCID: PMC6314662 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fused, elongated mitochondria are more efficient in generating ATP than fragmented mitochondria. In diverse C. elegans longevity pathways, increased levels of fused mitochondria are associated with lifespan extension. Blocking mitochondrial fusion in these animals abolishes their extended longevity. The long-lived C. elegans vhl-1 mutant is an exception that does not have increased fused mitochondria, and is not dependent on fusion for longevity. Loss of mammalian VHL upregulates alternate energy generating pathways. This suggests that mitochondrial fusion facilitates longevity in C. elegans by increasing energy metabolism. In diverse animals, ATP levels broadly decreases with age. Substantial evidence supports the theory that increasing or maintaining energy metabolism promotes the survival of older animals. Increased ATP levels in older animals allow energy-intensive repair and homeostatic mechanisms such as proteostasis that act to prevent cellular aging. These observations support the emerging paradigm that maintaining energy metabolism promotes the survival of older animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N. Chaudhari
- Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602
- Present address: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115
| | - Edward T. Kipreos
- Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602
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216
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Notarius CF, Boushel RC, MacDonald MJ, Shoemaker JK. Horizon meeting on cardiovascular physiology: Dedicated to Dr. Mike Sharratt. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:865-868. [PMID: 29969568 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This perspective document summarizes discussions held at the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Annual Meeting in Winnipeg on October 27, 2017, when an expert panel was assembled to discuss the key questions and challenges for future research in cardiovascular exercise physiology. We were inspired by the example of the late Dr. Mike Sharratt, an accomplished and impactful Professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Waterloo. Dr. Sharratt had a unique ability to bring experts together and translate theory into action, with a central goal of optimizing the health benefits of exercise, particularly in the fields of cardiac rehabilitation and aging (University of Waterloo Applied Health Science Department 2016; University of Waterloo Health Science Newsletter, 10-1-2017 ( http://uwaterloo.ca/applied-health-sciences/news/remembering-mike-sharratt )).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Notarius
- a University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Robert C Boushel
- b School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Maureen J MacDonald
- c Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- d School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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217
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Irwin MH, Kanara I, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Vavvas DG, Kodukula K. A New Approach to Treating Neurodegenerative Otologic Disorders. Biores Open Access 2018; 7:107-115. [PMID: 30069423 PMCID: PMC6069589 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2018.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss, the most common neurological disorder and the fourth leading cause of years lived with disability, can have profound effects on quality of life. The impact of this "invisible disability," with significant consequences, economic and personal, is most substantial in low- and middle-income countries, where >80% of affected people live. Given the importance of hearing for communication, enjoyment, and safety, with up to 500 million affected globally at a cost of nearly $800 billion/year, research on new approaches toward prevention and treatment is attracting increased attention. The consequences of noise pollution are largely preventable, but irreversible hearing loss can result from aging, disease, or drug side effects. Once damage occurs, treatment relies on hearing aids and cochlear implants. Preventing, delaying, or reducing some degree of hearing loss may be possible by avoiding excessive noise and addressing major contributory factors such as cardiovascular risk. However, given the magnitude of the problem, these interventions alone are unlikely to be sufficient. Recent advances in understanding principal mechanisms that govern hearing function, together with new drug discovery paradigms designed to identify efficacious therapies, bode well for pharmaceutical intervention. This review surveys various causes of loss of auditory function and discusses potential neurological underpinnings, including mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria mitigate cell protection, survival, and function and may succumb to cumulative degradation of energy production and performance; the end result is cell death. Energy-demanding neurons and vestibulocochlear hair cells are vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction, and hearing impairment and deafness are characteristic of neurodegenerative mitochondrial disease phenotypes. Beyond acting as cellular powerhouses, mitochondria regulate immune responses to infections, and studies of this phenomenon have aided in identifying nuclear factor kappa B and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element signaling as targets for discovery of otologic drugs, respectively, suppressing or upregulating these pathways. Treatment with free radical scavenging antioxidants is one therapeutic approach, with lipoic acid and corresponding carnitine esters exhibiting improved biodistribution and other features showing promise. These compounds are also histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, adding epigenetic modulation to the mechanistic milieu through which they act. These data suggest that new drugs targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating epigenetic pathways via HDAC inhibition or other mechanisms hold great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas V. Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis P. Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David N. Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, Office for Science & Society, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael H. Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Whitney R. Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krishna Kodukula
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
- Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, Virginia
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218
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Swimming Exercise and Transient Food Deprivation in Caenorhabditis elegans Promote Mitochondrial Maintenance and Protect Against Chemical-Induced Mitotoxicity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8359. [PMID: 29844465 PMCID: PMC5974391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and caloric restriction improve health, including reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and cancer. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these protections are poorly understood, partly due to the cost and time investment of mammalian long-term diet and exercise intervention studies. We subjected Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes to a 6-day, twice daily swimming exercise regimen, during which time the animals also experienced brief, transient food deprivation. Accordingly, we included a non-exercise group with the same transient food deprivation, a non-exercise control with ad libitum access to food, and a group that exercised in food-containing medium. Following these regimens, we assessed mitochondrial health and sensitivity to mitochondrial toxicants. Exercise protected against age-related decline in mitochondrial morphology in body-wall muscle. Food deprivation increased organismal basal respiration; however, exercise was the sole intervention that increased spare respiratory capacity and proton leak. We observed increased lifespan in exercised animals compared to both control and transiently food-deprived nematodes. Finally, exercised animals (and to a lesser extent, transiently food-deprived animals) were markedly protected against lethality from acute exposures to the mitotoxicants rotenone and arsenic. Thus, swimming exercise and brief food deprivation provide effective intervention in C. elegans, protecting from age-associated mitochondrial decline and providing resistance to mitotoxicant exposures.
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219
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Rebelo-Marques A, De Sousa Lages A, Andrade R, Ribeiro CF, Mota-Pinto A, Carrilho F, Espregueira-Mendes J. Aging Hallmarks: The Benefits of Physical Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:258. [PMID: 29887832 PMCID: PMC5980968 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
World population has been continuously increasing and progressively aging. Aging is characterized by a complex and intraindividual process associated with nine major cellular and molecular hallmarks, namely, genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, a loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. This review exposes the positive antiaging impact of physical exercise at the cellular level, highlighting its specific role in attenuating the aging effects of each hallmark. Exercise should be seen as a polypill, which improves the health-related quality of life and functional capabilities while mitigating physiological changes and comorbidities associated with aging. To achieve a framework of effective physical exercise interventions on aging, further research on its benefits and the most effective strategies is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Rebelo-Marques
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
- Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana De Sousa Lages
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renato Andrade
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
- Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Francisco Carrilho
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Espregueira-Mendes
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
- Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
- 3B’s Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
- Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Minho, Portugal
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The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of ROS: New Insights on Aging and Aging-Related Diseases from Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Model Organisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1941285. [PMID: 29743972 PMCID: PMC5878877 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1941285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the accumulation of cellular damage over the course of a lifetime. This process is promoted in large part by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via cellular metabolic and respiratory pathways. Pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and genetic interventions have been used to target cellular and mitochondrial networks in an effort to decipher aging and age-related disorders. While ROS historically have been viewed as a detrimental byproduct of normal metabolism and associated with several pathologies, recent research has revealed a more complex and beneficial role of ROS in regulating metabolism, development, and lifespan. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in ROS research, focusing on both the beneficial and harmful roles of ROS, many of which are conserved across species from bacteria to humans, in various aspects of cellular physiology. These studies provide a new context for our understanding of the parts ROS play in health and disease. Moreover, we highlight the utility of bacterial models to elucidate the molecular pathways by which ROS mediate aging and aging-related diseases.
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221
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Faye C, McGowan JC, Denny CA, David DJ. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Stress Resilience and Implications for the Aged Population. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:234-270. [PMID: 28820053 PMCID: PMC5843978 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170818095105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is a common reaction to an environmental adversity, but a dysregulation of the stress response can lead to psychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders. Yet, not all individuals exposed to stress will develop psychiatric disorders; those with enhanced stress resilience mechanisms have the ability to adapt successfully to stress without developing persistent psychopathology. Notably, the potential to enhance stress resilience in at-risk populations may prevent the onset of stress-induced psychiatric disorders. This novel idea has prompted a number of studies probing the mechanisms of stress resilience and how it can be manipulated. METHODS Here, we review the neurobiological factors underlying stress resilience, with particular focus on the serotoninergic (5-HT), glutamatergic, and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems, as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) in rodents and in humans. Finally, we discuss stress resiliency in the context of aging, as the likelihood of mood disorders increases in older adults. RESULTS Interestingly, increased resiliency has been shown to slow aging and improved overall health and quality of life. Research in the neurobiology of stress resilience, particularly throughout the aging process, is a nascent, yet, burgeoning field. CONCLUSION Overall, we consider the possible methods that may be used to induce resilient phenotypes, prophylactically in at-risk populations, such as in military personnel or in older MDD patients. Research in the mechanisms of stress resilience may not only elucidate novel targets for antidepressant treatments, but also provide novel insight about how to prevent these debilitating disorders from developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Faye
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Josephine C. McGowan
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine A. Denny
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis J. David
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Martinez-Gomez D, Bandinelli S, Del-Panta V, Talluri E, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. Three-Year Changes in Physical Activity and Subsequent Loss of Ability to Walk 400 m in Older Adults: The InCHIANTI Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 97:212-215. [PMID: 29470229 PMCID: PMC5826608 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations of maintaining or increasing physical activity (PA) for a 3-yr follow-up with subsequent incident inability to complete the 400-m walk test (i.e., mobility disability) for 6 yrs of follow-up in older adults. This study included 421 participants 65 yrs and older. The 400-m walk test was assessed at baseline and at 3-, 6-, and 9-yr follow-up. Physical activity was self-reported through a 6-point rating scale at baseline and 3-yr follow-up. Three-year cumulative PA (i.e., average at baseline and at 3-yr follow-up) and its changes (i.e., from baseline to 3-yr follow-up) were linked to subsequent incidence of mobility disability for 6 yrs of follow-up (i.e., from 3- to 9-yr follow-up), after adjustment for potential covariates. After the 3-yr period, incidence of mobility disability for the subsequent 6 yrs of follow-up occurred in 129 participants. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of incident mobility disability associated with 1-category increase in cumulative PA was 0.63 (0.41-0.97, P = 0.036). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of incident mobility disability associated with 1-category increase in changes in PA was 0.56 (0.38-0.84, P = 0.005). Hence, maintaining or increasing PA levels is associated with a reduced risk of mobility disability among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University Autonomous of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vieri Del-Panta
- Geriatric Unit, Local Health Tuscany Center, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Jack M. Guralnik
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Gill JF, Santos G, Schnyder S, Handschin C. PGC-1α affects aging-related changes in muscle and motor function by modulating specific exercise-mediated changes in old mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17. [PMID: 29067788 PMCID: PMC5770876 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The age-related impairment in muscle function results in a drastic decline in motor coordination and mobility in elderly individuals. Regular physical activity is the only efficient intervention to prevent and treat this age-associated degeneration. However, the mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effect of exercise in this context remain unclear. We assessed whether endurance exercise training in old age is sufficient to affect muscle and motor function. Moreover, as muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a key regulatory hub in endurance exercise adaptation with decreased expression in old muscle, we studied the involvement of PGC-1α in the therapeutic effect of exercise in aging. Intriguingly, PGC-1α muscle-specific knockout and overexpression, respectively, precipitated and alleviated specific aspects of aging-related deterioration of muscle function in old mice, while other muscle dysfunctions remained unchanged upon PGC-1α modulation. Surprisingly, we discovered that muscle PGC-1α was not only involved in improving muscle endurance and mitochondrial remodeling, but also phenocopied endurance exercise training in advanced age by contributing to maintaining balance and motor coordination in old animals. Our data therefore suggest that the benefits of exercise, even when performed at old age, extend beyond skeletal muscle and are at least in part mediated by PGC-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gesa Santos
- Biozentrum; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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224
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Landi F, Calvani R, Picca A, Tosato M, Martone AM, D’Angelo E, Serafini E, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Impact of habitual physical activity and type of exercise on physical performance across ages in community-living people. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191820. [PMID: 29370306 PMCID: PMC5784987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of muscle function into late life protects against various negative health outcomes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of habitual physical activity and exercise types on physical performance across ages in community-living adults. The Longevity check-up 7+ (Lookup 7+) project is an ongoing cross-sectional survey conducted in unconventional settings (e.g., exhibitions, malls, and health promotion campaigns across Italy) that began on June 1st 2015. The project was designed to raise awareness in the general population on major lifestyle behaviors and risk factors for chronic diseases. Candidate participants are eligible for enrolment if they are at least 18 years of age and provide written informed consent. Physical performance is evaluated through the 5-repetition chair stand test. Analyses were conducted in 6,242 community-living adults enrolled between June 1st 2015 and June 30th 2017, after excluding 81 participants for missing values of the variables of interest. The mean age of the 6,242 participants was 54.4 years (standard deviation 15.2, range 18-98 years), and 3552 (57%) were women. The time to complete the chair stand test was similar from 18 to 40-44 years, and declined progressively across subsequent age groups. Overall, the performance on the chair stand test was better in physically active participants, who completed the test with a mean of 0.5 s less than sedentary enrollees (p < .001). After adjusting for potential confounders, a different distribution of physical performance across exercise intensities was observed, with better performance being recorded in participants engaged in more vigorous activities. Our findings suggest that regular physical activity modifies the age-related pattern of decline in physical performance, with greater benefits observed for more intensive activities. Efforts are needed from health authorities and healthcare providers to promote the large-scale adoption of an active lifestyle throughout the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Martone
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela D’Angelo
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Serafini
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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225
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Irwin MH, Kanara I, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Vavvas DG, Kodukula K. Epigenetic Treatment of Neurodegenerative Ophthalmic Disorders: An Eye Toward the Future. Biores Open Access 2017; 6:169-181. [PMID: 29291141 PMCID: PMC5747116 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye disease is one of the primary medical conditions that requires attention and therapeutic intervention in ageing populations worldwide. Further, the global burden of diabetes and obesity, along with heart disease, all lead to secondary manifestations of ophthalmic distress. Therefore, there is increased interest in developing innovative new approaches that target various mechanisms and sequelae driving conditions that result in adverse vision. The research challenge is even greater given that the terrain of eye diseases is difficult to landscape into a single therapeutic theme. This report addresses the burden of eye disease due to mitochondrial dysfunction, including antioxidant, autophagic, epigenetic, mitophagic, and other cellular processes that modulate the biomedical end result. In this light, we single out lipoic acid as a potent known natural activator of these pathways, along with alternative and potentially more effective conjugates, which together harness the necessary potency, specificity, and biodistribution parameters required for improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas V. Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis P. Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David N. Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael H. Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Whitney R. Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krishna Kodukula
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
- Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, Virginia
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226
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Antonicelli R, Spazzafumo L, Scalvini S, Olivieri F, Matassini MV, Parati G, Del Sindaco D, Gallo R, Lattanzio F. Exercise: a "new drug" for elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:860-72. [PMID: 26953895 PMCID: PMC4931840 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) experience progressive deterioration of functional capacity and quality of life (QoL). This prospective, randomized, controlled trial assesses the effect of exercise training (ET) protocol on functional capacity, rehospitalization, and QoL in CHF patients older than 70 years compared with a control group. A total of 343 elderly patients with stable CHF (age, 76.90±5.67, men, 195, 56.9%) were randomized to ET (TCG, n=170) or usual care (UCG, n=173). The ET protocol involved supervised training sessions for 3 months in the hospital followed by home-telemonitored sessions for 3 months. Assessments, performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months, included: ECG, resting echocardiography, NT-proBNP, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, and comprehensive geriatric assessment with the InterRAI-HC instrument. As compared to UCG, ET patients at 6 months showed: i) significantly increased 6MWT distance (450±83 vs. 290±97 m, p<0.001); ii) increased ADL scores (5.00±2.49 vs. 6.94±5.66, p=0.037); iii) 40% reduced risk of rehospitalisation (hazard ratio=0.558, 95%CI, 0.326-0.954, p=0.033); and iv) significantly improved perceived QoL (28.6±12.3 vs. 44.5±12.3, p<0.001). In hospital and home-based telemonitored exercise confer significant benefits on the oldest CHF patients, improving functional capacity and subjective QoL and reducing risk of rehospitalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana Spazzafumo
- Biostatistics Centre, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simonetta Scalvini
- Department of Cardiology, Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Lumezzane (BS), Italy
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Gianfranco Parati
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, S. Luca Hospital, Italian Auxology Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Gallo
- Department of Cardiology, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Cosenza, Italy
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227
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Fuku N, Díaz-Peña R, Arai Y, Abe Y, Zempo H, Naito H, Murakami H, Miyachi M, Spuch C, Serra-Rexach JA, Emanuele E, Hirose N, Lucia A. Epistasis, physical capacity-related genes and exceptional longevity: FNDC5 gene interactions with candidate genes FOXOA3 and APOE. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:803. [PMID: 29143599 PMCID: PMC5688477 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forkhead box O3A (FOXOA3) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) are arguably the strongest gene candidates to influence human exceptional longevity (EL, i.e., being a centenarian), but inconsistency exists among cohorts. Epistasis, defined as the effect of one locus being dependent on the presence of 'modifier genes', may contribute to explain the missing heritability of complex phenotypes such as EL. We assessed the potential association of epistasis among candidate polymorphisms related to physical capacity, as well as antioxidant defense and cardiometabolic traits, and EL in the Japanese population. A total of 1565 individuals were studied, subdivided into 822 middle-aged controls and 743 centenarians. RESULTS We found a FOXOA3 rs2802292 T-allele-dependent association of fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FDNC5) rs16835198 with EL: the frequency of carriers of the FOXOA3 rs2802292 T-allele among individuals with the rs16835198 GG genotype was significantly higher in cases than in controls (P < 0.05). On the other hand, among non-carriers of the APOE 'risk' ε4-allele, the frequency of the FDNC5 rs16835198 G-allele was higher in cases than in controls (48.4% vs. 43.6%, P < 0.05). Among carriers of the 'non-risk' APOE ε2-allele, the frequency of the rs16835198 G-allele was higher in cases than in controls (49% vs. 37.3%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The association of FDNC5 rs16835198 with EL seems to depend on the presence of the FOXOA3 rs2802292 T-allele and we report a novel association between FNDC5 rs16835198 stratified by the presence of the APOE ε2/ε4-allele and EL. More research on 'gene*gene' and 'gene*environment' effects is needed in the field of EL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Roberto Díaz-Peña
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, URV. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Zempo
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Physical Activity Research; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Physical Activity Research; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Neurology Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Centro de investigación biomédica en red del área de salud mental (CIBERSAM), Vigo, Spain
| | - José A Serra-Rexach
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- European University and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
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228
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Abstract
During aging, the mechanisms that normally maintain health and stress resistance strikingly decline, resulting in decrepitude, frailty, and ultimately death. Exactly when and how this decline occurs is unknown. Changes in transcriptional networks and chromatin state lie at the heart of age-dependent decline. These epigenomic changes are not only observed during aging but also profoundly affect cellular function and stress resistance, thereby contributing to the progression of aging. We propose that the dysregulation of transcriptional and chromatin networks is a crucial component of aging. Understanding age-dependent epigenomic changes will yield key insights into how aging begins and progresses and should lead to the development of new therapeutics that delay or even reverse aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Booth
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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229
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Navas-Enamorado I, Bernier M, Brea-Calvo G, de Cabo R. Influence of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on age-related pathways in skeletal muscle. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:39-52. [PMID: 28487241 PMCID: PMC5549001 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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230
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Theodorakopoulos C, Jones J, Bannerman E, Greig CA. Effectiveness of nutritional and exercise interventions to improve body composition and muscle strength or function in sarcopenic obese older adults: A systematic review. Nutr Res 2017; 43:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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231
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Commentary on Some Recent Theses Relevant to Combating Aging: June 2017. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 20:248-253. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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232
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Martinez-Gomez D, Bandinelli S, Del-Panta V, Patel KV, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. Three-Year Changes in Physical Activity and Decline in Physical Performance Over 9 Years of Follow-Up in Older Adults: The Invecchiare in Chianti Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2017; 65:1176-1182. [PMID: 28248412 PMCID: PMC5478441 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the associations between cumulative physical activity (PA) and its changes over 3 years and changes over 9 years of follow-up in physical performance in older adults. DESIGN Longitudinal. SETTING Community-based. PARTICIPANTS Men and women aged 65 and older from the Invecchiare in Chianti study (N = 782). MEASUREMENTS Physical performance was assessed at baseline and at 3-, 6-, and 9-year follow-up using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). PA was assessed through an interviewer-administered questionnaire at baseline and 3-year follow-up. Analyses were adjusted for education, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, cancer, lung disease, lower extremity osteoarthritis, depression, and Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS Over 3 years of follow-up, 27.8% of participants were inactive, 52.2% were minimally active, and 20.0% were active, and the PA of 37.2% decreased, there was no change in PA of 50.1% and the PA of 12.7% increased. After adjustment for potential covariates, being mostly active (-1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1.43 to -0.73) and minimally active (-1.33, 95% CI = -1.53 to -1.12) over 3 years of follow-up was associated with less decline in SPPB score than being mostly inactive (-2.60, 95% CI = -2.92 to -2.27). When analyzing changes, increasing PA (-0.57, 95% CI = -1.01 to -0.12) was associated with less decline in SPPB score over 9 years than decreasing PA (-2.16, 95% CI = -2.42 to -1.89). CONCLUSION Maintaining or increasing PA levels may attenuate age-associated physical performance decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vieri Del-Panta
- Geriatric Unit, Local Health Tuscany Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Kushang V Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jack M Guralnik
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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233
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Clark A, Mach N. The Crosstalk between the Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria during Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28579962 PMCID: PMC5437217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological changes occur in response to endurance exercise in order to adapt to the increasing energy needs, mitochondria biogenesis, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and acute inflammatory responses. Mitochondria are organelles within each cell that are crucial for ATP production and are also a major producer of ROS and reactive nitrogen species during intense exercise. Recent evidence shows there is a bidirectional interaction between mitochondria and microbiota. The gut microbiota have been shown to regulate key transcriptional co-activators, transcription factors and enzymes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis such as PGC-1α, SIRT1, and AMPK genes. Furthermore, the gut microbiota and its metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, also contribute to host energy production, ROS modulation and inflammation in the gut by attenuating TNFα- mediated immune responses and inflammasomes such as NLRP3. On the other hand, mitochondria, particularly mitochondrial ROS production, have a crucial role in regulating the gut microbiota via modulating intestinal barrier function and mucosal immune responses. Recently, it has also been shown that genetic variants within the mitochondrial genome, could affect mitochondrial function and therefore the intestinal microbiota composition and activity. Diet is also known to dramatically modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. Therefore, studies targeting the gut microbiota can be useful for managing mitochondrial related ROS production, pro-inflammatory signals and metabolic limits in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Health Science Department, Open University of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mach
- Health Science Department, Open University of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain.,UMR 1313, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
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235
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Theilen NT, Kunkel GH, Tyagi SC. The Role of Exercise and TFAM in Preventing Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2348-2358. [PMID: 27966783 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is the consequence of protein degradation exceeding protein synthesis. This arises for a multitude of reasons including the unloading of muscle during microgravity, post-surgery bedrest, immobilization of a limb after injury, and overall disuse of the musculature. The development of therapies prior to skeletal muscle atrophy settings to diminish protein degradation is scarce. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and contributes to the induction of protein degradation and cell apoptosis through increased levels of ROS observed with the loss of organelle function. ROS binds mtDNA, leading to its degradation and decreasing functionality. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) will bind and coat mtDNA, protecting it from ROS and degradation while increasing mitochondrial function. Exercise stimulates cell signaling pathways that converge on and increase PGC-1α, a well-known activator of the transcription of TFAM and mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, in the present review we are proposing, separately, exercise and TFAM treatments prior to atrophic settings (muscle unloading or disuse) alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy through enhanced mitochondrial adaptations and function. Additionally, we hypothesize the combination of exercise and TFAM leads to a synergistic effect in targeting mitochondrial function to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2348-2358, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Theilen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - George H Kunkel
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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236
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Physical Exercise as an Effective Antiaging Intervention. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7317609. [PMID: 28607935 PMCID: PMC5457745 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7317609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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237
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Reduced cancer mortality at high altitude: The role of glucose, lipids, iron and physical activity. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:209-216. [PMID: 28344053 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Residency at high altitude (HA) demands adaptation to challenging environmental conditions with hypobaric hypoxia being the most important one. Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that chronic exposure to HA reduces cancer mortality and lowers prevalence of metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity implying that adaption to HA modifies a broad spectrum of physiological, metabolic and cellular programs with a generally beneficial outcome for humans. However, the complexity of multiple, potentially tumor-suppressive pathways at HA impedes the understanding of mechanisms leading to reduced cancer mortality. Many adaptive processes at HA are tightly interconnected and thus it cannot be ruled out that the entirety or at least some of the HA-related alterations act in concert to reduce cancer mortality. In this review we discuss tumor formation as a concept of competition between healthy and cancer cells with improved fitness - and therefore higher competitiveness - of healthy cells at high altitude. We discuss HA-related changes in glucose, lipid and iron metabolism that may have an impact on tumorigenesis. Additionally, we discuss two parameters with a strong impact on tumorigenesis, namely drug metabolism and physical activity, to underpin their potential contribution to HA-dependent reduced cancer mortality. Future studies are needed to unravel why cancer mortality is reduced at HA and how this knowledge might be used to prevent and to treat cancer patients.
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238
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Martinez-Gomez D, Guallar-Castillon P, Garcia-Esquinas E, Bandinelli S, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Physical Activity and the Effect of Multimorbidity on All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:376-382. [PMID: 28160946 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the stratified and joint associations of physical activity (PA) and the number of chronic conditions on long-term all-cause mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used data from a cohort of 3967 individuals representative of the noninstitutionalized population 60 years and older in Spain (2000/2001). Information on self-reported PA (inactive, occasionally, monthly, weekly) and 11 chronic conditions diagnosed by a physician and reported by the study participants were recorded. Associations are summarized using hazard ratios (HRs) and Cox regression, after adjustment for covariates. RESULTS At baseline, 43.2%, 37.5%, 14.4%, and 4.9% of participants had 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more chronic conditions, respectively. Mean follow-up was 8.9 years (median, 10.8 years; range, 0.02-11.28 years), with 1483 deaths. The HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality in participants with 1, 2, and 3 or more chronic conditions compared with those with none were 1.26 (1.05-1.39), 1.78 (1.51-2.09), and 2.27 (1.79-2.86), respectively. Being physically active (ie, doing any PA) was associated with a mortality reduction (95% CI) of 30% (14%-43%), 33% (18%-45%), 35% (16%-50%), and 47% (18%-66%) in participants with 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more chronic conditions, respectively. Compared with those with 0 chronic conditions who were physically active, participants with 2 (HR=2.63; 95% CI, 2.09-3.31) and 3 or more (HR=3.26; 95% CI, 2.42-4.38) chronic conditions who were physically inactive had the highest mortality risk. CONCLUSION Physical activity is associated with a reduction in increased risk of death associated with multimorbidity (ie, coexistence of ≥2 chronic conditions) in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Physical Education, Sport, and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Guallar-Castillon
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Esquinas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
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Wei Z, Chen XC, Song Y, Pan XD, Dai XM, Zhang J, Cui XL, Wu XL, Zhu YG. Amyloid β Protein Aggravates Neuronal Senescence and Cognitive Deficits in 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1835-44. [PMID: 27453234 PMCID: PMC4976573 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.186646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid β (Aβ) has been established as a key factor for the pathological changes in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cellular senescence is closely associated with aging and cognitive impairment. However, it remains blurred whether, in the AD brains, Aβ accelerates the neuronal senescence and whether this senescence, in turn, impairs the cognitive function. This study aimed to explore the expression of senescence-associated genes in the hippocampal tissue from young to aged 5XFAD mice and their age-matched wild type (WT) mice to determine whether senescent neurons are present in the transgenic AD mouse model. METHODS The 5XFAD mice and age-matched wild type mice, both raised from 1 to 18 months, were enrolled in the study. The senescence-associated genes in the hippocampus were analyzed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cognitive performance of the mice was evaluated by Y-maze and Morris water maze tests. Oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) (1-42) was applied to culture primary neurons to simulate the in vivo manifestation. Aging-related proteins were detected by Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence. RESULTS In 5XFAD mice, of all the DEGs, the senescence-associated marker p16 was most significantly increased, even at the early age. It was mainly localized in neurons, with a marginal expression in astrocytes (labeled as glutamine synthetase), nil expression in activated microglia (labeled as Iba1), and negatively correlated with the spatial cognitive impairments of 5XFAD mice. oAβ (1-42) induced the production of senescence-related protein p16, but not p53 in vitro, which was in line with the in vivo manifestation. CONCLUSIONS oAβ-accelerated neuronal senescence may be associated with the cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. Senescence-associated marker p16 can serve as an indicator to estimate the cognitive prognosis for AD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wei
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Yue Song
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiao-Man Dai
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiao-Li Cui
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xi-Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Yuan-Gui Zhu
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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241
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Danese E, Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Brocco G, Rizzo M, Banach M, Montagnana M. Physical Exercise and DNA Injury: Good or Evil? Adv Clin Chem 2017. [PMID: 28629589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Regular, low-intensity physical activity is currently advocated for lowering the risk of developing many acute and especially chronic diseases. However, several lines of evidence attest that strenuous exercise may enhance inflammation and trigger the generation of free radical-mediated damage, thus overwhelming the undisputable benefits of regular, medium-intensity physical activity. Since reactive oxygen species are actively generated during high-intensity exercise, and these reactive compounds are known to impact DNA stability, we review here the current evidence about strenuous exercise and DNA injury. Despite the outcome of the various studies cannot be pooled due to considerable variation in design, sample population, outcome, and analytical techniques used to assess DNA damage, it seems reasonable to conclude that medium- to high-volume exercise triggers a certain amount of DNA injury, which appears to be transitory and directly proportional to exercise intensity. This damage, reasonably attributable to direct effect of free radicals on nucleic acids, is efficiently repaired in vivo within 24-72h. Therefore, physical exercise should not bear long-term consequences for athlete's health provided that an appropriate time of recovery between volumes of high-intensity exercise is set. Regular exertion, with a step-by-step increase of exercise load, also seems to be the most safe approach for eluding DNA instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Giorgio Brocco
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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242
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Liberman K, Forti LN, Beyer I, Bautmans I. The effects of exercise on muscle strength, body composition, physical functioning and the inflammatory profile of older adults: a systematic review. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20:30-53. [PMID: 27755209 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on muscle strength, body composition, physical functioning and inflammation in older adults. All articles were assessed for methodological quality and where possible effect size was calculated. RECENT FINDINGS Thirty-four articles were included - four involving frail, 24 healthy and five older adults with a specific disease. One reported on both frail and nonfrail patients. Several types of exercise were used: resistance training, aerobic training, combined resistance training and aerobic training and others. In frail older persons, moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation, muscle strength and physical functioning. In healthy older persons, effects of resistance training (most frequently investigated) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities (intensity and rest interval between sets). Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure, with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied. Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases. SUMMARY Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength, body composition, physical functioning and inflammation in older adults. Future studies should focus on the influence of specific exercise modalities and target the frail population more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliane Liberman
- aFrailty in Ageing Research Unit bGerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel cGeriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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243
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Fuku N, Alis R, Yvert T, Zempo H, Naito H, Abe Y, Arai Y, Murakami H, Miyachi M, Pareja-Galeano H, Emanuele E, Hirose N, Lucia A. Muscle-Related Polymorphisms (MSTN rs1805086 and ACTN3 rs1815739) Are Not Associated with Exceptional Longevity in Japanese Centenarians. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166605. [PMID: 27861536 PMCID: PMC5115755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) genes are potentially associated with preservation of muscle mass and oxidative capacity, respectively. To explore the possible role of these genes in exceptional longevity (EL), the allele/genotype frequency distribution of two polymorphisms in MSTN (rs1805086, K153R) and ACTN3 (rs1815739, R577X) was studied in Japanese centenarians of both sexes (n = 742) and healthy controls (n = 814). The rs1805086 R-allele (theoretically associated with muscle mass preservation at the expense of oxidative capacity) was virtually absent in the two groups, where genotype distributions were virtually identical. Likewise, no differences in allele (p = 0.838 (women); p = 0.193 (men); p = 0.587 (both sexes)) or genotype distribution were found between groups for ACTN3 rs1815739 (p = 0.975 (women), p = 0.136 (men), p = 0.752 (both sexes)). Of note, however, the frequency of the rs1805086 R-allele observed here is the lowest been reported to date whereas that of the ‘highly oxidative/efficient’ rs1815739 XX genotype in Japanese male centenarians (33.3%) or supercentenarians of both sexes (≥110 years) are the highest (32.6%), for a non-American population. No definite conclusions can be inferred in relation to EL owing to its lack of association with both rs1815739 and rs1805086. However, it cannot be excluded that these gene variants could eventually be related to a “healthy” metabolic phenotype in the Japanese population. Further research might determine if such metabolic profile is among the factors that can potentially predispose these individuals to live longer than Caucasians and what genetic variants might be actually involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rafael Alis
- School of Medicine and Research Institute “Dr. Viña Giner”, Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Yvert
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hirofumi Zempo
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (“i+12”), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (“i+12”), Madrid, Spain
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Soares-Miranda L, Imamura F, Siscovick D, Jenny NS, Fitzpatrick AL, Mozaffarian D. Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Leukocyte Telomere Length: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2525-34. [PMID: 26083773 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) at older ages on changes in telomere length (TL)--repetitive DNA sequences that may mark biologic aging--is not well-established. Few prior studies (mainly cross-sectional) have been conducted in older adults, and few studies have evaluated PF. METHODS We investigated cross-sectional and prospective associations of PA and PF with leukocyte TL among 582 older adults (mean ± SD age, 73 ± 5 yr at baseline) in the Cardiovascular Health Study, with serial TL measures and PA and PF assessed multiple times. Cross-sectional associations were assessed using multivariable repeated-measures regression, in which cumulatively averaged PA and PF measures were related to TL. Longitudinal analyses assessed cumulatively averaged PA and PF against later changes in TL, and changes in cumulatively averaged PA and PF against changes in TL. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, greater walking distance and chair test performance, but not other PA and PF measures, were each associated with longer TL (P trend = 0.007 and 0.04, respectively). In longitudinal analyses, no significant associations of baseline PA and PF with change in TL were observed. In contrast, changes in leisure-time activity and chair test performance were each inversely associated with changes in TL. CONCLUSIONS Cross-sectional analyses suggest that greater PA and PF are associated with longer TL. Prospective analyses show that changes in PA and PF are associated with differences in changes in TL. Even later in life, changes in certain PA and PF measures are associated with changes in TL, suggesting that leisure-time activity and fitness could reduce leukocyte telomere attrition among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Soares-Miranda
- 1Research Center in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, PORTUGAL; 2MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM; 3New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY; 4Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; 5Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT; and 6Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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245
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Santos-Lozano A, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Quindós-Rubial M, Fiuza-Luces C, Cristi-Montero C, Emanuele E, Garatachea N, Lucia A. Physical Activity and Alzheimer Disease: A Protective Association. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91:999-1020. [PMID: 27492909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether being physically active can decrease Alzheimer disease (AD) risk. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective observational cohort studies reporting the association between physical activity (PA) and incident AD. Relevant articles were identified by title and abstract in the electronic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using the keywords Alzheimer, Alzheimer disease, Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's disease, physical activity, sport, exercise, sedentary, fitness, and combinations thereof for articles published in any language up to February 15, 2016. Criteria for consideration included division of the study cohort by PA levels and sample size specification for each PA level group, quantification (number) of persons who had development of AD, and PA assessment during time off work (not just work time). We followed the MOOSE (Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) recommendations and used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for study quality assessment. RESULTS Ten high-quality studies were included in meta-analysis I (23,345 participants). Follow-up ranged from 3.9 to 31 years, and the participants' age ranged from 70 to 80 years. The pooled odds ratio for development of AD in participants who were more vs less physically active was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.56-0.74; P<.001; no publication bias [P=.24] but with heterogeneity among studies [I(2)=31.32%]). We could identify participants' adherence to international PA recommendations in 5 studies, which constituted meta-analysis II (10,615 participants). The pooled odds ratio for development of AD in participants who were active vs those who were inactive was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.51-0.71; P<.001; no publication bias [P=.34] and no heterogeneity [I(2)=5.63%]). CONCLUSION Although the limitations of self-reported PA data must be considered, regular PA performed by elderly people might play a certain protective role against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; GIDFYS, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Quindós-Rubial
- Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, and Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Nuria Garatachea
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain, and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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246
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Miller KR, McClave SA, Jampolis MB, Hurt RT, Krueger K, Landes S, Collier B. The Health Benefits of Exercise and Physical Activity. Curr Nutr Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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247
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Bai L, Shi G, Yang Y, Chen W, Zhang L. Anti-Aging Effect of Siraitia grosuenorii by Enhancement of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:803-15. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-aging has always been a popular topic, and there are many claims about the existence of factors that can slow, stop, or even reverse the aging process. Siraitia grosuenorii, a local fruit in china, has been used for the treatment of gastritis, sore throats, and whooping cough in traditional Chinese medicine. The individuals who took the juice of Siraitia grosuenorii regularly had increased longevity in the Guangxi Province, which is located in the Southern part of China. In this paper, we fed mice with Siraitia grosuenorii for 10 months to identify the role of Siraitia grosuenorii in anti-aging and to investigate its corresponding mechanism. The results showed that mice fed with Siraitia grosuenorii displayed a slower aging process. The extension of the aging process was due to the enhanced function of HSCs. FACS analysis showed that the number of LSKs, LT-HSCs, ST-HSCs and MPPs from Siraitia grosuenorii mice was decreased. In vitro, a clonigenic assay showed that LT-HSCs from Siraitia grosuenorii mice increased the ability of self-renewal. Moreover, Siraitia grosuenorii mice maintained the quiescence of LSKs, decreased the level of ROS and reduced the amount of senescence associated β-gal positive cells. Furthermore, Siraitia grosuenorii mice decreased the expression of senescence-associated proteins. Siraitia grosuenorii maintained quiescence, decreased senescence and enhanced the function of HSCs, slowing the aging process of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Guiying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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248
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Pérez LM, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Emanuele E, Lucia A, Gálvez BG. 'Adipaging': ageing and obesity share biological hallmarks related to a dysfunctional adipose tissue. J Physiol 2016; 594:3187-207. [PMID: 26926488 DOI: 10.1113/jp271691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing ageing of our societies is accompanied by a pandemic of obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. Progressive dysfunction of the white adipose tissue is increasingly recognized as an important hallmark of the ageing process, which in turn contributes to metabolic alterations, multi-organ damage and a systemic pro-inflammatory state ('inflammageing'). On the other hand, obesity, the paradigm of adipose tissue dysfunction, shares numerous biological similarities with the normal ageing process such as chronic inflammation and multi-system alterations. Accordingly, understanding the interplay between accelerated ageing related to obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction is critical to gain insight into the ageing process in general as well as into the pathophysiology of obesity and other related conditions. Here we postulate the concept of 'adipaging' to illustrate the common links between ageing and obesity and the fact that, to a great extent, obese adults are prematurely aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain
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