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Huang Q, Gao X, Liu P, Lin H, Liu W, Liu G, Zhang J, Deng G, Zhang C, Cao H, Guo X, Hu G. The relationship between liver-kidney impairment and viral load after nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus infection in embryonic chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1589-1597. [PMID: 28108730 PMCID: PMC7107109 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the relationship of impairments of the liver and kidney with viral load after nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) infection in embryonic chickens, 120 specific-pathogen-free Leghorn embryonated chicken eggs were randomly divided into two groups (infected and control), with three replicates per group and 20 eggs in each replicate. The eggs in the infected and control groups were challenged with 0.2 mL of 105.5 ELD50 NIBV and sterile saline solution, respectively. The embryonic chickens' plasma and liver and kidney tissues were collected at 1, 3, and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi), the liver and kidney functional parameters were quantified, and the tissue viral loads were determined with real-time PCR. The results showed that plasma potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus levels were increased. The infected group exhibited significantly higher plasma uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels than the control group at 3 dpi. The plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly increased in the infected group. The total protein, albumin, and globulin levels in the infected group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The liver-kidney viral load in the infected group peaked at 3 dpi, at which time the kidney viral load was significantly higher than that of the liver. Our results indicated that NIBV infection caused liver and kidney damage in the embryonic chickens, and the results also demonstrated that the liver and kidney damage was strongly related to the tissue viral load following NIBV infection in embryonic chickens.
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Schock EN, Chang CF, Youngworth IA, Davey MG, Delany ME, Brugmann SA. Utilizing the chicken as an animal model for human craniofacial ciliopathies. Dev Biol 2015; 415:326-337. [PMID: 26597494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chicken has been a particularly useful model for the study of craniofacial development and disease for over a century due to their relatively large size, accessibility, and amenability for classical bead implantation and transplant experiments. Several naturally occurring mutant lines with craniofacial anomalies also exist and have been heavily utilized by developmental biologist for several decades. Two of the most well known lines, talpid(2) (ta(2)) and talpid(3) (ta(3)), represent the first spontaneous mutants to have the causative genes identified. Despite having distinct genetic causes, both mutants have recently been identified as ciliopathic. Excitingly, both of these mutants have been classified as models for human craniofacial ciliopathies: Oral-facial-digital syndrome (ta(2)) and Joubert syndrome (ta(3)). Herein, we review and compare these two models of craniofacial disease and highlight what they have revealed about the molecular and cellular etiology of ciliopathies. Furthermore, we outline how applying classical avian experiments and new technological advances (transgenics and genome editing) with naturally occurring avian mutants can add a tremendous amount to what we currently know about craniofacial ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ingrid A Youngworth
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Megan G Davey
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mary E Delany
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Franssens L, Lesuisse J, Wang Y, De Ketelaere B, Willems E, Koppenol A, Guo X, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Everaert N. Prenatal tolbutamide treatment alters plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and negatively affects the postnatal performance of chickens. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 52:35-42. [PMID: 25727896 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To examine the relationship of insulin and glucose, broiler embryos were subjected to acute or prolonged hypoglycemia during the late embryonic phase by, respectively, injecting once (at embryonic day [ED] 16 or 17) or on 3 consecutive days (ED 16, 17, and 18) with tolbutamide (80 μg/g embryo weight), a substance that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas. After 1 tolbutamide injection, a prolonged (32 h) decrease of plasma glucose and a profound acute increase in plasma insulin were observed. The 3 consecutive tolbutamide injections induced hypoglycemia for 4 days (from ED 16 to ED 19). The postnatal performance after 3 consecutive tolbutamide injections in broiler embryos was also investigated. Body weight was lower in tolbutamide-treated chickens from hatch to 42 d compared with sham (P = 0.001) and control (P < 0.001) chickens. Feed intake was lower in the tolbutamide group from hatch to 42 d as compared with sham (P = 0.007) and control (P = 0.017) animals. In addition, at 42 d, plasma glucose concentrations, after an insulin injection challenge (50 μg/kg body weight), were higher in tolbutamide-treated chickens compared with the sham and the control group as were their basal glucose levels (P value of group effect <0.001). In conclusion, tolbutamide treatment during the late embryonic development in broilers resulted in prolonged hypoglycemia in this period and negatively influenced the posthatch performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Franssens
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - J Lesuisse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Y Wang
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - B De Ketelaere
- Division of MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - E Willems
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - A Koppenol
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Animal Sciences Unit, Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, Melle 9090, Belgium
| | - X Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - J Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - E Decuypere
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - N Everaert
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
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Duan S, Cheng J, Li C, Yu L, Zhang X, Jiang K, Wang Y, Xu J, Wu Y. Autophagy inhibitors reduce avian-reovirus-mediated apoptosis in cultured cells and in chicken embryos. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1679-85. [PMID: 25925704 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV)-induced apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of reovirus in infected chickens. However, methods for effectively reducing ARV-triggered apoptosis remain to be explored. Here, we show that pretreatment with chloroquine (CQ) or E64d plus pepstatin A decreases ARV-mediated apoptosis in chicken DF-1 cells. By acting as autophagy inhibitors, CQ and E64d plus pepstatin A increase microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3II) accumulation in ARV-infected cells, which results in decreased ARV protein synthesis and virus yield and thereby contributes to the reduction of apoptosis. Furthermore, ARV-mediated apoptosis in the bursa, heart and intestines of chicken embryos is attenuated by CQ and E64d plus pepstatin A treatment. Importantly, treatment with these autophagy inhibitors increases the survival of infected chicken embryos. Together, our data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of autophagy might represent a novel strategy for reducing ARV-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Duan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
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Willems E, Hu TT, Soler Vasco L, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Arckens L, Everaert N. Embryonic protein undernutrition by albumen removal programs the hepatic amino acid and glucose metabolism during the perinatal period in an avian model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94902. [PMID: 24740266 PMCID: PMC3989345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different animal models have been used to study the effects of prenatal protein undernutrition and the mechanisms by which these occur. In mammals, the maternal diet is manipulated, exerting both direct nutritional and indirect hormonal effects. Chicken embryos develop independent from the hen in the egg. Therefore, in the chicken, the direct effects of protein deficiency by albumen removal early during incubation can be examined. Prenatal protein undernutrition was established in layer-type eggs by the partial replacement of albumen by saline at embryonic day 1 (albumen-deprived group), compared to a mock-treated sham and a non-treated control group. At hatch, survival of the albumen-deprived group was lower compared to the control and sham group due to increased early mortality by the manipulation. No treatment differences in yolk-free body weight or yolk weight could be detected. The water content of the yolk was reduced, whereas the water content of the carcass was increased in the albumen-deprived group, compared to the control group, indicating less uptake of nutrients from the yolk. At embryonic day 16, 20 and at hatch, plasma triiodothyronine (T3), corticosterone, lactate or glucose concentrations and hepatic glycogen content were not affected by treatment. At embryonic day 20, the plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations of the albumen-deprived embryos was reduced compared to the control group, indicating a decreased metabolic rate. Screening for differential protein expression in the liver at hatch using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis revealed not only changed abundance of proteins important for amino acid metabolism, but also of enzymes related to energy and glucose metabolism. Interestingly, GLUT1, a glucose transporter, and PCK2 and FBP1, two out of three regulatory enzymes of the gluconeogenesis were dysregulated. No parallel differences in gene expressions causing the differences in protein abundance could be detected pointing to post-transcriptional or post-translational regulation of the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Willems
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tjing-Tjing Hu
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Soler Vasco
- Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Eddy Decuypere
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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Abstract
Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) has the ability to cause bone deformity in turkey poults. However, few pathological lesions have been described and no evidence of MM-induced damage to the bones has been shown. In this study, 17-day-old turkey embryos were inoculated with MM into the allantoic cavity. On the 27th day, eight of the 22 embryos presented with curved toes. Scanning electron microscopy of the tarsometatarsal joints showed fissures in the cartilage. Histological sections of the joints revealed only the infiltration of cells with eosinophilic granules. Immunohistochemical staining (IHS) showed the presence of MM in the aggregates of the bone marrow cells and the cells with eosinophilic granules. Some of these cells were harvested by laser capture microdissection (LCM), lysed, and used as template DNA. With a pair of MM-specific primers in a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a gene product was amplified, and it comigrated with the MM DNA, which indicates that these captured cells contained MM DNA. Thus, this research shows that inoculation of MM into the turkey embryos produced joint lesions and caused cellular infiltration within the bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lam
- Department of Population, Health, and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hassanzadeh M, Fard MHB, Buyse J, Bruggeman V, Decuypere E. Effect of chronic hypoxia during embryonic development on physiological functioning and on hatching and post-hatching parameters related to ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2004; 33:558-64. [PMID: 15763722 DOI: 10.1080/03079450400013188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of different atmospheric pressure on the endogenous functions of broiler chickens during embryonic, hatching and growing periods related to ascites. Eggs from a commercial broiler line were incubated in two similar commercial incubators at high and low altitudes. The effect on embryonic development and physiological functions including hatching parameters, incidence of ascites and growth performance were examined. Embryos incubated at high altitude had higher plasma tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, corticosteroid and lactic acid levels, and hatched earlier than those incubated at low altitude. Embryonic mortality was higher at high altitude. Chickens that had been incubated at high altitude showed less right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites mortality than those incubated at low altitude. It was concluded that different atmospheric pressure during incubation interacts with the endocrine functions of the embryo and hence affects hatching parameters, thereby influencing ascites susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassanzadeh
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
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St Hill CA, Sharma JM. Viral pathogenesis in chicken embryos and tumor induction in chickens after in ovo exposure to serotype 1 Marek's disease virus. Avian Dis 2000; 44:842-52. [PMID: 11195638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
We examined the susceptibility of late-stage chicken embryos to infection with oncogenic serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV 1). Intravenous inoculation of MDV 1 at embryonic day (ED) 16 resulted in significant replication of the virus in embryonic tissues. Within 5 days of virus exposure, pp38 viral antigen (pp38) was detected in embryonic bursae and MDV 1 was isolated by plaque assay from the spleens, thymuses, and bursae of embryos. The pathogenesis of MDV 1 after intravenous inoculation at ED 16 was similar to that in chicks exposed to MDV 1 after hatching. In contrast to the response of the embryo to intravenous inoculation, embryos exposed to MDV 1 by the amniotic route did not develop detectable pp38, nor could the virus be isolated from the embryonic tissues by plaque assay. These results show that the route of inoculation of MDV 1 in the embryos is critical for allowing the virus to come in contact with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A St Hill
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Tsiquaye KN, Slomka MJ, Maung M. Oral famciclovir against duck hepatitis B virus replication in hepatic and nonhepatic tissues of ducklings infected in ovo. J Med Virol 1994; 42:306-10. [PMID: 8006644 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890420319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Detection of hepadnaviral DNA in extrahepatic tissues of human and animal models of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has raised the question of whether virus replication in organs other than the liver could be targeted for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Since duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication is dynamic in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen of newly hatched ducklings infected in ovo, we used the duck model and the new antiherpesvirus agent, famciclovir (FCV), to determine whether antiviral effect of nucleoside analogues on DHBV replication is pluripotential. Day-old ducklings hatched from eggs laid by a DHBV-carrier duck were bled and administered FCV (25 mg/kg/bd) orally for periods of 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days. Seventeen (17) hours after the last dose of each regimen the duckling(s) was bled and postmortem samples of liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen were snap-frozen and stored at -70 degrees C. Analysis of plasma samples of ducklings treated for 2 days and longer by dot-blot hybridisation showed that levels of DHBV DNA were reduced significantly compared to levels in samples collected before treatment begun. Southern blot hybridisation of tissue DNA corroborated these results and showed that DHBV DNA replicative intermediates in all the tissues examined were reduced to levels that reflected the amount of virus released into the blood of each treated duckling. It is concluded from these results that if antiviral agents could be transformed to active metabolites in any infected tissues including the liver, replication of hepadnaviruses would be inhibited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Tsiquaye
- Department of Clinical Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England
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Airey JA, Baring MD, Beck CF, Chelliah Y, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Houenou LJ, McKemy DD, Sutko JL, Talvenheimo J. Failure to make normal alpha ryanodine receptor is an early event associated with the crooked neck dwarf (cn) mutation in chicken. Dev Dyn 1993; 197:169-88. [PMID: 8219359 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001970303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the molecular basis of the Crooked Neck Dwarf (cn) mutation in embryonic chickens. Using biochemical and pharmacological techniques we are unable to detect normal alpha ryanodine receptor (RyR) protein in intact cn/cn skeletal muscle. Extremely low levels of alpha RyR immunoreactivity can be observed in mutant muscles, but the distribution of this staining differs from that in normal muscle and colocalizes with the rough endoplasmic reticulum immunoglobulin binding protein, BiP. This suggests the existence of an abnormal alpha RyR protein in mutant muscle. In day E12 cn/cn muscle the levels of RyR mRNA are reduced by approximately 80%, while the levels of other muscle proteins, including the alpha 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor, the SR Ca(2+)-ATPase, calsequestrin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and their associated mRNAs are essentially normal in cn/cn muscle. There is also a failure to express alpha RyR in cn/cn cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Expression of the beta RyR, a second RyR isoform, is not initiated in normal skeletal muscle until day E18. In cn/cn skeletal muscle significant muscle degeneration has occurred by this time and the beta RyR is found at low levels in only a subset of fibers suggesting the reduced levels of this isoform are a secondary consequence of the mutation. The cardiac RyR isoform is found in cn/cn cardiac muscle, which contracts in a vigorous manner. In summary, a failure to make normal alpha RyR receptor appears to be an event closely associated with the cn mutation and one which may be largely responsible for development of the cn/cn phenotype in embryonic skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Airey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno 89557
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Airey JA, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Houenou LJ, Ivanenko A, Kenyon JL, McKemy DD, Sutko JL. Crooked neck dwarf (cn) mutant chicken skeletal muscle cells in low density primary cultures fail to express normal alpha ryanodine receptor and exhibit a partial mutant phenotype. Dev Dyn 1993; 197:189-202. [PMID: 8219360 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001970304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Crooked Neck Dwarf (cn) mutation in chickens causes marked changes in intact embryonic skeletal muscle. We have investigated whether the cn/cn phenotype develops in vitro, and if cultured muscle cells are suitable for studies of this mutation. The properties of cn/cn muscle cells maintained in low density primary cultures (6.25 x 10(3) cells/cm2) are described in this report. In normal muscle cells, the alpha ryanodine receptor (RyR) isoform appears prior to, and at greater levels than, the beta RyR, and is detected in mononucleated myocytes. The beta RyR isoform appears within 24 hr after the initiation of myotube formation, which is earlier than anticipated from studies with intact embryonic muscle. Normal alpha RyR protein is not detected in cultured cn/cn muscle cells, whereas the beta RyR, the alpha 1-subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor, the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase, and calsequestrin are expressed at comparable levels in normal and mutant muscle cells. Calcium transients elicited by electrical stimulation, acetylcholine, and caffeine are similar in normal and cn/cn cultured myotubes and are blocked by ryanodine in both cell types. In addition, comparable L- and T-type calcium currents are observed in normal and mutant muscle cells, suggesting that both the alpha 1-subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor and the beta RyR in mutant muscle cells are functional. Normal and cn/cn muscle cells proliferate and form myotubes in a similar manner. These latter events do not appear to depend on sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release, as they also occur in normal muscle cells in which calcium release is prevented by chronic treatment with 100 microM ryanodine. Both cn/cn and ryanodine-treated normal muscle cells exhibit morphological changes similar to those observed in intact cn/cn skeletal muscle. Thus, the mutant phenotype observed in ovo is partially expressed under low density culture conditions, and neither beta RyR protein nor its function appear to be capable of preventing the associated changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Airey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno 89557
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Saini SS, Khehra RS, Kwatra MS. A diprosopus in a domestic chicken embryo. Avian Dis 1993; 37:898-9. [PMID: 8257390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S S Saini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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13
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Abstract
Blastoderm degeneration is an early embryonic lethal condition observed in selected paired matings within a line of dwarf Single Comb White Leghorn chickens that results in a 25% reduction of the hatch of fertilized eggs. The disorder is macroscopically evident at 32 h of incubation by the presence of a small localized indentation on the outer periphery of the expanding blastoderm. The affected blastoderms undergo a series of rapid macroscopic degenerative changes that conclude at about 120 h characterized by the presence of dispersed blastoderm fragments on the surface of the egg's yolk. Microscopically, this embryonic failure appears to manifest itself between Hamburger-Hamilton stages 8 and 9 of development and is characterized by a series of retarded developmental processes: closure of the anterior neuropore, brain vesicle differentiation, somite formation, and cardiac development. The disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Attempts to identify factors that influence the disorder have thus far been unsuccessful. The symbol bld is proposed for this recessive gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Savage
- Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-3402
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Velleman SG, Clark SH. The cartilage proteoglycan deficient mutation, nanomelia, contains a DNA polymorphism in the proteoglycan core protein gene that is genetically linked to the nanomelia phenotype. Matrix 1992; 12:66-72. [PMID: 1560791 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The avian mutation, nanomelia (nm), is an autosomal recessive embryonic lethal. Homozygous embryos show hypoplasia of the limbs and a parrot-like beak. Biochemical studies have associated this phenotype with the absence of the major cartilage specific proteoglycan core protein (Argraves et al., 1981). Stirpe et al. (1987) demonstrated a reduction in core protein transcripts in nanomelic embryos. Southern analyses did not detect a rearrangement of the core protein gene or a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the core protein gene linked to the nanomelia mutation. These data suggest that the genetic lesion associated with the nanomelia mutation is either a subtle alteration in the core protein gene affecting the biosynthesis of core protein transcript or a defect in a regulatory gene that produces a trans-acting factor requisite for the proper expression of the core protein gene. To distinguish between these two alternative molecular mechanisms for the nanomelia mutation, experiments were conducted to demonstrate genetic linkage or non-linkage of the core protein gene to the nanomelia mutation. Using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technology, a DNA polymorphism has been identified at the 3' end of the core protein gene. The polymorphism defines two alleles, one allele is associated with the normal core protein gene, while the other allele always segregates with the nanomelia mutation. These results suggest that the identified DNA polymorphism in the core protein gene is genetically linked to the inheritance of the nanomelic phenotype and the nanomelia mutation contains a lesion in the core protein gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Velleman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-4039
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15
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Mirsalimi SM, Rosendal S, Julian RJ. Colonization of the intestine of turkey embryos exposed to Mycoplasma iowae. Avian Dis 1989; 33:310-5. [PMID: 2665713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight-day-old turkey embryos were inoculated into the yolk sac with 3 X 10(5) colony-forming units of Mycoplasma iowae strain D112 in order to study the growth-depressing effect, the histopathological changes, and colonization of the intestinal tract. The embryo: egg weight ratio was significantly lower in the inoculated eggs than in controls. Histologically, there were infiltrations in parenchymatous organs and chorioallantoic membranes with heterophilic granulocytes. M. Iowae was demonstrated on the intestinal mucosa by antibody fluorescent microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy. Attaching mycoplasmas had a distinct morphology; the segment in contact with enterocytes was cone-shaped and had finely granulated cytoplasma which was abruptly separated from the distal coarsely granulated area. We conclude that M. iowae has a predilection for the intestinal tract of avian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mirsalimi
- Department of Pathology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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Tsudzuki M, Wakasugi N. A genetic defect in hyomandibular furrow closure in the Japanese quail: the causes for ear-opening abnormality and formation of an ear tuft. J Hered 1988; 79:160-4. [PMID: 3392388 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutant ET (ear tuft) quail strain is characterized by an ear-opening abnormality frequently accompanied by ear tufts. The mutant ear opening is oval shaped with a fissure on its ventral margin, whereas the ear tufts project from the ventral end of the fissure or the posterior margin of the ear opening. The ear tufts are composed of a feathered peduncle. The size of the ear tufts and the ear-opening abnormality are variable. The incidence of the ear tufts and the ear-opening abnormality in the ET embryos at 15 days of incubation was 33% and 42%, respectively. Examination of early embryos revealed an incomplete closure of the hyomandibular furrow, the incidence of which was 91% in 5 day embryos. It appears that the hyomandibular furrow abnormality is the primary defect leading to the ear-opening and ear-tuft traits. Genetic analyses of hyomandibular furrow closure defect indicated it to be due to an autosomal recessive mutation. The proposed gene symbol is hfd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsudzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan
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Abstract
Abnormalities have previously been reported in the pectoral muscle of embryos and young chicks from a pure strain of New Hampshire Red chickens homozygous for inherited muscular dystrophy. Fine structural studies of the musculus complexus in normal and dystrophic embryos were undertaken because of a sharp decrease in hatching by the diseased birds. Ultrastructural differences found between the normal and dystrophic embryos included a leached sarcoplasm, swollen and distorted mitochondria and tubular components, a lack of polyribosomes (myosin synthesis), and the formation of pseudostraps during differentiation of the myopathic hatching muscle. These differences may curtail differentiation until a point after the critical hatching time.
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Stevens VI, Blair R, Salmon RE, Stevens JP. Effect of varying levels of dietary vitamin D3 on turkey hen egg production, fertility and hatchability, embryo mortality and incidence of embryo beak malformations. Poult Sci 1984; 63:760-4. [PMID: 6328469 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0630760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hundred Large White turkey hens were fed diets varying in vitamin D3 supplementation (300, 900, or 2700 IU/kg feed) from day-old to 37 weeks of age. Hens receiving 300 IU vitamin D3/kg feed produced fewer eggs, which were lighter in weight and had thinner shells than those laid by hens receiving the higher levels of vitamin D3. Fertility was not affected by treatment; however, hatchability of eggs from hens fed 300 IU vitamin D3/kg feed was reduced by 48% from that of hens fed the two higher levels. A shortened upper mandible, which was detected in embryos during Week 4 of incubation, accounted for approximately 10% of the total embryo mortality and 49.5% of the embryo mortality, during Week 4. It appeared that hens fed the low vitamin D3 did not have adequate amounts of the vitamin to transport to the egg for normal embryonic development.
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Abstract
A unique lipid, ethanolamine plasmalogen, is not only present abnormally in the plasmalemmae of erythrocytes from ex ovo dystrophic chickens but is also present abnormally in the membranes from embryonic myoblasts of in ovo dystrophic chickens.
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Lange A, Buss EG. A comparison of bone length and bone weight with embryo weight in chondrodystrophic and normal Beltsville small white turkey embryos. Poult Sci 1984; 63:578-9. [PMID: 6718307 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0630578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrodystrophic and normal 24-day old embryos obtained from matings of known heterozygotes (Ch/ch) of the Beltsville Small White turkey stock were compared for bone lengths and for bone weights as a percent of embryo weights. Bone and embryo weights were less in the chondrodystrophic embryos, and the bone weights were reduced proportionally more than embryo weights. The lengths of the humeri and tibiotarsi were shorter in chondrodystrophic embryos, and the tibiotarsi were shortened more than the humeri.
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Abstract
This paper presents an ultrastructural study of the changes occurring within the tendon and at the insertion of the developing gastrocnemius of White Leghorn chickens and the dystrophic lines 413 and 423 from Davis, CA. The study revealed that the Davis lines contained abnormalities in these areas as early as 13 d in ovo with progressive deterioration to 19 d in ovo. The fibroblasts, collagen, and myofibers showed significant alterations as early as 13 in ovo. Fibroblasts contained abnormal mitochondria and altered Golgi bodies. At day 19, many were ruptured. The average diameter of collagen fibrils was smaller in the dystrophic chickens and myofibers showed a variety of alterations, some of which were severe. The details of these alterations are described and their possible relationship with the etiology of genetic muscular dystrophy is discussed.
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Izuchi T, Hasegawa A. Pathogenicity of infectious laryngotracheitis virus as measured by chicken embryo inoculation. Avian Dis 1982; 26:18-25. [PMID: 6284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was made between pathogenicities for chicken embryos of unattenuated and attenuated strains or isolates of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus. All 11-day-old chicken embryos inoculated with 10(3.0) or 10(4.0) TCID50 of unattenuated strain NS175 via allantoic cavity died within 6 days. On the contrary, no chicken embryos of the same age died when inoculated with the same amount of cell-culture-attenuated isolate C7 in a like manner. The mortality index for chicken embryos (MICE) was obtained by dividing the cumulative number of embryos dying within 7 days by the cumulative number of embryos surviving 7 days. The reliability of the MICE test was confirmed by duplicate and triplicate experiments with strain NS175 and isolate C7. MICE obtained in the experiments with 9 different strains or isolates of ILT virus ranged from 0 to 1, and the values were well correlated with the pathogenicities for chickens. The results from the present work suggest that strains or isolates with MICE less than 0.16 would have low or no pathogenicity for chickens, and those with MICE more than 0.27 would be highly pathogenic. Further studies are needed using additional isolates of ILT virus with varied pathogenicities.
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Stewart PA, Werstiuk ES, Vickers JD, Rathbone MP. Elevated cholesterol in tissues of chicken embryos with hereditary myotonic muscular dystrophy. Exp Neurol 1977; 57:475-85. [PMID: 908384 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(77)90083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The effect of inherited chondrodystrophy on the composition of embryonic turkey cartilage was studied. Cartilage from embryos homozygous for the mutant gene contained less than one-half the normal amount of galactosamine containing mucopolysaccharides. Histological examination also showed that there was a substantial decrease in extracellular matrix content of the chondrodystrophic cartilage.
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Abstract
In an effort to provide further information concerning the pleiotropic effects of the gene mutation responsible for micromelia in White Pekin ducklings, a histological examination was made oq the abnormal feathers associated with the mutation. Abnormalities found in mutant feathers included decreased overall size, absence of prelumulae and prefiloplumulae feathers, an abnoramlly small rhachis with a disproportionally small medulla, thickening of the feather-sheath, and increased abundance of pulp cells. Embryos having the most abnormally developed feathers and the thickest periderm and feather-sheaths. The nature of many of the abnormalities found in mutant feathers suggests a common source in defective embryonic mesoderm.
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Dämmrich K, Heinonen R, Monreal G. [Virus-induced ekchondromatosis or the so-called osteopetrosis in chickens]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1975; 88:412-18. [PMID: 1200963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pautou MP. [Comparative development of interdigital morphogenetic necrosis in the foot of chick and duck embryos]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1974; 278:2209-12. [PMID: 4212586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Schettler CH. [Demonstration of the vertical transmission of goose hepatitis virus]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1972; 79:202-3. [PMID: 4336937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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