201
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Gechev T, Mehterov N, Denev I, Hille J. A Simple and Powerful Approach for Isolation of Arabidopsis Mutants with Increased Tolerance to H2O2-Induced Cell Death. Methods Enzymol 2013; 527:203-20. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405882-8.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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202
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are very dynamic and metabolically active organelles and are a very important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2, O2 (.-) and · OH, which are mainly produced in different metabolic pathways, including fatty acid β-oxidation, photorespiration, nucleic acid and polyamine catabolism, ureide metabolism, etc. ROS were originally associated to oxygen toxicity; however, these reactive species also play a central role in the signaling network regulating essential processes in the cell. Peroxisomes have the capacity to rapidly produce and scavenge H2O2 and O2 (.-) which allows to regulate dynamic changes in ROS levels. This fact and the plasticity of these organelles, which allows adjusting their metabolism depending on different developmental and environmental cues, makes these organelles play a central role in cellular signal transduction. The use of catalase and glycolate oxidase loss-of-function mutants has allowed to study the consequences of changes in the levels of endogenous H2O2 in peroxisomes and has improved our knowledge of the transcriptomic profile of genes regulated by peroxisomal ROS. It is now known that peroxisomal ROS participate in more complex signaling networks involving calcium, hormones, and redox homeostasis which finally determine the response of plants to their environment.
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203
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Munné-Bosch S, Queval G, Foyer CH. The impact of global change factors on redox signaling underpinning stress tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:5-19. [PMID: 23151347 PMCID: PMC3532280 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.205690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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204
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Cheng H, Zhang Q, Guo D. Genes that respond to H₂O₂ are also evoked under light in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:226-8. [PMID: 23024208 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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205
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Puerto-Galán L, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Ferrández J, Cano B, Naranjo B, Nájera VA, González M, Lindahl AM, Cejudo FJ. Overoxidation of chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxins: balancing toxic and signaling activities of hydrogen peroxide. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:310. [PMID: 23967002 PMCID: PMC3746178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis, the primary source of biomass and oxygen into the biosphere, involves the transport of electrons in the presence of oxygen and, therefore, chloroplasts constitute an important source of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide. If accumulated at high level, hydrogen peroxide may exert a toxic effect; however, it is as well an important second messenger. In order to balance the toxic and signaling activities of hydrogen peroxide its level has to be tightly controlled. To this end, chloroplasts are equipped with different antioxidant systems such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs), thiol-based peroxidases able to reduce hydrogen and organic peroxides. At high peroxide concentrations the peroxidase function of 2-Cys Prxs may become inactivated through a process of overoxidation. This inactivation has been proposed to explain the signaling function of hydrogen peroxide in eukaryotes, whereas in prokaryotes, the 2-Cys Prxs of which were considered to be insensitive to overoxidation, the signaling activity of hydrogen peroxide is less relevant. Here we discuss the current knowledge about the mechanisms controlling 2-Cys Prx overoxidation in chloroplasts, organelles with an important signaling function in plants. Given the prokaryotic origin of chloroplasts, we discuss the occurrence of 2-Cys Prx overoxidation in cyanobacteria with the aim of identifying similarities between chloroplasts and their ancestors regarding their response to hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Puerto-Galán
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M. Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Julia Ferrández
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cano
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Belén Naranjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Victoria A. Nájera
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Maricruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Anna M. Lindahl
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco J. Cejudo, Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain e-mail:
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206
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Systemic Photooxidative Stress Signalling. LONG-DISTANCE SYSTEMIC SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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207
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Suzuki N, Miller G, Sejima H, Harper J, Mittler R. Enhanced seed production under prolonged heat stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana plants deficient in cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64. [PMID: 23183257 PMCID: PMC3528037 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species play a key role in the response of plants to abiotic stress conditions. Their level is controlled in Arabidopsis thaliana by a large network of genes that includes the H(2)O(2)-scavenging enzymes cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 1 and 2. Although the function of APX1 has been established under different growth conditions, genetic evidence for APX2 function, as well as for the mode of cooperation between APX1 and APX2, is very limited. This study characterized the response of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in APX1, APX2, and APX1/APX2 to heat, salinity, light, and oxidative stresses. The findings reveal that deficiency in APX2 resulted in a decreased tolerance to light stress, as well as an enhanced tolerance to salinity and oxidative stresses. Interestingly, plants lacking APX2 were more sensitive to heat stress at the seedling stage, but more tolerant to heat stress at the reproductive stage. Cooperation between APX1 and APX2 was evident during oxidative stress, but not during light, salinity, or heat stress. The findings demonstrate a role for APX2 in the response of plants to light, heat, salinity, and oxidative stresses. The finding that plants lacking APX2 produced more seeds under prolonged heat stress conditions suggests that redundant mechanisms activated in APX2-deficient plants during heat stress play a key role in the protection of reproductive tissues from heat-related damage. This finding is very important because heat-associated damage to reproductive tissues in different crops is a major cause for yield loss in agriculture production worldwide.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/radiation effects
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/physiology
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Ascorbate Peroxidases/deficiency
- Ascorbate Peroxidases/genetics
- Ascorbate Peroxidases/metabolism
- Cytosol/drug effects
- Cytosol/enzymology
- Cytosol/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Hot Temperature
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Light
- Mutation/genetics
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Oxidative Stress/radiation effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reproduction/drug effects
- Reproduction/radiation effects
- Seedlings/drug effects
- Seedlings/physiology
- Seedlings/radiation effects
- Seeds/drug effects
- Seeds/growth & development
- Seeds/radiation effects
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Gad Miller
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Hiroe Sejima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Mail Stop 330, Reno NV 89557, USA
| | - Jeffery Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Mail Stop 330, Reno NV 89557, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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208
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Lepistö A, Toivola J, Nikkanen L, Rintamäki E. Retrograde signaling from functionally heterogeneous plastids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:286. [PMID: 23267363 PMCID: PMC3526119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Structural and functional components of chloroplast are encoded by genes localized both to nuclear and plastid genomes of plant cell. Development from etioplasts to chloroplasts is triggered by light receptors that activate the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhaNGs). In addition to photoreceptor-mediated pathways, retrograde signals from the chloroplast to the nucleus activate or repress the expression of nuclear genes involved in acclimatory or stress responses in plant leaves. A plant mesophyll cell contains up to 100 chloroplasts that function autonomously, raising intriguing questions about homogeneity and coordination of retrograde signals transmitted from chloroplast to nucleus. We have previously demonstrated that the knockout of the chloroplast regulatory protein, chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTRC) leads to a heterogeneous population of chloroplasts with a range of different functional states. The heterogeneous chloroplast population activates both redox-dependent and undifferentiated plastid-generated retrograde signaling pathways in the mutant leaves. Transcriptome data from the ntrc knockout lines suggest that the induction of the redox-dependent signaling pathway depends on light conditions and leads to activation of stress-responsive gene expression. Analysis of mutants in different developmental stages allows to dissect signals from normal and anomalous chloroplasts. Thus, the signals derived from anomalous chloroplasts repress expression of PhaNGs as well as genes associated with light receptor signaling and differentiation of stomata, implying interaction between retrograde pathways and plant development. Analysis of the nuclear gene expression in mutants of retrograde signaling pathways in ntrc background would reveal the components that mediate signals generated from heterogeneous plastids to nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eevi Rintamäki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
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209
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Tripathy BC, Oelmüller R. Reactive oxygen species generation and signaling in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1621-33. [PMID: 23072988 PMCID: PMC3578903 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of molecular oxygen into the atmosphere was accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as side products of many biochemical reactions. ROS are permanently generated in plastids, peroxisomes, mitochiondria, the cytosol and the apoplast. Imbalance between ROS generation and safe detoxification generates oxidative stress and the accumulating ROS are harmful for the plants. On the other hand, specific ROS function as signaling molecules and activate signal transduction processes in response to various stresses. Here, we summarize the generation of ROS in the different cellular compartments and the signaling processes which are induced by ROS.
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210
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AtWRKY15 perturbation abolishes the mitochondrial stress response that steers osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20113-8. [PMID: 23169634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217516109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stresses adversely affect plant growth and development. A common theme within these adverse conditions is the perturbation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that the ROS-inducible Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY15 transcription factor (AtWRKY15) modulates plant growth and salt/osmotic stress responses. By transcriptome profiling, a divergent stress response was identified in transgenic WRKY15-overexpressing plants that linked a stimulated endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus communication to a disrupted mitochondrial stress response under salt-stress conditions. We show that mitochondrial calcium-flux sensing might be important for regulating an active mitochondrial retrograde signaling and launching an appropriate defense response to confer salt-stress tolerance.
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211
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Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 196:67-76. [PMID: 23017900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stress-responsive dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids have great potential to inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce the levels of ROS once they are formed, i.e., to perform antioxidant functions. These flavonoids are located within or in the proximity of centers of ROS generation in severely stressed plants. Efficient mechanisms have been recently identified for the transport of flavonoids from the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of their biosynthesis, to different cellular compartments. The mechanism underlying flavonoid-mediated ROS reduction in plants is still unclear. 'Antioxidant' flavonoids are found in the chloroplast, which suggests a role as scavengers of singlet oxygen and stabilizers of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. Dihydroxy B-ring substituted flavonoids are present in the nucleus of mesophyll cells and may inhibit ROS-generation making complexes with Fe and Cu ions. The genes that govern the biosynthesis of antioxidant flavonoids are present in liverworts and mosses and are mostly up-regulated as a consequence of severe stress. This suggests that the antioxidant flavonoid metabolism is a robust trait of terrestrial plants. Vacuolar dihydroxy B-ring flavonoids have been reported to serve as co-substrates for vacuolar peroxidases to reduce H(2)O(2) escape from the chloroplast, following the depletion of ascorbate peroxidase activity. Antioxidant flavonoids may effectively control key steps of cell growth and differentiation, thus acting regulating the development of the whole plant and individual organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto F. No, Firenze, Italy
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212
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Zhou C, Han L, Fu C, Chai M, Zhang W, Li G, Tang Y, Wang ZY. Identification and characterization of petiolule-like pulvinus mutants with abolished nyctinastic leaf movement in the model legume Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:92-100. [PMID: 22891817 PMCID: PMC3504090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of many plant species open during the day and fold at night. Diurnal leaf movement, named nyctinasty, has been of great interest to researchers since Darwin's time. Nyctinastic leaf movement is generated by the pulvinus, which is a specialized motor organ located at the base of leaf and leaflet. The molecular basis and functional reason behind nyctinasty are unknown. In a forward screening of a retrotransposon-tagged mutant population of Medicago truncatula, four petiolule-like pulvinus (plp) mutant lines with defects in leaf movement were identified and characterized. Loss of function of PLP results in the change of pulvini to petiolules. PLP is specifically expressed in the pulvinus, as demonstrated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, expression analysis of a PLP promoter-β-glucuronidase construct in transgenic plants and in situ hybridization. Microarray analysis revealed that the expression levels of many genes were altered in the mutant during the day and at night. Crosses between the plp mutant and several leaf pattern mutants showed that the developmental mechanisms of pulvini and leaf patterns are likely independent. Our results demonstrated that PLP plays a crucial role in the determination of pulvinus development. Leaf movement generated by pulvini may have an impact on plant vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanen Zhou
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Guifen Li
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
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213
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Mehterov N, Balazadeh S, Hille J, Toneva V, Mueller-Roeber B, Gechev T. Oxidative stress provokes distinct transcriptional responses in the stress-tolerant atr7 and stress-sensitive loh2 Arabidopsis thaliana mutants as revealed by multi-parallel quantitative real-time PCR analysis of ROS marker and antioxidant genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 59:20-9. [PMID: 22710144 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana atr7 mutant is tolerant to oxidative stress induced by paraquat (PQ) or the catalase inhibitor aminotriazole (AT), while its original background loh2 and wild-type plants are sensitive. Both, AT and PQ, which stimulate the intracellular formation of H₂O₂ or superoxide anions, respectively, trigger cell death in loh2 but do not lead to visible damage in atr7. To study gene expression during oxidative stress and ROS-induced programmed cell death, two platforms for multi-parallel quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of 217 antioxidant and 180 ROS marker genes were employed. The qRT-PCR analyses revealed AT- and PQ-induced expression of many ROS-responsive genes mainly in loh2, confirming that an oxidative burst plays a role in the activation of the cell death in this mutant. Some of the genes were specifically regulated by either AT or PQ, serving as markers for particular types of ROS. Genes significantly induced by both AT and PQ in loh2 included transcription factors (ANAC042/JUB1, ANAC102, DREB19, HSFA2, RRTF1, ZAT10, ZAT12, ethylene-responsive factors), signaling compounds, ferritins, alternative oxidases, and antioxidant enzymes. Many of these genes were upregulated in atr7 compared to loh2 under non-stress conditions at the first time point, indicating that higher basal levels of ROS and higher antioxidant capacity in atr7 are responsible for the enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress and suggesting a possible tolerance against multiple stresses of this mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Mehterov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 24 Tsar Assen Str., Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
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214
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Mhamdi A, Noctor G, Baker A. Plant catalases: Peroxisomal redox guardians. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 525:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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215
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Hozain M, Abdelmageed H, Lee J, Kang M, Fokar M, Allen RD, Holaday AS. Expression of AtSAP5 in cotton up-regulates putative stress-responsive genes and improves the tolerance to rapidly developing water deficit and moderate heat stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1261-70. [PMID: 22633820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is a key factor in plant acclimation to stress, and it is thought that manipulation of the expression of critical stress-responsive genes should ultimately provide increased protection against abiotic stress. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the ectopic expression of the AtSAP5 (AT3G12630) gene in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, cv. Coker 312) will improve tolerance to drought and heat stress by up-regulating the expression of endogenous stress-responsive genes. The SAP5 gene is a member of the stress-associated family of genes that encode proteins containing A20/AN1 zinc finger domains. Under non-stressful conditions, cotton plants that expressed the AtSAP5 gene showed elevated expression of at least four genes normally induced during water deficit or heat stress. The rate of net CO(2) assimilation A for three of four transgenic lines tested was less sensitive to rapidly developing water deficit over 4d than untransformed wild-type plants, but the recovery of A following drought was not significantly affected. The enhanced protection of photosynthesis during drought was determined to be primarily at the biochemical level, since the extent of stomatal closure was not significantly different for all genotypes. Expression of AtSAP5 resulted in the complete protection of photosystem (PS) II complexes from photodamage at mid-day after 4 d of drought, whereas wild-type plants experienced a 20% decline in active photosystem II (PSII) complexes. In addition, enhanced protection of seedling growth and leaf viability was associated with the expression of AtSAP5. Since A for the transgenic plants was significantly more heat tolerant than A for wild-type plants, we conclude that ectopic expression of SAP genes is a potentially viable approach to improving carbon gain and productivity for cotton grown in semi-arid regions with severe drought and heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh'd Hozain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, United States
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216
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Lepistö A, Rintamäki E. Coordination of plastid and light signaling pathways upon development of Arabidopsis leaves under various photoperiods. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:799-816. [PMID: 22199239 PMCID: PMC3399700 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants synchronize their cellular and physiological functions according to the photoperiod (the length of the light period) in the cycle of 24 h. Photoperiod adjusts several traits in the plant life cycle, including flowering and senescence in annuals and seasonal growth cessation in perennials. Photoperiodic development is controlled by the coordinated action of photoreceptors and the circadian clock. During the past 10 years, remarkable progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock, especially with regard to the transition of Arabidopsis from the vegetative growth to the reproductive phase. Besides flowering photoperiod also modifies plant photosynthetic structures and traits. Light signals controlling biogenesis of chloroplasts and development of leaf photosynthetic structures are perceived both by photoreceptors and in chloroplasts. In this review, we provide evidence suggesting that the photoperiodic development of Arabidopsis leaves mimics the acclimation of plant to various light intensities. Furthermore, the chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signals that adjust acclimation to light intensity are proposed to contribute also to the signaling pathways that control photoperiodic acclimation of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eevi Rintamäki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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217
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Barajas-López JDD, Blanco NE, Strand Å. Plastid-to-nucleus communication, signals controlling the running of the plant cell. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:425-37. [PMID: 22749883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of genes encoding organellar proteins in both the nucleus and the organelle necessitates tight coordination of expression by the different genomes, and this has led to the evolution of sophisticated intracellular signaling networks. Organelle-to-nucleus signaling, or retrograde control, coordinates the expression of nuclear genes encoding organellar proteins with the metabolic and developmental state of the organelle. Complex networks of retrograde signals orchestrate major changes in nuclear gene expression and coordinate cellular activities and assist the cell during plant development and stress responses. It has become clear that, even though the chloroplast depends on the nucleus for its function, plastid signals play important roles in an array of different cellular processes vital to the plant. Hence, the chloroplast exerts significant control over the running of the cell. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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218
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Opdenakker K, Remans T, Vangronsveld J, Cuypers A. Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinases in plant metal stress: regulation and responses in comparison to other biotic and abiotic stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7828-7853. [PMID: 22837729 PMCID: PMC3397561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13067828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of plants to toxic concentrations of metals leads to disruption of the cellular redox status followed by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, like hydrogen peroxide, can act as signaling molecules in the cell and induce signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. MAPK cascades are evolutionary conserved signal transduction modules, able to convert extracellular signals to appropriate cellular responses. In this review, our current understanding about MAPK signaling in plant metal stress is discussed. However, this knowledge is scarce compared to research into the role of MAPK signaling in the case of other abiotic and biotic stresses. ROS production is a common response induced by different stresses and undiscovered analogies may exist with metal stress. Therefore, further attention is given to MAPK signaling in other biotic and abiotic stresses and its interplay with other signaling pathways to create a framework in which the involvement of MAPK signaling in metal stress may be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Opdenakker
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (K.O.); (T.R.); (J.V.)
| | - Tony Remans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (K.O.); (T.R.); (J.V.)
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (K.O.); (T.R.); (J.V.)
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mails: (K.O.); (T.R.); (J.V.)
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Rosa BA, Jiao Y, Oh S, Montgomery BL, Qin W, Chen J. Frequency-based time-series gene expression recomposition using PRIISM. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:69. [PMID: 22703599 PMCID: PMC3464900 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Circadian rhythm pathways influence the expression patterns of as much as 31% of the Arabidopsis genome through complicated interaction pathways, and have been found to be significantly disrupted by biotic and abiotic stress treatments, complicating treatment-response gene discovery methods due to clock pattern mismatches in the fold change-based statistics. The PRIISM (Pattern Recomposition for the Isolation of Independent Signals in Microarray data) algorithm outlined in this paper is designed to separate pattern changes induced by different forces, including treatment-response pathways and circadian clock rhythm disruptions. Results Using the Fourier transform, high-resolution time-series microarray data is projected to the frequency domain. By identifying the clock frequency range from the core circadian clock genes, we separate the frequency spectrum to different sections containing treatment-frequency (representing up- or down-regulation by an adaptive treatment response), clock-frequency (representing the circadian clock-disruption response) and noise-frequency components. Then, we project the components’ spectra back to the expression domain to reconstruct isolated, independent gene expression patterns representing the effects of the different influences. By applying PRIISM on a high-resolution time-series Arabidopsis microarray dataset under a cold treatment, we systematically evaluated our method using maximum fold change and principal component analyses. The results of this study showed that the ranked treatment-frequency fold change results produce fewer false positives than the original methodology, and the 26-hour timepoint in our dataset was the best statistic for distinguishing the most known cold-response genes. In addition, six novel cold-response genes were discovered. PRIISM also provides gene expression data which represents only circadian clock influences, and may be useful for circadian clock studies. Conclusion PRIISM is a novel approach for overcoming the problem of circadian disruptions from stress treatments on plants. PRIISM can be integrated with any existing analysis approach on gene expression data to separate circadian-influenced changes in gene expression, and it can be extended to apply to any organism with regular oscillations in gene expression patterns across a large portion of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Rosa
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, ON, Canada
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Vergara R, Parada F, Rubio S, Pérez FJ. Hypoxia induces H2O2 production and activates antioxidant defence system in grapevine buds through mediation of H2O2 and ethylene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4123-31. [PMID: 22451722 PMCID: PMC3398446 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Paradoxically, in eukaryotic cells, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulates in response to oxygen deprivation (hypoxia). The source of H(2)O(2) under hypoxia varies according to the species, organs, and tissue. In non-photosynthetic tissues, H(2)O(2) is mainly produced by activation of NAD(P)H-oxidases or by disruption of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (m-ETC). This study showed that hypoxia, and inhibitors of respiration like potassium cyanide (KCN) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), trigger the production of H(2)O(2) in grapevine buds. However, diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of NAD(P)H-oxidase, did not reduce the H(2)O(2) levels induced by KCN, suggesting that, under respiratory stress, H(2)O(2) is mainly produced by disruption of the m-ETC. On the other hand, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite that in plants alleviates oxidative stress by activating antioxidant enzymes, reduced significantly the levels of H(2)O(2) induced by KCN and, surprisingly, repressed the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes such as ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE (VvAPX), GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE (VvGLPX), SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (VvSOD), and one of the CATALASE isoforms (VvCAT1), while VvCAT2 was upregulated. In contrast to GABA, hypoxia, H(2)O(2), and ethylene increased dramatically the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and enzymes of the alternative respiratory pathway such as ALTERNATIVE NADH-DEHYDROGENASES (VvaNDs) and ALTERNATIVE OXIDASES (VvAOXs). Hence, it is concluded that H(2)O(2) production is stimulated by respiratory stress in grapevine buds, that H(2)O(2) and ethylene act as signalling molecules and activate genes related to the antioxidant defence system, and finally that GABA reduces H(2)O(2) levels by up-regulating the expression of VvCAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco J. Pérez
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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221
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Schulz P, Neukermans J, Van Der Kelen K, Mühlenbock P, Van Breusegem F, Noctor G, Teige M, Metzlaff M, Hannah MA. Chemical PARP inhibition enhances growth of Arabidopsis and reduces anthocyanin accumulation and the activation of stress protective mechanisms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37287. [PMID: 22662141 PMCID: PMC3360695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) post-translationally modifies proteins through the addition of ADP-ribose polymers, yet its role in modulating plant development and stress responses is only poorly understood. The experiments presented here address some of the gaps in our understanding of its role in stress tolerance and thereby provide new insights into tolerance mechanisms and growth. Using a combination of chemical and genetic approaches, this study characterized phenotypes associated with PARP inhibition at the physiological level. Molecular analyses including gene expression analysis, measurement of primary metabolites and redox metabolites were used to understand the underlying processes. The analysis revealed that PARP inhibition represses anthocyanin and ascorbate accumulation under stress conditions. The reduction in defense is correlated with enhanced biomass production. Even in unstressed conditions protective genes and molecules are repressed by PARP inhibition. The reduced anthocyanin production was shown to be based on the repression of transcription of key regulatory and biosynthesis genes. PARP is a key factor for understanding growth and stress responses of plants. PARP inhibition allows plants to reduce protection such as anthocyanin, ascorbate or Non-Photochemical-Quenching whilst maintaining high energy levels likely enabling the observed enhancement of biomass production under stress, opening interesting perspectives for increasing crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schulz
- Bayer CropScience NV, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jenny Neukermans
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université de Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Katrien Van Der Kelen
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Per Mühlenbock
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université de Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Petrov V, Vermeirssen V, De Clercq I, Van Breusegem F, Minkov I, Vandepoele K, Gechev TS. Identification of cis-regulatory elements specific for different types of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 2012; 499:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kindgren P, Kremnev D, Blanco NE, de Dios Barajas López J, Fernández AP, Tellgren-Roth C, Kleine T, Small I, Strand A. The plastid redox insensitive 2 mutant of Arabidopsis is impaired in PEP activity and high light-dependent plastid redox signalling to the nucleus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:279-91. [PMID: 22211401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic apparatus is composed of proteins encoded by genes from both the nuclear and the chloroplastic genomes. The activities of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes must therefore be closely coordinated through intracellular signalling. The plastids produce multiple retrograde signals at different times of their development, and in response to changes in the environment. These signals regulate the expression of nuclear-encoded photosynthesis genes to match the current status of the plastids. Using forward genetics we identified PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2), a chloroplast component involved in redox-mediated retrograde signalling. The allelic mutants prin2-1 and prin2-2 demonstrated a misregulation of photosynthesis-associated nuclear gene expression in response to excess light, and an inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. As a consequence of the misregulation of LHCB1.1 and LHCB2.4, the prin2 mutants displayed a high irradiance-sensitive phenotype with significant photoinactivation of photosystem II, indicated by a reduced variable to maximal fluorescence ratio (F(v) /F(m) ). PRIN2 is localized to the nucleoids, and plastid transcriptome analyses demonstrated that PRIN2 is required for full expression of genes transcribed by the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). Similarly to the prin2 mutants, the ys1 mutant with impaired PEP activity also demonstrated a misregulation of LHCB1.1 and LHCB2.4 expression in response to excess light, suggesting a direct role for PEP activity in redox-mediated retrograde signalling. Taken together, our results indicate that PRIN2 is part of the PEP machinery, and that the PEP complex responds to photosynthetic electron transport and generates a retrograde signal, enabling the plant to synchronize the expression of photosynthetic genes from both the nuclear and plastidic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kindgren
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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224
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Maldonado-Calderón MT, Sepúlveda-García E, Rocha-Sosa M. Characterization of novel F-box proteins in plants induced by biotic and abiotic stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:208-17. [PMID: 22325883 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants protect against pathogen infections by a combination of constitutive and induced strategies. The induction of plant defense involves the recognition of compounds derived from the pathogen or the plant itself, called elicitors. Looking for new genes involved in plant defense responses, we isolated a cDNA clone corresponding to an elicitor-induced mRNA from Phaseolus vulgaris cell suspension cultures. This clone, PvFBS1, encodes a protein with an F-box, therefore a putative component of an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. PvFBS1 mRNA accumulates in leaves of whole plants in response to wounding or osmotic stress, as well as, following the application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA). salicylic acid (SA) or abscisic acid (ABA). Several sequences related to PvFBS1 were found in the GenBank. In Arabidopsis thaliana there are 4 genomic sequences coding for proteins with similarity to PvFBS1. One of them, AtFBS1, displays a pattern of induction analogous to the one observed for PvFBS1. A yeast two-hybrid assay proved that AtFBS1 was able to interact with ASK1, the component of the SCF complex that binds the F-box. A deletion of the F-box in AtFBS1 abolishes the ability of this protein to interact with ASK1. This demonstrates the functionality of the F-box contained in AtFBS1. Gene fusions to the GUS reporter gene revealed a complex regulation for AtFBS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Maldonado-Calderón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250 Mexico.
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225
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Signal convergence through the lenses of MAP kinases: paradigms of stress and hormone signaling in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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226
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Lundquist PK, Poliakov A, Bhuiyan NH, Zybailov B, Sun Q, van Wijk KJ. The functional network of the Arabidopsis plastoglobule proteome based on quantitative proteomics and genome-wide coexpression analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1172-92. [PMID: 22274653 PMCID: PMC3291262 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.193144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastoglobules (PGs) in chloroplasts are thylakoid-associated monolayer lipoprotein particles containing prenyl and neutral lipids and several dozen proteins mostly with unknown functions. An integrated view of the role of the PG is lacking. Here, we better define the PG proteome and provide a conceptual framework for further studies. The PG proteome from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf chloroplasts was determined by mass spectrometry of isolated PGs and quantitative comparison with the proteomes of unfractionated leaves, thylakoids, and stroma. Scanning electron microscopy showed the purity and size distribution of the isolated PGs. Compared with previous PG proteome analyses, we excluded several proteins and identified six new PG proteins, including an M48 metallopeptidase and two Absence of bc1 complex (ABC1) atypical kinases, confirmed by immunoblotting. This refined PG proteome consisted of 30 proteins, including six ABC1 kinases and seven fibrillins together comprising more than 70% of the PG protein mass. Other fibrillins were located predominantly in the stroma or thylakoid and not in PGs; we discovered that this partitioning can be predicted by their isoelectric point and hydrophobicity. A genome-wide coexpression network for the PG genes was then constructed from mRNA expression data. This revealed a modular network with four distinct modules that each contained at least one ABC1K and/or fibrillin gene. Each module showed clear enrichment in specific functions, including chlorophyll degradation/senescence, isoprenoid biosynthesis, plastid proteolysis, and redox regulators and phosphoregulators of electron flow. We propose a new testable model for the PGs, in which sets of genes are associated with specific PG functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K. Lundquist
- Department of Plant Biology (P.K.L., A.P., N.H.B., B.Z., K.J.v.W.) and Computational Biology Service Unit (Q.S.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Anton Poliakov
- Department of Plant Biology (P.K.L., A.P., N.H.B., B.Z., K.J.v.W.) and Computational Biology Service Unit (Q.S.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Nazmul H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Plant Biology (P.K.L., A.P., N.H.B., B.Z., K.J.v.W.) and Computational Biology Service Unit (Q.S.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Qi Sun
- Department of Plant Biology (P.K.L., A.P., N.H.B., B.Z., K.J.v.W.) and Computational Biology Service Unit (Q.S.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Klaas J. van Wijk
- Department of Plant Biology (P.K.L., A.P., N.H.B., B.Z., K.J.v.W.) and Computational Biology Service Unit (Q.S.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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227
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Wang X, Bian Y, Cheng K, Zou H, Sun SSM, He JX. A Comprehensive Differential Proteomic Study of Nitrate Deprivation in Arabidopsis Reveals Complex Regulatory Networks of Plant Nitrogen Responses. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2301-15. [DOI: 10.1021/pr2010764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology
and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yangyang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Samuel Sai-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology
and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun-Xian He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology
and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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228
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Han Y, Neukermans J, Marquez-Garcia B, Queval G, Foyer CH. Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:454-84. [PMID: 21777251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants cannot survive without glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) or γ-glutamylcysteine-containing homologues. The reasons why this small molecule is indispensable are not fully understood, but it can be inferred that glutathione has functions in plant development that cannot be performed by other thiols or antioxidants. The known functions of glutathione include roles in biosynthetic pathways, detoxification, antioxidant biochemistry and redox homeostasis. Glutathione can interact in multiple ways with proteins through thiol-disulphide exchange and related processes. Its strategic position between oxidants such as reactive oxygen species and cellular reductants makes the glutathione system perfectly configured for signalling functions. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in understanding glutathione synthesis, degradation and transport, particularly in relation to cellular redox homeostasis and related signalling under optimal and stress conditions. Here we outline the key recent advances and discuss how alterations in glutathione status, such as those observed during stress, may participate in signal transduction cascades. The discussion highlights some of the issues surrounding the regulation of glutathione contents, the control of glutathione redox potential, and how the functions of glutathione and other thiols are integrated to fine-tune photorespiratory and respiratory metabolism and to modulate phytohormone signalling pathways through appropriate modification of sensitive protein cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, Orsay cedex, France.
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229
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Wu A, Allu AD, Garapati P, Siddiqui H, Dortay H, Zanor MI, Asensi-Fabado MA, Munné-Bosch S, Antonio C, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Kaufmann K, Xue GP, Mueller-Roeber B, Balazadeh S. JUNGBRUNNEN1, a reactive oxygen species-responsive NAC transcription factor, regulates longevity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:482-506. [PMID: 22345491 PMCID: PMC3315228 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transition from juvenility through maturation to senescence is a complex process that involves the regulation of longevity. Here, we identify JUNGBRUNNEN1 (JUB1), a hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced NAC transcription factor, as a central longevity regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana. JUB1 overexpression strongly delays senescence, dampens intracellular H(2)O(2) levels, and enhances tolerance to various abiotic stresses, whereas in jub1-1 knockdown plants, precocious senescence and lowered abiotic stress tolerance are observed. A JUB1 binding site containing a RRYGCCGT core sequence is present in the promoter of DREB2A, which plays an important role in abiotic stress responses. JUB1 transactivates DREB2A expression in mesophyll cell protoplasts and transgenic plants and binds directly to the DREB2A promoter. Transcriptome profiling of JUB1 overexpressors revealed elevated expression of several reactive oxygen species-responsive genes, including heat shock protein and glutathione S-transferase genes, whose expression is further induced by H(2)O(2) treatment. Metabolite profiling identified elevated Pro and trehalose levels in JUB1 overexpressors, in accordance with their enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. We suggest that JUB1 constitutes a central regulator of a finely tuned control system that modulates cellular H(2)O(2) level and primes the plants for upcoming stress through a gene regulatory network that involves DREB2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhui Wu
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Annapurna Devi Allu
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Prashanth Garapati
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hamad Siddiqui
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hakan Dortay
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maria-Inés Zanor
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Antonio
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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230
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Inzé A, Vanderauwera S, Hoeberichts FA, Vandorpe M, Van Gaever T, Van Breusegem F. A subcellular localization compendium of hydrogen peroxide-induced proteins. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:308-20. [PMID: 21443605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The signal transduction mechanisms of the oxidative stress response in plants remain largely unexplored. Previously, increased levels of cellular hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) had been shown to drastically affect the plant transcriptome. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses allowed us to build a comprehensive inventory of H(2)O(2)-induced genes in plants. Here, the primary objective was to determine the subcellular localization of these genes and to assess potential trafficking during oxidative stress. After high-throughput cloning in Gateway-derived vectors, the subcellular localization of 49 proteins fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was identified in a transient assay in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) by means of agro-infiltration and confirmed for a selection of genes in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Whereas eight of the GFP-tagged proteins are exclusively localized in the nucleus, 23 reside both in the nucleus and cytosol, in which several classes of known transcription factors and proteins of unknown function can be recognized. In this study, the mapping of the subcellular localization of H(2)O(2) -induced proteins paves the way for future research to unravel the H(2)O(2) responses in plants. Furthermore, the effect of increased H(2)O(2) levels on the subcellular localization of a subset of proteins was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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231
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Queval G, Neukermans J, Vanderauwera S, Van Breusegem F, Noctor G. Day length is a key regulator of transcriptomic responses to both CO(2) and H(2)O(2) in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:374-87. [PMID: 21631535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth day length, CO(2) levels and H(2)O(2) all impact plant function, but interactions between them remain unclear. Using a whole-genome transcriptomics approach, we identified gene expression patterns responding to these three factors in Arabidopsis Col-0 and the conditional catalase-deficient mutant, cat2. Plants grown for 5 weeks at high CO(2) in short days (hCO(2)) were transferred to air in short days (SD air) or long days (LD air), and microarray data produced were subjected to three independent studies. The first two analysed genotype-independent responses. They identified 1549 genes differentially expressed after transfer from hCO(2) to SD air. Almost half of these, including genes modulated by sugars or associated with redox, stress or abscisic acid (ABA) functions, as well as light signalling and clock genes, were no longer significant after transfer to air in LD. In a third study, day length-dependent H(2)O(2)-responsive genes were identified by comparing the two genotypes. Two clearly independent responses were observed in cat2 transferred to air in SD and LD. Most H(2)O(2) -responsive genes were up-regulated more strongly in SD air. Overall, the analysis shows that both CO(2) and H(2)O(2) interact with day length and photoreceptor pathways, indicating close networking between carbon status, light and redox state in environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Queval
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS, Université de Paris sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
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232
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Rogers HJ. Is there an important role for reactive oxygen species and redox regulation during floral senescence? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:217-33. [PMID: 21635270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a highly regulated process terminating with programmed cell death (PCD). Floral senescence, and in particular petal senescence, forms an interesting model to study this process in that floral lifespan is species specific and linked to biological function. A feature of petal senescence is a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a change in redox balance. A key question is whether this is merely a consequence of de-regulation of antioxidant systems as cells enter PCD, or whether the rise in ROS may have a regulatory or signalling function. An important division in the physiology of floral senescence is between species in which ethylene is a key regulator, and those in which it appears not to perform an important regulatory role. Another important question we can therefore ask is whether the redox and ROS changes have the same significance in species with different physiologies. Transcriptomic studies in ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive species allow us to further determine whether changes in the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes are transcriptionally regulated during floral senescence. Finally, it is important to assess how a signalling role for ROS or redox status would fit with known plant growth regulator (PGR) control of floral senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University (Main Building), Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK.
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233
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Page M, Sultana N, Paszkiewicz K, Florance H, Smirnoff N. The influence of ascorbate on anthocyanin accumulation during high light acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana: further evidence for redox control of anthocyanin synthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:388-404. [PMID: 21631536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate and anthocyanins act as photoprotectants during exposure to high light (HL). They accumulate in Arabidopsis leaves in response to HL on a similar timescale, suggesting a potential relationship between them. Flavonoids and related metabolites were identified and profiled by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The ascorbate-deficient mutants vtc1, vtc2 and vtc3 accumulated less anthocyanin than wild-type (WT) during HL acclimation. In contrast, kaempferol glycoside accumulation was less affected by light and not decreased by ascorbate deficiency, while sinapoyl malate levels decreased during HL acclimation. Comparison of six Arabidopsis ecotypes showed a positive correlation between ascorbate and anthocyanin accumulation in HL. mRNA-Seq analysis showed that all flavonoid biosynthesis transcripts were increased by HL acclimation in WT. RT-PCR analysis showed that vtc1 and vtc2 were impaired in HL induction of transcripts of anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes, and the transcription factors PAP1, GL3 and EGL3 that activate the pathway. Abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA), hormones that could affect anthocyanin accumulation, were unaffected in vtc mutants. It is concluded that HL induction of anthocyanin synthesis involves a redox-sensitive process upstream of the known transcription factors. Because anthocyanins accumulate in preference to kaempferol glycosides and sinapoyl malate in HL, they might have specific properties that make them useful in HL acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Page
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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234
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Tognetti VB, Mühlenbock P, Van Breusegem F. Stress homeostasis - the redox and auxin perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:321-33. [PMID: 21443606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Under environmental stresses, plant development is adaptively modulated. This modulation is influenced by the steady-state balance (homeostasis) between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phytohormones. Frequently observed symptoms in plant stress adaptation responses include growth retardation, reduced metabolism and photosynthesis, reallocation of metabolic resources and increased antioxidant activities to maximize plant survival under adverse environmental conditions. In view of stress-induced morphogenetic changes during adaptation, ROS and auxin are the main players in the regulatory networks because both are strongly affected by exposure to environmental cues. However, the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between ROS and auxin are poorly understood. In this review, we aim at surveying how the integration of environmental stress-related signals is modulated by crosstalk between ROS and auxin regulatory networks.
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235
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Balazadeh S, Jaspert N, Arif M, Mueller-Roeber B, Maurino VG. Expression of ROS-responsive genes and transcription factors after metabolic formation of H(2)O(2) in chloroplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:234. [PMID: 23125844 PMCID: PMC3485569 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycolate oxidase (GO) catalyses the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, thereby consuming O(2) and producing H(2)O(2). In this work, Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing GO in the chloroplasts (GO plants) were used to assess the expressional behavior of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive genes and transcription factors (TFs) after metabolic induction of H(2)O(2) formation in chloroplasts. In this organelle, GO uses the glycolate derived from the oxygenase activity of RubisCO. Here, to identify genes responding to an abrupt production of H(2)O(2) in chloroplasts we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to test the expression of 187 ROS-responsive genes and 1880 TFs after transferring GO and wild-type (WT) plants grown at high CO(2) levels to ambient CO(2) concentration. Our data revealed coordinated expression changes of genes of specific functional networks 0.5 h after metabolic induction of H(2)O(2) production in GO plants, including the induction of indole glucosinolate and camalexin biosynthesis genes. Comparative analysis using available microarray data suggests that signals for the induction of these genes through H(2)O(2) may originate in the chloroplast. The TF profiling indicated an up-regulation in GO plants of a group of genes involved in the regulation of proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Moreover, the upregulation of expression of TF and TF-interacting proteins affecting development (e.g., cell division, stem branching, flowering time, flower development) would impact growth and reproductive capacity, resulting in altered development under conditions that promote the formation of H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Balazadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Nils Jaspert
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | | | - Veronica G. Maurino
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Veronica G. Maurino, Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. e-mail:
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236
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Zsigmond L, Szepesi A, Tari I, Rigó G, Király A, Szabados L. Overexpression of the mitochondrial PPR40 gene improves salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:87-93. [PMID: 22118619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is sensitive to environmental conditions and can be influenced by abiotic stress. Previously we described the Arabidopsis mitochondrial pentatricopeptide repeat domain protein PPR40, and showed that the stress hypersensitive ppr40-1 mutant is compromised in mitochondrial electron transport (Zsigmond et al., 2008) [20]. Overexpression of the PPR40 gene in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced germination and superior plant growth in saline conditions. Respiration increased in PPR40 overexpressing plants during salt stress. Reduced amount of hydrogen peroxide, diminished lipid peroxidation, lower ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity accompanied salt tolerance. Proline accumulation was enhanced in the ppr40-1 mutant, but unaltered in the PPR40 overexpressing plants. Our data suggest that PPR40 can diminish the generation of reactive oxygen species by stabilizing the mitochondrial electron transport and protecting plants via reducing oxidative damage during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zsigmond
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62., 6726-Szeged, Hungary
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237
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Li A, Zhang R, Pan L, Tang L, Zhao G, Zhu M, Chu J, Sun X, Wei B, Zhang X, Jia J, Mao L. Transcriptome analysis of H2O2-treated wheat seedlings reveals a H2O2-responsive fatty acid desaturase gene participating in powdery mildew resistance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28810. [PMID: 22174904 PMCID: PMC3236209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) plays important roles in plant biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, the effect of H(2)O(2) stress on the bread wheat transcriptome is still lacking. To investigate the cellular and metabolic responses triggered by H(2)O(2), we performed an mRNA tag analysis of wheat seedlings under 10 mM H(2)O(2) treatment for 6 hour in one powdery mildew (PM) resistant (PmA) and two susceptible (Cha and Han) lines. In total, 6,156, 6,875 and 3,276 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in PmA, Han and Cha respectively. Among them, 260 genes exhibited consistent expression patterns in all three wheat lines and may represent a subset of basal H(2)O(2) responsive genes that were associated with cell defense, signal transduction, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, redox homeostasis, and transport. Among genes specific to PmA, 'transport' activity was significantly enriched in Gene Ontology analysis. MapMan classification showed that, while both up- and down- regulations were observed for auxin, abscisic acid, and brassinolides signaling genes, the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathway genes were all up-regulated, suggesting H(2)O(2)-enhanced JA/Et functions in PmA. To further study whether any of these genes were involved in wheat PM response, 19 H(2)O(2)-responsive putative defense related genes were assayed in wheat seedlings infected with Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Eight of these genes were found to be co-regulated by H(2)O(2) and Bgt, among which a fatty acid desaturase gene TaFAD was then confirmed by virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) to be required for the PM resistance. Together, our data presents the first global picture of the wheat transcriptome under H(2)O(2) stress and uncovers potential links between H(2)O(2) and Bgt responses, hence providing important candidate genes for the PM resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, MOA Key Lab for Germplasm and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongzhi Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, MOA Key Lab for Germplasm and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Pan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, MOA Key Lab for Germplasm and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichuan Tang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, MOA Key Lab for Germplasm and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, MOA Key Lab for Germplasm and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, MOA Key Lab for Germplasm and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizeng Jia
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, MOA Key Lab for Germplasm and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, MOA Key Lab for Germplasm and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
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238
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Kang Y, Han Y, Torres-Jerez I, Wang M, Tang Y, Monteros M, Udvardi M. System responses to long-term drought and re-watering of two contrasting alfalfa varieties. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:871-89. [PMID: 21838776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Systems analysis of two alfalfa varieties, Wisfal (Medicago sativa ssp. falcata var. Wisfal) and Chilean (M. sativa ssp. sativa var. Chilean), with contrasting tolerance/sensitivity to drought revealed common and divergent responses to drought stress. At a qualitative level, molecular, biochemical, and physiological responses to drought stress were similar in the two varieties, indicating that they employ the same strategies to cope with drought. However, quantitative differences in responses at all levels were revealed that may contribute to greater drought tolerance in Wisfal. These included lower stomatal density and conductance in Wisfal; delayed leaf senescence compared with Chilean; greater root growth following a drought episode, and greater accumulation of osmolytes, including raffinose and galactinol, and flavonoid antioxidants in roots and/or shoots of Wisfal. Genes encoding transcription factors and other regulatory proteins, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of osmolytes and (iso)flavonoids were differentially regulated between the two varieties and represent potential targets for improving drought tolerance in alfalfa in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kang
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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239
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Cramer GR, Urano K, Delrot S, Pezzotti M, Shinozaki K. Effects of abiotic stress on plants: a systems biology perspective. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:163. [PMID: 22094046 PMCID: PMC3252258 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The natural environment for plants is composed of a complex set of abiotic stresses and biotic stresses. Plant responses to these stresses are equally complex. Systems biology approaches facilitate a multi-targeted approach by allowing one to identify regulatory hubs in complex networks. Systems biology takes the molecular parts (transcripts, proteins and metabolites) of an organism and attempts to fit them into functional networks or models designed to describe and predict the dynamic activities of that organism in different environments. In this review, research progress in plant responses to abiotic stresses is summarized from the physiological level to the molecular level. New insights obtained from the integration of omics datasets are highlighted. Gaps in our knowledge are identified, providing additional focus areas for crop improvement research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mail Stop 330, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Kaoru Urano
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Serge Delrot
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, UMR 1287, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
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240
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Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonols: old compounds for old roles. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1225-33. [PMID: 21880658 PMCID: PMC3197460 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New roles for flavonoids, as developmental regulators and/or signalling molecules, have recently been proposed in eukaryotic cells exposed to a wide range of environmental stimuli. In plants, these functions are actually restricted to flavonols, the ancient and widespread class of flavonoids. In mosses and liverworts, the whole set of genes for flavonol biosynthesis - CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS and F3'H - has been detected. The flavonol branch pathway has remained intact for millions of years, and is almost exclusively involved in the responses of plants to a wide array of stressful agents, despite the fact that evolution of flavonoid metabolism has produced >10 000 structures. SCOPE Here the emerging functional roles of flavonoids in the responses of present-day plants to different stresses are discussed based on early, authoritative views of their primary functions during the colonization of land by plants. Flavonols are not as efficient as other secondary metabolites in absorbing wavelengths in the 290-320 nm spectral region, but display the greatest potential to keep stress-induced changes in cellular reactive oxygen species homeostasis under control, and to regulate the development of individual organs and the whole plant. Very low flavonol concentrations, as probably occurred in early terrestrial plants, may fully accomplish these regulatory functions. CONCLUSIONS During the last two decades the routine use of genomic, chromatography/mass spectrometry and fluorescence microimaging techniques has provided new insights into the regulation of flavonol metabolism as well as on the inter- and intracellular distribution of stress-responsive flavonols. These findings offer new evidence on how flavonols may have performed a wide array of functional roles during the colonization of land by plants. In our opinion this ancient flavonoid class is still playing the same old and robust roles in present-day plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale, Sezione Coltivazioni Arboree, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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241
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Luo J, Zhao LL, Gong SY, Sun X, Li P, Qin LX, Zhou Y, Xu WL, Li XB. A cotton mitogen-activated protein kinase (GhMPK6) is involved in ABA-induced CAT1 expression and H2O2 production. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:557-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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242
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Chen L, Song Y, Li S, Zhang L, Zou C, Yu D. The role of WRKY transcription factors in plant abiotic stresses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:120-8. [PMID: 21964328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The WRKY gene family has been suggested to play important roles in the regulation of transcriptional reprogramming associated with plant stress responses. Modification of the expression patterns of WRKY genes and/or changes in their activity contribute to the elaboration of various signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Furthermore, a single WRKY gene often responds to several stress factors, and then their proteins may participate in the regulation of several seemingly disparate processes as negative or positive regulators. WRKY proteins also function via protein-protein interaction and autoregulation or cross-regulation is extensively recorded among WRKY genes, which help us understand the complex mechanisms of signaling and transcriptional reprogramming controlled by WRKY proteins. Here, we review recent progress made in starting to reveal the role of WRKY transcription factors in plant abiotic stresses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant gene regulation in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
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243
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Leister D, Wang X, Haberer G, Mayer KF, Kleine T. Intracompartmental and intercompartmental transcriptional networks coordinate the expression of genes for organellar functions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:386-404. [PMID: 21775496 PMCID: PMC3165886 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.177691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Genes for mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins are distributed between the nuclear and organellar genomes. Organelle biogenesis and metabolism, therefore, require appropriate coordination of gene expression in the different compartments to ensure efficient synthesis of essential multiprotein complexes of mixed genetic origin. Whereas organelle-to-nucleus signaling influences nuclear gene expression at the transcriptional level, organellar gene expression (OGE) is thought to be primarily regulated posttranscriptionally. Here, we show that intracompartmental and intercompartmental transcriptional networks coordinate the expression of genes for organellar functions. Nearly 1,300 ATH1 microarray-based transcriptional profiles of nuclear and organellar genes for mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were analyzed. The activity of genes involved in organellar energy production (OEP) or OGE in each of the organelles and in the nucleus is highly coordinated. Intracompartmental networks that link the OEP and OGE gene sets serve to synchronize the expression of nucleus- and organelle-encoded proteins. At a higher regulatory level, coexpression of organellar and nuclear OEP/OGE genes typically modulates chloroplast functions but affects mitochondria only when chloroplast functions are perturbed. Under conditions that induce energy shortage, the intercompartmental coregulation of photosynthesis genes can even override intracompartmental networks. We conclude that dynamic intracompartmental and intercompartmental transcriptional networks for OEP and OGE genes adjust the activity of organelles in response to the cellular energy state and environmental stresses, and we identify candidate cis-elements involved in the transcriptional coregulation of nuclear genes. Regarding the transcriptional regulation of chloroplast genes, novel tentative target genes of σ factors are identified.
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244
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Abstract
Leaf reddening during autumn in senescing, deciduous tree species has received widespread attention from the public and in the scientific literature, whereas leaf reddening in evergreen species during winter remains largely ignored. Winter reddening can be observed in evergreen herbs, shrubs, vines and trees in Mediterranean, temperate, alpine, and arctic regions, and can persist for several months before dissipating with springtime warming. Yet, little is known about the functional significance of this colour change, or why it occurs in some species but not others. Here, the biochemistry, physiology and ecology associated with winter leaf reddening are reviewed, with special focus on its possible adaptive function. Photoprotection is currently the favoured hypothesis for winter reddening, but alternative explanations have scarcely been explored. Intraspecific reddening generally increases with sunlight incidence, and may also accompany photosynthetic inferiority in photosynthetically 'weak' (e.g. low-nitrogen) individuals. Red leaves tend to show symptoms of shade acclimation relative to green, consistent with a photoprotective function. However, winter-red and winter-green species often cohabitate the same high-light environments, and exhibit similar photosynthetic capacities. The factors dictating interspecific winter leaf colouration therefore remain unclear. Additional outstanding questions and future directions are also highlighted, and possible alternative functions of winter reddening discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 271069-7325, USA.
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245
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Rosenwasser S, Rot I, Sollner E, Meyer AJ, Smith Y, Leviatan N, Fluhr R, Friedman H. Organelles contribute differentially to reactive oxygen species-related events during extended darkness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:185-201. [PMID: 21372201 PMCID: PMC3091045 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves by extended darkness generates a genetically activated senescence program that culminates in cell death. The transcriptome of leaves subjected to extended darkness was found to contain a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-specific signatures. The levels of transcripts constituting the transcriptome footprints of chloroplasts and cytoplasm ROS stresses decreased in leaves, as early as the second day of darkness. In contrast, an increase was detected in transcripts associated with mitochondrial and peroxisomal ROS stresses. The sequential changes in the redox state of the organelles during darkness were examined by redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein probes (roGFP) that were targeted to specific organelles. In plastids, roGFP showed a decreased level of oxidation as early as the first day of darkness, followed by a gradual increase to starting levels. However, in mitochondria, the level of oxidation of roGFP rapidly increased as early as the first day of darkness, followed by an increase in the peroxisomal level of oxidation of roGFP on the second day. No changes in the probe oxidation were observed in the cytoplasm until the third day. The increase in mitochondrial roGFP degree of oxidation was abolished by sucrose treatment, implying that oxidation is caused by energy deprivation. The dynamic redox state visualized by roGFP probes and the analysis of microarray results are consistent with a scenario in which ROS stresses emanating from the mitochondria and peroxisomes occur early during darkness at a presymptomatic stage and jointly contribute to the senescence program.
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246
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Alboresi A, Dall'Osto L, Aprile A, Carillo P, Roncaglia E, Cattivelli L, Bassi R. Reactive oxygen species and transcript analysis upon excess light treatment in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana vs a photosensitive mutant lacking zeaxanthin and lutein. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:62. [PMID: 21481232 PMCID: PMC3083342 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unavoidable by-products of oxygenic photosynthesis, causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. Despite their destructive activity they are also signalling molecules, priming the acclimatory response to stress stimuli. RESULTS To investigate this role further, we exposed wild type Arabidopsis thaliana plants and the double mutant npq1lut2 to excess light. The mutant does not produce the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin, whose key roles include ROS scavenging and prevention of ROS synthesis. Biochemical analysis revealed that singlet oxygen (1O2) accumulated to higher levels in the mutant while other ROS were unaffected, allowing to define the transcriptomic signature of the acclimatory response mediated by 1O2 which is enhanced by the lack of these xanthophylls species. The group of genes differentially regulated in npq1lut2 is enriched in sequences encoding chloroplast proteins involved in cell protection against the damaging effect of ROS. Among the early fine-tuned components, are proteins involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, chlorophyll catabolism, protein import, folding and turnover, synthesis and membrane insertion of photosynthetic subunits. Up to now, the flu mutant was the only biological system adopted to define the regulation of gene expression by 1O2. In this work, we propose the use of mutants accumulating 1O2 by mechanisms different from those activated in flu to better identify ROS signalling. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the lack of zeaxanthin and lutein leads to 1O2 accumulation and this represents a signalling pathway in the early stages of stress acclimation, beside the response to ADP/ATP ratio and to the redox state of both plastoquinone pool. Chloroplasts respond to 1O2 accumulation by undergoing a significant change in composition and function towards a fast acclimatory response. The physiological implications of this signalling specificity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alboresi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I - 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I - 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessio Aprile
- CRA Centro di Ricerca per la Genomica, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Petronia Carillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Enrica Roncaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- CRA Centro di Ricerca per la Genomica, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I - 37134 Verona, Italy
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Valenzuela-Soto JH, Iruegas-Bocardo F, Martínez-Gallardo NA, Molina-Torres J, Gómez-Lim MA, Délano-Frier JP. Transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants over-expressing a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene from Xenopus laevis (xPPARα) show increased susceptibility to infection by virulent Pseudomonas syringae pathogens. PLANTA 2011; 233:507-21. [PMID: 21104271 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic tobacco plants capable of over-expressing Xenopus PPARα (xPPARα), a transcription factor known to be required for peroxisome proliferation in animals, were recently generated. These plants (herewith referred to as PPAR-OE) were found to have increased peroxisome abundance, higher peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase and catalase activity and modified fatty acid metabolism. Further characterization of PPAR-OE plants revealed a higher susceptibility to virulent and a partial loss of resistance to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pathogens, whereas the basal resistance response remained unaffected. Biochemical- and defense-related gene expression analyses showed that increased susceptibility to bacterial invasion coincided with the generalized reduction in H(2)O(2) and salicylic acid (SA) levels observed within the first 24 h of bacterial contact. Decreased H(2)O(2) levels were correlated with modified activity levels of catalase and other antioxidant enzymes. A correspondence between a rapid (within 1-24 hpi; ACCO and AOC) and sustained increase (up to 6 days pi; ACCO) in the expression levels of ethylene (ACCO) and jasmonic acid (AOC) biosynthetic genes and a higher susceptibility to virulent bacterial invasion was also observed in PPAR-OE plants. Conversely, no apparent differences in the short- and/or long-term expression levels of markers for the hypersensitive-response, oxidative burst and systemic-acquired resistance were observed between wild type and PPAR-OE plants. The results suggest that peroxisome proliferation could lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial pathogens in tobacco by altering the redox balance of the plant and the expression pattern of key defense signaling pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, (Cinvestav-Unidad Irapuato), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
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Noctor G, Queval G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Foyer CH. Glutathione. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0142. [PMID: 22303267 PMCID: PMC3267239 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a simple sulfur compound composed of three amino acids and the major non-protein thiol in many organisms, including plants. The functions of glutathione are manifold but notably include redox-homeostatic buffering. Glutathione status is modulated by oxidants as well as by nutritional and other factors, and can influence protein structure and activity through changes in thiol-disulfide balance. For these reasons, glutathione is a transducer that integrates environmental information into the cellular network. While the mechanistic details of this function remain to be fully elucidated, accumulating evidence points to important roles for glutathione and glutathione-dependent proteins in phytohormone signaling and in defense against biotic stress. Work in Arabidopsis is beginning to identify the processes that govern glutathione status and that link it to signaling pathways. As well as providing an overview of the components that regulate glutathione homeostasis (synthesis, degradation, transport, and redox turnover), the present discussion considers the roles of this metabolite in physiological processes such as light signaling, cell death, and defense against microbial pathogen and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Queval
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Present address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and Department of Plant Biotechnologyand Genetics, Gent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Sejir Chaouch
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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249
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Zhou L, Bokhari SA, Dong CJ, Liu JY. Comparative proteomics analysis of the root apoplasts of rice seedlings in response to hydrogen peroxide. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16723. [PMID: 21347307 PMCID: PMC3037377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant apoplast is the prime site for signal perception and defense response, and of great importance in responding to environmental stresses. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a pivotal role in determining the responsiveness of cells to stress. However, how the apoplast proteome changes under oxidative condition is largely unknown. In this study, we initiated a comparative proteomic analysis to explore H2O2-responsive proteins in the apoplast of rice seedling roots. Methodology/Principal Findings 14-day-old rice seedlings were treated with low concentrations (300 and 600 µM) of H2O2 for 6 h and the levels of relative electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and H2O2 were assayed in roots. The modified vacuum infiltration method was used to extract apoplast proteins of rice seedling roots, and then two-dimensional electrophoresis gel analysis revealed 58 differentially expressed protein spots under low H2O2 conditions. Of these, 54 were successfully identified by PMF or MS/MS as matches to 35 different proteins including known and novel H2O2-responsive proteins. Almost all of these identities (98%) were indeed apoplast proteins confirmed either by previous experiments or through publicly available prediction programs. These proteins identified are involved in a variety of processes, including redox homeostasis, cell wall modification, signal transduction, cell defense and carbohydrate metabolism, indicating a complex regulative network in the apoplast of seedling roots under H2O2 stress. Conclusions/Significance The present study is the first apoplast proteome investigation of plant seedlings in response to H2O2 and may be of paramount importance for the understanding of the plant network to environmental stresses. Based on the abundant changes in these proteins, together with their putative functions, we proposed a possible protein network that provides new insights into oxidative stress response in the rice root apoplast and clues for the further functional research of target proteins associated with H2O2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Saleem A. Bokhari
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Juan Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yuan Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Vanderauwera S, Suzuki N, Miller G, van de Cotte B, Morsa S, Ravanat JL, Hegie A, Triantaphylidès C, Shulaev V, Van Montagu MCE, Van Breusegem F, Mittler R. Extranuclear protection of chromosomal DNA from oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [PMID: 21220338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.101835910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms evolved under aerobic conditions subjecting nuclear DNA to damage provoked by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although ROS are thought to be a major cause of DNA damage, little is known about the molecular mechanisms protecting nuclear DNA from oxidative stress. Here we show that protection of nuclear DNA in plants requires a coordinated function of ROS-scavenging pathways residing in the cytosol and peroxisomes, demonstrating that nuclear ROS scavengers such as peroxiredoxin and glutathione are insufficient to safeguard DNA integrity. Both catalase (CAT2) and cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX1) play a key role in protecting the plant genome against photorespiratory-dependent H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage. In apx1/cat2 double-mutant plants, a DNA damage response is activated, suppressing growth via a WEE1 kinase-dependent cell-cycle checkpoint. This response is correlated with enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress, DNA stress-causing agents, and inhibited programmed cell death.
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