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Notz Q, Schmalzing M, Wedekink F, Schlesinger T, Gernert M, Herrmann J, Sorger L, Weismann D, Schmid B, Sitter M, Schlegel N, Kranke P, Wischhusen J, Meybohm P, Lotz C. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Responses in Severe COVID-19-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-An Observational Pilot Study. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581338. [PMID: 33123167 PMCID: PMC7573122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is largely determined by the immune response. First studies indicate altered lymphocyte counts and function. However, interactions of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain elusive. In the current study we characterized the immune responses in patients suffering from severe COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods This was a single-center retrospective study in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed COVID-19 between March 14th and May 28th 2020 (n = 39). Longitudinal data were collected within routine clinical care, including flow-cytometry of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine analysis and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Antibody responses against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein were analyzed. Results All patients suffered from severe ARDS, 30.8% died. Interleukin (IL)-6 was massively elevated at every time-point. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was concomitantly upregulated with IL-6. The cellular response was characterized by lymphocytopenia with low counts of CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) and naïve T helper cells. CD8+ T and NK cells recovered after 8 to 14 days. The B cell system was largely unimpeded. This coincided with a slight increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD immunoglobulin (Ig) G and a decrease in anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD IgM. GDF-15 levels were elevated throughout ICU treatment. Conclusions Massively elevated levels of IL-6 and a delayed cytotoxic immune defense characterized severe COVID-19-induced ARDS. The B cell response and antibody production were largely unimpeded. No obvious imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms was observed, with elevated GDF-15 levels suggesting increased tissue resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirin Notz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmalzing
- Department of Medicine II, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wedekink
- Department of Gynecology, Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schlesinger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gernert
- Department of Medicine II, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herrmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Sorger
- Department of Gynecology, Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Weismann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schmid
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Sitter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery (Surgery I), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kranke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Department of Gynecology, Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Lotz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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202
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Different T-cell subsets in glioblastoma multiforme and targeted immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:134-143. [PMID: 33022290 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the standard treatment for GBM patients, but the 5-year survival rate of patients despite this treatment is low. Immunotherapy has attracted increasing attention in recent years. As the pioneer and the main effector cells of immunotherapy, T cells play a key role in tumor immunotherapy. However, the T cells in GBM microenvironment are inhibited by the highly immunosuppressive environment of GBM, posing huge challenges to T cell-based GBM immunotherapy. This review summarizes the effects of the GBM microenvironment on the infiltration and function of different T-cell subsets and the possible strategies to overcome immunosuppression, and thus enhance the effectiveness of GBM immunotherapy.
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203
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Radens CM, Blake D, Jewell P, Barash Y, Lynch KW. Meta-analysis of transcriptomic variation in T-cell populations reveals both variable and consistent signatures of gene expression and splicing. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:1320-1333. [PMID: 32554554 PMCID: PMC7491319 DOI: 10.1261/rna.075929.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human CD4+ T cells are often subdivided into distinct subtypes, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, that are thought to carry out distinct functions in the body. Typically, these T-cell subpopulations are defined by the expression of distinct gene repertoires; however, there is variability between studies regarding the methods used for isolation and the markers used to define each T-cell subtype. Therefore, how reliably studies can be compared to one another remains an open question. Moreover, previous analysis of gene expression in CD4+ T-cell subsets has largely focused on gene expression rather than alternative splicing. Here we take a meta-analysis approach, comparing eleven independent RNA-seq studies of human Th1, Th2, Th17, and/or Treg cells to determine the consistency in gene expression and splicing within each subtype across studies. We find that known master-regulators are consistently enriched in the appropriate subtype; however, cytokines and other genes often used as markers are more variable. Importantly, we also identify previously unknown transcriptomic markers that appear to consistently differentiate between subsets, including a few Treg-specific splicing patterns. Together this work highlights the heterogeneity in gene expression between samples designated as the same subtype, but also suggests additional markers that can be used to define functional groupings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Radens
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Davia Blake
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Paul Jewell
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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204
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IL-12 and IL-23-Close Relatives with Structural Homologies but Distinct Immunological Functions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102184. [PMID: 32998371 PMCID: PMC7600943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines of the IL-12 family show structural similarities but have distinct functions in the immune system. Prominent members of this cytokine family are the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-23. These two cytokines share cytokine subunits and receptor chains but have different functions in autoimmune diseases, cancer and infections. Accordingly, structural knowledge about receptor complex formation is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies preventing and/or inhibiting cytokine:receptor interaction. In addition, intracellular signaling cascades can be targeted to inhibit cytokine-mediated effects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms can lead to alteration in the amino acid sequence and thereby influencing protein functions or protein–protein interactions. To understand the biology of IL-12 and IL-23 and to establish efficient targeting strategies structural knowledge about cytokines and respective receptors is crucial. A highly efficient therapy might be a combination of different drugs targeting extracellular cytokine:receptor assembly and intracellular signaling pathways.
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205
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Carvalheiro T, Rafael-Vidal C, Malvar-Fernandez B, Lopes AP, Pego-Reigosa JM, Radstake TRDJ, Garcia S. Semaphorin4A-Plexin D1 Axis Induces Th2 and Th17 While Represses Th1 Skewing in an Autocrine Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186965. [PMID: 32971928 PMCID: PMC7555002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin (Sema)4A is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is elevated in several autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Sema4A has a key role in the regulation of Thelper Th1 and Th2 differentiation and we recently demonstrated that CD4+ T cell activation induces the expression of Sema4A. However, the autocrine role of Sema4A on Th cell differentiation remains unknown. Naïve Th cells from healthy controls were cell sorted and differentiated into Th1, Th2 and Th17 in the presence or absence of a neutralizing antibody against the Sema4A receptor PlexinD1. Gene expression was determined by quantitative PCR and protein expression by ELISA and flow cytometry. We found that the expression of Sema4A is induced during Th1, Th2 and Th17 differentiation. PlexinD1 neutralization induced the differentiation of Th1 cells, while reduced the Th2 and Th17 skewing. These effects were associated with an upregulation of the transcription factor T-bet by Th1 cells, and to downregulation of GATA3 and RORγt in Th2 cells and Th17 cells, respectively. Finally, PlexinD1 neutralization regulates the systemic sclerosis patients serum-induced cytokine production by CD4+ T cells. Therefore, the autocrine Sema4A-PlexinD1 signaling acts as a negative regulator of Th1 skewing but is a key mediator on Th2 and Th17 differentiation, suggesting that dysregulation of this axis might be implicated in the pathogenesis of CD4+ T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Carvalheiro
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (B.M.-F.); (A.P.L.); (T.R.D.J.R.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Rafael-Vidal
- Rheumatology & Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Malvar-Fernandez
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (B.M.-F.); (A.P.L.); (T.R.D.J.R.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana P. Lopes
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (B.M.-F.); (A.P.L.); (T.R.D.J.R.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jose M. Pego-Reigosa
- Rheumatology & Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Timothy R. D. J. Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (B.M.-F.); (A.P.L.); (T.R.D.J.R.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (B.M.-F.); (A.P.L.); (T.R.D.J.R.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rheumatology & Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-515-463
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Abstract
Worldwide, approximately half a million people are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer every year, with mortality rates of more than 90%. T cells within pancreatic tumors are generally infrequent and incapable of eliciting antitumor immunity. Thus, pancreatic cancer is considered an "immunologically cold" tumor. However, recent studies clearly show that when T-cell immunity in pancreatic cancer is sufficiently induced, T cells become effective weapons. This fact suggests that to improve pancreatic cancer patients' clinical outcomes, we need to unveil the complex immune biology of this disease. In this review, we discuss the elements of tumor immunogenicity in the specific context of pancreatic malignancy.
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207
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Mallu ACT, Vasudevan M, Allanki S, Nathan AA, Ravi MM, Ramanathan GS, Pradeepa R, Mohan V, Dixit M. Prediabetes uncovers differential gene expression at fasting and in response to oral glucose load in immune cells. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1247-1259. [PMID: 32863060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Metabolic disorders including diabetes are associated with immune cell dysfunction. However, the effect of normal glucose metabolism or impairment thereof on immune cell gene expression is not well known. Hence, in this cross-sectional pilot study, we sought to determine the differences in gene expression in the peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells (PBMCs) of normal glucose tolerant (NGT) and prediabetic (PD) Asian Indian men, at fasting and in response to 75 g oral glucose load. METHODS Illumina HT12 bead chip-based microarray was performed on PBMCs at fasting and 2-h post load conditions for NGT (N = 6) and PD (N = 9) subjects. Following normalization and due quality control of the raw data, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under different conditions within and across the two groups were identified using GeneSpring GX V12.0 software. Paired and unpaired Student's t-tests were applied along with fold change cut-offs for appropriate comparisons. Validation of the microarray data was carried out through real-time qPCR analysis. Significantly regulated biological pathways were analyzed by employing DEGs and DAVID resource. Deconvolution of the DEGs between NGT and PD subjects at fasting was performed using CIBERSORT and genes involved in regulatory T-cell (Treg) function were further analyzed for biological significance. RESULTS Glucose load specifically altered the expression of 112 genes in NGT and 356 genes in PD subjects. Biological significance analysis revealed transient up-regulation of innate and adaptive immune response related genes following oral glucose load in NGT individuals, which was not observed in PD subjects. Instead, in the PD group, glucose load led to an increase in the expression of pro-atherogenic and anti-angiogenic genes. Comparison of gene expression at fasting state in PD versus NGT revealed 21,707 differentially expressed genes. Biological significance analysis of the immune function related genes between these two groups (at fasting) revealed higher gene expression of members of the TLR signaling, MHC class II molecules, and T-cell receptor, chemotaxis and adhesion pathways in PD subjects. Expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and TNFα was higher and that of type-1 interferons and TGF-β was lower at fasting state in PD subjects compared to NGT. Additionally, expression of multiple proteasome subunits and protein arginine methyl transferase genes (PRMTs) were higher and that of Treg specific genes was significantly distinct at fasting in PD subjects compared to NGT. CONCLUSION Prediabetes uncovers constitutive TLR activation, enhanced IFN-γ signaling, and Treg dysfunction at fasting along with altered gene expression response to oral glucose load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Charan Tej Mallu
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Srinivas Allanki
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mahalakshmi M Ravi
- Institute Hospital, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Rajendra Pradeepa
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
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Vijayakumar S, Viswanathan S, Aghoram R. Idiopathic CD4 Lymphocytopenia: Current Insights. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:79-93. [PMID: 32548074 PMCID: PMC7239889 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s214139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia is a condition characterized by low CD4 counts. It is rare and most of the information about this illness comes from case reports. Presentation is usually in the 4th decade of life with opportunistic infections, autoimmune disease or neoplasia. The pathophysiology of this condition is not well understood. Management revolves around treatment of the presenting condition and close follow-up of these patients. This review presents a narrative summary of the current literature on idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stalin Viswanathan
- General Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
| | - Rajeswari Aghoram
- Department of Neurology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
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209
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Allergy-A New Role for T Cell Superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus? Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030176. [PMID: 32178378 PMCID: PMC7150838 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) are among the most potent T cell mitogens known. They stimulate large fractions of T cells by cross-linking their T cell receptor with major histocompatibility complex class-II molecules on antigen presenting cells, resulting in T cell proliferation and massive cytokine release. To date, 26 different SAgs have been described in the species S. aureus; they comprise the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), as well as 25 staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) or enterotoxin-like proteins (SEls). SAgs can cause staphylococcal food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome and contribute to the clinical symptoms of staphylococcal infection. In addition, there is growing evidence that SAgs are involved in allergic diseases. This review provides an overview on recent epidemiological data on the involvement of S. aureus SAgs and anti-SAg-IgE in allergy, demonstrating that being sensitized to SEs—in contrast to inhalant allergens—is associated with a severe disease course in patients with chronic airway inflammation. The mechanisms by which SAgs trigger or amplify allergic immune responses, however, are not yet fully understood. Here, we discuss known and hypothetical pathways by which SAgs can drive an atopic disease.
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210
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Al-Ayadhi LY, Al-Harbi NO, Bakheet SA. Dysregulation in IL-6 receptors is associated with upregulated IL-17A related signaling in CD4+ T cells of children with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 97:109783. [PMID: 31655158 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by dysregulations in speech and social interactions as well as repetitive and stereotypical behavioral patterns in which immune system plays a significant role. IL-6, an essential cytokine for polarization of Th0 cells into Th17 cells has been demonstrated to be crucial in the etiology of ASD in past studies both in humans and mice. Th17 cells are also believed to be central players in the pathogenesis of ASD through release of IL-17A. However, there is still insufficient data regarding identification of Th17 cells with respect to IL-6 signaling in ASD subjects. Therefore, this study explored IL-6 receptors (IL-6R/sIL-6R) and Th17 (p-STAT3/IL-17A/IL-23R) related markers comprehensively in the blood of typically-developing control (TDC, n = 35) and ASD children (n = 45). Our data show that there is enhanced sIL-6R levels in plasma and CD4+ T cells of ASD subjects as compared to TDC group. Increased sIL-6R signaling is associated with upregulated Th17 development in ASD subjects. Further, severe ASD subjects have higher inflammation in terms of IL-6/IL-17A related signaling as compared to moderate ASD patients. Furthermore, treatment of CD4 + T cells in vitro with IL-6 leads to much greater upregulation of p-STAT3, and IL-17A in ASD subjects than similarly treated CD4+ T cells in TDC group. Antagonism of IL-6 signaling by SC144 in vitro led to blockade of IL-6 mediated effects on CD4+ T cells. These data display unequivocally that IL-6 signaling components are dysregulated which play a crucial in enhancement of Th17 development in ASD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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211
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Martinov T, Fife BT. Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and the role of inhibitory receptors in islet tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1461:73-103. [PMID: 31025378 PMCID: PMC6994200 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) affects over a million Americans, and disease incidence is on the rise. Despite decades of research, there is still no cure for this disease. Exciting beta cell replacement strategies are being developed, but in order for such approaches to work, targeted immunotherapies must be designed. To selectively halt the autoimmune response, researchers must first understand how this response is regulated and which tolerance checkpoints fail during T1D development. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of T1D pathogenesis in humans, genetic and environmental risk factors, presumed roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells, and implicated autoantigens. We also highlight studies in non-obese diabetic mice that have demonstrated the requirement for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells in driving T1D pathology. We present an overview of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms and comment on existing controversies in the field regarding central tolerance. Finally, we discuss T cell- and B cell-intrinsic tolerance mechanisms, with an emphasis on the roles of inhibitory receptors in maintaining islet tolerance in humans and in diabetes-prone mice, and strategies employed to date to harness inhibitory receptor signaling to prevent or reverse T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Martínez C, Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, Castro D, Lamana A, Mellado M, González-Álvaro I, Gomariz RP. A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E65. [PMID: 31861827 PMCID: PMC6982157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine and immune systems are coordinated to maintain the homeostasis of the organism, generating bidirectional communication through shared mediators and receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the paradigm of an endogenous neuropeptide produced by neurons and endocrine and immune cells, involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Exogenous administration of VIP exerts therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Currently, there are no curative therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and patients present complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems in daily clinical practice due to their heterogeneous nature. This review focuses on the biology of VIP and VIP receptor signaling, as well as its protective effects as an immunomodulatory factor. Recent progress in improving the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness of VIP/receptors analogues and new routes of administration are highlighted, as well as important advances in their use as biomarkers, contributing to their potential application in precision medicine. On the 50th anniversary of VIP's discovery, this review presents a spectrum of potential clinical benefits applied to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - David Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mario Mellado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Médica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
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213
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HIF1α-Dependent Metabolic Signals Control the Differentiation of Follicular Helper T Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111450. [PMID: 31744227 PMCID: PMC6912655 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are critical for germinal center (GC) formation and are responsible for effective B cell-mediated immunity; metabolic signaling is an important regulatory mechanism for the differentiation of TFH cells. However, the precise roles of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α-dependent glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolic signaling remain unclear in TFH cell differentiation. Herein, we investigated the effects of glycolysis and OXPHOS on TFH cell differentiation and GC responses using a pharmacological approach in mice under a steady immune status or an activated immune status, which can be caused by foreign antigen stimulation and viral infection. GC and TFH cell responses are related to signals from glycolytic metabolism in mice of different ages. Foreign, specific antigen-induced GC, and TFH cell responses and metabolic signals are essential upon PR8 infection. Glycolysis and succinate-mediated OXPHOS are required for the GC response and TFH cell differentiation. Furthermore, HIF1α is responsible for glycolysis- and OXPHOS-induced alterations in the GC response and TFH cell differentiation under steady or activated conditions in vivo. Blocking glycolysis and upregulating OXPHOS signaling significantly recovered TFH cell differentiation upon PR8 infection and ameliorated inflammatory damage in mice. Thus, our data provide a comprehensive experimental basis for fully understanding the precise roles of HIF1α-mediated glycolysis and OXPHOS metabolic signaling in regulating the GC response and TFH cell differentiation during stable physiological conditions or an antiviral immune response.
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214
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Mahaki H, Jabarivasal N, Sardanian K, Zamani A. Effects of Various Densities of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Serum IL-9, IL-10, and TNF-α Levels. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2019; 11:24-32. [PMID: 31647056 PMCID: PMC7024597 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2020.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) are abundantly produced in modern societies. In recent years, interest in the possible effects of ELF-EMFs on the immune system has progressively increased. Objective: To examine the effects of ELF-EMFs with magnetic flux densities of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 µT on the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-9, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Methods: 80 adult male rats were exposed to ELF-EMFs at a frequency of 50 Hz for 2 h/day for 60 days. The serum cytokines were measured at two phases of pre- and post-stimulation of the immune system by human serum albumin (HSA). Results: Serum levels of IL-9 and TNF-α, as pro-inflammatory cytokines, were decreased due to 50 Hz EMFs exposure compared with the controls in the pre- and post-stimulation phases. On the contrary, exposures to 1 and 100 µT 50 Hz EMFs increased the levels of antiinflammatory cytokine, and IL-10 only in the pre-stimulation phase. In the post-stimulation phase, the mean level of serum IL-10 was not changed in the experimental groups. Conclusion: The magnetic flux densities of 1 and 100 µT 50 Hz EMFs had more immunological effects than EMFs with higher densities. Exposure to 50 Hz EMFs may activate anti-inflammatory effects in rats, by down-modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9 and TNF-α) and induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Mahaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; and Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Naghi Jabarivasal
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Khosro Sardanian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; and Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; and Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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215
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Wu J, Cui Y, Zhu W, Bai S, Zhao N, Liu B. Critical role of OX40/OX40L in ILC2-mediated activation of CD4 +T cells during respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105784. [PMID: 31470268 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4+T cells are crucial cellular source of type 2 cytokines and responsible for RSV-induced asthma-like symptoms and asthma exacerbations. However, the mechanism for regulating the activation of CD4+T cells during RSV infection is not clear completely. We show in this study that infection with RSV may induce an expansion and activation of CD4+T cells in the lungs of BALB/c mice. RSV-induced CD4+T cell expansion and activation seems to depend upon the pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), since adoptive transfer of lung ILC2s can enhance not only the numbers of CD4+T cells but also the cytokine production by CD4+T cells. Interestingly, blockade of the contact between ILC2s and CD4+T cells, may significantly diminish the CD4+T cell expansion and cytokine production, suggesting that membrane molecules may be involved in ILC2-regulated CD4+T cell activation. In fact, infection with RSV resulted in an increase in the numbers of OX40+CD4+T cells as well as OX40L+ILC2s in the lungs of mice. Moreover, the mRNA expressions of OX40 and OX40L as well as the levels of OX40 and OX40L proteins in the lung CD4+T cells and ILC2s were elevated respectively. When co-culture of CD4+T cells with ILC2s in the presence of anti-OX40L antibody, the cytokine productions by CD4+T cells were reduced markedly, suggesting that lung ILC2s may regulate RSV-induced CD4+T cell expansion and activation perhaps via OX40/OX40L interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Wu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Yulin Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Song Bai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Beixing Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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216
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Hu B, Li G, Ye Z, Gustafson CE, Tian L, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Transcription factor networks in aged naïve CD4 T cells bias lineage differentiation. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12957. [PMID: 31264370 PMCID: PMC6612640 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With reduced thymic activity, the population of naïve T cells in humans is maintained by homeostatic proliferation throughout adult life. In young adults, naïve CD4 T cells have enormous proliferative potential and plasticity to differentiate into different lineages. Here, we explored whether naïve CD4 T-cell aging is associated with a partial loss of this unbiased multipotency. We find that naïve CD4 T cells from older individuals have developed a propensity to develop into TH9 cells. Two major mechanisms contribute to this predisposition. First, responsiveness to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) stimulation is enhanced with age due to an upregulation of the TGFβR3 receptor that results in increased expression of the transcription factor PU.1. Secondly, aged naïve CD4 T cells display altered transcription factor profiles in response to T-cell receptor stimulation, including enhanced expression of BATF and IRF4 and reduced expression of ID3 and BCL6. These transcription factors are involved in TH9 differentiation as well as IL9 transcription suggesting that the aging-associated changes in the transcription factor profile favor TH9 commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and RheumatologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicinePalo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Guangjin Li
- Department of MedicinePalo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Zhongde Ye
- Department of MedicinePalo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Claire E. Gustafson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and RheumatologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicinePalo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data ScienceStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and RheumatologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicinePalo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jörg J. Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and RheumatologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicinePalo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
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217
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Aili A, Sun X, Pang X, Ge Q, Zhang Y, Jin R. Th1 Biased Progressive Autoimmunity in Aged Aire-Deficient Mice Accelerated Thymic Epithelial Cell Senescence. Aging Dis 2019; 10:497-509. [PMID: 31164995 PMCID: PMC6538216 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, are frequently associated with premature aging of the thymus, a direct link is missing between autoimmunity and thymic atrophy. Here we monitored the progression of thymic involution in Aire-deficient mice, in which defective negative selection causes spontaneous and progressive development of autoimmunity. In young and middle-aged mice, Aire deficiency appeared to be protective as supported by the reduced β-gal+ epithelial cells and the enhanced thymic output. However, once the autoimmune phenotype was fully developed in aged Aire-deficient mice, their thymuses underwent accelerated involution. In comparison to the age-matched wildtype littermates, old Aire-deficient mice showed lower numbers of total thymocytes and recent thymic emigrants but more β-gal+ thymic epithelial cells. This phenomenon may partly be attributable to the increased number of activated Th1 cells homing to the thymus. This speculation was further supported by the enhanced thymic aging following repeated challenges with complete Freund’s adjuvant immunization. Taken together, the present study highlights a unique mechanism by which autoimmunity facilitates the senescence of thymic epithelial cells through returning Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Abudureyimujiang Aili
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuewen Pang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
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218
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Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Goldberg MF, Saini NK, Ng TW, Arora P, Johndrow CT, Saavedra-Avila NA, Johnson AJ, Xu J, Kim J, Khajoueinejad N, Petro CD, Herold BC, Lauvau G, Chan J, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. Generation of IL-3-Secreting CD4 + T Cells by Microbial Challenge at Skin and Mucosal Barriers. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:161-171. [PMID: 31356170 PMCID: PMC6668923 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During Ag priming, naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into subsets with distinct patterns of cytokine expression that dictate to a major extent their functional roles in immune responses. We identified a subset of CD4+ T cells defined by secretion of IL-3 that was induced by Ag stimulation under conditions different from those associated with previously defined functional subsets. Using mouse models of bacterial and viral infections, we showed that IL-3–secreting CD4+ T cells were generated by infection at the skin and mucosa but not by infections introduced directly into the blood. Most IL-3–producing T cells coexpressed GM-CSF and other cytokines that define multifunctionality. Generation of IL-3–secreting T cells in vitro was dependent on IL-1 family cytokines and was inhibited by cytokines that induce canonical Th1 or Th2 cells. Our results identify IL-3–secreting CD4+ T cells as a potential functional subset that arises during priming of naive T cells in specific tissue locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Neeraj K Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Tony W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Christopher T Johndrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | | | - Alison J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - John Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Nazanin Khajoueinejad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Christopher D Petro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Gregoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
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219
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Sundrud MS, Hogan SP. What's old is new again: Batf transcription factors and Th9 cells. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:583-585. [PMID: 30833634 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
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220
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Gomariz RP, Juarranz Y, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, González-Álvaro I, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Lamana A, Martínez C. An Overview of VPAC Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Biological Role and Clinical Significance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31695683 PMCID: PMC6817626 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The axis comprised by the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and its G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), VPAC1, and VPAC2, belong to the B1 family and signal through Gs or Gq proteins. VPAC receptors seem to preferentially interact with Gs in inflammatory cells, rather than Gq, thereby stimulating adenylate cyclase activity. cAMP is able to trigger various downstream pathways, mainly the canonical PKA pathway and the non-canonical cAMP-activated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EPAC) pathway. Classically, the presence of VPACs has been confined to the plasma membrane; however, VPAC1 location has been described in the nuclear membrane in several cell types such as activated Th cells, where they are also functional. VPAC receptor signaling modulates a number of biological processes by tipping the balance of inflammatory mediators in macrophages and other innate immune cells, modifying the expression of TLRs, and inhibiting MMPs and the expression of adhesion molecules. Receptor signaling also downregulates coagulation factors and acute-phase proteins, promotes Th2 over Th1, stimulates Treg abundance, and finally inhibits a pathogenic Th17 profile. Thus, the VIP axis signaling regulates both the innate and adaptive immune responses in several inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease that develops on a substrate of genetically susceptible individuals and under the influence of environmental factors, as well as epigenetic mechanisms. It is a heterogeneous disease with different pathogenic mechanisms and variable clinical forms between patients with the same diagnosis. The knowledge of VIP signaling generated in both animal models and human ex vivo studies can potentially be translated to clinical reality. Most recently, the beneficial effects of nanoparticles of VIP self-associated with sterically stabilized micelles have been reported in a murine model of RA. Another novel research area is beginning to define the receptors as biomarkers in RA, with their expression levels shown to be associated with the activity of the disease and patients-reported impairment. Therefore, VPAC expression together VIP genetic variants could allow patients to be stratified at the beginning of the disease with the purpose of guiding personalized treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa P. Gomariz
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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