201
|
Zhang S, Zhao J, Lv X, Fan J, Lu Y, Zeng T, Wu H, Chen L, Zhao Y. Analysis on gene modular network reveals morphogen-directed development robustness in Drosophila. Cell Discov 2020; 6:43. [PMID: 32637151 PMCID: PMC7324402 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic robustness is an important characteristic to tolerate genetic or nongenetic perturbations and ensure phenotypic stability. Morphogens, a type of evolutionarily conserved diffusible molecules, govern tissue patterns in a direction-dependent or concentration-dependent manner by differentially regulating downstream gene expression. However, whether the morphogen-directed gene regulatory network possesses genetic robustness remains elusive. In the present study, we collected 4217 morphogen-responsive genes along A-P axis of Drosophila wing discs from the RNA-seq data, and clustered them into 12 modules. By applying mathematical model to the measured data, we constructed a gene modular network (GMN) to decipher the module regulatory interactions and robustness in morphogen-directed development. The computational analyses on asymptotical dynamics of this GMN demonstrated that this morphogen-directed GMN is robust to tolerate a majority of genetic perturbations, which has been further validated by biological experiments. Furthermore, besides the genetic alterations, we further demonstrated that this morphogen-directed GMN can well tolerate nongenetic perturbations (Hh production changes) via computational analyses and experimental validation. Therefore, these findings clearly indicate that the morphogen-directed GMN is robust in response to perturbations and is important for Drosophila to ensure the proper tissue patterning in wing disc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan China
| | - Xiangdong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan China
| | - Hailong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 Zhejiang China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Chen Y, Fan Y, Guo DY, Xu B, Shi XY, Li JT, Duan LF. Study on the relationship between hepatic fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in intrahepatic cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110413. [PMID: 32570119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a pathophysiological process, which causes excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition resulting from persistent liver damage. Myofibroblasts are the core cells that produce ECM. It is known that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not a simple transition of cells from the epithelial to mesenchymal state. Instead, it is a process, in which epithelial cells temporarily lose cell polarity, transform into interstitial cell-like morphology, and acquire migration ability. Hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and bile duct cells are the types of intrahepatic cells found in the liver. They can be transformed into myofibroblasts via EMT and play important roles in the development of hepatic fibrosis through a maze of regulations involving various pathways. The aim of the present study is to explore the relationship between the relevant regulatory factors and the EMT signaling pathways in the various intrahepatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- The Basic Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China.
| | - Yu Fan
- The Basic Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Basic and New Herbal Medicament Research, Xianyang 712046, China.
| | - Dong-Yan Guo
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Basic and New Herbal Medicament Research, Xianyang 712046, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- The Medical Technical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Shi
- The Basic Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China.
| | - Jing-Tao Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China.
| | - Li-Fang Duan
- The Basic Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Misawa R, Minami T, Okamoto A, Ikeuchi Y. A Light-Inducible Hedgehog Signaling Activator Modulates Proliferation and Differentiation of Neural Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1595-1603. [PMID: 32343549 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling pathway shapes our body by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of cells. The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of its ligands finely controls the activity of the Hedgehog pathway during development. To model the control of Hedgehog signaling activities in vitro, we developed a light-inducible Hedgehog signaling activator 6-nitroveratryloxy-carbonyl Smoothened agonist (NVOC-SAG). NVOC-SAG controls the proliferation of mouse cerebellar granule neuron precursor cells and ventral and neural differentiation of human iPS cells in a light dependent manner. The compound provides a new method to control Hedgehog signaling activities.
Collapse
|
204
|
Tran U, Zhang GC, Eom R, Billingsley KL, Ondrus AE. Small Molecule Intervention in a Protein Kinase C-Gli Transcription Factor Axis. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1321-1327. [PMID: 32479053 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway are responsible for a broad range of human cancers, yet only a subset rely on the activity of the clinical target, Smoothened (Smo). Emerging cases of cancers that are insensitive to Smo-targeting drugs demand new therapeutic targets and agents for inhibition. As such, we sought to pursue a recently discovered connection between the Hedgehog pathway transcription factors, the glioma-associated oncogene homologues (Glis), and protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Here, we report our assessment of a structurally diverse library of PKC effectors for their influence on Gli function. Using cell lines that employ distinct mechanisms of Gli activation up- and downstream of Smo, we identify a PKC effector that acts as a nanomolar Gli antagonist downstream of Smo through a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-independent mechanism. This agent provides a unique tool to illuminate crosstalk between PKC isozymes and Hh signaling and new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in Hh pathway-dependent cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- UyenPhuong Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, California 92831, United States
| | - Grace C. Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan Eom
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 259 East Ave, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kelvin L. Billingsley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, California 92831, United States
| | - Alison E. Ondrus
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Johansson HK, Svingen T. Hedgehog signal disruption, gonadal dysgenesis and reproductive disorders: Is there a link to endocrine disrupting chemicals? Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:116-123. [PMID: 34345840 PMCID: PMC8320607 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental exposure to chemicals that can disrupt sex hormone signaling may cause a broad spectrum of reproductive disorders. This is because reproductive development is tightly regulated by steroid sex hormones. Consequently, non-animal screening methods currently used to test chemicals for potential endocrine disrupting activities typically include steroidogenesis and nuclear receptor assays. In many cases there is a correlation between in vitro and in vivo data examining endocrine disruption, for example between blocked androgen receptor activity and feminized male genitals. However, there are many examples where there is poor, or no, correlation between in vitro data and in vivo effect outcomes in rodent studies, for various reasons. One possible, and less studied, reason for discordance between in vitro and in vivo data is that the mechanisms causing the in vivo effects are not covered by those typically tested for in vitro. This knowledge gap must be addressed if we are to elaborate robust testing strategies that do not rely on animal experimentation. In this review, we highlight the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway as a target for environmental chemicals and its potential implications for reproductive disorders originating from early life exposure. A central proposition is that, by disrupting HH signal transduction during critical stages of mammalian development, the endocrine cells of the testes or ovaries fail to develop normally, which ultimately will lead to disrupted sex hormone synthesis and sexual development in both sexes. If this is the case, then such mechanism must also be included in future test strategies aimed at eliminating chemicals that may cause reproductive disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K.L. Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
DUBs Activating the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061518. [PMID: 32531973 PMCID: PMC7352588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway governs cell proliferation and patterning during embryonic development and is involved in regeneration, homeostasis and stem cell maintenance in adult tissues. The activity of this signaling is finely modulated at multiple levels and its dysregulation contributes to the onset of several human cancers. Ubiquitylation is a coordinated post-translational modification that controls a wide range of cellular functions and signaling transduction pathways. It is mediated by a sequential enzymatic network, in which ubiquitin ligases (E3) and deubiquitylase (DUBs) proteins are the main actors. The dynamic balance of the activity of these enzymes dictates the abundance and the fate of cellular proteins, thus affecting both physiological and pathological processes. Several E3 ligases regulating the stability and activity of the key components of the HH pathway have been identified. Further, DUBs have emerged as novel players in HH signaling transduction, resulting as attractive and promising drug targets. Here, we review the HH-associated DUBs, discussing the consequences of deubiquitylation on the maintenance of the HH pathway activity and its implication in tumorigenesis. We also report the recent progress in the development of selective inhibitors for the DUBs here reviewed, with potential applications for the treatment of HH-related tumors.
Collapse
|
207
|
Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Zhang X, Zhang C, Ren Z, Zhang F, Xu J, Zhang X, Zheng H. Curcumin Affects Gastric Cancer Cell Migration, Invasion and Cytoskeletal Remodeling Through Gli1-β-Catenin. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3795-3806. [PMID: 32547215 PMCID: PMC7247599 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s244384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The function of curcumin on the gastric cancer cell line, SGC-7901 is unknown. The present study aimed to observe the effects of curcumin on gastric cancer cells through the Shh and Wnt signaling pathways. Methods SGC-7901 cells were transfected with si-Gli1 and si-β-catenin siRNA, then cells were stimulated with curcumin and its effects on cell migration, invasion, cytoskeleton remodeling, EMT, apoptosis and cell cycle were investigated by transwell assays, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assays. The interaction between Gli1 and β-catenin was observed by co-immunoprecipitation. Results We show that curcumin suppressed the expression of Shh, Gli1 and Foxm1 in the Shh signaling pathway, and the expression of β-catenin in the Wnt signaling pathway in SGC-7901 cells, both in mRNA and protein. As a result, cellular migration, invasion and cytoskeletal remodeling ability decreased. Our results revealed that when stimulated with curcumin, cells showed decreased cellular migration and invasion, while enhanced apoptosis. In addition, curcumin induced cytoskeletal remodeling and S phase cell cycle arrest. The inhibition of Shh and Wnt signaling pathway and the addition of curcumin also inhibited the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process. Furthermore, a physical interaction was observed between Gli1 of the Shh signaling and β-catenin of the Wnt signaling in these cells, but curcumin inhibited the interaction of these two proteins. Conclusion The present study indicated that curcumin plays an anti-tumor role through Gli1-β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Ren
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Kagan BJ, Rosello‐Diez A. Integrating levels of bone growth control: From stem cells to body proportions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e384. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett J. Kagan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University Clayton Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Amano T. Gene regulatory landscape of the sonic hedgehog locus in embryonic development. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:334-342. [PMID: 32343848 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The organs of vertebrate species display a wide variety of morphology. A remaining challenge in evolutionary developmental biology is to elucidate how vertebrate lineages acquire distinct morphological features. Developmental programs are driven by spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression controlled by hundreds of thousands of cis-regulatory elements. Changes in the regulatory elements caused by the introduction of genetic variants can confer regulatory innovation that may underlie morphological novelties. Recent advances in sequencing technology have revealed a number of potential regulatory variants that can alter gene expression patterns. However, a limited number of studies demonstrate causal dependence between genetic and morphological changes. Regulation of Shh expression is a good model to understand how multiple regulatory elements organize tissue-specific gene expression patterns. This model also provides insights into how evolution of molecular traits, such as gene regulatory networks, lead to phenotypic novelty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Amano
- Next Generation Human Disease Model Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Cooperation of Indian Hedgehog and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Tumor Angiogenesis and Growth in Human Hepatocellular Carcinomas, an Immunohistochemical Study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 27:436-440. [PMID: 29629949 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway was recently shown to be involved in vascular development and neovascularization in human embryogenesis and disease. However, the role of Hedgehog pathway in modulating tumor angiogenesis is still unexplored. In the current study, we investigated the expression of Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) with immunohistochemical staining and compared the immunoreaction data with various clinicopathologic characteristics. Immunoreactivity of Ihh and VEGF proteins was observed in 61.5% (56/91) and 64.5% (59/91) cases of HCC tumor tissues, respectively, which was considerably higher than the adjacent nonmalignant tissues. Ihh protein was observed predominantly in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells with a staining pattern of which was sparse and dot-like, or circular around the cell membrane. VEGF protein was expressed heterogenously in the cytoplasm in tumor cells and was negative in peritumoral areas in all cases. CD34 showed diffuse staining in the tumor parenchyma in most HCC specimens. The association of expression of Ihh and VEGF with tumor size was statistically significant (P<0.05), but there was no significant association with other clinicopathologic parameters. Moreover, there was a significant association of the expressions of Ihh and VEGF proteins in HCC (r=0.6, P<0.0001), and of Ihh and CD34 staining (r=0.261, P=0.012). Our findings suggest that Ihh is involved in the development of HCC. These findings are also consistent with the concept that cooperation of Ihh and VEGF modulate HCC tumor angiogenesis and growth.
Collapse
|
212
|
Hedgehog Signaling in Organogenesis and the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082788. [PMID: 32316384 PMCID: PMC7215802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
213
|
Mota M, Shevde LA. Merlin regulates signaling events at the nexus of development and cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:63. [PMID: 32299434 PMCID: PMC7164249 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this review, we describe how the cytoskeletal protein Merlin, encoded by the Neurofibromin 2 (NF2) gene, orchestrates developmental signaling to ensure normal ontogeny, and we discuss how Merlin deficiency leads to aberrant activation of developmental pathways that enable tumor development and malignant progression. Main body Parallels between embryonic development and cancer have underscored the activation of developmental signaling pathways. Hippo, WNT/β-catenin, TGF-β, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Notch, and Hedgehog pathways are key players in normal developmental biology. Unrestrained activity or loss of activity of these pathways causes adverse effects in developing tissues manifesting as developmental syndromes. Interestingly, these detrimental events also impact differentiated and functional tissues. By promoting cell proliferation, migration, and stem-cell like phenotypes, deregulated activity of these pathways promotes carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The NF2 gene product, Merlin, is a tumor suppressor classically known for its ability to induce contact-dependent growth inhibition. Merlin plays a role in different stages of an organism development, ranging from embryonic to mature states. While homozygous deletion of Nf2 in murine embryos causes embryonic lethality, Merlin loss in adult tissue is implicated in Neurofibromatosis type 2 disorder and cancer. These manifestations, cumulatively, are reminiscent of dysregulated developmental signaling. Conclusion Understanding the molecular and cellular repercussions of Merlin loss provides fundamental insights into the etiology of developmental disorders and cancer and has the potential, in the long term, to identify new therapeutic strategies. Video Abstract
Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Mota
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320D, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320D, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA. .,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320D, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Hedgehog Inhibitors Suppress Osteoclastogenesis in In Vitro Cultures, and Deletion of Smo in Macrophage/Osteoclast Lineage Prevents Age-Related Bone Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082745. [PMID: 32326611 PMCID: PMC7216259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role of the Hedgehog (Hh)-signaling pathway has been widely investigated in bone physiology/development. Previous studies have, however, focused primarily on Hh functions in bone formation, while its roles in bone resorption have not been fully elucidated. Here, we found that cyclopamine (smoothened (Smo) inhibitor), GANT-58 (GLI1 inhibitor), or GANT-61 (GLI1/2 inhibitor) significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Although the inhibitory effects were exerted by cyclopamine or GANT-61 treatment during 0–48 h (early stage of osteoclast differentiation) or 48–96 h (late stage of osteoclast differentiation) after RANKL stimulation, GANT-58 suppressed osteoclast formation only during the early stage. These results suggest that the Smo-GLI1/2 axis mediates the whole process of osteoclastogenesis and that GLI1 activation is requisite only during early cellular events of osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, macrophage/osteoclast-specific deletion of Smo in mice was found to attenuate the aging phenotype characterized by trabecular low bone mass, suggesting that blockage of the Hh-signaling pathway in the osteoclast lineage plays a protective role against age-related bone loss. Our findings reveal a specific role of the Hh-signaling pathway in bone resorption and highlight that its inhibitors show potential as therapeutic agents that block osteoclast formation in the treatment of senile osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
215
|
Maroufy V, Shah P, Asghari A, Deng N, Le RNU, Ramirez JC, Yaseen A, Zheng WJ, Umetani M, Wu H. Gene expression dynamic analysis reveals co-activation of Sonic Hedgehog and epidermal growth factor followed by dynamic silencing. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1358-1372. [PMID: 32341755 PMCID: PMC7170495 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene is observed in various cancers. Previous studies have shown a “cross-talk” effect between the canonical Hedgehog signaling pathway and the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) pathway when SHH is active in the presence of EGF. However, the precise mechanism of the cross-talk effect on the entire gene population has not been investigated. Here, we re-analyzed publicly available data to study how SHH and EGF cooperate to affect the dynamic activity of the gene population. We used genome dynamic analysis to explore the expression profiles under different conditions in a human medulloblastoma cell line. Ordinary differential equations, equipped with solid statistical and computational tools, were exploited to extract the information hidden in the dynamic behavior of the gene population. Our results revealed that EGF stimulation plays a dominant role, overshadowing most of the SHH effects. We also identified cross-talk genes that exhibited expression profiles dissimilar to that seen under SHH or EGF stimulation alone. These unique cross-talk patterns were validated in a cell culture model. These cross-talk genes identified here may serve as valuable markers to study or test for EGF co-stimulatory effects in an SHH+ environment. Furthermore, these cross-talk genes may play roles in cancer progression, thus they may be further explored as cancer treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahed Maroufy
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Heath, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pankil Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Arvand Asghari
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Heath, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rosemarie N U Le
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juan C Ramirez
- Facultad de Ingeniería de Sistemas, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ashraf Yaseen
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Heath, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Jim Zheng
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hulin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Heath, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Weber AE, Jalali O, Limfat S, Shkhyan R, Van Der Horst R, Lee S, Lin Y, Li L, Mayer EN, Wang L, Liu NQ, Petrigliano FA, Lieberman JR, Evseenko D. Modulation of Hedgehog Signaling by Kappa Opioids to Attenuate Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1278-1288. [PMID: 32249508 DOI: 10.1002/art.41250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibition of hedgehog (HH) signaling prevents cartilage degeneration and promotes repair in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA). This study, undertaken in OA models and in human OA articular cartilage, was designed to explore whether kappa opioid receptor (KOR) modulation via the inhibition of HH signaling may have therapeutic potential for achieving disease-modifying activity in OA. METHODS Primary human articular cartilage and synovial tissue samples from patients with knee OA undergoing total joint replacement and from healthy human subjects were obtained from the National Disease Research Interchange. For in vivo animal studies, a partial medial meniscectomy (PMM) model of knee OA in rats was used. A novel automated 3-dimensional indentation tester (Mach-1) was used to quantify the thickness and stiffness properties of the articular cartilage. RESULTS Inhibition of HH signaling through KOR activation was achieved with a selective peptide agonist, JT09, which reduced HH signaling via the cAMP/CREB pathway in OA human articular chondrocytes (P = 0.002 for treated versus untreated OA chondrocytes). Moreover, JT09 markedly decreased matrix degeneration induced by an HH agonist, SAG, in pig articular chondrocytes and cartilage explants (P = 0.026 versus untreated controls). In vivo application of JT09 via intraarticular injection into the rat knee joint after PMM surgery significantly attenuated articular cartilage degeneration (60% improvement in the tibial plateau; P = 0.021 versus vehicle-treated controls). In JT09-treated rats, cartilage content, structure, and functional properties were largely maintained, and osteophyte formation was reduced by 70% (P = 0.005 versus vehicle-treated controls). CONCLUSION The results of this study define a novel mechanism for the role of KOR in articular cartilage homeostasis and disease, providing a potential unifying mechanistic basis for the overlap in disease processes and features involving opioid and HH signaling. Moreover, this study identifies a potential novel therapeutic strategy in which KOR modulation can improve outcomes in patients with OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Jalali
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Sean Limfat
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | - Siyoung Lee
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Yucheng Lin
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Zhongda Hospital, and Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Nanjing First Hospital, and Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Liming Wang
- Nanjing Medical University and Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Nancy Q Liu
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Kasiri S, Chen B, Wilson AN, Reczek A, Mazambani S, Gadhvi J, Noel E, Marriam U, Mino B, Lu W, Girard L, Solis LM, Luby-Phelps K, Bishop J, Kim JW, Kim J. Stromal Hedgehog pathway activation by IHH suppresses lung adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis by limiting reactive oxygen species. Oncogene 2020; 39:3258-3275. [PMID: 32108165 PMCID: PMC7160060 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by mutations within its components drives the growth of several cancers. However, the role of Hh pathway activation in lung cancers has been controversial. Here, we demonstrate that the canonical Hh signaling pathway is activated in lung stroma by Hh ligands secreted from transformed lung epithelia. Genetic deletion of Shh, the primary Hh ligand expressed in the lung, in KrasG12D/+;Trp53fl/fl autochthonous murine lung adenocarcinoma had no effect on survival. Early abrogation of the pathway by an anti-SHH/IHH antibody 5E1 led to significantly worse survival with increased tumor and metastatic burden. Loss of IHH, another Hh ligand, by in vivo CRISPR led to more aggressive tumor growth suggesting that IHH, rather than SHH, activates the pathway in stroma to drive its tumor suppressive effects-a novel role for IHH in the lung. Tumors from mice treated with 5E1 had decreased blood vessel density and increased DNA damage suggestive of reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. Treatment of KrasG12D/+;Trp53fl/fl mice with 5E1 and N-acetylcysteine, as a ROS scavenger, decreased tumor DNA damage, inhibited tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. Thus, IHH induces stromal activation of the canonical Hh signaling pathway to suppress tumor growth and metastases, in part, by limiting ROS activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahba Kasiri
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra N Wilson
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Annika Reczek
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Simbarashe Mazambani
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jashkaran Gadhvi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Evan Noel
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ummay Marriam
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Barbara Mino
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Luc Girard
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Luisa M Solis
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katherine Luby-Phelps
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Justin Bishop
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jung-Whan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - James Kim
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Cellular signalling pathways mediating the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases: an update. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:795-817. [PMID: 32189104 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
219
|
Miller AL, Garcia PL, Yoon KJ. Developing effective combination therapy for pancreatic cancer: An overview. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104740. [PMID: 32135247 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a fatal disease. The five-year survival for patients with all stages of this tumor type is less than 10%, with a majority of patients dying from drug resistant, metastatic disease. Gemcitabine has been a standard of care for the treatment of pancreatic cancer for over 20 years, but as a single agent gemcitabine is not curative. Since the only therapeutic option for the over 80 percent of pancreatic cancer patients ineligible for surgical resection is chemotherapy with or without radiation, the last few decades have seen a significant effort to develop effective therapy for this disease. This review addresses preclinical and clinical efforts to identify agents that target molecular characteristics common to pancreatic tumors and to develop mechanism-based combination approaches to therapy. Some of the most promising combinations include agents that inhibit transcription dependent on BET proteins (BET bromodomain inhibitors) or that inhibit DNA repair mediated by PARP (PARP inhibitors).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey L Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
| | - Patrick L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
| | - Karina J Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Lézot F, Corre I, Morice S, Rédini F, Verrecchia F. SHH Signaling Pathway Drives Pediatric Bone Sarcoma Progression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030536. [PMID: 32110934 PMCID: PMC7140443 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary bone tumors can be divided into two classes, benign and malignant. Among the latter group, osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are the most prevalent malignant primary bone tumors in children and adolescents. Despite intensive efforts to improve treatments, almost 40% of patients succumb to the disease. Specifically, the clinical outcome for metastatic osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma remains poor; less than 30% of patients who present metastases will survive 5 years after initial diagnosis. One common and specific point of these bone tumors is their ability to deregulate bone homeostasis and remodeling and divert them to their benefit. Over the past years, considerable interest in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway has taken place within the cancer research community. The activation of this SHH cascade can be done through different ways and, schematically, two pathways can be described, the canonical and the non-canonical. This review discusses the current knowledge about the involvement of the SHH signaling pathway in skeletal development, pediatric bone sarcoma progression and the related therapeutic options that may be possible for these tumors.
Collapse
|
221
|
Dettogni RS, Stur E, Laus AC, da Costa Vieira RA, Marques MMC, Santana IVV, Pulido JZ, Ribeiro LF, de Jesus Parmanhani N, Agostini LP, Dos Reis RS, de Vargas Wolfgramm Dos Santos E, Alves LNR, Garcia FM, Santos JA, do Prado Ventorim D, Reis RM, Louro ID. Potential biomarkers of ductal carcinoma in situ progression. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:119. [PMID: 32050925 PMCID: PMC7017577 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ductal carcinoma in situ is a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast carcinoma and presents a potential risk of over or undertreatment. Finding molecular biomarkers of disease progression could allow for more adequate patient treatment. We aimed to identify potential biomarkers that can predict invasiveness risk. Methods In this epithelial cell-based study archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from six patients diagnosed with invasive lesions (pure invasive ductal carcinoma), six with in-situ lesions (pure ductal carcinoma in situ), six with synchronous lesions (invasive ductal carcinoma with an in-situ component) and three non-neoplastic breast epithelium tissues were analyzed by gene expression profiling of 770 genes, using the nCounter® PanCancer Pathways panel of NanoString Technologies. Results The results showed that in comparison with non-neoplastic tissue the pure ductal carcinoma in situ was one with the most altered gene expression profile. Comparing pure ductal carcinoma in situ and in-situ component six differentially expressed genes were found, three of them (FGF2, GAS1, and SFRP1), play a role in cell invasiveness. Importantly, these genes were also differentially expressed between invasive and noninvasive groups and were negatively regulated in later stages of carcinogenesis. Conclusions We propose these three genes (FGF2, GAS1, and SFRP1) as potential biomarkers of ductal carcinoma in situ progression, suggesting that their downregulation may be involved in the transition of stationary to migrating invasive epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Spinassé Dettogni
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Elaine Stur
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Laus
- Molecular Oncology Research Center-Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Maria Chiquitelli Marques
- Molecular Oncology Research Center-Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Barretos School of Health Sciences-FACISB, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Zago Pulido
- Evangelical Hospital of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espirito Santo, Brazil.,Oncology Clinical Research Center, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Laura Fregonassi Ribeiro
- Evangelical Hospital of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Narelle de Jesus Parmanhani
- Evangelical Hospital of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espirito Santo, Brazil.,Oncology Clinical Research Center, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Pignaton Agostini
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Dos Reis
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Lyvia Neves Rebello Alves
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mariano Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aflávio Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Diego do Prado Ventorim
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center-Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)-Health Sciences School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Iúri Drumond Louro
- Department of Biological Sciences-Human and Molecular Genetics Nucleus, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Sahinturk V, Kacar S, Sahin E, Aykanat NEB. Investigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and sonic hedgehog pathway in diabetic liver injury in mice. Life Sci 2020; 246:117416. [PMID: 32035927 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes is a common metabolic disease which damages many organs including the liver and causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which originates from non-folded proteins. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway plays a role in liver regeneration and repair. To our knowledge, there is no study showing the relation between ER stress and Shh pathway in the liver in diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between ER stress and Shh pathway in the liver of diabetic mice. MAIN METHODS Six groups of male mice were formed as control, diabetes (streptozotocine-treated), Shh activator (SAG-treated), Shh inhibitor (SANT1-treated), diabetes + SAG and diabetes + SANT1. At the end of the experiment, mice were weighed, anaesthetized and euthanized. Blood samples were collected, livers were excised and weighed. Thereafter, blood glucose, serum ALT and AST levels, TOS and TAC levels in liver tissue were measured. ER stress marker (GRP78) and Shh pathway molecules (Gli1 and Smo) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, H-score and western blot analyses. Besides, histopathological examination was performed. KEY FINDINGS Results showed that GRP78, Gli1 and Smo were increased in liver due to Type 1 diabetes. The SAG agent decreased GRP78 and increased Gli1 and Smo, leading to liver repair, while the inhibitor SANT1 increased GRP78 and decreased Gli1and Smo, causing progression of the liver stress induced by diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the Shh pathway is related to ER stress and may provide a new strategy for its treatment, especially liver stress induced by diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varol Sahinturk
- Ekisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Sedat Kacar
- Ekisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Erhan Sahin
- Ekisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Ezgi Bektur Aykanat
- Ekisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Mathematical modeling of chondrogenic pattern formation during limb development: Recent advances in continuous models. Math Biosci 2020; 322:108319. [PMID: 32001201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of chondrogenic pattern formation in the vertebrate limb is one of the best studied examples of organogenesis. Many different models, mathematical as well as conceptual, have been proposed for it in the last fifty years or so. In this review, we give a brief overview of the fundamental biological background, then describe in detail several models which aim to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the corresponding biological phenomena. We concentrate on several new models that have been proposed in recent years, taking into account recent experimental progress. The major mathematical tools in these approaches are ordinary and partial differential equations. Moreover, we discuss models with non-local flux terms used to account for cell-cell adhesion forces and a structured population model with diffusion. We also include a detailed list of gene products and potential morphogens which have been identified to play a role in the process of limb formation and its growth.
Collapse
|
224
|
Expression of apoptosis and myogenesis related genes during prenatal life in two divergent breeds of pigs. Theriogenology 2020; 145:67-76. [PMID: 32004820 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate apoptosis and myogenesis related genes expression in embryos and fetuses from two divergent genetic groups of pigs: Piau breed and a commercial line. Thirty females (15 Piau and 15 commercial line) were selected at 120 days of age. Estrous cycle was observed and on the third estrus females were considered sexually mature. Gilts were inseminated with semen from males of the respective breed. Three females from each breed were slaughtered at five different gestational ages: 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days. Whole embryos (15 and 30 d) and samples of longissimus dorsi muscle from fetuses (45, 60 and 90 d) were collected for RNA extraction. Expression of apoptosis and myogenesis related genes (BAX, BCL2, FGF4, IHH, HHIP, SHH, SOX2, WNT1 and WNT4) were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. There was significant effect of interaction between breeds and gestational ages for all genes evaluated (P < 0.05). The BCL2 gene expression differed throughout pregnancy in Piau group with lower expression on day 15. The IHH gene expression throughout pregnancy was lower on days 15 and 60 in Piau group and lower on day 90 in commercial line group; and the SHH gene expression throughout pregnancy was higher on day 30 and lower on day 60 in Piau group and lower on day 45 in commercial group. The WNT1 gene expression along pregnancy was lower on day 15 and higher on days 30 and 45 in Piau group, and it was higher on day 30 than days 15 and 60 in commercial group. WNT4 gene expression throughout pregnancy was lower on day 15 in Piau group, and it was lower on day 30 in commercial pigs. Piau group presented higher expression of the FGF4 gene on days 45, 60 and 90, and commercial group showed higher expression on day 15 and 90. SOX2 gene expression was lower on day 15 in Piau pigs and it was constant throughout pregnancy in commercial group. Overall, the expression of IHH, SHH, WNT1, WNT4 and FGF4 genes were higher in commercial than Piau pigs on day 15, besides expression of BCL2 gene in Piau embryos was lower on day 15; these results might indicate that the muscle precursor cells are allowed to proliferate for a longer time in commercial than in Piau embryos by the balance of proliferative and apoptotic genes. Therefore, the expression differential between breeds can stimulate proliferation and differentiation of cells in different ways, explaining the postnatal differences in the muscularity between pigs from Piau breed and a commercial line.
Collapse
|
225
|
Secreted tyrosine kinase Vlk negatively regulates Hedgehog signaling by inducing lysosomal degradation of Smoothened. Biochem J 2020; 477:121-136. [PMID: 31845979 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vlk is a secreted tyrosine kinase that plays crucial roles during vertebrate embryonic development including skeletal formation. Genetic studies suggest that Vlk can modulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway during skeletal development. Despite its potential roles as an extracellular regulator of signaling pathways, little is known regarding the molecular functions of Vlk. Here we show that Vlk can negatively regulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway. We found that Vlk can induce lysosomal degradation of Smoothened, a crucial transmembrane signal transducer of the Hedgehog pathway, through the interaction with the extracellular domain of Smoothened (Smo-ECD). In addition, we observed that Vlk can attenuate Hedgehog signaling-induced ciliary localization of Smoothened. Furthermore, Vlk-mediated suppression of Hedgehog signaling can be diminished by tyrosine-to-phenylalanine substitutions in Smo-ECD. Taken together, these results suggest that Vlk may function as a signaling regulator in extracellular space to modulate the Hedgehog pathway.
Collapse
|
226
|
Han W, Allam SA, Elsawa SF. GLI2-Mediated Inflammation in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:55-65. [PMID: 32588323 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the development and progression of cancer and has been shown to contribute to resistance to therapy. Inflammation is one of the hallmarks of cancer implicated in disease phenotype. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate inflammation in cancer and consequently how inflammatory mediators promote cancer progression is important for our understanding of cancer cell biology. The transcription factor GLI2 was initially identified as a member of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. During the last decade, studies have shown a novel mechanism of GLI2 regulation independent of HH signaling, where GLI2 consequently modulated several cytokine genes in the TME. These studies highlight a novel role for GLI2 as an inflammatory mediatory independent of HH stimulation. This chapter will discuss canonical and noncanonical pathways of GLI2 regulation and some of the downstream cytokine target genes regulated by GLI2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Han
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Shereen A Allam
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Sherine F Elsawa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Romero-Casañas A, Gordo V, Castro J, Ribó M. Protein Splicing: From the Foundations to the Development of Biotechnological Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2133:15-29. [PMID: 32144661 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0434-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Expressed protein ligation is a simple and powerful method in protein engineering to introduce sequences of unnatural amino acids, posttranslational modifications, and biophysical probes into proteins of any size. This methodology has been developed based on the knowledge obtained from protein splicing. Protein splicing is a multistep biochemical reaction that includes the concomitant cleavage and formation of peptide bonds carried out by self-processing domains named inteins. The natural substrates of protein splicing are essential proteins found in intein-containing organisms; inteins are also functional in nonnative frameworks and can be used to alter nearly any protein's primary amino acid sequence. Accordingly, different reactivity features of inteins have been largely exploited to manipulate proteins in countless methods encompassing fields from biochemical research to the development of biotechnological applications including the study of disease progression and validation of potential drug candidates. Here, we review almost three decades of research to uncover the chemical and biochemical enigmas of protein splicing and the development of inteins as potent protein engineering tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero-Casañas
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Verónica Gordo
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Castro
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Ribó
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Zhang K, Yang X, Zhao Q, Li Z, Fu F, Zhang H, Zheng M, Zhang S. Molecular Mechanism of Stem Cell Differentiation into Adipocytes and Adipocyte Differentiation of Malignant Tumor. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8892300. [PMID: 32849880 PMCID: PMC7441422 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8892300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is the process through which preadipocytes differentiate into adipocytes. During this process, the preadipocytes cease to proliferate, begin to accumulate lipid droplets, and develop morphologic and biochemical characteristics of mature adipocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cells known for their high plasticity and capacity to generate mesodermal and nonmesodermal tissues. Many mature cell types can be generated from MSCs, including adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte. The differentiation of stem cells into multiple mature phenotypes is at the basis for tissue regeneration and repair. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a very important role in tumor development and have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer cells can be induced to differentiate into various benign cells, such as adipocytes, fibrocytes, osteoblast, by a variety of small molecular compounds, which may provide new strategies for cancer treatment. Recent studies have reported that tumor cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition can be induced to differentiate into adipocytes. In this review, molecular mechanisms, signal pathways, and the roles of various biological processes in adipose differentiation are summarized. Understanding the molecular mechanism of adipogenesis and adipose differentiation of cancer cells may contribute to cancer treatments that involve inducing differentiation into benign cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- 2Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- 3Tianjin Rehabilitation Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- 1Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Zugui Li
- 1Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- 4Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangmei Fu
- 1Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- 4Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- 4Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- 1Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Tan Y, Hu Y, Xiao Q, Tang Y, Chen H, He J, Chen L, Jiang K, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Ding K. Silencing of brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2) promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:228-238. [PMID: 31929751 PMCID: PMC6949152 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.38431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing, and cancer metastasis is one of the major causes of poor outcomes. BEX2 has been reported to be involved in tumor development in several types of cancer, but its role in metastatic colorectal cancer remains largely undefined. Herein, we demonstrated that BEX2 knockout resulted in enhanced migratory and metastatic potential in colorectal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and re-expression of BEX2 in knockout cells could reverse the enhanced migratory capacity. RNA-Seq results indicated that the hedgehog signaling pathway was activated after BEX2 knockout; moreover, the hedgehog signaling inhibitors, GANT61 and GDC-0449 could reverse the migratory enhancement of BEX2-/- colorectal cancer cells. We also demonstrated that the nuclear translocation of Zic2 after BEX2 silencing could activate the hedgehog signaling pathway, while Zic2 knockdown abrogated the migratory enhancement of BEX2-/- cells and inhibited the hedgehog signaling pathway. In summary, our findings suggest that BEX2 negatively modulates the hedgehog signaling pathway by retaining Zic2 in the cytoplasm in colorectal cancer cells, thereby inhibiting migration and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yeting Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jinjie He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Liubo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhanhuai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Hyuga T, Alcantara M, Kajioka D, Haraguchi R, Suzuki K, Miyagawa S, Kojima Y, Hayashi Y, Yamada G. Hedgehog Signaling for Urogenital Organogenesis and Prostate Cancer: An Implication for the Epithelial-Mesenchyme Interaction (EMI). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E58. [PMID: 31861793 PMCID: PMC6982176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an essential growth factor signaling pathway especially in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMI) during the development of the urogenital organs such as the bladder and the external genitalia (EXG). The Hh ligands are often expressed in the epithelia, affecting the surrounding mesenchyme, and thus constituting a form of paracrine signaling. The development of the urogenital organ, therefore, provides an intriguing opportunity to study EMI and its relationship with other pathways, such as hormonal signaling. Cellular interactions of prostate cancer (PCa) with its neighboring tissue is also noteworthy. The local microenvironment, including the bone metastatic site, can release cellular signals which can affect the malignant tumors, and vice versa. Thus, it is necessary to compare possible similarities and divergences in Hh signaling functions and its interaction with other local growth factors, such as BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) between organogenesis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, this review will discuss two pertinent research aspects of Hh signaling: (1) the potential signaling crosstalk between Hh and androgen signaling; and (2) the effect of signaling between the epithelia and the mesenchyme on the status of the basement membrane with extracellular matrix structures located on the epithelial-mesenchymal interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Mellissa Alcantara
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Daiki Kajioka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan;
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan;
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan;
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ. Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:96. [PMID: 31867104 PMCID: PMC6918647 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ketosis in dairy cows is associated with body fat mobilization during the peripartal period. Sub-clinical and clinical ketosis arise more frequently in cows that are overfed energy during the entire dry (last 50 to 45 days prior to parturition) or close-up period (last ~ 28 days prepartum). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 12 cows from a larger cohort that were fed a higher-energy diet [1.54 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM); 35.9% of DM corn silage and 13% of DM ground corn] during the close-up dry period, of which 6 did not develop clinical ketosis (OVE, 0.83 mmol/L plasma hydroxybutyrate; BHB) and 6 were diagnosed with clinical ketosis (KET, 1.4 mmol/L BHB) during the first week postpartum. A whole-transcriptome bovine microarray (Agilent Technologies) and metabolomics (GC-MS, LC-MS; Metabolon® Inc.) were used to perform transcript and metabolite profiling of liver tissue harvested at − 10 days relative to parturition which allowed to establish potential associations between prepartal transcriptome/metabolome profiles and susceptibility to clinical ketosis postpartum. Results Cows in KET had greater (P = 0.01) overall body weight between − 2 and 1 week around parturition, but similar body condition score than OVE. Although dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ prepartum, KET cows had lower (P < 0.01) DMI and similar milk yield as OVE cows during the first week postpartum. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 3065 differentially expressed genes (DEG; P ≤ 0.05) in KET. Metabolomics identified 15 out of 313 total biochemical compounds significantly affected (P ≤ 0.10) in KET. Among those, greater concentrations (P ≤ 0.06, + 2.3-fold) of glycochenodeoxycholate in KET cows also have been detected in humans developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Bioinformatics analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database and the DEG revealed that, among the top 20 most-impacted metabolic pathway categories in KET, 65% were overall downregulated. Those included ‘Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins’, ‘Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites’, ‘Lipid’, ‘Carbohydrate’, and ‘Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism’. The lower relative concentration of glucose-6-phosphate and marked downregulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 support a strong impairment in gluconeogenesis in prepartal liver of cows developing KET postpartum. Among the top 20 most-impacted non-metabolic pathways, 85% were downregulated. Pathways such as ‘mTOR signalling’ and ‘Insulin signalling’ were among those. ‘Ribosome’, ‘Nucleotide excision repair’, and ‘Adherens junctions’ were the only upregulated pathways in cows with KET. Conclusions The combined data analyses revealed more extensive alterations of the prepartal liver transcriptome than metabolome in cows overfed energy and developing ketosis postpartum. The causative link between these tissue-level adaptations and onset of clinical ketosis needs to be studied further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khuram Shahzad
- 1COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, ChakShahzad, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan.,2Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- 3Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Yusheng Liang
- 2Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- 3Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Johan S Osorio
- 4Department of Dairy Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
| | - Chuang Xu
- 5College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 5, Daqing, 163319 China
| | - Juan J Loor
- 2Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Keyvani V, Farshchian M, Esmaeili SA, Yari H, Moghbeli M, Nezhad SRK, Abbaszadegan MR. Ovarian cancer stem cells and targeted therapy. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:120. [PMID: 31810474 PMCID: PMC6896744 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer has the highest ratio of mortality among gynecologic malignancies. Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatment options for ovarian cancer. However, tumor relapse in patients with advanced tumor stage is still a therapeutic challenge for its clinical management. MAIN BODY Therefore, it is required to clarify the molecular biology and mechanisms which are involved in chemo resistance to improve the survival rate of ovarian cancer patients. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a sub population of tumor cells which are related to drug resistance and tumor relapse. CONCLUSION In the present review, we summarized the recent findings about the role of CSCs in tumor relapse and drug resistance among ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, we focused on the targeted and combinational therapeutic methods against the ovarian CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Keyvani
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Moein Farshchian
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Bu‐Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Yari
- Human Genetics Division, Medical Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Xu Y, Song S, Wang Z, Ajani JA. The role of hedgehog signaling in gastric cancer: molecular mechanisms, clinical potential, and perspective. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:157. [PMID: 31775795 PMCID: PMC6882007 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced gastric cancer usually have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Overcoming this challenge requires novel targets and effective drugs. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development of the gastrointestinal tract and maintenance of the physiologic function of the stomach. Aberrantly activated Hh signaling is implicated in carcinogenesis as well as maintenance of cancer stem cells. Somatic mutations in the components of Hh signaling (PTCH1 and SMO) have been shown to be a major cause of basal cell carcinoma, and dozens of Hh inhibitors have been developed. To date, two inhibitors (GDC-0449 and LDE225) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Here, we review the role of the Hh signaling in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer and summarize recent findings on Hh inhibitors in gastric cancer. Hedgehog signaling is often aberrantly activated and plays an important role during inflammation and carcinogenesis of gastric epithelial cells. Further study of the precise mechanisms of Hh signaling in this disease is needed for the validation of therapeutic targets and evaluation of the clinical utility of Hh inhibitors for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Matsuhisa K, Saito A, Cai L, Kaneko M, Okamoto T, Sakaue F, Asada R, Urano F, Yanagida K, Okochi M, Kudo Y, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Imaizumi K. Production of BBF2H7‐derived small peptide fragments via endoplasmic reticulum stress‐dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis. FASEB J 2019; 34:865-880. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Longjie Cai
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masayuki Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takumi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Fumika Sakaue
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Rie Asada
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Kanta Yanagida
- Neuropsychiatry Department of Integrated Medicine Division of Internal Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry Department of Integrated Medicine Division of Internal Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Wang Y, Hussein AM, Somasundaram L, Sankar R, Detraux D, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. microRNAs Regulating Human and Mouse Naïve Pluripotency. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5864. [PMID: 31766734 PMCID: PMC6929104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are ~22bp nucleotide non-coding RNAs that play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Many studies have established that microRNAs are important for cell fate choices, including the naïve to primed pluripotency state transitions, and their intermediate state, the developmentally suspended diapause state in early development. However, the full extent of microRNAs associated with these stage transitions in human and mouse remain under-explored. By meta-analysis of microRNA-seq, RNA-seq, and metabolomics datasets from human and mouse, we found a set of microRNAs, and importantly, their experimentally validated target genes that show consistent changes in naïve to primed transitions (microRNA up, target genes down, or vice versa). The targets of these microRNAs regulate developmental pathways (e.g., the Hedgehog-pathway), primary cilium, and remodeling of metabolic processes (oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid transport) during the transition. Importantly, we identified 115 microRNAs that significantly change in the same direction in naïve to primed transitions in both human and mouse, many of which are novel candidate regulators of pluripotency. Furthermore, we identified 38 microRNAs and 274 target genes that may be involved in diapause, where embryonic development is temporarily suspended prior to implantation to uterus. The upregulated target genes suggest that microRNAs activate stress response in the diapause stage. In conclusion, we provide a comprehensive resource of microRNAs and their target genes involved in naïve to primed transition and in the paused intermediate, the embryonic diapause stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Abdiasis M. Hussein
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Logeshwaran Somasundaram
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rithika Sankar
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Damien Detraux
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Expression profile of sonic hedgehog signaling-related molecules in basal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225511. [PMID: 31756206 PMCID: PMC6874381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer, characterized by aberrant activation of the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway resulting from mutations in the patched 1 (PTCH1) or smoothened (SMO) genes. In the present study, to uncover the expression profile of HH signaling-related molecules, we thoroughly examined the mRNA and protein expression levels of six molecules including GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, SHH, and SMO in BCC and various other cutaneous tumors. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that BCC showed remarkably enhanced mRNA expression of all HH molecules, except SMO compared to other skin tumors. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that only GLI1 protein was specifically upregulated in BCC, while the other HH-related proteins did not show any significant differences between the tumors. Notably, other skin malignancies such as squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma, and malignant melanoma showed no GLI1 expression and there was no difference in GLI1 expression between the BCC subtypes. In addition, GLI1 and GLI2 expression were strongly associated with the hair follicle stem cell markers, LGR4 and LGR5, which are known target genes of the Wnt pathway. Our results suggest that GLI1 has the potential to be a diagnostically useful marker for differentiating BCC from other skin malignancies and an interaction between the HH and Wnt signaling pathways may be involved in the development of BCCs.
Collapse
|
237
|
Recent Insights into Long Bone Development: Central Role of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Regulating Growth Plate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235840. [PMID: 31757091 PMCID: PMC6928971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The longitudinal growth of long bone, regulated by an epiphyseal cartilaginous component known as the “growth plate”, is generated by epiphyseal chondrocytes. The growth plate provides a continuous supply of chondrocytes for endochondral ossification, a sequential bone replacement of cartilaginous tissue, and any failure in this process causes a wide range of skeletal disorders. Therefore, the cellular and molecular characteristics of the growth plate are of interest to many researchers. Hedgehog (Hh), well known as a mitogen and morphogen during development, is one of the best known regulatory signals in the developmental regulation of the growth plate. Numerous animal studies have revealed that signaling through the Hh pathway plays multiple roles in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of growth plate chondrocytes throughout the skeletal growth period. Furthermore, over the past few years, a growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that a limited number of growth plate chondrocytes transdifferentiate directly into the full osteogenic and multiple mesenchymal lineages during postnatal bone development and reside in the bone marrow until late adulthood. Current studies with the genetic fate mapping approach have shown that the commitment of growth plate chondrocytes into the skeletal lineage occurs under the influence of epiphyseal chondrocyte-derived Hh signals during endochondral bone formation. Here, we discuss the valuable observations on the role of the Hh signaling pathway in the growth plate based on mouse genetic studies, with some emphasis on recent advances.
Collapse
|
238
|
Sasai N, Toriyama M, Kondo T. Hedgehog Signal and Genetic Disorders. Front Genet 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31781166 PMCID: PMC6856222 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) family comprises sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and desert hedgehog (Dhh), which are versatile signaling molecules involved in a wide spectrum of biological events including cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival; establishment of the vertebrate body plan; and aging. These molecules play critical roles from embryogenesis to adult stages; therefore, alterations such as abnormal expression or mutations of the genes involved and their downstream factors cause a variety of genetic disorders at different stages. The Hh family involves many signaling mediators and functions through complex mechanisms, and achieving a comprehensive understanding of the entire signaling system is challenging. This review discusses the signaling mediators of the Hh pathway and their functions at the cellular and organismal levels. We first focus on the roles of Hh signaling mediators in signal transduction at the cellular level and the networks formed by these factors. Then, we analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of expression of Hh pathway molecules in tissues and organs, and describe the phenotypes of mutant mice. Finally, we discuss the genetic disorders caused by malfunction of Hh signaling-related molecules in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Zhou H, Xiong Y, Peng L, Wang R, Zhang H, Fu Z. LncRNA-cCSC1 modulates cancer stem cell properties in colorectal cancer via activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:2510-2524. [PMID: 31680315 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified in various malignant tumors and determined to contribute to the process of tumorigenesis, including that of colorectal cancer (CRC). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been demonstrated to promote the expansion and maintain the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, owing to their self-renewal capacity. However, the underlying modulation mechanism of CSC-associated lncRNAs in CRC remains largely unclear. Using integrated bioinformatic analysis, we identified a novel lncRNA (lncRNA-cCSC1) that is highly expressed in CRC and colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs). The biological functions of lncRNA-cCSC1 were assessed in vitro and vivo through the silencing or upregulation of its expression. The depletion of lncRNA-cCSC1 markedly inhibited the self-renewal capacity of the CRCSCs and reduced their drug resistance to 5-fluorouracil. In contrast, lncRNA-cCSC1 overexpression increased the self-renewal effect. Furthermore, aberrant lncRNA-cCSC1 expression resulted in a concomitant alteration of smoothened (SMO) and GLI family zinc finger 1 (Gli1) expression in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Our study is the first to identify a novel lncRNA-cCSC1 in CRC and to indicate that it may regulate CSC-like properties via the Hh signaling pathway. Thus, lncRNA-cCSC1 could be a potential biomarker and promising therapeutic target for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongfu Xiong
- The First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hairong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Liu C, Wang R. The Roles of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Radioresistance of Cervical Cancer. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819885293. [PMID: 31695582 PMCID: PMC6820189 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819885293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important treatment of cervical cancer, especially for advanced cervical cancer. According to research reports, Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an essential role in the growth, invasion, metastasis, recurrence, drug resistance, and radioresistance of cervical cancer. The components of Hedgehog signaling pathway could be biomarkers, related to progression and prognosis of cervical cancer. In addition, targeted therapy for Hedgehog signaling pathway is expected to become a new strategy for the treatment of radioresistant cervical cancer. This review summarizes the research status and progress of the relationship between radiation resistance and activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway in cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Giarretta I, Gaetani E, Bigossi M, Tondi P, Asahara T, Pola R. The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215270. [PMID: 31652910 PMCID: PMC6862352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are prototypical morphogens known to regulate epithelial/mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development. In addition to its pivotal role in embryogenesis, the Hh signaling pathway may be recapitulated in post-natal life in a number of physiological and pathological conditions, including ischemia. This review highlights the involvement of Hh signaling in ischemic tissue regeneration and angiogenesis, with particular attention to the heart, the brain, and the skeletal muscle. Updated information on the potential role of the Hh pathway as a therapeutic target in the ischemic condition is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Giarretta
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Gaetani
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Margherita Bigossi
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tondi
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Roberto Pola
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Nam A, Kim T, Li Q, Rebhun RB, Youn HY, Seo KW. Melarsomine suppresses canine osteosarcoma cell survival via inhibition of Hedgehog-GLI signaling. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1722-1729. [PMID: 31645504 PMCID: PMC6943322 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog-GLI signaling pathway is activated in human and canine osteosarcoma (OSA)
and represents a potential therapeutic target for cancers, including OSA. Arsenic trioxide
represses GLI expression. Melarsomine, an arsenic compound-containing drug, has been
approved for the treatment of canine heartworm disease. Hence, we hypothesized that
melarsomine inhibits GLI signaling in canine OSA cell lines. The present study aimed to
assess this hypothesis. Cell viability and colony formation were decreased in the canine
OSA cell lines Abrams and D17 after treatment with melarsomine. Melarsomine-induced
apoptotic cell death was assessed via cell cycle analysis using propidium iodide staining.
Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot
analyses revealed a downregulation of genes downstream of the Hedgehog signaling pathway,
including GLI1, GLI2, and PTCH, after
melarsomine treatment. The present results suggest that melarsomine exerts antitumor
effects and serves as a GLI inhibitor in canine OSA cells. Additional studies are required
to evaluate and confirm the anticancer effect and relevant therapeutic dose of melarsomine
in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aryung Nam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Taewon Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis 95616, CA, U.S.A
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Xu X, Yu Q, Fang M, Yi M, Yang A, Xie B, Yang J, Zhang Z, Dai Z, Qiu M. Stage-specific regulation of oligodendrocyte development by Hedgehog signaling in the spinal cord. Glia 2019; 68:422-434. [PMID: 31605511 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of signaling pathways that control oligodendrocyte (OL) development is a prerequisite for developing novel strategies for myelin repair in neurological diseases. Despite the extensive work outlining the importance of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the commitment and generation of OL progenitor cells (OPCs), there are conflicting reports on the role of Hh signaling in regulating OL differentiation and maturation. In the present study, we systematically investigated OPC specification and differentiation in genetically modified mouse models of Smoothened (Smo), an essential component of the Hh signaling pathway in vertebrates. Through conditional gain-of-function strategy, we demonstrated that hyperactivation of Smo in neural progenitors induced transient ectopic OPC generation and precocious OL differentiation accompanied by the co-induction of Olig2 and Nkx2.2. After the commitment of OL lineage, Smo activity is not required for OL differentiation, and sustained expression of Smo in OPCs stimulated cell proliferation but inhibited terminal differentiation. These findings have uncovered the stage-specific regulation of OL development by Smo-mediated Hh signaling, providing novel insights into the molecular regulation of OL differentiation and myelin repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minxi Fang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aifen Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binghua Xie
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlin Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongmin Dai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
A Smo/Gli Multitarget Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor Impairs Tumor Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101518. [PMID: 31601026 PMCID: PMC6826940 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibition has emerged as a valuable anticancer strategy. A number of small molecules able to block the pathway at the upstream receptor Smoothened (Smo) or the downstream effector glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Gli1) has been designed and developed. In a recent study, we exploited the high versatility of the natural isoflavone scaffold for targeting the Hh signaling pathway at multiple levels showing that the simultaneous targeting of Smo and Gli1 provided synergistic Hh pathway inhibition stronger than single administration. This approach seems to effectively overcome the drug resistance, particularly at the level of Smo. Here, we combined the pharmacophores targeting Smo and Gli1 into a single and individual isoflavone, compound 22, which inhibits the Hh pathway at both upstream and downstream level. We demonstrate that this multitarget agent suppresses medulloblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo through antagonism of Smo and Gli1, which is a novel mechanism of action in Hh inhibition.
Collapse
|
245
|
Fujii T, Phutthatiraphap S, Shimizu T, Takeshima H, Sakai H. Non-morphogenic effect of Sonic Hedgehog on gastric H+,K+-ATPase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:605-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
246
|
Niyaz M, Khan MS, Mudassar S. Hedgehog Signaling: An Achilles' Heel in Cancer. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1334-1344. [PMID: 31352196 PMCID: PMC6664200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling pathway originally identified in the fruit fly Drosophila is an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism with crucial roles in embryogenesis, growth and patterning. It exerts its biological effect through a signaling mechanism that terminates at glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) transcription factors which alternate between activator and repressor forms and mediate various responses. The important components of the pathway include the hedgehog ligands (SHH), the Patched (PTCH) receptor, Smoothened (SMO), Suppressor of Fused (SuFu) and GLI transcription factors. Activating or inactivating mutations in key genes cause uncontrolled activation of the pathway in a ligand independent manner. The ligand-dependent aberrant activation of the hedgehog pathway causing overexpression of hedgehog pathway components and its target genes occurs in autocrine as well as paracrine fashion. In adults, aberrant activation of hedgehog signaling has been linked to birth defects and multiple solid cancers. In this review, we assimilate data from recent studies to understand the mechanism of functioning of the hedgehog signaling pathway, role in cancer, its association in various solid malignancies and the current strategies being used to target this pathway for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Niyaz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, - 190011 Srinagar, Kashmir
| | - Mosin S Khan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, - 190011 Srinagar, Kashmir
| | - Syed Mudassar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, - 190011 Srinagar, Kashmir.
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Baker EA, Woollard A. How Weird is The Worm? Evolution of the Developmental Gene Toolkit in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:E19. [PMID: 31569401 PMCID: PMC6956190 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative developmental biology and comparative genomics are the cornerstones of evolutionary developmental biology. Decades of fruitful research using nematodes have produced detailed accounts of the developmental and genomic variation in the nematode phylum. Evolutionary developmental biologists are now utilising these data as a tool with which to interrogate the evolutionary basis for the similarities and differences observed in Nematoda. Nematodes have often seemed atypical compared to the rest of the animal kingdom-from their totally lineage-dependent mode of embryogenesis to their abandonment of key toolkit genes usually deployed by bilaterians for proper development-worms are notorious rule breakers of the bilaterian handbook. However, exploring the nature of these deviations is providing answers to some of the biggest questions about the evolution of animal development. For example, why is the evolvability of each embryonic stage not the same? Why can evolution sometimes tolerate the loss of genes involved in key developmental events? Lastly, why does natural selection act to radically diverge toolkit genes in number and sequence in certain taxa? In answering these questions, insight is not only being provided about the evolution of nematodes, but of all metazoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Alison Woollard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Robinson MH, Maximov V, Lallani S, Farooq H, Taylor MD, Read RD, Kenney AM. Upregulation of the chromatin remodeler HELLS is mediated by YAP1 in Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13611. [PMID: 31541170 PMCID: PMC6754407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a malignant pediatric tumor that arises from neural progenitors in the cerebellum. Despite a five-year survival rate of ~70%, nearly all patients incur adverse side effects from current treatment strategies that drastically impact quality of life. Roughly one-third of medulloblastoma are driven by aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway. However, the scarcity of genetic mutations in medulloblastoma has led to investigation of other mechanisms contributing to cancer pathogenicity including epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Here, we show that Helicase, Lymphoid Specific (HELLS), a chromatin remodeler with epigenetic functions including DNA methylation and histone modification, is induced by Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in SHH-dependent cerebellar progenitor cells and the developing murine cerebella. HELLS is also up-regulated in mouse and human SHH medulloblastoma. Others have shown that HELLS activity generally results in a repressive chromatin state. Our results demonstrate that increased expression of HELLS in our experimental systems is regulated by the oncogenic transcriptional regulator YAP1 downstream of Smoothened, the positive transducer of SHH signaling. Elucidation of HELLS as one of the downstream effectors of the SHH pathway may lead to novel targets for precision therapeutics with the promise of better outcomes for SHH medulloblastoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hope Robinson
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor Maximov
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shoeb Lallani
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hamza Farooq
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Renee D Read
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anna Marie Kenney
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Xia T, Zhang H, Zhang L, Yang X, Sun G, Chen J, Xu D, Zhao C. Comparative and evolutionary analysis of the reptilian hedgehog gene family ( Shh, Dhh, and Ihh). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7613. [PMID: 31531274 PMCID: PMC6718155 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog signaling pathway plays a vital role in human and animal patterning and cell proliferation during the developmental process. The hedgehog gene family of vertebrate species includes three genes, Shh, Dhh, and Ihh, which possess different functions and expression patterns. Despite the importance of hedgehog genes, genomic evidence of this gene family in reptiles is lacking. In this study, the available genomes of a number of representative reptile species were explored by utilizing adaptive evolutionary analysis methods to characterize the evolutionary patterns of the hedgehog gene family. Altogether, 33 sonic hedgehog (Shh), 25 desert hedgehog (Dhh), and 20 Indian hedgehog (Ihh) genes were obtained from reptiles, and six avian and five mammalian sequences were added to the analysis. The phylogenetic maximum likelihood (ML) tree of the Shh, Dhh, and Ihh genes revealed a similar topology, which is approximately consistent with the traditional taxonomic group. No shared positive selection site was identified by the PAML site model or the three methods in the Data Monkey Server. Branch model and Clade model C analyses revealed that the Dhh and Ihh genes experienced different evolutionary forces in reptiles and other vertebrates, while the Shh gene was not significantly different in terms of selection pressure. The different evolutionary rates of the Dhh and Ihh genes suggest that these genes may be potential contributors to the discrepant sperm and body development of different clades. The different adaptive evolutionary history of the Shh, Dhh, and Ihh genes among reptiles may be due to their different functions in regulating cellular events of development from the embryonic stages to adulthood. Overall, this study has provided meaningful information regarding the evolution of the hedgehog gene family in reptiles and a theoretical foundation for further analyses on the functional and molecular mechanisms that have shaped the reptilian hedgehog genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Xiufeng Yang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Guolei Sun
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dajie Xu
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Jeng KS, Jeng CJ, Jeng WJ, Sheen IS, Li SY, Leu CM, Tsay YG, Chang CF. Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway as a potential target to inhibit the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4377-4384. [PMID: 31611946 PMCID: PMC6781692 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Hepatocarcinogenesis involves numerous interlinked factors and processes, including the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, which participates in the carcinogenesis, progression, invasiveness, recurrence and cancer stem cell maintenance of HCC. The Shh signaling pathway is activated by ligands that bind to their receptor protein, Protein patched homolog (Ptch). The process of Shh ligand binding to Ptch weakens the inhibition of smoothened homolog (SMO) and activates signal transduction via glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) transcription factors. The overexpression of Shh pathway molecules, including Shh, Ptch-1, Gli and SMO has been indicated in patients with HCC. It has also been suggested that the Shh signaling pathway exhibits cross-talk between numerous other signaling pathways. The inactivation of the Shh signaling pathway reduces HCC growth, increases radio-sensitivity and increases the beneficial effect of chemotherapy in HCC treatment. Therefore, inhibition of the Shh pathway may be an effective target therapy that can be used in the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyang Jeng
- Department of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Juei Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Juei Jeng
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Yun Li
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuen-Miin Leu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yeou-Guang Tsay
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiung-Fang Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|