201
|
Xu T, Yan W, Wu Q, Xu Q, Yuan J, Li Y, Li P, Pan H, Ni C. MiR-326 Inhibits Inflammation and Promotes Autophagy in Silica-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis through Targeting TNFSF14 and PTBP1. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2192-2203. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xu
- Center for Global Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weiwen Yan
- Center for Global Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qiuyun Wu
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Center for Global Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiali Yuan
- Center for Global Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Global Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center for Global Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Honghong Pan
- Center for Global Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunhui Ni
- Center for Global Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Baig MH, Baker A, Ashraf GM, Dong JJ. ASK1 and its role in cardiovascular and other disorders: available treatments and future prospects. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:857-870. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1676735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abu Baker
- Nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ghulam M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jae-June Dong
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Yue J, Wang XS, Feng B, Hu LN, Yang LK, Lu L, Zhang K, Wang YT, Liu SB. Activation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 Protects Neurons against Excitotoxicity through Inhibiting Excessive Autophagy Induced by Glutamate. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4227-4236. [PMID: 31545891 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protecting intracellular pathway to transmit unnecessary or dysfunctional components to the lysosome for degeneration. Autophagic imbalance is connected with neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are closely related to excitotoxicity and neuronal loss. Activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), an estrogen membrane receptor, protects neurons from excitotoxicity-induced cell death. However, whether autophagy is involved in the neuroprotective effect of GPR30 activation is not well-known. In this study, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), Western blot, monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, and immunofluorescent staining were employed to detect the role of autophagy in cultured primary cortical neurons after glutamate exposure and G1 treatment. Pretreatment of G1 (GPR30 specific agonist) reduced neuronal loss through inhibiting excessive autophagy induced by glutamate exposure, which was blocked by GPR30 antagonist G15, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. These data suggest that GPR30 protects neurons from cell loss primarily by modulating PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, G1 alone did not affect the basal autophagy and cell viability. We conclude that GPR30 activation reduces glutamate-induced excessive autophagy in neurons and protects neurons against excitotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xin-shang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Li-ning Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Liu-kun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Ya-tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Shui-bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Yang K, Niu L, Bai Y, Le W. Glioblastoma: Targeting the autophagy in tumorigenesis. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:334-340. [PMID: 31580908 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most malignant and aggressive primary brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. The malignant nature of GBM prompts the need for further research on its tumorigenesis and novel treatments to improve its outcome. One of the promising research targets is autophagy, a fundamental metabolic process of degrading and recycling cellular components. Interventions to activate or inhibit autophagy have both been proposed as GBM therapies, suggesting a controversial, context-dependent role of autophagy in GBM tumorigenesis. In this review, we highlight the molecular links between GBM and autophagy with the focus on the effects of autophagy on the stemness maintenance, metabolism and proteostasis in GBM tumorigenesis. Understanding the molecular pathways involved in autophagy target is critical for GBM therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Long Niu
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yijing Bai
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Zeng Q, Li L, Siu W, Jin Y, Cao M, Li W, Chen J, Cong W, Ma M, Chen K, Wu Z. A combined molecular biology and network pharmacology approach to investigate the multi-target mechanisms of Chaihu Shugan San on Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109370. [PMID: 31563815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) is a well-known herbal formula used to nourish liver and blood, promote blood circulation and Qi flow in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical uses showed that CSS could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study aimed to elucidate the multi-target mechanisms of CSS on AD using network pharmacology analysis and verify its effect by biological experiments. Firstly, a total of 152 active compounds in CSS, 520 predicted biological targets and 160 AD-related targets were identified. Subsequently, the networks including herb-compound-target network, AD-target network, and CSS potential target-AD target network were constructed. 60 key targets highly responsible for the beneficial effect of CSS on AD were identified by central network topological analysis. They were significantly characterized as nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins with molecular function of protein binding. They were also enriched in various biological processes through PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and HIF signaling pathway by GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Pretreatment with CSS ameliorated Aβ-induced neural cell death and reduced the number of apoptotic cells in differentiated PC12 cells. Moreover, increased phosphorylation of Akt accompanied with decreased Bax expression was found after CSS pretreatment, suggesting that Akt signaling pathway was involved in the protective effect of CSS against neural cells death. The present study systematically revealed the multi-target mechanisms of CSS on AD using network pharmacology approach, as well as validated the protective effect of CSS against Aβ-induced neural cells death through Akt signaling pathway. It provided indications for further mechanistic studies and also for the development of CSS as a potential treatment for AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Longfei Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Wingsum Siu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Meiqun Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weihong Cong
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Min Ma
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Keji Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
The effect of curcumin on cognition in Alzheimer's disease and healthy aging: A systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Brain Res 2019; 1725:146476. [PMID: 31560864 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease constitutes a growing cause of cognitive impairment in aging population. Given that current treatments do not produce the desired therapeutic effects, the need for finding alternative biological and pharmacological approaches is critical. Accumulating evidence suggests inflammatory and oxidative stress responses as potential causal factors of cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease and healthy aging. Curcumin has received increased interest due to its unique molecular structure that targets inflammatory and antioxidant pathways as well as (directly) amyloid aggregation; one of the major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this review summarizes preclinical and clinical findings on curcumin as a potential cognitive enhancer in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. Databases used for literature searches include PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science; in addition, clinicaltrials.gov was used to search for clinical studies. Overall, animal research has shown very promising results in potentiating cognition, both physiologically and behaviourally. However, human studies are limited and results are less consistent, complicating their interpretation. These inconsistencies may be related to differences in methodology and the included population. Taking into account measurements of important inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers, optimal dosages of curcumin, food interactions, and duration of treatment would increase our understanding on curcumin's promising effects on cognition. In addition, increasing curcumin's bioavailability could benefit future research.
Collapse
|
207
|
Autophagy Modulation as a Treatment of Amyloid Diseases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183372. [PMID: 31527516 PMCID: PMC6766836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are fibrous proteins aggregated into toxic forms that are implicated in several chronic disorders. More than 30 diseases show deposition of fibrous amyloid proteins associated with cell loss and degeneration in the affected tissues. Evidence demonstrates that amyloid diseases result from protein aggregation or impaired amyloid clearance, but the connection between amyloid accumulation and tissue degeneration is not clear. Common examples of amyloid diseases are Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and tauopathies, which are the most common forms of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as polyglutamine disorders and certain peripheral metabolic diseases. In these diseases, increased accumulation of toxic amyloid proteins is suspected to be one of the main causative factors in the disease pathogenesis. It is therefore important to more clearly understand how these toxic amyloid proteins accumulate as this will aide in the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is maintained by multiple cellular pathways-including protein synthesis, quality control, and clearance-which are collectively responsible for preventing protein misfolding or aggregation. Modulating protein degradation is a very complex but attractive treatment strategy used to remove amyloid and improve cell survival. This review will focus on autophagy, an important clearance pathway of amyloid proteins, and strategies for using it as a potential therapeutic target for amyloid diseases. The physiological role of autophagy in cells, pathways for its modulation, its connection with apoptosis, cell models and caveats in developing autophagy as a treatment and as a biomarker is discussed.
Collapse
|
208
|
González-Casacuberta I, Juárez-Flores DL, Morén C, Garrabou G. Bioenergetics and Autophagic Imbalance in Patients-Derived Cell Models of Parkinson Disease Supports Systemic Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:894. [PMID: 31551675 PMCID: PMC6748355 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide affecting 2-3% of the population over 65 years. This prevalence is expected to rise as life expectancy increases and diagnostic and therapeutic protocols improve. PD encompasses a multitude of clinical, genetic, and molecular forms of the disease. Even though the mechanistic of the events leading to neurodegeneration remain largely unknown, some molecular hallmarks have been repeatedly reported in most patients and models of the disease. Neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk, mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent bioenergetic failure, oxidative stress and autophagy deregulation, are amongst the most commonly described. Supporting these findings, numerous familial forms of PD are caused by mutations in genes that are crucial for mitochondrial and autophagy proper functioning. For instance, late and early onset PD associated to mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and Parkin (PRKN) genes, responsible for the most frequent dominant and recessive inherited forms of PD, respectively, have emerged as promising examples of disease due to their established role in commanding bioenergetic and autophagic balance. Concomitantly, the development of animal and cell models to investigate the etiology of the disease, potential biomarkers and therapeutic approaches are being explored. One of the emerging approaches in this context is the use of patient's derived cells models, such as skin-derived fibroblasts that preserve the genetic background and some environmental cues of the patients. An increasing number of reports in these PD cell models postulate that deficient mitochondrial function and impaired autophagic flux may be determinant in PD accelerated nigral cell death in terms of limitation of cell energy supply and accumulation of obsolete and/or unfolded proteins or dysfunctional organelles. The reliance of neurons on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and their post-mitotic nature, may explain their increased vulnerability to undergo degeneration upon mitochondrial challenges or autophagic insults. In this scenario, proper mitochondrial function and turnover through mitophagy, are gaining in strength as protective targets to prevent neurodegeneration, together with the use of patient-derived fibroblasts to further explore these events. These findings point out the presence of molecular damage beyond the central nervous system (CNS) and proffer patient-derived cell platforms to the clinical and scientific community, which enable the study of disease etiopathogenesis and therapeutic approaches focused on modifying the natural history of PD through, among others, the enhancement of mitochondrial function and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid González-Casacuberta
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Luz Juárez-Flores
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Colombo E, Biocotino M, Frapporti G, Randazzo P, Christodoulou MS, Piccoli G, Polito L, Seneci P, Passarella D. Nanolipid-Trehalose Conjugates and Nano-Assemblies as Putative Autophagy Inducers. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E422. [PMID: 31434235 PMCID: PMC6723367 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose is an autophagy inducer, but its pharmacological application is severely limited by its poor pharmacokinetics properties. Thus, trehalose was coupled via suitable spacers with squalene (in 1:2 and 1:1 stoichiometry) and with betulinic acid (1:2 stoichiometry), in order to yield the corresponding nanolipid-trehalose conjugates 1-Sq-mono, 2-Sq-bis and 3-Be-mono. The conjugates were assembled to produce the corresponding nano-assemblies (NAs) Sq-NA1, Sq-NA2 and Be-NA3. The synthetic and assembly protocols are described in detail. The resulting NAs were characterized in terms of loading and structure, and tested in vitro for their capability to induce autophagy. Our results are presented and thoroughly commented upon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Biocotino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Frapporti
- CIBIO, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Pietro Randazzo
- Promidis Srl, San Raffaele Scientific Research Park, Torre San Michele 1, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael S Christodoulou
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Universitdegli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- CIBIO, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy
| | | | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Perrone L, Squillaro T, Napolitano F, Terracciano C, Sampaolo S, Melone MAB. The Autophagy Signaling Pathway: A Potential Multifunctional Therapeutic Target of Curcumin in Neurological and Neuromuscular Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081881. [PMID: 31412596 PMCID: PMC6723827 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the major intracellular machinery for degrading proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and organelles. This cellular process is essential for the maintenance of the correct cellular balance in both physiological and stress conditions. Because of its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, dysregulation of autophagy leads to various disease manifestations, such as inflammation, metabolic alterations, aging, and neurodegeneration. A common feature of many neurologic and neuromuscular diseases is the alteration of the autophagy-lysosomal pathways. For this reason, autophagy is considered a target for the prevention and/or cure of these diseases. Dietary intake of polyphenols has been demonstrated to prevent/ameliorate several of these diseases. Thus, natural products that can modulate the autophagy machinery are considered a promising therapeutic strategy. In particular, curcumin, a phenolic compound widely used as a dietary supplement, exerts an important effect in modulating autophagy. Herein, we report on the current knowledge concerning the role of curcumin in modulating the autophagy machinery in various neurological and neuromuscular diseases as well as its role in restoring the autophagy molecular mechanism in several cell types that have different effects on the progression of neurological and neuromuscular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Perrone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University Grenoble Alpes, 2231 Rue de la Piscine, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Terracciano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Sampaolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, BioLife Building (015-00)1900 North 12th Street, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Dutta B, Huang J, To J, Tam JP. LIR Motif-Containing Hyperdisulfide β-Ginkgotide is Cytoprotective, Adaptogenic, and Scaffold-Ready. Molecules 2019; 24:E2417. [PMID: 31262066 PMCID: PMC6651024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting a bioactive peptide onto a disulfide-rich scaffold is a promising approach to improve its structure and metabolic stability. The ginkgo plant-derived β-ginkgotide β-gB1 is a highly unusual molecule: Small, hyperdisulfide, and found only in selected ancient plants. It also contains a conserved 16-amino-acid core with three interlocking disulfides, as well as a six-amino-acid inter-cysteine loop 2 suitable for grafting peptide epitopes. However, very little is known about this recently-discovered family of molecules. Here, we report the biophysical and functional characterizations of the β-ginkgotide β-gB1 from G. biloba. A circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis at 90 °C and proteolytic treatments of β-gB1 supported that it is hyperstable. Data mining revealed that the β-gB1 loop 2 contains the canonical LC3 interacting region (LIR) motif crucial for selective autophagy. Cell-based assays and pull-down experiments showed that β-gB1 is an adaptogen, able to maintain cellular homeostasis through induced autophagosomes formation and to protect cells by targeting intracellular proteins from stress-mediated damage against hypoxia and the hypoxia-reoxygenation of induced cell death. This is the first report of an LIR-containing peptide natural product. Together, our results suggest that the plant-derived β-ginkgotide is cytoprotective, capable of targeting intracellular proteins, and holds promise as a hyperdisulfide scaffold for engineering peptidyl therapeutics with enhanced structural and metabolic stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bamaprasad Dutta
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jiayi Huang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Pierzynowska K, Gaffke L, Cyske Z, Węgrzyn G. Genistein induces degradation of mutant huntingtin in fibroblasts from Huntington's disease patients. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:715-720. [PMID: 30850940 PMCID: PMC6520327 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the HTT gene, consisting of expansion of CAG triplets, cause the Huntington's disease (HD), one of the major neurodegenerative disorders. Formation of aggregates of mutant huntingtin (mHTT, the product of the mutant HTT gene) leads to cellular dysfunctions, and subsequent neurodegeneration which manifest clinically as motor abnormalities and cognitive deficits. We recently used immortalized HEK-293 cells expressing the 1st exon of the mutant HTT gene as a cellular model of HD, and showed that the stimulation of autophagy by genistein corrected the mutant phenotype. However, effects of genistein on HD patient-derived cells remained unknown. In this report, we demonstrated that genistein also instigated degradation of mHTT in fibroblasts derived from HD patients. This was assessed as a significant decrease in the levels of HTT in HD fibroblasts measured by Western-blotting, and the disappearance of intracellular mHTT aggregates in cells observed by fluorescent microscopy. Fibroblasts derived from control persons were not affected by genistein treatment. These results indicate that genistein can improve HD phenotype in patient-derived cells, and substantiates the need for further studies of this isoflavone as a potential therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Cyske
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Abdelaziz DH, Abdulrahman BA, Gilch S, Schatzl HM. Autophagy pathways in the treatment of prion diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 44:46-52. [PMID: 31096117 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prions use cellular machineries for autocatalytic propagation by conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein into the pathological isoform PrPSc. Autophagy is a basic cellular degradation and recycling machinery that delivers cargo to lysosomes. Increase of autophagic flux in cells results in enhanced delivery of PrPSc in late endosomes to lysosomal degradation, providing a therapeutic target for prion diseases. Application of chemical enhancers of autophagy to cell or mouse models of prion infection provided a solid experimental proof-of-concept for this anti-prion strategy. In addition, increasing autophagy also reduces exosomal release of prions and transfer of prion infectivity between cells. Taken together, pharmacological induction of autophagy is a promising target for containing prion diseases, and ideal candidate for future combination therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia H Abdelaziz
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Basant A Abdulrahman
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Meng T, Lin S, Zhuang H, Huang H, He Z, Hu Y, Gong Q, Feng D. Recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases. Cell Stress 2019; 3:141-161. [PMID: 31225510 PMCID: PMC6551859 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.05.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (here refers to macroautophagy) is a catabolic pathway by which large protein aggregates and damaged organelles are first sequestered into a double-membraned structure called autophago-some and then delivered to lysosome for destruction. Recently, tremen-dous progress has been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism and functions of this essential cellular metabolic process. In addition to being either a rubbish clearing system or a cellular surviving program in response to different stresses, autophagy plays important roles in a large number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and especially neurodegenerative disorders. Here we review recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases and discuss how dysregulation of autophagy initiation, autophagosome formation, maturation, and/or au-tophagosome-lysosomal fusion step contributes to the pathogenesis of these disorders in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shiyin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haixia Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haofeng Huang
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac-Cerebral Vascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengjie He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yongquan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qing Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Du Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Loeffler DA. Influence of Normal Aging on Brain Autophagy: A Complex Scenario. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:49. [PMID: 30914945 PMCID: PMC6421305 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins are pathological findings in some chronic neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Aging is a major risk factor for these disorders, suggesting that the mechanisms responsible for clearing misfolded proteins from the brain, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, may decline with age. Although autophagic mechanisms have been found to decrease with age in many experimental models, whether they do so in the brain is unclear. This review examines the literature with regard to age-associated changes in macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in the central nervous system (CNS). Beclin 1, LC3-II, and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio have frequently been used to examine changes in macroautophagic activity, while lamp2a and HSPA8 (also known as hsc70) have been used to measure CMA activity. Three gene expression analyses found evidence for an age-related downregulation of macroautophagy in human brain, but no published studies were found of age-related changes in CMA in human brain, although cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of HSPA8 were reported to decrease with age. Most studies of age-related changes in brain autophagy in experimental animals have found age-related declines in macroautophagy, and macroautophagy is necessary for normal lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice. However, the few studies of age-related changes in brain CMA in experimental animals have produced conflicting results. Investigations of the influence of aging on macroautophagy in experimental animals in systems other than the CNS have generally found an age-related decrease in Beclin 1, but conflicting results for LC3-II and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, while CMA decreases with age in most models. CONCLUSION: while indirect evidence suggests that brain autophagy may decrease with normal aging, this issue has not been investigated sufficiently, particularly in human brain. Measuring autophagic activity in the brain can be challenging because of differences in basal autophagic activity between experimental models, and the inability to include lysosomal inhibitors when measuring the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in postmortem specimens. If autophagy does decrease in the brain with aging, then pharmacological interventions and/or lifestyle alterations to slow this decline could reduce the risk of developing age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Beaumont Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Chen LL, Huang YJ, Cui JT, Song N, Xie J. Iron Dysregulation in Parkinson's Disease: Focused on the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:863-871. [PMID: 30590010 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Although both iron accumulation and a defective autophagy-lysosome pathway contribute to the pathological development of PD, the connection between these two causes is poorly documented. The autophagy-lysosome pathway not only responds to regulation by iron chelators and channels but also participates in cellular iron recycling through the degradation of ferritin and other iron-containing components. Previously, ferritin has been posited to be the bridge between iron accumulation and autophagy impairment in PD. In addition, iron directly interacts with α-synuclein in Lewy bodies, which are primarily digested through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. These findings indicate that some link exists between iron deposition and autophagy impairment in PD. In this review, the basic mechanisms of the autophagy-lysosome pathway and iron trafficking are introduced, and then their interaction under physiological conditions is explained. Finally, we finish by discussing the dysfunction of iron deposition and autophagy in PD, as well as their potential relationship, which will provide some insight for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Lei Chen
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yu-Jv Huang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jun-tao Cui
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Shukla M, Chinchalongporn V, Govitrapong P, Reiter RJ. The role of melatonin in targeting cell signaling pathways in neurodegeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1443:75-96. [PMID: 30756405 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are typified by neuronal loss associated with progressive dysfunction and clinical presentation. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the intra- and extracellular conglomeration of misfolded proteins that occur because of abnormal protein dynamics and genetic manipulations; these trigger processes of cell death in these disorders. The disrupted signaling mechanisms involved are oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial and calcium signaling deregulation, alterations in immune and inflammatory signaling, disruption of autophagic integrity, proteostasis dysfunction, and anomalies in the insulin, Notch, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Herein, we accentuate some of the contemporary translational approaches made in characterizing the underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Melatonin-induced cognitive enhancement and inhibition of oxidative signaling substantiates the efficacy of melatonin in combating neurodegenerative processes. Our review considers in detail the possible roles of melatonin in understanding the synergistic pathogenic mechanisms between aggregated proteins and in regulating, modulating, and preventing the altered signaling mechanisms discovered in cellular and animal models along with clinical evaluations pertaining to neurodegeneration. Furthermore, this review showcases the therapeutic potential of melatonin in preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases with optimum prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Shukla
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorapin Chinchalongporn
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Condello M, Pellegrini E, Caraglia M, Meschini S. Targeting Autophagy to Overcome Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030725. [PMID: 30744021 PMCID: PMC6387456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process, through which damaged organelles and superfluous proteins are degraded, for maintaining the correct cellular balance during stress insult. It involves formation of double-membrane vesicles, named autophagosomes, that capture cytosolic cargo and deliver it to lysosomes, where the breakdown products are recycled back to cytoplasm. On the basis of degraded cell components, some selective types of autophagy can be identified (mitophagy, ribophagy, reticulophagy, lysophagy, pexophagy, lipophagy, and glycophagy). Dysregulation of autophagy can induce various disease manifestations, such as inflammation, aging, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. The understanding of the molecular mechanism that regulates the different phases of the autophagic process and the role in the development of diseases are only in an early stage. There are still questions that must be answered concerning the functions of the autophagy-related proteins. In this review, we describe the principal cellular and molecular autophagic functions, selective types of autophagy and the main in vitro methods to detect the role of autophagy in the cellular physiology. We also summarize the importance of the autophagic behavior in some diseases to provide a novel insight for target therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Condello
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Evelin Pellegrini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Meschini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Zeng Q, Siu W, Li L, Jin Y, Liang S, Cao M, Ma M, Wu Z. Autophagy in Alzheimer's disease and promising modulatory effects of herbal medicine. Exp Gerontol 2019; 119:100-110. [PMID: 30710681 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and unremitting neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. It affects the quality of life of victims severely. The prevalence of AD has been increasing in recent years. Therefore, it is of great importance to elucidate the pathogenesis of AD and find out effective therapeutic approaches. Autophagy, a primary intracellular way of degrading aggregated proteins and damaged organelles, has been discovered to be involved in the pathological changes of AD. In the last few years, much progress has been made in finding autophagy regulators from natural products, providing new insights to develop treatment strategy for AD by targeting autophagy. In the present review, we provided an overview of the recent research progress regarding the function role of autophagy in AD, the regulation mechanisms of autophagy-lysosomal pathway as well as therapeutic potential of herbal medicine on AD by targeting autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Wingsum Siu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Limin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Yu Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Shaoyu Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Meiqun Cao
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Min Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Esteves AR, Filipe F, Magalhães JD, Silva DF, Cardoso SM. The Role of Beclin-1 Acetylation on Autophagic Flux in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5654-5670. [PMID: 30661206 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy impairment plays a key role in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) neurodegenerative process. Nevertheless, the mechanism(s) that lead to a deficiency in macroautophagy in AD remains elusive. In this work, we identify, for the first time that Beclin-1 acetylation status is implicated in the alterations in autophagy observed in AD neurodegeneration. We observed that Beclin-1 is deacetylated by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and acetylated by p300. In addition, Beclin-1 acetylation inhibits autophagosome maturation, leading to impairment in autophagic flux. We also analyzed some proteins known to be involved in the maturation of autophagosomes such as Rab7, which participates in the fusion step with lysosomes. We observed that increased expression of Rab7 might represent a response to boost the formation of large perinuclear lysosome clusters in accordance with an increase in lysosomal biogenesis determined by increase in LAMP-2A, LAMP-1, and cathepsin D expression in AD cells. Thus, our data provides strong evidences that Beclin-1 acetylation impairs the autophagic flux, and despite lysosomal biogenesis seems to be triggered as a compensatory response, autophagosome fusion with lysosomes is compromised contributing to AD neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Filipe
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João D Magalhães
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana F Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Deal SL, Yamamoto S. Unraveling Novel Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration Through a Large-Scale Forward Genetic Screen in Drosophila. Front Genet 2019; 9:700. [PMID: 30693015 PMCID: PMC6339878 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by progressive loss of neurons. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to demise of neurons, leading to diverse devastating cognitive and motor disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases in humans. Over the past few decades, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has become an integral tool to understand the molecular, cellular and genetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Extensive tools and sophisticated technologies allow Drosophila geneticists to identify and study evolutionarily conserved genes that are essential for neural maintenance. In this review, we will focus on a large-scale mosaic forward genetic screen on the fly X-chromosome that led to the identification of a number of essential genes that exhibit neurodegenerative phenotypes when mutated. Most genes identified from this screen are evolutionarily conserved and many have been linked to human diseases with neurological presentations. Systematic electrophysiological and ultrastructural characterization of mutant tissue in the context of the Drosophila visual system, followed by a series of experiments to understand the mechanism of neurodegeneration in each mutant led to the discovery of novel molecular pathways that are required for neuronal integrity. Defects in mitochondrial function, lipid and iron metabolism, protein trafficking and autophagy are recurrent themes, suggesting that insults that eventually lead to neurodegeneration may converge on a set of evolutionarily conserved cellular processes. Insights from these studies have contributed to our understanding of known neurodegenerative diseases such as Leigh syndrome and Friedreich's ataxia and have also led to the identification of new human diseases. By discovering new genes required for neural maintenance in flies and working with clinicians to identify patients with deleterious variants in the orthologous human genes, Drosophila biologists can play an active role in personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Deal
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Wei YM, Han B. Beclin1 decreases the RIPA-insoluble fraction of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked SOD1 mutant via autophagy. Neurosci Lett 2019; 690:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
223
|
Debnath K, Jana NR, Jana NR. Designed Polymer Micelle for Clearing Amyloid Protein Aggregates via Up-Regulated Autophagy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:390-401. [PMID: 33405873 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting protein aggregation under intra-/extracellular space and clearing protein aggregates from the brain are two critical issues for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. Although a variety of anti-amyloidogenic chemicals/biochemicals have been identified for inhibiting such protein aggregation, clearing protein aggregates is a challenging issue. Here we report a designed biopolymer micelle of 15-30 nm hydrodynamic size that can clear protein aggregates from cells via an up-regulated autophagy process. The polymer has a polyaspartic acid backbone and is functionalized with fatty amine, arginine, and primary amine for inducing self-assembly, enhancing cell uptake, and up-regulating autophagy processes, respectively. The polymer micelle (PM) enters into the cell via lipid raft endocytosis, is transported to the perinuclear region where the protein oligomer/aggregate predominantly localizes, clears aggregated protein from the cell, and enhances the cell's survival against toxic protein aggregates. The designed PM may be used as a drug delivery carrier for anti-amyloidogenic drugs for enhanced efficacy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Debnath
- Centre for Advanced Materials and School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nihar R Jana
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, NH-8, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Nikhil R Jana
- Centre for Advanced Materials and School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Varmazyar R, Noori-Zadeh A, Rajaei F, Darabi S, Bakhtiyari S. 17 β-Estradiol Oxidative Stress Attenuation and Autophagy-Induced Dopaminergic Neuroprotection. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 21:1-6. [PMID: 30507082 PMCID: PMC6275422 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain stem is the main pathological
aspect of Parkinson’s disease (PD). 17 β-estradiol (E2) has neuroprotective effects on substantia nigra, however, the
underlined mechanism is not well-known. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of E2 in the ovariectomized
6-hydroxydopamine- (6-OHDA) rat model of PD.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, all animals were ovariectomized to avoid any further bias in E2 levels
and then these ovariectomized rats were randomly assigned into three experimental groups (10 rats in each group):
ovariectomized control group (OCG), ovariectomized degeneration group receiving 25 μg of 6-OHDA into the left corpus
striatum (ODG), and ovariectomized E2 pretreatment group pretreated with 0.1 mgkg-1of 17 β-estradiol for three days prior
to the destruction of corpus striatum with 6-OHDA (OE2PTG). The apomorphine behavioral test and Nissl staining were
performed in all experimental groups. The expressions of Sequestosome-1 (P62), Unc- 51 like autophagy activating kinase
(Ulk1), and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (Lc3) genes were evaluated using reverse transcription-
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Results E2 administration reduced the damages to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. The motor
behavior, the number of rotations, and histological tests in the treatment group showed the cell survival improvement in
comparison with the control groups indicating that E2 can inhibit the neurodegeneration. P62 and Lc3 were expressed
in all experimental groups while Ulk1 was not expressed in ODG group. Moreover, Ulk1 was expressed after the
treatment with E2 in OE2PTG group.
Conclusion E2 prevents neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain by over-expression of Ulk1 gene and
augmenting the induction of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Varmazyar
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ali Noori-Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Farzad Rajaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Zhuang J, Lu J, Wang X, Wang X, Hu W, Hong F, Zhao XX, Zheng YL. Purple sweet potato color protects against high-fat diet-induced cognitive deficits through AMPK-mediated autophagy in mouse hippocampus. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 65:35-45. [PMID: 30616064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of obesity-induced cognitive decline is an important public health goal. Purple sweet potato color (PSPC), a class of naturally occurring anthocyanins, has beneficial potentials including antioxidant and neuroprotective activity. Evidence shows that anthocyanins can activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a critical mediator of autophagy induction. This study investigated whether PSPC could improve cognitive function through regulating AMPK/autophagy signaling in HFD-fed obese mice. Our results showed that PSPC significantly ameliorated obesity, peripheral insulin resistance and memory impairment in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, enhanced autophagy was observed, along with the decreased levels of protein carbonyls, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hippocampus of HFD-fed mice due to PSPC administration. PSPC also promoted hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and neuron survival in HFD-fed mouse. These improvements were mediated, at least in part, by the activation of AMPK, which was confirmed by metformin treatment. It is concluded that PSPC has great potential to improve cognitive function in HFD-fed mice via AMPK activation that restores autophagy and protects against hippocampal apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiang West Road, Huai'an, 223300, China.
| | - Yuan-Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Cheng J, North BJ, Zhang T, Dai X, Tao K, Guo J, Wei W. The emerging roles of protein homeostasis-governing pathways in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12801. [PMID: 29992725 PMCID: PMC6156496 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways governing protein homeostasis are involved in maintaining the structural, quantitative, and functional stability of intracellular proteins and involve the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum, and mTOR pathway. Due to the broad physiological implications of protein homeostasis pathways, dysregulation of proteostasis is often involved in the development of multiple pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases that feature pathogenic accumulation of misfolded proteins, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau aggregates. Knockout or transgenic overexpression of various proteostatic components in mice results in AD-like phenotypes. While both Aβ plaques and tau aggregates could in turn enhance the dysfunction of these proteostatic pathways, eventually leading to apoptotic or necrotic neuronal death and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, targeting the components of proteostasis pathways may be a promising therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Brian J. North
- Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of PathologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Vervliet T. Ryanodine Receptors in Autophagy: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:89. [PMID: 29636667 PMCID: PMC5880912 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is important in the regulation of several cellular processes including autophagy. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main and largest intracellular Ca2+ store. At the ER two protein families of Ca2+ release channels, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs), are expressed. Several studies have reported roles in the regulation of autophagy for the ubiquitously expressed IP3R. For instance, IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release supresses basal autophagic flux by promoting mitochondrial metabolism, while also promoting the rapid initial increase in autophagic flux in response to nutrient starvation. Insights into the contribution of RyRs in autophagy have been lagging significantly compared to the advances made for IP3Rs. This is rather surprising considering that RyRs are predominantly expressed in long-lived cells with specialized metabolic needs, such as neurons and muscle cells, in which autophagy plays important roles. In this review article, recent studies revealing roles for RyRs in the regulation of autophagy will be discussed. Several RyR-interacting proteins that have been established to modulate both RyR function and autophagy will also be highlighted. Finally, the involvement of RyRs in neurodegenerative diseases will be addressed. Inhibition of RyR channels has not only been shown to be beneficial for treating several of these diseases but also regulates autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vervliet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|