201
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Kanie T, Abbott KL, Mooney NA, Plowey ED, Demeter J, Jackson PK. The CEP19-RABL2 GTPase Complex Binds IFT-B to Initiate Intraflagellar Transport at the Ciliary Base. Dev Cell 2017. [PMID: 28625565 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly conserved intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein complexes direct both the assembly of primary cilia and the trafficking of signaling molecules. IFT complexes initially accumulate at the base of the cilium and periodically enter the cilium, suggesting an as-yet-unidentified mechanism that triggers ciliary entry of IFT complexes. Using affinity-purification and mass spectrometry of interactors of the centrosomal and ciliopathy protein, CEP19, we identify CEP350, FOP, and the RABL2B GTPase as proteins organizing the first known mechanism directing ciliary entry of IFT complexes. We discover that CEP19 is recruited to the ciliary base by the centriolar CEP350/FOP complex and then specifically captures GTP-bound RABL2B, which is activated via its intrinsic nucleotide exchange. Activated RABL2B then captures and releases its single effector, the intraflagellar transport B holocomplex, from the large pool of pre-docked IFT-B complexes, and thus initiates ciliary entry of IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Kanie
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Keene Louis Abbott
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nancie Ann Mooney
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward Douglas Plowey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Janos Demeter
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter Kent Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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202
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Abstract
The primary cilium is an antenna-like, immotile organelle present on most types of mammalian cells, which interprets extracellular signals that regulate growth and development. Although once considered a vestigial organelle, the primary cilium is now the focus of considerable interest. We now know that ciliary defects lead to a panoply of human diseases, termed ciliopathies, and the loss of this organelle may be an early signature event during oncogenic transformation. Ciliopathies include numerous seemingly unrelated developmental syndromes, with involvement of the retina, kidney, liver, pancreas, skeletal system and brain. Recent studies have begun to clarify the key mechanisms that link cilium assembly and disassembly to the cell cycle, and suggest new possibilities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Sánchez
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, Smilow Research Building, 522 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Brian David Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, Smilow Research Building, 522 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
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203
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Bangs F, Anderson KV. Primary Cilia and Mammalian Hedgehog Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028175. [PMID: 27881449 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been a decade since it was discovered that primary cilia have an essential role in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in mammals. This discovery came from screens in the mouse that identified a set of genes that are required for both normal Hh signaling and for the formation of primary cilia. Since then, dozens of mouse mutations have been identified that disrupt cilia in a variety of ways and have complex effects on Hedgehog signaling. Here, we summarize the genetic and developmental studies used to deduce how Hedgehog signal transduction is linked to cilia and the complex effects that perturbation of cilia structure can have on Hh signaling. We conclude by describing the current status of our understanding of the cell-type-specific regulation of ciliogenesis and how that determines the ability of cells to respond to Hedgehog ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bangs
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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204
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Huang N, Xia Y, Zhang D, Wang S, Bao Y, He R, Teng J, Chen J. Hierarchical assembly of centriole subdistal appendages via centrosome binding proteins CCDC120 and CCDC68. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15057. [PMID: 28422092 PMCID: PMC5399293 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal cells, the centrosome is the main microtubule-organizing centre where microtubules are nucleated and anchored. The centriole subdistal appendages (SDAs) are the key structures that anchor microtubules in interphase cells, but the composition and assembly mechanisms of SDAs are not well understood. Here, we reveal that centrosome-binding proteins, coiled-coil domain containing (CCDC) 120 and CCDC68 are two novel SDA components required for hierarchical SDA assembly in human cells. CCDC120 is anchored to SDAs by ODF2 and recruits CEP170 and Ninein to the centrosome through different coiled-coil domains at its N terminus. CCDC68 is a CEP170-interacting protein that competes with CCDC120 in recruiting CEP170 to SDAs. Furthermore, CCDC120 and CCDC68 are required for centrosome microtubule anchoring. Our findings elucidate the molecular basis for centriole SDA hierarchical assembly and microtubule anchoring in human interphase cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitian Bao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Runsheng He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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205
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Loukil A, Tormanen K, Sütterlin C. The daughter centriole controls ciliogenesis by regulating Neurl-4 localization at the centrosome. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1287-1300. [PMID: 28385950 PMCID: PMC5412565 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During ciliogenesis, the daughter centriole is found next to the mother, but its role in this process is not known. Loukil et al. show that a daughter centriole is necessary for primary cilia formation by promoting Neurl-4–dependent removal of the negative ciliogenesis regulator CP110 from the mother. The two centrioles of the centrosome differ in age and function. Although the mother centriole mediates most centrosome-dependent processes, the role of the daughter remains poorly understood. A recent study has implicated the daughter centriole in centriole amplification in multiciliated cells, but its contribution to primary ciliogenesis is unclear. We found that manipulations that prevent daughter centriole formation or induce its separation from the mother abolish ciliogenesis. This defect was caused by stabilization of the negative ciliogenesis regulator CP110 and was corrected by CP110 depletion. CP110 dysregulation may be caused by effects on Neurl-4, a daughter centriole–associated ubiquitin ligase cofactor, which was required for ciliogenesis. Centrosome-targeted Neurl-4 was sufficient to restore ciliogenesis in cells with manipulated daughter centrioles. Interestingly, early during ciliogenesis, Neurl-4 transiently associated with the mother centriole in a process that required mother–daughter centriole proximity. Our data support a model in which the daughter centriole promotes ciliogenesis through Neurl-4–dependent regulation of CP110 levels at the mother centriole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhalim Loukil
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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206
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Luo W, Yi H, Taylor J, Li JD, Chi F, Todd NW, Lin X, Ren D, Chen P. Cilia distribution and polarity in the epithelial lining of the mouse middle ear cavity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45870. [PMID: 28358397 PMCID: PMC5372464 DOI: 10.1038/srep45870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The middle ear conducts sound to the cochlea for hearing. Otitis media (OM) is the most common illness in childhood. Moreover, chronic OM with effusion (COME) is the leading cause of conductive hearing loss. Clinically, COME is highly associated with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, implicating significant contributions of cilia dysfunction to COME. The understanding of middle ear cilia properties that are critical to OM susceptibility, however, is limited. Here, we confirmed the presence of a ciliated region near the Eustachian tube orifice at the ventral region of the middle ear cavity, consisting mostly of a lumen layer of multi-ciliated and a layer of Keratin-5-positive basal cells. We also found that the motile cilia are polarized coordinately and display a planar cell polarity. Surprisingly, we also found a region of multi-ciliated cells that line the posterior dorsal pole of the middle ear cavity which was previously thought to contain only non-ciliated cells. Our study provided a more complete understanding of cilia distribution and revealed for the first time coordinated polarity of cilia in the epithelium of the mammalian middle ear, thus illustrating novel structural features that are likely critical for middle ear functions and related to OM susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Luo
- Department of Cell Biology Emory University, Atlanta, USA.,Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hong Yi
- Electronic Microscopy Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jeannette Taylor
- Electronic Microscopy Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institution for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Fanglu Chi
- Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - N Wendell Todd
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Dongdong Ren
- Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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207
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Korobeynikov V, Deneka AY, Golemis EA. Mechanisms for nonmitotic activation of Aurora-A at cilia. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:37-49. [PMID: 28202658 PMCID: PMC5860652 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is oncogenic in many tumors. Many studies of AURKA have focused on activities of this kinase in mitosis, and elucidated the mechanisms by which AURKA activity is induced at the G2/M boundary through interactions with proteins such as TPX2 and NEDD9. These studies have informed the development of small molecule inhibitors of AURKA, of which a number are currently under preclinical and clinical assessment. While the first activities defined for AURKA were its control of centrosomal maturation and organization of the mitotic spindle, an increasing number of studies over the past decade have recognized a separate biological function of AURKA, in controlling disassembly of the primary cilium, a small organelle protruding from the cell surface that serves as a signaling platform. Importantly, these activities require activation of AURKA in early G1, and the mechanisms of activation are much less well defined than those in mitosis. A better understanding of the control of AURKA activity and the role of AURKA at cilia are both important in optimizing the efficacy and interpreting potential downstream consequences of AURKA inhibitors in the clinic. We here provide a current overview of proteins and mechanisms that have been defined as activating AURKA in G1, based on the study of ciliary disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Korobeynikov
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Alexander Y Deneka
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, U.S.A
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420000, Russian Federation
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, U.S.A.
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208
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Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Reiter JF. Open Sesame: How Transition Fibers and the Transition Zone Control Ciliary Composition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028134. [PMID: 27770015 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are plasma membrane protrusions that act as cellular propellers or antennae. To perform these functions, cilia must maintain a composition distinct from those of the contiguous cytosol and plasma membrane. The specialized composition of the cilium depends on the ciliary gate, the region at the ciliary base separating the cilium from the rest of the cell. The ciliary gate's main structural features are electron dense struts connecting microtubules to the adjacent membrane. These structures include the transition fibers, which connect the distal basal body to the base of the ciliary membrane, and the Y-links, which connect the proximal axoneme and ciliary membrane within the transition zone. Both transition fibers and Y-links form early during ciliogenesis and play key roles in ciliary assembly and trafficking. Accordingly, many human ciliopathies are caused by mutations that perturb ciliary gate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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209
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Sugioka K, Hamill DR, Lowry JB, McNeely ME, Enrick M, Richter AC, Kiebler LE, Priess JR, Bowerman B. Centriolar SAS-7 acts upstream of SPD-2 to regulate centriole assembly and pericentriolar material formation. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28092264 PMCID: PMC5342823 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The centriole/basal body is a eukaryotic organelle that plays essential roles in cell division and signaling. Among five known core centriole proteins, SPD-2/Cep192 is the first recruited to the site of daughter centriole formation and regulates the centriolar localization of the other components in C. elegans and in humans. However, the molecular basis for SPD-2 centriolar localization remains unknown. Here, we describe a new centriole component, the coiled-coil protein SAS-7, as a regulator of centriole duplication, assembly and elongation. Intriguingly, our genetic data suggest that SAS-7 is required for daughter centrioles to become competent for duplication, and for mother centrioles to maintain this competence. We also show that SAS-7 binds SPD-2 and regulates SPD-2 centriolar recruitment, while SAS-7 centriolar localization is SPD-2-independent. Furthermore, pericentriolar material (PCM) formation is abnormal in sas-7 mutants, and the PCM-dependent induction of cell polarity that defines the anterior-posterior body axis frequently fails. We conclude that SAS-7 functions at the earliest step in centriole duplication yet identified and plays important roles in the orchestration of centriole and PCM assembly. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20353.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Danielle R Hamill
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Joshua B Lowry
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Marie E McNeely
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Molly Enrick
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Alyssa C Richter
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Lauren E Kiebler
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - James R Priess
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
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210
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Morlon-Guyot J, Francia ME, Dubremetz JF, Daher W. Towards a molecular architecture of the centrosome in Toxoplasma gondii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:55-71. [PMID: 28026138 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. The pathogenicity of this unicellular parasite is tightly linked to its ability to efficiently proliferate within its host. Tachyzoites, the fast dividing form of the parasite, divide by endodyogeny. This process involves a single round of DNA replication, closed nuclear mitosis, and assembly of two daughter cells within a mother. The successful completion of endodyogeny relies on the temporal and spatial coordination of a plethora of simultaneous events. It has been shown that the Toxoplasma centrosome serves as signaling hub which nucleates spindle microtubules during mitosis and organizes the scaffolding of daughter cells components during cytokinesis. In addition, the centrosome is essential for inheriting both the apicoplast (a chloroplast-like organelle) and the Golgi apparatus. A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the T. gondii centrosome diverges in protein composition, structure and organization from its counterparts in higher eukaryotes making it an attractive source of potentially druggable targets. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on T. gondii centrosomal proteins and extend the putative centrosomal protein repertoire by in silico identification of mammalian centrosomal protein orthologs. We propose a working model for the organization and architecture of the centrosome in Toxoplasma parasites. Experimental validation of our proposed model will uncover how each predicted protein translates into the biology of centrosome, cytokinesis, karyokinesis, and organelle inheritance in Toxoplasma parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Morlon-Guyot
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria E Francia
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Jean-François Dubremetz
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Wassim Daher
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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211
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Al-Jassar C, Andreeva A, Barnabas DD, McLaughlin SH, Johnson CM, Yu M, van Breugel M. The Ciliopathy-Associated Cep104 Protein Interacts with Tubulin and Nek1 Kinase. Structure 2016; 25:146-156. [PMID: 28017521 PMCID: PMC5222566 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are thin cell projections with essential roles in cell motility, fluid movement, sensing, and signaling. They are templated from centrioles that dock against the plasma membrane and subsequently extend their peripheral microtubule array. The molecular mechanisms underpinning cilia assembly are incompletely understood. Cep104 is a key factor involved in cilia formation and length regulation that rides on the ends of elongating and shrinking cilia. It is mutated in Joubert syndrome, a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy. Here we provide structural and biochemical data that Cep104 contains a tubulin-binding TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) domain and a novel C2HC zinc finger array. Furthermore, we identify the kinase Nek1, another ciliopathy-associated protein, as a potential binding partner of this array. Finally, we show that Nek1 competes for binding to Cep104 with the distal centriole-capping protein CP110. Our data suggest a model for Cep104 activity during ciliogenesis and provide a novel link between Cep104 and Nek1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caezar Al-Jassar
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Antonina Andreeva
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Deepak D Barnabas
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stephen H McLaughlin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Christopher M Johnson
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Minmin Yu
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mark van Breugel
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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212
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Vertii A, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. The Centrosome, a Multitalented Renaissance Organelle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:8/12/a025049. [PMID: 27908937 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome acts as a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) from the G1 to G2 phases of the cell cycle; it can mature into a spindle pole during mitosis and/or transition into a cilium by elongating microtubules (MTs) from the basal body on cell differentiation or cell cycle arrest. New studies hint that the centrosome functions in more than MT organization. For instance, it has recently been shown that a specific substructure of the centrosome-the mother centriole appendages-are required for the recycling of endosomes back to the plasma membrane. This alone could have important implications for a renaissance in our understanding of the development of primary cilia, endosome recycling, and the immune response. Here, we review newly identified roles for the centrosome in directing membrane traffic, the immunological synapse, and the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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213
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Mazo G, Soplop N, Wang WJ, Uryu K, Tsou MFB. Spatial Control of Primary Ciliogenesis by Subdistal Appendages Alters Sensation-Associated Properties of Cilia. Dev Cell 2016; 39:424-437. [PMID: 27818179 PMCID: PMC5125554 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate cells can initiate ciliogenesis from centrioles at the cell center, near the Golgi, forming primary cilia confined or submerged in a deep narrow pit created by membrane invagination. How or why cells maintain submerged cilia is unclear. Here, by characterizing centriole subdistal appendages (sDAP) in cells exclusively growing submerged cilia, we found that a group of sDAP components localize to the centriole proximal end through the cohesion factor C-Nap1 and that sDAP function redundantly with C-Nap1 for submerged cilia maintenance. Loss of sDAP and C-Nap1 has no effect on cilia assembly, but it disrupts stable Golgi-cilia association and allows normally submerged cilia to fully surface, losing the deep membrane invagination. Intriguingly, unlike submerged cilia (stationary), surfaced cilia actively respond to mechanical stimuli with motions and can ectopically recruit Hedgehog signaling components in the absence of agonist. We propose that spatial control of ciliogenesis uncouples or specifies sensory properties of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Mazo
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nadine Soplop
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Won-Jing Wang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kunihiro Uryu
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meng Fu Bryan Tsou
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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214
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Abstract
The centrosome is the main microtubule organizing center of animal cells. It contributes to spindle assembly and orientation during mitosis and to ciliogenesis in interphase. Numerical and structural defects in this organelle are known to be associated with developmental disorders such as dwarfism and microcephaly, but only recently, the molecular mechanisms linking centrosome aberrations to altered physiology are being elucidated. Defects in centrosome number or structure have also been described in cancer. These opposite clinical outcomes--arising from reduced proliferation and overproliferation respectively--can be explained in light of the tissue- and developmental-specific requirements for centrosome functions. The pathological outcomes of centrosome deficiencies have become clearer when considering its consequences. Among them, there are genetic instability (mainly aneuploidy, a defect in chromosome number), defects in the symmetry of cell division (important for cell fate specification and tissue architecture) and impaired ciliogenesis. In this review, we discuss the origins and the consequences of centrosome flaws, with particular attention on how they contribute to developmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Nano
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
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215
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BAR Domain-Containing FAM92 Proteins Interact with Chibby1 To Facilitate Ciliogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2668-2680. [PMID: 27528616 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00160-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chibby1 (Cby1) is a small, conserved coiled-coil protein that localizes to centrioles/basal bodies and plays a crucial role in the formation and function of cilia. During early stages of ciliogenesis, Cby1 is required for the efficient recruitment of small vesicles at the distal end of centrioles to facilitate basal body docking to the plasma membrane. Here, we identified family with sequence similarity 92, member A (FAM92A) and FAM92B, which harbor predicted lipid-binding BAR domains, as novel Cby1-interacting partners using tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry. We found that in cultured cell lines, FAM92A colocalizes with Cby1 at the centrioles/basal bodies of primary cilia, while FAM92B is undetectable. In airway multiciliated cells, both FAM92A and -92B colocalize with Cby1 at the base of cilia. Notably, the centriolar localization of FAM92A and -92B depends largely on Cby1. Knockdown of FAM92A in RPE1 cells impairs ciliogenesis. Consistent with the membrane-remodeling properties of BAR domains, FAM92A and -92B in cooperation with Cby1 induce deformed membrane-like structures containing the small GTPase Rab8 in cultured cells. Our results therefore suggest that FAM92 proteins interact with Cby1 to promote ciliogenesis via regulation of membrane-remodeling processes.
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216
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Fu Q, Xu M, Chen X, Sheng X, Yuan Z, Liu Y, Li H, Sun Z, Li H, Yang L, Wang K, Zhang F, Li Y, Zhao C, Sui R, Chen R. CEP78 is mutated in a distinct type of Usher syndrome. J Med Genet 2016; 54:190-195. [PMID: 27627988 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Usher syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disorder featured by combined visual impairment and hearing loss. Despite a dozen of genes involved in Usher syndrome having been identified, the genetic basis remains unknown in 20-30% of patients. In this study, we aimed to identify the novel disease-causing gene of a distinct subtype of Usher syndrome. METHODS Ophthalmic examinations and hearing tests were performed on patients with Usher syndrome in two consanguineous families. Target capture sequencing was initially performed to screen causative mutations in known retinal disease-causing loci. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were applied for identifying novel disease-causing genes. RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing were performed to evaluate the splicing-altering effect of identified CEP78 variants. RESULTS Patients from the two independent families show a mild Usher syndrome phenotype featured by juvenile or adult-onset cone-rod dystrophy and sensorineural hearing loss. WES and WGS identified two homozygous rare variants that affect mRNA splicing of a ciliary gene CEP78. RT-PCR confirmed that the two variants indeed lead to abnormal splicing, resulting in premature stop of protein translation due to frameshift. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that CEP78 is a novel disease-causing gene for Usher syndrome, demonstrating an additional link between ciliopathy and Usher protein network in photoreceptor cells and inner ear hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingchu Xu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xunlun Sheng
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First affiliated hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhisheng Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yani Liu
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First affiliated hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Huajin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zixi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First affiliated hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lizhu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Keqing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fangxia Zhang
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First affiliated hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruifang Sui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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217
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Walentek P, Quigley IK, Sun DI, Sajjan UK, Kintner C, Harland RM. Ciliary transcription factors and miRNAs precisely regulate Cp110 levels required for ciliary adhesions and ciliogenesis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27623009 PMCID: PMC5045295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon cell cycle exit, centriole-to-basal body transition facilitates cilia formation. The centriolar protein Cp110 is a regulator of this process and cilia inhibitor, but its positive roles in ciliogenesis remain poorly understood. Using Xenopus we show that Cp110 inhibits cilia formation at high levels, while optimal levels promote ciliogenesis. Cp110 localizes to cilia-forming basal bodies and rootlets, and is required for ciliary adhesion complexes that facilitate Actin interactions. The opposing roles of Cp110 in ciliation are generated in part by coiled-coil domains that mediate preferential binding to centrioles over rootlets. Because of its dual role in ciliogenesis, Cp110 levels must be precisely controlled. In multiciliated cells, this is achieved by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation through ciliary transcription factors and microRNAs, which activate and repress cp110 to produce optimal Cp110 levels during ciliogenesis. Our data provide novel insights into how Cp110 and its regulation contribute to development and cell function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17557.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walentek
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Center for Integrative Genomics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Ian K Quigley
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Dingyuan I Sun
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Center for Integrative Genomics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Umeet K Sajjan
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Center for Integrative Genomics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Christopher Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Richard M Harland
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Center for Integrative Genomics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
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218
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Siller SS, Burke MC, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Chibby functions to preserve normal ciliary morphology through the regulation of intraflagellar transport in airway ciliated cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3163-72. [PMID: 26266958 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1080396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway cilia provide the coordinated motive force for mucociliary transport, which prevents the accumulation of mucus, debris, pollutants, and bacteria in our respiratory tracts. As airway cilia are constantly exposed to the environment and, hence, are an integral component of the pathogenesis of several congenital and chronic pulmonary disorders, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms that control ciliated cell differentiation and ciliogenesis. We have previously reported that loss of the basal body protein Chibby (Cby) results in chronic upper airway infection in mice due to a significant reduction in the number of airway cilia. In the present work, we demonstrate that Cby is required for normal ciliary structure and proper distribution of proteins involved in the bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, which consists of 2 distinct sub-complexes, IFT-A and IFT-B, and is essential for ciliary biogenesis and maintenance. In fully differentiated ciliated cells, abnormal paddle-like cilia with dilated ciliary tips are observed in Cby-/- airways and primary cultures of mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTECs). In addition, IFT88, an IFT-B sub-complex protein, robustly accumulates within the dilated tips of both multicilia in Cby-/- MTECs and primary cilia in Cby-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Furthermore, we show that only IFT-B components, including IFT20 and IFT57, but not IFT-A and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, amass with IFT88 in these distended tips in Cby-/- ciliated cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that Cby plays a role in the proper distribution of IFT particles to preserve normal ciliary morphology in airway ciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul S Siller
- a Medical Scientist Training Program; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,b Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,c Department of Pharmacological Sciences ; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA
| | - Michael C Burke
- a Medical Scientist Training Program; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,d Graduate Program in Genetics; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- b Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,c Department of Pharmacological Sciences ; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- a Medical Scientist Training Program; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,b Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,c Department of Pharmacological Sciences ; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,d Graduate Program in Genetics; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA
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219
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Vladar EK, Nayak JV, Milla CE, Axelrod JD. Airway epithelial homeostasis and planar cell polarity signaling depend on multiciliated cell differentiation. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27570836 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile airway cilia that propel contaminants out of the lung are oriented in a common direction by planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, which localizes PCP protein complexes to opposite cell sides throughout the epithelium to orient cytoskeletal remodeling. In airway epithelia, PCP is determined in a 2-phase process. First, cell-cell communication via PCP complexes polarizes all cells with respect to the proximal-distal tissue axis. Second, during ciliogenesis, multiciliated cells (MCCs) undergo cytoskeletal remodeling to orient their cilia in the proximal direction. The second phase not only directs cilium polarization, but also consolidates polarization across the epithelium. Here, we demonstrate that in airway epithelia, PCP depends on MCC differentiation. PCP mutant epithelia have misaligned cilia, and also display defective barrier function and regeneration, indicating that PCP regulates multiple aspects of airway epithelial homeostasis. In humans, MCCs are often sparse in chronic inflammatory diseases, and these airways exhibit PCP dysfunction. The presence of insufficient MCCs impairs mucociliary clearance in part by disrupting PCP-driven polarization of the epithelium. Consistent with defective PCP, barrier function and regeneration are also disrupted. Pharmacological stimulation of MCC differentiation restores PCP and reverses these defects, suggesting its potential for broad therapeutic benefit in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jayakar V Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carlos E Milla
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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220
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Wei Q, Zhang Y, Schouteden C, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Dong J, Wonesch V, Ling K, Dammermann A, Hu J. The hydrolethalus syndrome protein HYLS-1 regulates formation of the ciliary gate. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12437. [PMID: 27534274 PMCID: PMC4992140 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition fibres (TFs), together with the transition zone (TZ), are basal ciliary structures thought to be crucial for cilium biogenesis and function by acting as a ciliary gate to regulate selective protein entry and exit. Here we demonstrate that the centriolar and basal body protein HYLS-1, the C. elegans orthologue of hydrolethalus syndrome protein 1, is required for TF formation, TZ organization and ciliary gating. Loss of HYLS-1 compromises the docking and entry of intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles, ciliary gating for both membrane and soluble proteins, and axoneme assembly. Additional depletion of the TF component DYF-19 in hyls-1 mutants further exacerbates TZ anomalies and completely abrogates ciliogenesis. Our data support an important role for HYLS-1 and TFs in establishment of the ciliary gate and underline the importance of selective protein entry for cilia assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Clementine Schouteden
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jinhong Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Veronika Wonesch
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Alexander Dammermann
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.,Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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221
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill virus-infected and tumour cells with remarkable specificity. Upon recognition, CTLs form a cytolytic immune synapse with their target cell, and marked reorganization of both the actin and the microtubule cytoskeletons brings the centrosome up to the plasma membrane to the point of T cell receptor signalling. Secretory granules move towards the centrosome and are delivered to this focal point of secretion. Such centrosomal docking at the plasma membrane also occurs during ciliogenesis; indeed, striking similarities exist between the cytolytic synapse and the primary cilium that throw light on the possible origins of immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike de la Roche
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- CRUK-Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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222
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Barker AR, McIntosh KV, Dawe HR. Centrosome positioning in non-dividing cells. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1007-1021. [PMID: 26319517 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Centrioles and centrosomes are found in almost all eukaryotic cells, where they are important for organising the microtubule cytoskeleton in both dividing and non-dividing cells. The spatial location of centrioles and centrosomes is tightly controlled and, in non-dividing cells, plays an important part in cell migration, ciliogenesis and immune cell functions. Here, we examine some of the ways that centrosomes are connected to other organelles and how this impacts on cilium formation, cell migration and immune cell function in metazoan cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Barker
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ, London
| | - Kate V McIntosh
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Helen R Dawe
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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223
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Airik R, Schueler M, Airik M, Cho J, Ulanowicz KA, Porath JD, Hurd TW, Bekker-Jensen S, Schrøder JM, Andersen JS, Hildebrandt F. SDCCAG8 Interacts with RAB Effector Proteins RABEP2 and ERC1 and Is Required for Hedgehog Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156081. [PMID: 27224062 PMCID: PMC4880186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive mutations in the SDCCAG8 gene cause a nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy with Bardet-Biedl syndrome-like features in humans. Our previous characterization of the orthologous Sdccag8gt/gt mouse model recapitulated the retinal-renal disease phenotypes and identified impaired DNA damage response signaling as an underlying disease mechanism in the kidney. However, several other phenotypic and mechanistic features of Sdccag8gt/gt mice remained unexplored. Here we show that Sdccag8gt/gt mice exhibit developmental and structural abnormalities of the skeleton and limbs, suggesting impaired Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Indeed, cell culture studies demonstrate the requirement of SDCCAG8 for ciliogenesis and Hh signaling. Using an affinity proteomics approach, we demonstrate that SDCCAG8 interacts with proteins of the centriolar satellites (OFD1, AZI1), of the endosomal sorting complex (RABEP2, ERC1), and with non-muscle myosin motor proteins (MYH9, MYH10, MYH14) at the centrosome. Furthermore, we show that RABEP2 localization at the centrosome is regulated by SDCCAG8. siRNA mediated RABEP2 knockdown in hTERT-RPE1 cells leads to defective ciliogenesis, indicating a critical role for RABEP2 in this process. Together, this study identifies several centrosome-associated proteins as novel SDCCAG8 interaction partners, and provides new insights into the function of SDCCAG8 at this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannar Airik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RA); (FH)
| | - Markus Schueler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Merlin Airik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jang Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelsey A. Ulanowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Porath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Toby W. Hurd
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- NNF Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob M. Schrøder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jens S. Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RA); (FH)
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224
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Franco B, Thauvin-Robinet C. Update on oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS). Cilia 2016; 5:12. [PMID: 27141300 PMCID: PMC4852435 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS) represent a heterogeneous group of rare developmental disorders affecting the mouth, the face and the digits. Additional signs may involve brain, kidneys and other organs thus better defining the different clinical subtypes. With the exception of OFD types I and VIII, which are X-linked, the majority of OFDS is transmitted as an autosomal recessive syndrome. A number of genes have already found to be mutated in OFDS and most of the encoded proteins are predicted or proven to be involved in primary cilia/basal body function. Preliminary data indicate a physical interaction among some of those proteins and future studies will clarify whether all OFDS proteins are part of a network functionally connected to cilia. Mutations in some of the genes can also lead to other types of ciliopathies with partially overlapping phenotypes, such as Joubert syndrome (JS) and Meckel syndrome (MKS), supporting the concept that cilia-related diseases might be a continuous spectrum of the same phenotype with different degrees of severity. To date, seven of the described OFDS still await a molecular definition and two unclassified forms need further clinical and molecular validation. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are expected to shed light on how many OFDS geneticists should consider while evaluating oral-facial-digital cases. Functional studies will establish whether the non-ciliary functions of the transcripts mutated in OFDS might contribute to any of the phenotypic abnormalities observed in OFDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Naples, Italy ; Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- EA GAD, IFR Santé-STIC, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France ; Centre de Référence Maladies Rares « Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes malformatifs » de l'Est, Centre de Génétique et Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
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225
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Abstract
The basal body is a highly organized structure essential for the formation of cilia. Basal bodies dock to a cellular membrane through their distal appendages (also known as transition fibers) and provide the foundation on which the microtubules of the ciliary axoneme are built. Consequently, basal body position and orientation dictates the position and orientation of its cilium. The heart of the basal body is the mother centriole, the older of the two centrioles inherited during mitosis and which is comprised of nine triplet microtubules arranged in a cylinder. Like all ciliated organisms, mice possess basal bodies, and studies of mouse basal body structure have made diverse important contributions to the understanding of how basal body structure impacts the function of cilia. The appendages and associated structures of mouse basal bodies can differ in their architecture from those of other organisms, and even between murine cell types. For example, basal bodies of immotile primary cilia are connected to daughter centrioles, whereas those of motile multiciliated cells are not. The last few years have seen the identification of many components of the basal body, and the mouse will continue to be an extremely valuable system for genetically defining their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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226
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhang Y, Torres VE, Harris PC, Ling K, Hu J. GTP-binding of ARL-3 is activated by ARL-13 as a GEF and stabilized by UNC-119. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24534. [PMID: 27102355 PMCID: PMC4840320 DOI: 10.1038/srep24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles indispensable for organogenesis and tissue pattern formation. Ciliopathy small GTPase ARLs are proposed as prominent ciliary switches, which when disrupted result in dysfunctional cilia, yet how ARLs are activated remain elusive. Here, we discover a novel small GTPase functional module, which contains ARL-3, ARL-13, and UNC-119, localizes near the poorly understood inversin (InV)-like compartment in C. elegans. ARL-13 acts synergistically with UNC-119, but antagonistically with ARL-3, in regulating ciliogenesis. We demonstrate that ARL-3 is a unique small GTPase with unusual high intrinsic GDP release but low intrinsic GTP binding rate. Importantly, ARL-13 acts as a nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of ARL-3, while UNC-119 can stabilize the GTP binding of ARL-3. We further show that excess inactivated ARL-3 compromises ciliogenesis. The findings reveal a novel mechanism that one ciliopathy GTPase ARL-13, as a GEF, coordinates with UNC-119, which may act as a GTP-binding stabilizing factor, to properly activate another GTPase ARL-3 in cilia, a regulatory process indispensable for ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Mayo Translational PKD Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Mayo Translational PKD Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Mayo Translational PKD Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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227
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Mutations in human C2CD3 cause skeletal dysplasia and provide new insights into phenotypic and cellular consequences of altered C2CD3 function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24083. [PMID: 27094867 PMCID: PMC4837335 DOI: 10.1038/srep24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of genetic disorders caused by defective assembly or dysfunction of the primary cilium, a microtubule-based cellular organelle that plays a key role in developmental signalling. Ciliopathies are clinically grouped in a large number of overlapping disorders, including the orofaciodigital syndromes (OFDS), the short rib polydactyly syndromes and Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding the centriolar protein C2CD3 have been described in two families with a new sub-type of OFDS (OFD14), with microcephaly and cerebral malformations. Here we describe a third family with novel compound heterozygous C2CD3 mutations in two fetuses with a different clinical presentation, dominated by skeletal dysplasia with no microcephaly. Analysis of fibroblast cultures derived from one of these fetuses revealed a reduced ability to form cilia, consistent with previous studies in C2cd3-mutant mouse and chicken cells. More detailed analyses support a role for C2CD3 in basal body maturation; but in contrast to previous mouse studies the normal recruitment of the distal appendage protein CEP164 suggests that this protein is not sufficient for efficient basal body maturation and subsequent axonemal extension in a C2CD3-defective background.
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228
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Luttropp K, Debowska M, Lukaszuk T, Bobrowski L, Carrero JJ, Qureshi AR, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Waniewski J, Nordfors L. Genotypic and phenotypic predictors of inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:2033-2040. [PMID: 27190335 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In complex diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), the risk of clinical complications is determined by interactions between phenotypic and genotypic factors. However, clinical epidemiological studies rarely attempt to analyse the combined effect of large numbers of phenotype and genotype features. We have recently shown that the relaxed linear separability (RLS) model of feature selection can address such complex issues. Here, it is applied to identify risk factors for inflammation in CKD. METHODS The RLS model was applied in 225 CKD stage 5 patients sampled in conjunction with dialysis initiation. Fifty-seven anthropometric or biochemical measurements and 79 genetic polymorphisms were entered into the model. The model was asked to identify phenotypes and genotypes that, when combined, could separate inflamed from non-inflamed patients. Inflammation was defined as a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration above the median (5 mg/L). RESULTS Among the 60 genotypic and phenotypic features predicting inflammation, 31 were genetic. Among the 10 strongest predictors of inflammation, 8 were single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the NAMPT, CIITA, BMP2 and PIK3CB genes, whereas fibrinogen and bone mineral density were the only phenotypic biomarkers. CONCLUSION These results indicate a larger involvement of hereditary factors in inflammation than might have been expected and suggest that inclusion of genotype features in risk assessment studies is critical. The RLS model demonstrates that inflammation in CKD is determined by an extensive panel of factors and may prove to be a suitable tool that could enable a much-needed multifactorial approach as opposed to the commonly utilized single-factor analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Luttropp
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Division, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Debowska
- Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Leon Bobrowski
- Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Juan Jesus Carrero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Division, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul Rashid Qureshi
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Lindholm
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacek Waniewski
- Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Louise Nordfors
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Division, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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229
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A Dynamic Protein Interaction Landscape of the Human Centrosome-Cilium Interface. Cell 2016; 163:1484-99. [PMID: 26638075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome is the primary microtubule organizing center of the cells and templates the formation of cilia, thereby operating at a nexus of critical cellular functions. Here, we use proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) to map the centrosome-cilium interface; with 58 bait proteins we generate a protein topology network comprising >7,000 interactions. Analysis of interaction profiles coupled with high resolution phenotypic profiling implicates a number of protein modules in centriole duplication, ciliogenesis, and centriolar satellite biogenesis and highlights extensive interplay between these processes. By monitoring dynamic changes in the centrosome-cilium protein interaction landscape during ciliogenesis, we also identify satellite proteins that support cilia formation. Systematic profiling of proximity interactions combined with functional analysis thus provides a rich resource for better understanding human centrosome and cilia biology. Similar strategies may be applied to other complex biological structures or pathways.
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230
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Abstract
In human cells, the basal body (BB) core comprises a ninefold microtubule-triplet cylindrical structure. Distal and subdistal appendages are located at the distal end of BB, where they play indispensable roles in cilium formation and function. Most cells that arrest in the G0 stage of the cell cycle initiate BB docking at the plasma membrane followed by BB-mediated growth of a solitary primary cilium, a structure required for sensing the extracellular environment and cell signaling. In addition to the primary cilium, motile cilia are present in specialized cells, such as sperm and airway epithelium. Mutations that affect BB function result in cilia dysfunction. This can generate syndromic disorders, collectively called ciliopathies, for which there are no effective treatments. In this review, we focus on the features and functions of BBs and centrosomes in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- />Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Hui-Fang Hung
- />Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- />Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
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231
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Hung HF, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. The Mother Centriole Appendage Protein Cenexin Modulates Lumen Formation through Spindle Orientation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:793-801. [PMID: 26948879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Establishing apical-basal polarity is instrumental in the functional shaping of a solitary lumen within an acinus. By exploiting micropatterned slides, wound healing assays, and three-dimensional culture systems, we identified a mother centriole subdistal appendage protein, cenexin, as a critical player in symmetric lumen expansion through the control of microtubule organization. In this regard, cenexin was required for both centrosome positioning in interphase cells and proper spindle orientation during mitosis. In contrast, the essential mother centriole distal appendage protein CEP164 did not play a role in either process, demonstrating the specificity of subdistal appendages for these events. Importantly, upon closer examination we found that cenexin depletion decreased astral microtubule length, disrupted astral microtubule minus-end organization, and increased levels of the polarity protein NuMA at the cell cortex. Interestingly, spindle misorientation and NuMA mislocalization were reversed by treatment with a low dose of the microtubule-stabilizing agent paclitaxel. Taken together, these results suggest that cenexin modulates microtubule organization and stability to mediate spindle orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Hung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical School, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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232
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Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase PIPKIγ and phosphatase INPP5E coordinate initiation of ciliogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10777. [PMID: 26916822 PMCID: PMC4773430 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective primary cilia are causative to a wide spectrum of human genetic disorders, termed ciliopathies. Although the regulation of ciliogenesis is intensively studied, how it is initiated remains unclear. Here we show that type Iγ phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) 5-kinase (PIPKIγ) and inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E (INPP5E), a Joubert syndrome protein, localize to the centrosome and coordinate the initiation of ciliogenesis. PIPKIγ counteracts INPP5E in regulating tau-tubulin kinase-2 (TTBK2) recruitment to the basal body, which promotes the removal of microtubule capping protein CP110 and the subsequent axoneme elongation. Interestingly, INPP5E and its product—PtdIns(4)P—accumulate at the centrosome/basal body in non-ciliated, but not ciliated, cells. PtdIns(4)P binding to TTBK2 and the distal appendage protein CEP164 compromises the TTBK2-CEP164 interaction and inhibits the recruitment of TTBK2. Our results reveal that PtdIns(4)P homoeostasis, coordinated by PIPKIγ and INPP5E at the centrosome/ciliary base, is vital for ciliogenesis by regulating the CEP164-dependent recruitment of TTBK2. The primary cilium is essential for embryonic development and tissue pattern formation. Here the authors show that PIPKIγ localizes to the basal body of the primary cilium and cooperates with the Joubert Syndrome associated protein INPP5E to regulate the initiation of ciliogenesis.
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233
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Cellular Mechanisms of Ciliary Length Control. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010006. [PMID: 26840332 PMCID: PMC4810091 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are evolutionarily conserved, membrane-bound, microtubule-based organelles on the surface of most eukaryotic cells. They play important roles in coordinating a variety of signaling pathways during growth, development, cell mobility, and tissue homeostasis. Defects in ciliary structure or function are associated with multiple human disorders called ciliopathies. These diseases affect diverse tissues, including, but not limited to the eyes, kidneys, brain, and lungs. Many processes must be coordinated simultaneously in order to initiate ciliogenesis. These include cell cycle, vesicular trafficking, and axonemal extension. Centrioles play a central role in both cell cycle progression and ciliogenesis, making the transition between basal bodies and mitotic spindle organizers integral to both processes. The maturation of centrioles involves a functional shift from cell division toward cilium nucleation which takes place concurrently with its migration and fusion to the plasma membrane. Several proteinaceous structures of the distal appendages in mother centrioles are required for this docking process. Ciliary assembly and maintenance requires a precise balance between two indispensable processes; so called assembly and disassembly. The interplay between them determines the length of the resulting cilia. These processes require a highly conserved transport system to provide the necessary substances at the tips of the cilia and to recycle ciliary turnover products to the base using a based microtubule intraflagellar transport (IFT) system. In this review; we discuss the stages of ciliogenesis as well as mechanisms controlling the lengths of assembled cilia.
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234
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Abstract
The characteristic lengths of molecular arrangement in primary cilia are below the diffraction limit of light, challenging structural and functional studies of ciliary proteins. Superresolution microscopy can reach up to a 20 nm resolution, significantly improving the ability to map molecules in primary cilia. Here we describe detailed experimental procedure of STED microscopy imaging and dSTORM imaging, two of the most powerful superresolution imaging techniques. Specifically, we emphasize the use of these two methods on imaging proteins in primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tony Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No 1, Roosevelt Rd. Sec 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Weng Man Chong
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No 1, Roosevelt Rd. Sec 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chi Liao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No 1, Roosevelt Rd. Sec 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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235
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Izawa I, Goto H, Kasahara K, Inagaki M. Current topics of functional links between primary cilia and cell cycle. Cilia 2015; 4:12. [PMID: 26719793 PMCID: PMC4696186 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-015-0021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia, microtubule-based sensory structures, orchestrate various critical signals during development and tissue homeostasis. In view of the rising interest into the reciprocal link between ciliogenesis and cell cycle, we discuss here several recent advances to understand the molecular link between the individual step of ciliogenesis and cell cycle control. At the onset of ciliogenesis (the transition from centrosome to basal body), distal appendage proteins have been established as components indispensable for the docking of vesicles at the mother centriole. In the initial step of axonemal extension, CP110, Ofd1, and trichoplein, key negative regulators of ciliogenesis, are found to be removed by a kinase-dependent mechanism, autophagy, and ubiquitin–proteasome system, respectively. Of note, their disposal functions as a restriction point to decide that the axonemal nucleation and extension begin. In the elongation step, Nde1, a negative regulator of ciliary length, is revealed to be ubiquitylated and degraded by CDK5-SCFFbw7 in a cell cycle-dependent manner. With regard to ciliary length control, it has been uncovered in flagellar shortening of Chlamydomonas that cilia itself transmit a ciliary length signal to cytoplasm. At the ciliary resorption step upon cell cycle re-entry, cilia are found to be disassembled not only by Aurora A-HDAC6 pathway but also by Nek2-Kif24 and Plk1-Kif2A pathways through their microtubule-depolymerizing activity. On the other hand, it is becoming evident that the presence of primary cilia itself functions as a structural checkpoint for cell cycle re-entry. These data suggest that ciliogenesis and cell cycle intimately link each other, and further elucidation of these mechanisms will contribute to understanding the pathology of cilia-related disease including cancer and discovering targets of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Izawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan
| | - Hidemasa Goto
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan ; Department of Cellular Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan ; Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603 Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan ; Department of Cellular Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
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236
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Kurtulmus B, Wang W, Ruppert T, Neuner A, Cerikan B, Viol L, Dueñas-Sánchez R, Gruss OJ, Pereira G. WDR8 is a centriolar satellite and centriole-associated protein that promotes ciliary vesicle docking during ciliogenesis. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:621-36. [PMID: 26675238 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliogenesis initiates at the mother centriole through a series of events that include membrane docking, displacement of cilia-inhibitory proteins and axoneme elongation. Centriolar proteins, in particular at distal and subdistal appendages, carry out these functions. Recently, cytoplasmic complexes named centriolar satellites have also been shown to promote ciliogenesis. Little is known about the functional and molecular relationship between appendage proteins, satellites and cilia biogenesis. Here, we identified the WD-repeat protein 8 (WDR8, also known as WRAP73) as a satellite and centriolar component. We show that WDR8 interacts with the satellite proteins SSX2IP and PCM1 as well as the centriolar proximal end component Cep135. Cep135 is required for the recruitment of WDR8 to centrioles. Depletion experiments revealed that WDR8 and Cep135 have strongly overlapping functions in ciliogenesis. Both are indispensable for ciliary vesicle docking to the mother centriole and for unlocking the distal end of the mother centriole from the ciliary inhibitory complex CP110-Cep97. Our data thus point to an important function of centriolar proximal end proteins in ciliary membrane biogenesis, and establish WDR8 and Cep135 as two factors that are essential for the initial steps of ciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahtiyar Kurtulmus
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Division of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Division of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruppert
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Annett Neuner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Linda Viol
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Division of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Rafael Dueñas-Sánchez
- Division of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Oliver J Gruss
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Division of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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237
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Stinchcombe JC, Randzavola LO, Angus KL, Mantell JM, Verkade P, Griffiths GM. Mother Centriole Distal Appendages Mediate Centrosome Docking at the Immunological Synapse and Reveal Mechanistic Parallels with Ciliogenesis. Curr Biol 2015; 25:3239-44. [PMID: 26670998 PMCID: PMC4691242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are highly effective serial killers capable of destroying virally infected and cancerous targets by polarized release from secretory lysosomes. Upon target contact, the CTL centrosome rapidly moves to the immunological synapse, focusing microtubule-directed release at this point [1, 2, 3]. Striking similarities have been noted between centrosome polarization at the synapse and basal body docking during ciliogenesis [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], suggesting that CTL centrosomes might dock with the plasma membrane during killing, in a manner analogous to primary cilia formation [1, 4]. However, questions remain regarding the extent and function of centrosome polarization at the synapse, and recent reports have challenged its role [9, 10]. Here, we use high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tomography analysis to show that, as in ciliogenesis, the distal appendages of the CTL mother centriole contact the plasma membrane directly during synapse formation. This is functionally important as small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting of the distal appendage protein, Cep83, required for membrane contact during ciliogenesis [11], impairs CTL secretion. Furthermore, the regulatory proteins CP110 and Cep97, which must dissociate from the mother centriole to allow cilia formation [12], remain associated with the mother centriole in CTLs, and neither axoneme nor transition zone ciliary structures form. Moreover, complete centrosome docking can occur in proliferating CTLs with multiple centriole pairs. Thus, in CTLs, centrosomes dock transiently with the membrane, within the cell cycle and without progression into ciliogenesis. We propose that this transient centrosome docking without cilia formation is important for CTLs to deliver rapid, repeated polarized secretion directed by the centrosome. Centrosome docking at the immune synapse parallels early ciliogenesis CTL mother centriole distal appendages dock directly with the membrane Cep83 depletion inhibits CTL secretion CP110 is retained on the mother centrioles and ciliogenesis is blocked
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lyra O Randzavola
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Karen L Angus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Judith M Mantell
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Paul Verkade
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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238
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Schock EN, Chang CF, Youngworth IA, Davey MG, Delany ME, Brugmann SA. Utilizing the chicken as an animal model for human craniofacial ciliopathies. Dev Biol 2015; 415:326-337. [PMID: 26597494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chicken has been a particularly useful model for the study of craniofacial development and disease for over a century due to their relatively large size, accessibility, and amenability for classical bead implantation and transplant experiments. Several naturally occurring mutant lines with craniofacial anomalies also exist and have been heavily utilized by developmental biologist for several decades. Two of the most well known lines, talpid(2) (ta(2)) and talpid(3) (ta(3)), represent the first spontaneous mutants to have the causative genes identified. Despite having distinct genetic causes, both mutants have recently been identified as ciliopathic. Excitingly, both of these mutants have been classified as models for human craniofacial ciliopathies: Oral-facial-digital syndrome (ta(2)) and Joubert syndrome (ta(3)). Herein, we review and compare these two models of craniofacial disease and highlight what they have revealed about the molecular and cellular etiology of ciliopathies. Furthermore, we outline how applying classical avian experiments and new technological advances (transgenics and genome editing) with naturally occurring avian mutants can add a tremendous amount to what we currently know about craniofacial ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ingrid A Youngworth
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Megan G Davey
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mary E Delany
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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239
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Vertii A, Bright A, Delaval B, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. New frontiers: discovering cilia-independent functions of cilia proteins. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1275-87. [PMID: 26358956 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In most vertebrates, mitotic spindles and primary cilia arise from a common origin, the centrosome. In non-cycling cells, the centrosome is the template for primary cilia assembly and, thus, is crucial for their associated sensory and signaling functions. During mitosis, the duplicated centrosomes mature into spindle poles, which orchestrate mitotic spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, and orientation of the cell division axis. Intriguingly, both cilia and spindle poles are centrosome-based, functionally distinct structures that require the action of microtubule-mediated, motor-driven transport for their assembly. Cilia proteins have been found at non-cilia sites, where they have distinct functions, illustrating a diverse and growing list of cellular processes and structures that utilize cilia proteins for crucial functions. In this review, we discuss cilia-independent functions of cilia proteins and re-evaluate their potential contributions to "cilia" disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alison Bright
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Gasic I, Nerurkar P, Meraldi P. Centrosome age regulates kinetochore-microtubule stability and biases chromosome mis-segregation. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26287477 PMCID: PMC4579388 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The poles of the mitotic spindle contain one old and one young centrosome. In asymmetric stem cell divisions, the age of centrosomes affects their behaviour and their probability to remain in the stem cell. In contrast, in symmetric divisions, old and young centrosomes are thought to behave equally. This hypothesis is, however, untested. In this study, we show in symmetrically dividing human cells that kinetochore-microtubules associated to old centrosomes are more stable than those associated to young centrosomes, and that this difference favours the accumulation of premature end-on attachments that delay the alignment of polar chromosomes at old centrosomes. This differential microtubule stability depends on cenexin, a protein enriched on old centrosomes. It persists throughout mitosis, biasing chromosome segregation in anaphase by causing daughter cells with old centrosomes to retain non-disjoint chromosomes 85% of the time. We conclude that centrosome age imposes via cenexin a functional asymmetry on all mitotic spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gasic
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Purnima Nerurkar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Vertii A, Zimmerman W, Ivshina M, Doxsey S. Centrosome-intrinsic mechanisms modulate centrosome integrity during fever. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3451-63. [PMID: 26269579 PMCID: PMC4591690 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is critical for cell division. Heat stress (HS) causes degradation of all centrosome substructures by centrosome-bound proteasomes. HS-activated degradation is centrosome specific and can be rescued by targeting Hsp70 to the centrosome. Centrosome inactivation is a physiological event, as centrosomes in leukocytes of febrile patients are disrupted. The centrosome is critical for cell division, ciliogenesis, membrane trafficking, and immunological synapse function. The immunological synapse is part of the immune response, which is often accompanied by fever/heat stress (HS). Here we provide evidence that HS causes deconstruction of all centrosome substructures primarily through degradation by centrosome-associated proteasomes. This renders the centrosome nonfunctional. Heat-activated degradation is centrosome selective, as other nonmembranous organelles (midbody, kinetochore) and membrane-bounded organelles (mitochondria) remain largely intact. Heat-induced centrosome inactivation was rescued by targeting Hsp70 to the centrosome. In contrast, Hsp70 excluded from the centrosome via targeting to membranes failed to rescue, as did chaperone inactivation. This indicates that there is a balance between degradation and chaperone rescue at the centrosome after HS. This novel mechanism of centrosome regulation during fever contributes to immunological synapse formation. Heat-induced centrosome inactivation is a physiologically relevant event, as centrosomes in leukocytes of febrile patients are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Wendy Zimmerman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Maria Ivshina
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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Alby C, Piquand K, Huber C, Megarbané A, Ichkou A, Legendre M, Pelluard F, Encha-Ravazi F, Abi-Tayeh G, Bessières B, El Chehadeh-Djebbar S, Laurent N, Faivre L, Sztriha L, Zombor M, Szabó H, Failler M, Garfa-Traore M, Bole C, Nitschké P, Nizon M, Elkhartoufi N, Clerget-Darpoux F, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Vekemans M, Saunier S, Cormier-Daire V, Attié-Bitach T, Thomas S. Mutations in KIAA0586 Cause Lethal Ciliopathies Ranging from a Hydrolethalus Phenotype to Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:311-8. [PMID: 26166481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
KIAA0586, the human ortholog of chicken TALPID3, is a centrosomal protein that is essential for primary ciliogenesis. Its disruption in animal models causes defects attributed to abnormal hedgehog signaling; these defects include polydactyly and abnormal dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. Here, we report homozygous mutations of KIAA0586 in four families affected by lethal ciliopathies ranging from a hydrolethalus phenotype to short-rib polydactyly. We show defective ciliogenesis, as well as abnormal response to SHH-signaling activation in cells derived from affected individuals, consistent with a role of KIAA0586 in primary cilia biogenesis. Whereas centriolar maturation seemed unaffected in mutant cells, we observed an abnormal extended pattern of CEP290, a centriolar satellite protein previously associated with ciliopathies. Our data show the crucial role of KIAA0586 in human primary ciliogenesis and subsequent abnormal hedgehog signaling through abnormal GLI3 processing. Our results thus establish that KIAA0586 mutations cause lethal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alby
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Kevin Piquand
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Céline Huber
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - André Megarbané
- Medical Genetics Unit, Saint Joseph University, Rue de Damas, BP 175208, Mar Mikhaël, Beyrouth 1104, Lebanon
| | - Amale Ichkou
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marine Legendre
- Department of Genetics, Poitiers University Hospital, 2 Rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Fanny Pelluard
- Unité de Pathologie Fœtoplacentaire, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Ferechté Encha-Ravazi
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Georges Abi-Tayeh
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôtel-Dieu de France, BP 166830, Achrafieh, Beyrouth 1100, Lebanon
| | - Bettina Bessières
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Nicole Laurent
- Génétique et Anomalies du Développement EA4271, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Génétique et Anomalies du Développement EA4271, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - László Sztriha
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 14-15, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda Zombor
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 14-15, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Szabó
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 14-15, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marion Failler
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Meriem Garfa-Traore
- Cell Imaging Platform, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christine Bole
- Genomic Core Facility, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Elkhartoufi
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Clerget-Darpoux
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michel Vekemans
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thomas
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.
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Dong G. Building a ninefold symmetrical barrel: structural dissections of centriole assembly. Open Biol 2015; 5:150082. [PMID: 26269428 PMCID: PMC4554922 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are short microtubule-based organelles with a conserved ninefold symmetry. They are essential for both centrosome formation and cilium biogenesis in most eukaryotes. A core set of five centriolar proteins has been identified and their sequential recruitment to procentrioles has been established. However, structures at atomic resolution for most of the centriolar components were scarce, and the underlying molecular mechanisms for centriole assembly had been a mystery--until recently. In this review, I briefly summarize recent advancements in high-resolution structural characterization of the core centriolar components and discuss perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Dong
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
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244
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Wei Q, Ling K, Hu J. The essential roles of transition fibers in the context of cilia. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:98-105. [PMID: 25988548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Once thought of as a vestigial organelle, the primary cilium is now recognized as a signaling hub for key cellular pathways in vertebrate development. The recent renaissance in cilia studies significantly improved our understanding of how cilia form and function, but little is known about how ciliogenesis is initiated and how ciliary proteins enter cilia. These important ciliary events require transition fibers (TFs) that are positioned at the ciliary base as symmetric nine-bladed propeller fibrous structures. Up until recently, TFs have been the most underappreciated ciliary structures due to limited knowledge about their molecular composition and function. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of TF composition and the indispensable roles of TFs in regulating the initiation of ciliogenesis and the selective import of ciliary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wei
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Translational PKD Center, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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245
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TTBK2: a tau protein kinase beyond tau phosphorylation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:575170. [PMID: 25950000 PMCID: PMC4407412 DOI: 10.1155/2015/575170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tau tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2) is a kinase known to phosphorylate tau and tubulin. It has recently drawn much attention due to its involvement in multiple important cellular processes. Here, we review the current understanding of TTBK2, including its sequence, structure, binding sites, phosphorylation substrates, and cellular processes involved. TTBK2 possesses a casein kinase 1 (CK1) kinase domain followed by a ~900 amino acid segment, potentially responsible for its localization and substrate recruitment. It is known to bind to CEP164, a centriolar protein, and EB1, a microtubule plus-end tracking protein. In addition to autophosphorylation, known phosphorylation substrates of TTBK2 include tau, tubulin, CEP164, CEP97, and TDP-43, a neurodegeneration-associated protein. Mutations of TTBK2 are associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 11. In addition, TTBK2 is essential for regulating the growth of axonemal microtubules in ciliogenesis. It also plays roles in resistance of cancer target therapies and in regulating glucose and GABA transport. Reported sites of TTBK2 localization include the centriole/basal body, the midbody, and possibly the mitotic spindles. Together, TTBK2 is a multifunctional kinase involved in important cellular processes and demands augmented efforts in investigating its functions.
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246
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Arquint C, Gabryjonczyk AM, Nigg EA. Centrosomes as signalling centres. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0464. [PMID: 25047618 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes-as well as the related spindle pole bodies (SPBs) of yeast-have been extensively studied from the perspective of their microtubule-organizing roles. Moreover, the biogenesis and duplication of these organelles have been the subject of much attention, and the importance of centrosomes and the centriole-ciliary apparatus for human disease is well recognized. Much less developed is our understanding of another facet of centrosomes and SPBs, namely their possible role as signalling centres. Yet, many signalling components, including kinases and phosphatases, have been associated with centrosomes and spindle poles, giving rise to the hypothesis that these organelles might serve as hubs for the integration and coordination of signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss a number of selected studies that bear on this notion. We cover different processes (cell cycle control, development, DNA damage response) and organisms (yeast, invertebrates and vertebrates), but have made no attempt to be comprehensive. This field is still young and although the concept of centrosomes and SPBs as signalling centres is attractive, it remains primarily a concept-in need of further scrutiny. We hope that this review will stimulate thought and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Arquint
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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247
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Reina J, Gonzalez C. When fate follows age: unequal centrosomes in asymmetric cell division. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0466. [PMID: 25047620 PMCID: PMC4113110 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong correlation between centrosome age and fate has been reported in some stem cells and progenitors that divide asymmetrically. In some cases, such stereotyped centrosome behaviour is essential to endow stemness to only one of the two daughters, whereas in other cases causality is still uncertain. Here, we present the different cell types in which correlated centrosome age and fate has been documented, review current knowledge on the underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss possible functional implications of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Reina
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Cayetano Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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248
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Liu Y, DeBoer K, de Kretser DM, O’Donnell L, O’Connor AE, Merriner DJ, Okuda H, Whittle B, Jans DA, Efthymiadis A, McLachlan RI, Ormandy CJ, Goodnow CC, Jamsai D, O’Bryan MK. LRGUK-1 is required for basal body and manchette function during spermatogenesis and male fertility. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005090. [PMID: 25781171 PMCID: PMC4363142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Male infertility affects at least 5% of reproductive age males. The most common pathology is a complex presentation of decreased sperm output and abnormal sperm shape and motility referred to as oligoasthenoteratospermia (OAT). For the majority of OAT men a precise diagnosis cannot be provided. Here we demonstrate that leucine-rich repeats and guanylate kinase-domain containing isoform 1 (LRGUK-1) is required for multiple aspects of sperm assembly, including acrosome attachment, sperm head shaping and the initiation of the axoneme growth to form the core of the sperm tail. Specifically, LRGUK-1 is required for basal body attachment to the plasma membrane, the appropriate formation of the sub-distal appendages, the extension of axoneme microtubules and for microtubule movement and organisation within the manchette. Manchette dysfunction leads to abnormal sperm head shaping. Several of these functions may be achieved in association with the LRGUK-1 binding partner HOOK2. Collectively, these data establish LRGUK-1 as a major determinant of microtubule structure within the male germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Kathleen DeBoer
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - David M. de Kretser
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Liza O’Donnell
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anne E. O’Connor
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - D. Jo Merriner
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Hidenobu Okuda
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - David A. Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Athina Efthymiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Robert I. McLachlan
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Ormandy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent’s Hospital Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris C. Goodnow
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Duangporn Jamsai
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Moira K. O’Bryan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
- * E-mail:
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249
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Abstract
Centrin2 is required for efficient ciliogenesis in lymphocytes and epithelial cells through the removal of the ciliation inhibitor CP110. Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory microtubule structures that extend from basal bodies, plasma membrane–docked mother centrioles. Cellular quiescence potentiates ciliogenesis, but the regulation of basal body formation is not fully understood. We used reverse genetics to test the role of the small calcium-binding protein, centrin2, in ciliogenesis. Primary cilia arise in most cell types but have not been described in lymphocytes. We show here that serum starvation of transformed, cultured B and T cells caused primary ciliogenesis. Efficient ciliogenesis in chicken DT40 B lymphocytes required centrin2. We disrupted CETN2 in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells, and despite having intact centrioles, they were unable to make cilia upon serum starvation, showing abnormal localization of distal appendage proteins and failing to remove the ciliation inhibitor CP110. Knockdown of CP110 rescued ciliation in CETN2-deficient cells. Thus, centrin2 regulates primary ciliogenesis through controlling CP110 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna L Prosser
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ciaran G Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
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250
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Burke MC, Li FQ, Cyge B, Arashiro T, Brechbuhl HM, Chen X, Siller SS, Weiss MA, O'Connell CB, Love D, Westlake CJ, Reynolds SD, Kuriyama R, Takemaru KI. Chibby promotes ciliary vesicle formation and basal body docking during airway cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 207:123-37. [PMID: 25313408 PMCID: PMC4195830 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway multiciliated epithelial cells play crucial roles in the mucosal defense system, but their differentiation process remains poorly understood. Mice lacking the basal body component Chibby (Cby) exhibit impaired mucociliary transport caused by defective ciliogenesis, resulting in chronic airway infection. In this paper, using primary cultures of mouse tracheal epithelial cells, we show that Cby facilitates basal body docking to the apical cell membrane through proper formation of ciliary vesicles at the distal appendage during the early stages of ciliogenesis. Cby is recruited to the distal appendages of centrioles via physical interaction with the distal appendage protein CEP164. Cby then associates with the membrane trafficking machinery component Rabin8, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small guanosine triphosphatase Rab8, to promote recruitment of Rab8 and efficient assembly of ciliary vesicles. Thus, our study identifies Cby as a key regulator of ciliary vesicle formation and basal body docking during the differentiation of airway ciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Burke
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Benjamin Cyge
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Takeshi Arashiro
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Heather M Brechbuhl
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Heath, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Xingwang Chen
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Saul S Siller
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Matthew A Weiss
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21072
| | | | - Damon Love
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21072
| | - Susan D Reynolds
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Heath, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Ryoko Kuriyama
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Graduate Program in Genetics, Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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