201
|
Chloroplast His-to-Asp signal transduction: a potential mechanism for plastid gene regulation in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae). BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:70. [PMID: 17477873 PMCID: PMC1885438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maintenance of homeostasis requires that an organism perceive selected physical and chemical signals within an informationally dense environment. Functionally, an organism uses a variety of signal transduction arrays to amplify and convert these perceived signals into appropriate gene transcriptional responses. These changes in gene expression serve to modify selective metabolic processes and thus optimize reproductive success. Here we analyze a chloroplast-encoded His-to-Asp signal transduction circuit in the stramenopile Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Y. Hara et Chihara [syn. H. carterae (Hulburt) F.J.R. Taylor]. The presence, structure and putative function of this protein pair are discussed in the context of their evolutionary homologues. Results Bioinformatic analysis of the Heterosigma akashiwo chloroplast genome sequence revealed the presence of a single two-component His-to-Asp (designated Tsg1/Trg1) pair in this stramenopile (golden-brown alga). These data represent the first documentation of a His-to-Asp array in stramenopiles and counter previous reports suggesting that such regulatory proteins are lacking in this taxonomic cluster. Comparison of the 43 kDa H. akashiwo Tsg1 with bacterial sensor kinases showed that the algal protein exhibits a moderately maintained PAS motif in the sensor kinase domain as well as highly conserved H, N, G1 and F motifs within the histidine kinase ATP binding site. Molecular modelling of the 27 kDa H. akashiwo Trg1 regulator protein was consistent with a winged helix-turn-helix identity – a class of proteins that is known to impact gene expression at the level of transcription. The occurrence of Trg1 protein in actively growing H. akashiwo cells was verified by Western analysis. The presence of a PhoB-like RNA polymerase loop in Trg1 and its homologues in the red-algal lineage support the hypothesis that Trg1 and its homologues interact with a sigma 70 (σ70) subunit (encoded by rpoD) of a eubacterial type polymerase. Sequence analysis of H. akashiwo rpoD showed this nuclear-encoded gene has a well-defined 4.2 domain, a region that augments RNA polymerase interaction with transcriptional regulatory proteins and also serves in -35 promoter recognition. The presence/loss of the His-to-Asp pairs in primary and secondary chloroplast lineages is assessed. Conclusion His-to-Asp signal transduction components are found in most rhodophytic chloroplasts, as well as in their putative cyanobacterial progenitors. The evolutionary conservation of these proteins argues that they are important for the maintenance of chloroplast homeostasis. Our data suggest that chloroplast gene transcription may be impacted by the interaction of the His-to-Asp regulator protein (which is less frequently lost than the sensor protein) with the RNA polymerase σ70 subunit.
Collapse
|
202
|
Cava F, Laptenko O, Borukhov S, Chahlafi Z, Blas-Galindo E, Gómez-Puertas P, Berenguer J. Control of the respiratory metabolism of Thermus thermophilus by the nitrate respiration conjugative element NCE. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64:630-46. [PMID: 17462013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The strains of Thermus thermophilus that contain the nitrate respiration conjugative element (NCE) replace their aerobic respiratory chain by an anaerobic counterpart made of the Nrc-NADH dehydrogenase and the Nar-nitrate reductase in response to nitrate and oxygen depletion. This replacement depends on DnrS and DnrT, two homologues to sensory transcription factors encoded in a bicistronic operon by the NCE. DnrS is an oxygen-sensitive protein required in vivo to activate transcription on its own dnr promoter and on that of the nar operon, but not required for the expression of the nrc operon. In contrast, DnrT is required for the transcription of these three operons and also for the repression of nqo, the operon that encodes the major respiratory NADH dehydrogenase expressed during aerobic growth. Thermophilic in vitro assays revealed that low DnrT concentrations allows the recruitment of the T. thermophilus RNA polymerase sigma(A) holoenzyme to the nrc promoter and its transcription, whereas higher DnrT concentrations are required to repress transcription on the nqo promoter. In conclusion, our data show a complex autoinducible mechanism by which DnrT functions as the transcriptional switch that allows the NCE to take the control of the respiratory metabolism of its host during adaptation to anaerobic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cava
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Jansen A, Türck M, Szekat C, Nagel M, Clever I, Bierbaum G. Role of insertion elements and yycFG in the development of decreased susceptibility to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 297:205-15. [PMID: 17418637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin acts by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the cell wall precursor lipid II in the cytoplasmic membrane. The purpose of this study was the identification of genes that might be involved in the vancomycin resistance mechanism. To this end, the expression profiles of two vancomycin intermediately resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) strains, the clinical isolate S. aureus SA137/93A (Etest: 8 microg/ml) and its laboratory mutant S. aureus SA137/93G (Etest: 12 microg/ml) were analyzed using an S. aureus full-genome chip. The results indicated that an essential two-component regulatory system, yycF (vicR) and yycG (vicK) was drastically up-regulated in strain SA137/93A. Sequencing of the yycFG promoter region of strain SA137/93A revealed an insertion of IS256 in the predicted promoter region creating a potentially stronger hybrid promoter. In strain SA137/93G, IS256 was not integrated in the yycFG promoter region but, in previous studies, a copy of IS256 had been found to inactivate the tcaA gene (Maki et al. Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 48, 1953-1959 (2004)). Detailed population analyses showed that, in addition to the loss of SCCmec, the inactivation of tcaA seems to cause at least part of the increase in teicoplanin and vancomycin resistance in strain SA137/93G.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jansen
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
204
|
Kim YK, McCarter LL. ScrG, a GGDEF-EAL protein, participates in regulating swarming and sticking in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4094-107. [PMID: 17400744 PMCID: PMC1913424 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01510-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe a new gene controlling lateral flagellar gene expression. The gene encodes ScrG, a protein containing GGDEF and EAL domains. This is the second GGDEF-EAL-encoding locus determined to be involved in the regulation of swarming: the first was previously characterized and named scrABC (for "swarming and capsular polysaccharide regulation"). GGDEF and EAL domain-containing proteins participate in the synthesis and degradation of the nucleotide signal cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in many bacteria. Overexpression of scrG was sufficient to induce lateral flagellar gene expression in liquid, decrease biofilm formation, decrease cps gene expression, and suppress the DeltascrABC phenotype. Removal of its EAL domain reversed ScrG activity, converting ScrG to an inhibitor of swarming and activator of cps expression. Overexpression of scrG decreased the intensity of a (32)P-labeled nucleotide spot comigrating with c-di-GMP standard, whereas overexpression of scrG(Delta)(EAL) enhanced the intensity of the spot. Mutants with defects in scrG showed altered swarming and lateral flagellin production and colony morphology (but not swimming motility); furthermore, mutation of two GGDEF-EAL-encoding loci (scrG and scrABC) produced cumulative effects on swarming, lateral flagellar gene expression, lateral flagellin production and colony morphology. Mutant analysis supports the assignment of the primary in vivo activity of ScrG to acting as a phosphodiesterase. The data are consistent with a model in which multiple GGDEF-EAL proteins can influence the cellular nucleotide pool: a low concentration of c-di-GMP favors surface mobility, whereas high levels of this nucleotide promote a more adhesive Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyeong Kim
- Microbiology Department, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Karaolis DKR, Means TK, Yang D, Takahashi M, Yoshimura T, Muraille E, Philpott D, Schroeder JT, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y, Talbot BG, Brouillette E, Malouin F. Bacterial c-di-GMP is an immunostimulatory molecule. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2171-81. [PMID: 17277122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial intracellular signaling molecule. We have shown that treatment with exogenous c-di-GMP inhibits Staphylococcus aureus infection in a mouse model. We now report that c-di-GMP is an immodulator and immunostimulatory molecule. Intramammary treatment of mice with c-di-GMP 12 and 6 h before S. aureus challenge gave a protective effect and a 10,000-fold reduction in CFUs in tissues (p < 0.001). Intramuscular vaccination of mice with c-di-GMP coinjected with S. aureus clumping factor A (ClfA) Ag produced serum with significantly higher anti-ClfA IgG Ab titers (p < 0.001) compared with ClfA alone. Intraperitoneal injection of mice with c-di-GMP activated monocyte and granulocyte recruitment. Human immature dendritic cells (DCs) cultured in the presence of c-di-GMP showed increased expression of costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 and maturation marker CD83, increased MHC class II and cytokines and chemokines such as IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-8, MCP-1, IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, and RANTES, and altered expression of chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR7, and CXCR4. c-di-GMP-matured DCs demonstrated enhanced T cell stimulatory activity. c-di-GMP activated p38 MAPK in human DCs and ERK phosphorylation in human macrophages. c-di-GMP is stable in human serum. We propose that cyclic dinucleotides like c-di-GMP can be used clinically in humans and animals as an immunomodulator, immune enhancer, immunotherapeutic, immunoprophylactic, or vaccine adjuvant.
Collapse
|
206
|
Feng L, Wang W, Cheng J, Ren Y, Zhao G, Gao C, Tang Y, Liu X, Han W, Peng X, Liu R, Wang L. Genome and proteome of long-chain alkane degrading Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2 isolated from a deep-subsurface oil reservoir. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5602-7. [PMID: 17372208 PMCID: PMC1838512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609650104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2, a thermophilic bacillus isolated from a deep oil reservoir in Northern China, consists of a 3,550,319-bp chromosome and a 57,693-bp plasmid. The genome reveals that NG80-2 is well equipped for adaptation into a wide variety of environmental niches, including oil reservoirs, by possessing genes for utilization of a broad range of energy sources, genes encoding various transporters for efficient nutrient uptake and detoxification, and genes for a flexible respiration system including an aerobic branch comprising five terminal oxidases and an anaerobic branch comprising a complete denitrification pathway for quick response to dissolved oxygen fluctuation. The identification of a nitrous oxide reductase gene has not been previously described in Gram-positive bacteria. The proteome further reveals the presence of a long-chain alkane degradation pathway; and the function of the key enzyme in the pathway, the long-chain alkane monooxygenase LadA, is confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments. The thermophilic soluble monomeric LadA is an ideal candidate for treatment of environmental oil pollutions and biosynthesis of complex molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Feng
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China; and
| | - Wei Wang
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China; and
| | - Jiansong Cheng
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
| | - Yi Ren
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
| | - Guang Zhao
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
| | - Chunxu Gao
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
| | - Yun Tang
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
| | - Xueqian Liu
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
| | - Weiqing Han
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
| | - Xia Peng
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China; and
| | - Rulin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- *TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China; and
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Simm R, Lusch A, Kader A, Andersson M, Römling U. Role of EAL-containing proteins in multicellular behavior of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3613-23. [PMID: 17322315 PMCID: PMC1855888 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01719-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GGDEF and EAL domain proteins are involved in turnover of the novel secondary messenger cyclic di(3'-->5')-guanylic acid (c-di-GMP) in many bacteria. The rdar morphotype, a multicellular behavior of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium characterized by the expression of the extracellular matrix components cellulose and curli fimbriae is controlled by c-di-GMP. In this work the roles of the EAL and GGDEF-EAL domain proteins on rdar morphotype development were investigated. Knockout of four of 15 EAL and GGDEF-EAL domain proteins upregulated rdar morphotype expression and expression of CsgD, the central regulator of the rdar morphotype, and partially downregulated c-di-GMP concentrations. More-detailed analysis showed that the EAL domain protein STM4264 and the GGDEF-EAL domain protein STM1703, which highly downregulated the rdar morphotype, have overlapping yet distinct functions. Another subset of EAL and GGDEF-EAL domain proteins influenced multicellular behavior in liquid culture and flagellum-mediated motility. Consequently, this work has shown that several EAL and GGDEF-EAL domain proteins, which act as phosphodiesterases, play a determinative role in the expression level of multicellular behavior of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Simm
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Blanvillain S, Meyer D, Boulanger A, Lautier M, Guynet C, Denancé N, Vasse J, Lauber E, Arlat M. Plant carbohydrate scavenging through tonB-dependent receptors: a feature shared by phytopathogenic and aquatic bacteria. PLoS One 2007; 2:e224. [PMID: 17311090 PMCID: PMC1790865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs) are outer membrane proteins mainly known for the active transport of iron siderophore complexes in Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of the genome of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), predicts 72 TBDRs. Such an overrepresentation is common in Xanthomonas species but is limited to only a small number of bacteria. Here, we show that one Xcc TBDR transports sucrose with a very high affinity, suggesting that it might be a sucrose scavenger. This TBDR acts with an inner membrane transporter, an amylosucrase and a regulator to utilize sucrose, thus defining a new type of carbohydrate utilization locus, named CUT locus, involving a TBDR for the transport of substrate across the outer membrane. This sucrose CUT locus is required for full pathogenicity on Arabidopsis, showing its importance for the adaptation to host plants. A systematic analysis of Xcc TBDR genes and a genome context survey suggested that several Xcc TBDRs belong to other CUT loci involved in the utilization of various plant carbohydrates. Interestingly, several Xcc TBDRs and CUT loci are conserved in aquatic bacteria such as Caulobacter crescentus, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Saccharophagus degradans, Shewanella spp., Sphingomonas spp. or Pseudoalteromonas spp., which share the ability to degrade a wide variety of complex carbohydrates and display TBDR overrepresentation. We therefore propose that TBDR overrepresentation and the presence of CUT loci designate the ability to scavenge carbohydrates. Thus CUT loci, which seem to participate to the adaptation of phytopathogenic bacteria to their host plants, might also play a very important role in the biogeochemical cycling of plant-derived nutrients in marine environments. Moreover, the TBDRs and CUT loci identified in this study are clearly different from those characterized in the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which allow glycan foraging, suggesting a convergent evolution of TBDRs in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Servane Blanvillain
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Damien Meyer
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alice Boulanger
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Martine Lautier
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Guynet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jacques Vasse
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (EL); (MA)
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (EL); (MA)
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Levicán G, Katz A, de Armas M, Núñez H, Orellana O. Regulation of a glutamyl-tRNA synthetase by the heme status. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3135-40. [PMID: 17360620 PMCID: PMC1805545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611611104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamyl-tRNA (Glu-tRNA), formed by Glu-tRNA synthetase (GluRS), is a substrate for protein biosynthesis and tetrapyrrole formation by the C(5) pathway. In this route Glu-tRNA is transformed to delta-aminolevulinic acid, the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles (e.g., heme and chlorophyll) by the action of Glu-tRNA reductase (GluTR) and glutamate semialdehyde aminotransferase. GluTR is a target of feedback regulation by heme. In Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophilic bacterium that expresses two GluRSs (GluRS1 and GluRS2) with different tRNA specificity, the intracellular heme level varies depending on growth conditions. Under high heme requirement for respiration increased levels of GluRS and GluTR are observed. Strikingly, when intracellular heme is in excess, the cells respond by a dramatic decrease of GluRS activity and the level of GluTR. The recombinant GluRS1 enzyme is inhibited in vitro by hemin, but NADPH restores its activity. These results suggest that GluRS plays a major role in regulating the cellular level of heme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Levicán
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70086, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Assaf Katz
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70086, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Merly de Armas
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70086, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Harold Núñez
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70086, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Omar Orellana
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70086, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Mascher T, Helmann JD, Unden G. Stimulus perception in bacterial signal-transducing histidine kinases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 70:910-38. [PMID: 17158704 PMCID: PMC1698512 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00020-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-component signal-transducing systems are ubiquitously distributed communication interfaces in bacteria. They consist of a histidine kinase that senses a specific environmental stimulus and a cognate response regulator that mediates the cellular response, mostly through differential expression of target genes. Histidine kinases are typically transmembrane proteins harboring at least two domains: an input (or sensor) domain and a cytoplasmic transmitter (or kinase) domain. They can be identified and classified by virtue of their conserved cytoplasmic kinase domains. In contrast, the sensor domains are highly variable, reflecting the plethora of different signals and modes of sensing. In order to gain insight into the mechanisms of stimulus perception by bacterial histidine kinases, we here survey sensor domain architecture and topology within the bacterial membrane, functional aspects related to this topology, and sequence and phylogenetic conservation. Based on these criteria, three groups of histidine kinases can be differentiated. (i) Periplasmic-sensing histidine kinases detect their stimuli (often small solutes) through an extracellular input domain. (ii) Histidine kinases with sensing mechanisms linked to the transmembrane regions detect stimuli (usually membrane-associated stimuli, such as ionic strength, osmolarity, turgor, or functional state of the cell envelope) via their membrane-spanning segments and sometimes via additional short extracellular loops. (iii) Cytoplasmic-sensing histidine kinases (either membrane anchored or soluble) detect cellular or diffusible signals reporting the metabolic or developmental state of the cell. This review provides an overview of mechanisms of stimulus perception for members of all three groups of bacterial signal-transducing histidine kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Mascher
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Mascher T. Intramembrane-sensing histidine kinases: a new family of cell envelope stress sensors in Firmicutes bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 264:133-44. [PMID: 17064367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component signal-transducing systems (TCS) consist of a histidine kinase (HK) that senses a specific environmental stimulus, and a cognate response regulator (RR) that mediates the cellular response. Most HK are membrane-anchored proteins harboring two domains: An extracytoplasmic input and a cytoplasmic transmitter (or kinase) domain, separated by transmembrane helices that are crucial for the intramolecular information flow. In contrast to the cytoplasmic domain, the input domain is highly variable, reflecting the plethora of different signals sensed. Intramembrane-sensing HK (IM-HK) are characterized by their short input domain, consisting solely of two putative transmembane helices. They lack an extracytoplasmic domain, indicative for a sensing process at or from within the membrane interface. Most proteins sharing this domain architecture are found in Firmicutes bacteria. Two major groups can be differentiated based on sequence similarity and genomic context: (1) BceS-like IM-HK that are functionally and genetically linked to ABC transporters, and (2) LiaS-like IM-HK, as part of three-component systems. Most IM-HK sense cell envelope stress, and identified target genes are often involved in maintaining cell envelope integrity, mediating antibiotic resistance, or detoxification processes. Therefore, IM-HK seem to constitute an important mechanism of cell envelope stress response in low G+C Gram-positive bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Mascher
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Janga SC, Salgado H, Collado-Vides J, Martínez-Antonio A. Internal versus external effector and transcription factor gene pairs differ in their relative chromosomal position in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 2007; 368:263-72. [PMID: 17321548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in the genetic regulation of transcription in response to internal and external cellular stimuli. However, little is known about their functional and dynamic aspects on a large scale, even in a well-studied bacterium like Escherichia coli. To understand the regulatory dynamics and to improve our knowledge about how TFs respond to endogenous and exogenous signals in this simple bacterium model, we previously proposed that TFs can be classified into three classes, depending on how they sense their allosteric or equivalent metabolite: external class, internal class, and hybrid sensing class. Classification of these groups was done without considering the relative chromosomal positions of the TFs and their corresponding effector genes. Here, we analyze the genome organization of the genetic components of these sensing systems, using the classification described earlier. We report the chromosomal proximity of transcription factors and their effector genes to sense periplasmic signals or transported metabolites (i.e. transcriptional sensing systems from the external class) in contrast to the components for sensing internally synthesized metabolites, which tend to be distant on the chromosome. We strengthen our finding that external sensing genetic machinery behaves like chromosomal modules of regulation to respond rapidly to variations in external conditions through co-expression of their genetic components, which is corroborated with microarray data for E. coli. Furthermore, we show several lines of evidence supporting the need for the coordinated activity of external sensing systems in contrast to that of internal sensing machinery, which can explain their close chromosomal organization. The observed functional correlation between the chromosomal organization and the genetic machinery for environmental sensing should contribute to our understanding of the logical functioning and evolution of the transcriptional regulatory networks in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Chandra Janga
- Programa de Genómica Computacional, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62100, México.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Andrade MO, Alegria MC, Guzzo CR, Docena C, Rosa MCP, Ramos CHI, Farah CS. The HD-GYP domain of RpfG mediates a direct linkage between the Rpf quorum-sensing pathway and a subset of diguanylate cyclase proteins in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri. Mol Microbiol 2007; 62:537-51. [PMID: 17020586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria use extracellular levels of small diffusible autoinducers to estimate local cell-density (quorum-sensing) and to regulate complex physiological processes. The quorum-sensing signal transduction pathway of Xanthomonas spp. phytopathogens has special features that distinguish it from that of other pathogens. This pathway consists of RpfF, necessary for the production of the unique autoinducer 'diffusible signalling factor' (DSF), and RpfC and RpfG, a two-component system necessary for the DSF-dependent production of extracellular pathogenicity factors and cellular dispersion. Yeast two-hybrid and direct in vitro assays were used to identify interactions involving the Rpf group of proteins. We show that RpfC, a protein consisting of N-terminal transmembrane, histidine kinase, response-regulator and C-terminal histidine phosphotransfer domains interacts with both RpfG, a protein consisting of an N-terminal response regulator domain and a C-terminal HD-GYP domain, and with RpfF. We also show that RpfC interacts with the only known homologue of 'conditioned medium factor', which is involved in quorum-sensing in Dictyostelium discoideum under conditions of nutritional stress. Furthermore, RpfCG is shown to interact with a second two-component system made up of NtrB and NtrC homologues. Finally we show that the recently characterized HD-GYP phosphodiesterase domain of RpfG interacts directly with diguanylate cyclase GGDEF domain-containing proteins coded by the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri genome, which in other bacteria produce cyclic diGMP, an important second messenger involved in the regulation of complex bacterial processes including biofilm production, virulence and motility. These results demonstrate a direct physical linkage between quorum-sensing and cyclic diGMP signalling pathways in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxuel O Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, CEP 05599-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Galperin MY, Nikolskaya AN. Identification of sensory and signal-transducing domains in two-component signaling systems. Methods Enzymol 2007; 422:47-74. [PMID: 17628134 PMCID: PMC4445681 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)22003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The availability of complete genome sequences of diverse bacteria and archaea makes comparative sequence analysis a powerful tool for analyzing signal transduction systems encoded in these genomes. However, most signal transduction proteins consist of two or more individual protein domains, which significantly complicates their functional annotation and makes automated annotation of these proteins in the course of large-scale genome sequencing projects particularly unreliable. This chapter describes certain common-sense protocols for sequence analysis of two-component histidine kinases and response regulators, as well as other components of the prokaryotic signal transduction machinery: Ser/Thr/Tyr protein kinases and protein phosphatases, adenylate and diguanylate cyclases, and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases. These protocols rely on publicly available computational tools and databases and can be utilized by anyone with Internet access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
D'Souza M, Glass EM, Syed MH, Zhang Y, Rodriguez A, Maltsev N, Galperin MY. Sentra: a database of signal transduction proteins for comparative genome analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 35:D271-3. [PMID: 17135204 PMCID: PMC1751548 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sentra (), a database of signal transduction proteins encoded in completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes, has been updated to reflect recent advances in understanding signal transduction events on a whole-genome scale. Sentra consists of two principal components, a manually curated list of signal transduction proteins in 202 completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes and an automatically generated listing of predicted signaling proteins in 235 sequenced genomes that are awaiting manual curation. In addition to two-component histidine kinases and response regulators, the database now lists manually curated Ser/Thr/Tyr protein kinases and protein phosphatases, as well as adenylate and diguanylate cyclases and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases, as defined in several recent reviews. All entries in Sentra are extensively annotated with relevant information from public databases (e.g. UniProt, KEGG, PDB and NCBI). Sentra's infrastructure was redesigned to support interactive cross-genome comparisons of signal transduction capabilities of prokaryotic organisms from a taxonomic and phenotypic perspective and in the framework of signal transduction pathways from KEGG. Sentra leverages the PUMA2 system to support interactive analysis and annotation of signal transduction proteins by the users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D'Souza
- Computational Biology Group, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL 60439, USA
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL 60637, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 630 252 5195; Fax: +1 630 252 5986;
| | - Elizabeth M. Glass
- Computational Biology Group, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL 60439, USA
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mustafa H. Syed
- Computational Biology Group, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Computational Biology Group, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Alexis Rodriguez
- Computational Biology Group, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Natalia Maltsev
- Computational Biology Group, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL 60439, USA
- Computation Institute, University of ChicagoChicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Y. Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of MedicineMSC3830, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Besemann C, Denton A, Carr NJ, Prüβ BM. BISON: Bio-Interface for the Semi-global analysis Of Network patterns. SOURCE CODE FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2006; 1:8. [PMID: 17147788 PMCID: PMC1698476 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0473-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The large amount of genomics data that have accumulated over the past decade require extensive data mining. However, the global nature of data mining, which includes pattern mining, poses difficulties for users who want to study specific questions in a more local environment. This creates a need for techniques that allow a localized analysis of globally determined patterns. Results We developed a tool that determines and evaluates global patterns based on protein property and network information, while providing all the benefits of a perspective that is targeted at biologist users with specific goals and interests. Our tool uses our own data mining techniques, integrated into current visualization and navigation techniques. The functionality of the tool is discussed in the context of the transcriptional network of regulation in the enteric bacterium Escherichia coli. Two biological questions were asked: (i) Which functional categories of proteins (identified by hidden Markov models) are regulated by a regulator with a specific domain? (ii) Which regulators are involved in the regulation of proteins that contain a common hidden Markov model? Using these examples, we explain the gene-centered and pattern-centered analysis that the tool permits. Conclusion In summary, we have a tool that can be used for a wide variety of applications in biology, medicine, or agriculture. The pattern mining engine is global in the way that patterns are determined across the entire network. The tool still permits a localized analysis for users who want to analyze a subportion of the total network. We have named the tool BISON (Bio-Interface for the Semi-global analysis Of Network patterns).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Besemann
- Department of Computer Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58105, USA
| | - Anne Denton
- Department of Computer Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58105, USA
| | - Nathan J Carr
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58105, USA
| | - Birgit M Prüβ
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Lim B, Beyhan S, Yildiz FH. Regulation of Vibrio polysaccharide synthesis and virulence factor production by CdgC, a GGDEF-EAL domain protein, in Vibrio cholerae. J Bacteriol 2006; 189:717-29. [PMID: 17122338 PMCID: PMC1797307 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00834-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Vibrio cholerae, the second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) regulates several cellular processes, such as formation of corrugated colony morphology, biofilm formation, motility, and virulence factor production. Both synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP in the cell are modulated by proteins containing GGDEF and/or EAL domains, which function as a diguanylate cyclase and a phosphodiesterase, respectively. The expression of two genes, cdgC and mbaA, which encode proteins harboring both GGDEF and EAL domains is higher in the rugose phase variant of V. cholerae than in the smooth variant. In this study, we carried out gene expression analysis to determine the genes regulated by CdgC in the rugose and smooth phase variants of V. cholerae. We determined that CdgC regulates expression of genes required for V. cholerae polysaccharide synthesis and of the transcriptional regulator genes vpsR, vpsT, and hapR. CdgC also regulates expression of genes involved in extracellular protein secretion, flagellar biosynthesis, and virulence factor production. We then compared the genes regulated by CdgC and by MbaA, during both exponential and stationary phases of growth, to elucidate processes regulated by them. Identification of the regulons of CdgC and MbaA revealed that the regulons overlap, but the timing of regulation exerted by CdgC and MbaA is different, suggesting the interplay and complexity of the c-di-GMP signal transduction pathways operating in V. cholerae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bentley Lim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
O'Shea TM, Klein AH, Geszvain K, Wolfe AJ, Visick KL. Diguanylate cyclases control magnesium-dependent motility of Vibrio fischeri. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:8196-205. [PMID: 16980460 PMCID: PMC1698204 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00728-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellar biogenesis and hence motility of Vibrio fischeri depends upon the presence of magnesium. In the absence of magnesium, cells contain few or no flagella and are poorly motile or nonmotile. To dissect the mechanism by which this regulation occurs, we screened transposon insertion mutants for those that could migrate through soft agar medium lacking added magnesium. We identified mutants with insertions in two distinct genes, VF0989 and VFA0959, which we termed mifA and mifB, respectively, for magnesium-dependent induction of flagellation. Each gene encodes a predicted membrane-associated protein with diguanylate cyclase activity. Consistent with that activity, introduction into V. fischeri of medium-copy plasmids carrying these genes inhibited motility. Furthermore, multicopy expression of mifA induced other phenotypes known to be correlated with diguanylate cyclase activity, including cellulose biosynthesis and biofilm formation. To directly test their function, we introduced the wild-type genes on high-copy plasmids into Escherichia coli. We assayed for the production of cyclic di-GMP using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and found that strains carrying these plasmids produced a small but reproducible spot that migrated with an R(f) value consistent with cyclic di-GMP that was not produced by strains carrying the vector control. Disruptions of mifA or mifB increased flagellin levels, while multicopy expression decreased them. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR experiments revealed no significant difference in the amount of flagellin transcripts produced in either the presence or absence of Mg(2+) by either vector control or mifA-overexpressing cells, indicating that the impact of magnesium and cyclic-di-GMP primarily acts following transcription. Finally, we present a model for the roles of magnesium and cyclic di-GMP in the control of motility of V. fischeri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese M O'Shea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave., Bldg. 105, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
219
|
Tarutina M, Ryjenkov DA, Gomelsky M. An unorthodox bacteriophytochrome from Rhodobacter sphaeroides involved in turnover of the second messenger c-di-GMP. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34751-8. [PMID: 16968704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604819200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophytochromes are bacterial photoreceptors that sense red/far red light using the biliverdin chromophore. Most bacteriophytochromes work as photoactivated protein kinases. The Rhodobacter sphaeroides bacteriophytochrome BphG1 is unconventional in that it has GGDEF and EAL output domains, which are involved, respectively, in synthesis (diguanylate cyclase) and degradation (phosphodiesterase) of the bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP. The GGDEF-EAL proteins studied to date displayed either diguanylate cyclase or phosphodiesterase activity but not both. To elucidate the function of BphG1, the holoprotein was purified from an Escherichia coli overexpression system designed to produce biliverdin. The holoprotein contained covalently bound biliverdin and interconverted between the red (dark) and far red (light-activated) forms. BphG1 had c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity. Unexpectedly for a photochromic protein, this activity was essentially light-independent. BphG1 expressed in E. coli was found to undergo partial cleavage into two species. The smaller species was identified as the EAL domain of BphG1. It possessed c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity. Surprisingly, the larger species lacking EAL possessed diguanylate cyclase activity, which was dependent on biliverdin and strongly activated by light. BphG1 therefore is the first phytochrome with a non-kinase photoactivated enzymatic activity. This shows that the photosensory modules of phytochromes can transmit light signals to various outputs. BphG1 is potentially the first "bifunctional" enzyme capable of both c-di-GMP synthesis and hydrolysis. A model for the regulation of the "opposite" activities of BphG1 is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tarutina
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
He YW, Wang C, Zhou L, Song H, Dow JM, Zhang LH. Dual signaling functions of the hybrid sensor kinase RpfC of Xanthomonas campestris involve either phosphorelay or receiver domain-protein interaction. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:33414-21. [PMID: 16940295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606571200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hybrid sensor kinase RpfC positively regulates the expression of a range of virulent genes and negatively modulates the synthesis of the quorum sensing signal diffusible signal factor (DSF) in Xanthomonas campestris. Three conserved amino acid residues of RpfC implicated in phosphorelay (His(198) in the histidine kinase domain, Asp(512) in the receiver domain, and His(657) in the histidine phosphotransfer domain) were essential for activation of the production of extracellular enzymes and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) virulence factors but were not essential for repression of DSF biosynthesis. Domain deletion and subsequent in trans expression analysis revealed that the receiver domain of RpfC alone was sufficient to repress DSF overproduction in an rpfC deletion mutant. Further deletion and alanine scanning mutagenesis analyses identified a peptide of 107 amino acids and three amino acid residues (Gln(496), Glu(504), and Ile(552)) involved in modulating DSF production. Co-immunoprecipitation and far Western blot analyses suggested an interaction between the receiver domain and RpfF, the enzyme involved in DSF biosynthesis. These data support a model in which RpfC modulates two different functions (virulence factor synthesis and DSF synthesis) by utilization of a conserved phosphorelay system and a novel domain-specific protein-protein interaction mechanism, respectively. This latter mechanism represents an added dimension to conventional two-component signaling paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen He
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
Mahfouz ME, Grayson TH, Dance DAB, Gilpin ML. Characterization of the mrgRS locus of the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei: temperature regulates the expression of a two-component signal transduction system. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:70. [PMID: 16893462 PMCID: PMC1557856 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophyte in tropical environments and an opportunistic human pathogen. This versatility requires a sensing mechanism that allows the bacterium to respond rapidly to altered environmental conditions. We characterized a two-component signal transduction locus from B. pseudomallei 204, mrgR and mrgS, encoding products with extensive homology with response regulators and histidine protein kinases of Escherichia coli, Bordetella pertussis, and Vibrio cholerae. Results The locus was present and expressed in a variety of B. pseudomallei human and environmental isolates but was absent from other Burkholderia species, B. cepacia, B. cocovenenans, B. plantarii, B. thailandensis, B. vandii, and B. vietnamiensis. A 2128 bp sequence, including the full response regulator mrgR, but not the sensor kinase mrgS, was present in the B. mallei genome. Restriction fragment length polymorphism downstream from mrgRS showed two distinct groups were present among B. pseudomallei isolates. Our analysis of the open reading frames in this region of the genome revealed that transposase and bacteriophage activity may help explain this variation. MrgR and MrgS proteins were expressed in B. pseudomallei 204 cultured at different pH, salinity and temperatures and the expression was substantially reduced at 25°C compared with 37°C or 42°C but was mostly unaffected by pH or salinity, although at 25°C and 0.15% NaCl a small increase in MrgR expression was observed at pH 5. MrgR was recognized by antibodies in convalescent sera pooled from melioidosis patients. Conclusion The results suggest that mrgRS regulates an adaptive response to temperature that may be essential for pathogenesis, particularly during the initial phases of infection. B. pseudomallei and B. mallei are very closely related species that differ in their capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Modifications in this region of the genome may assist our understanding of the reasons for this difference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdy E Mahfouz
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Kafr ElSheikh, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - T Hilton Grayson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, England, UK
| | - David AB Dance
- Health Protection Agency South West, Derriford, Plymouth, England, UK
| | - Martyn L Gilpin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Prüss BM, Besemann C, Denton A, Wolfe AJ. A complex transcription network controls the early stages of biofilm development by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:3731-9. [PMID: 16707665 PMCID: PMC1482888 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01780-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit M Prüss
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1523 Centennial Blvd., Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Kader A, Simm R, Gerstel U, Morr M, Römling U. Hierarchical involvement of various GGDEF domain proteins in rdar morphotype development of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 2006; 60:602-16. [PMID: 16629664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
GGDEF and EAL domain proteins are involved in the turnover of the novel secondary messenger cyclic-di(3'-->5')-guanylic acid (c-di-GMP) in many bacteria. In this work the role of the 12 GGDEF domain proteins encoded by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) chromosome in rdar morphotype development was investigated. Previously, it was shown that the GGDEF domain protein AdrA activated the biosynthesis of cellulose by production of c-di-GMP. Enhancement of the c-di-GMP levels by overexpression of the GGDEF domain protein AdrA did lead to the activation of curli fimbriae biosynthesis through the elevated expression of CsgD and CsgA. Although knock-out of the chromosomal copy of adrA influenced CsgA expression, CsgD expression was not altered, although more than half of the total cellular c-di-GMP was produced by AdrA at 16 h of growth. On the other hand, chromosomally encoded GGDEF-EAL domain proteins STM2123 and STM3388 were required to additively activate CsgD expression on a transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Enhanced c-di-GMP levels did overcome temperature regulation of rdar morphotype expression by activation of curli fimbriae as well as cellulose biosynthesis through CsgD expression. Thus in the regulatory cascade leading to rdar morphotype expression c-di-GMP activates several subsequent steps in the network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Kader
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Lim B, Beyhan S, Meir J, Yildiz FH. Cyclic-diGMP signal transduction systems in Vibrio cholerae: modulation of rugosity and biofilm formation. Mol Microbiol 2006; 60:331-48. [PMID: 16573684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic di-guanylic acid (c-diGMP) is a second messenger that modulates the cell surface properties of several microorganisms. Concentrations of c-diGMP in the cell are controlled by the opposing activities of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases, which are carried out by proteins harbouring GGDEF and EAL domains respectively. In this study, we report that the cellular levels of c-diGMP are higher in the Vibrio cholerae rugose variant compared with the smooth variant. Modulation of cellular c-diGMP levels by overexpressing proteins with GGDEF or EAL domains increased or decreased colony rugosity respectively. Several genes encoding proteins with either GGDEF or EAL domains are differentially expressed between the two V. cholerae variants. The generation and characterization of null mutants of these genes (cdgA-E, rocS and mbaA) revealed that rugose colony formation, exopolysaccharide production, motility and biofilm formation are controlled by their action. Furthermore, epistasis analysis suggested that cdgC, rocS and mbaA act in convergent pathways to regulate the phenotypic properties of the rugose and smooth variants, and are part of the VpsR, VpsT and HapR signal transduction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bentley Lim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Beyhan S, Tischler AD, Camilli A, Yildiz FH. Transcriptome and phenotypic responses of Vibrio cholerae to increased cyclic di-GMP level. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:3600-13. [PMID: 16672614 PMCID: PMC1482859 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.10.3600-3613.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a facultative human pathogen with intestinal and aquatic life cycles. The capacity of V. cholerae to recognize and respond to fluctuating parameters in its environment is critical to its survival. In many microorganisms, the second messenger, 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP), is believed to be important for integrating environmental stimuli that affect cell physiology. Sequence analysis of the V. cholerae genome has revealed an abundance of genes encoding proteins with either GGDEF domains, EAL domains, or both, which are predicted to modulate cellular c-di-GMP concentrations. To elucidate the cellular processes controlled by c-di-GMP, whole-genome transcriptome responses of the El Tor and classical V. cholerae biotypes to increased c-di-GMP concentrations were determined. The results suggest that V. cholerae responds to an elevated level of c-di-GMP by increasing the transcription of the vps, eps, and msh genes and decreasing that of flagellar genes. The functions of other c-di-GMP-regulated genes in V. cholerae are yet to be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Beyhan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 95064, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Prediction and systematic study of protein-protein interaction networks of Leptospira interrogans. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-1296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
227
|
Galperin MY. Structural classification of bacterial response regulators: diversity of output domains and domain combinations. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:4169-82. [PMID: 16740923 PMCID: PMC1482966 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01887-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CheY-like phosphoacceptor (or receiver [REC]) domain is a common module in a variety of response regulators of the bacterial signal transduction systems. In this work, 4,610 response regulators, encoded in complete genomes of 200 bacterial and archaeal species, were identified and classified by their domain architectures. Previously uncharacterized output domains were analyzed and, in some cases, assigned to known domain families. Transcriptional regulators of the OmpR, NarL, and NtrC families were found to comprise almost 60% of all response regulators; transcriptional regulators with other DNA-binding domains (LytTR, AraC, Spo0A, Fis, YcbB, RpoE, and MerR) account for an additional 6%. The remaining one-third is represented by the stand-alone REC domain (approximately 14%) and its combinations with a variety of enzymatic (GGDEF, EAL, HD-GYP, CheB, CheC, PP2C, and HisK), RNA-binding (ANTAR and CsrA), protein- or ligand-binding (PAS, GAF, TPR, CAP_ED, and HPt) domains, or newly described domains of unknown function. The diversity of domain architectures and the abundance of alternative domain combinations suggest that fusions between the REC domain and various output domains is a widespread evolutionary mechanism that allows bacterial cells to regulate transcription, enzyme activity, and/or protein-protein interactions in response to environmental challenges. The complete list of response regulators encoded in each of the 200 analyzed genomes is available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Complete_Genomes/RRcensus.html.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Da Re S, Ghigo JM. A CsgD-independent pathway for cellulose production and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:3073-87. [PMID: 16585767 PMCID: PMC1447019 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.8.3073-3087.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial growth on a surface often involves the production of a polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrix that provides structural support for the formation of biofilm communities. In Salmonella, cellulose is one of the major constituents of the biofilm matrix. Its production is regulated by CsgD and the diguanylate cyclase AdrA that activates cellulose synthesis at a posttranscriptional level. Here, we studied a collection of Escherichia coli isolates, and we found that the ability to produce cellulose is a common trait shared by more than 50% of the tested strains. We investigated the genetic determinants of cellulose production and its role in biofilm formation in the commensal strain E. coli 1094. By contrast with the Salmonella cellulose regulatory cascade, neither CsgD nor AdrA is required in E. coli 1094 to regulate cellulose production. In this strain, an alternative cellulose regulatory pathway is used, which involves the GGDEF domain protein, YedQ. Although AdrA(1094) is functional, it is weakly expressed in E. coli 1094 compared to YedQ, which constitutively activates cellulose production under all tested environmental conditions. The study of cellulose regulation in several other E. coli isolates showed that, besides the CsgD/AdrA regulatory pathway, both CsgD-independent/YedQ-dependent and CsgD-independent/YedQ-independent pathways are found, indicating that alternative cellulose pathways are common in E. coli and possibly in other cellulose-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Da Re
- Groupe de Génétique des Biofilms-CNRS URA 2172, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Cramer A, Gerstmeir R, Schaffer S, Bott M, Eikmanns BJ. Identification of RamA, a novel LuxR-type transcriptional regulator of genes involved in acetate metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2554-67. [PMID: 16547043 PMCID: PMC1428430 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.7.2554-2567.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Corynebacterium glutamicum, the acetate-activating enzymes phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase and the glyoxylate cycle enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase are coordinately up-regulated in the presence of acetate in the growth medium. This regulation is due to transcriptional control of the respective pta-ack operon and the aceA and aceB genes, brought about at least partly by the action of the negative transcriptional regulator RamB. Using cell extracts of C. glutamicum and employing DNA affinity chromatography, mass spectrometry, and peptide mass fingerprinting, we identified a LuxR-type transcriptional regulator, designated RamA, which binds to the pta-ack and aceA/aceB promoter regions. Inactivation of the ramA gene in the genome of C. glutamicum resulted in mutant RG2. This mutant was unable to grow on acetate as the sole carbon and energy source and, in comparison to the wild type of C. glutamicum, showed very low specific activities of phosphotransacetylase, acetate kinase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase, irrespective of the presence of acetate in the medium. Comparative transcriptional cat fusion experiments revealed that this deregulation takes place at the level of transcription. By electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, purified His-tagged RamA protein was shown to bind specifically to the pta-ack and the aceA/aceB promoter regions, and deletion and mutation studies revealed in both regions two binding motifs each consisting of tandem A/C/TG4-6T/C or AC4-5A/G/T stretches separated by four or five arbitrary nucleotides. Our data indicate that RamA represents a novel LuxR-type transcriptional activator of genes involved in acetate metabolism of C. glutamicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Goymer P, Kahn SG, Malone JG, Gehrig SM, Spiers AJ, Rainey PB. Adaptive divergence in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. II. Role of the GGDEF regulator WspR in evolution and development of the wrinkly spreader phenotype. Genetics 2006; 173:515-26. [PMID: 16624907 PMCID: PMC1526540 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.055863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wrinkly spreader (WS) genotypes evolve repeatedly in model Pseudomonas populations undergoing adaptive radiation. Previous work identified genes contributing to the evolutionary success of WS. Here we scrutinize the GGDEF response regulator protein WspR and show that it is both necessary and sufficient for WS. Activation of WspR occurs by phosphorylation and different levels of activation generate phenotypic differences among WS genotypes. Five alleles of wspR, each encoding a protein with a single amino acid substitution, were generated by mutagenesis. Two alleles are constitutively active and cause the ancestral genotype to develop a WS phenotype; the phenotypic effects are allele specific and independent of phosphorylation. Three alleles contain changes in the GGDEF domain and when overexpressed in WS cause reversion to the ancestral phenotype. Ability to mimic this effect by overexpression of a liberated N-terminal domain shows that in WS, regulatory components upstream of WspR are overactive. To connect changes at the nucleotide level with fitness, the effects of variant alleles were examined in both structured and unstructured environments: alleles had adaptive and deleterious effects with trade-offs evident across environments. Despite the proclivity of mutations within wspR to generate WS, sequence analysis of wspR from 53 independently obtained WS showed no evidence of sequence change in this gene.
Collapse
|
231
|
Abstract
Cellular metabolism constantly generates by-products that are wasteful or even harmful. Such compounds are excreted from the cell or are removed through hydrolysis to normal cellular metabolites by various 'house-cleaning' enzymes. Some of the most important contaminants are non-canonical nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) whose incorporation into the nascent DNA leads to increased mutagenesis and DNA damage. Enzymes intercepting abnormal NTPs from incorporation by DNA polymerases work in parallel with DNA repair enzymes that remove lesions produced by modified nucleotides. House-cleaning NTP pyrophosphatases targeting non-canonical NTPs belong to at least four structural superfamilies: MutT-related (Nudix) hydrolases, dUTPase, ITPase (Maf/HAM1) and all-alpha NTP pyrophosphatases (MazG). These enzymes have high affinity (Km's in the micromolar range) for their natural substrates (8-oxo-dGTP, dUTP, dITP, 2-oxo-dATP), which allows them to select these substrates from a mixture containing a approximately 1000-fold excess of canonical NTPs. To date, many house-cleaning NTPases have been identified only on the basis of their side activity towards canonical NTPs and NDP derivatives. Integration of growing structural and biochemical data on these superfamilies suggests that their new family members cleanse the nucleotide pool of the products of oxidative damage and inappropriate methylation. House-cleaning enzymes, such as 6-phosphogluconolactonase, are also part of normal intermediary metabolism. Genomic data suggest that house-cleaning systems are more abundant than previously thought and include numerous analogous enzymes with overlapping functions. We discuss the structural diversity of these enzymes, their phylogenetic distribution, substrate specificity and the problem of identifying their true substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Makarova KS, Koonin EV, Haselkorn R, Galperin MY. Cyanobacterial response regulator PatA contains a conserved N-terminal domain (PATAN) with an alpha-helical insertion. Bioinformatics 2006; 22:1297-301. [PMID: 16543275 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Anabaena (Nostoc) PCC 7120 responds to starvation for nitrogen compounds by differentiating approximately every 10th cell in the filament into nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts. Heterocyst formation is subject to complex regulation, which involves an unusual response regulator PatA that contains a CheY-like phosphoacceptor (receiver, REC) domain at its C-terminus. PatA-like response regulators are widespread in cyanobacteria; one of them regulates phototaxis in Synechocystis PCC 6803. Sequence analysis of PatA revealed, in addition to the REC domain, a previously undetected, conserved domain, which we named PATAN (after PatA N-terminus), and a potential helix-turn-helix (HTH) domain. PATAN domains are encoded in a variety of environmental bacteria and archaea, often in several copies per genome, and are typically associated with REC, Roadblock and other signal transduction domains, or with DNA-binding HTH domains. Many PATAN domains contain insertions of a small additional domain, termed alpha-clip, which is predicted to form a four-helix bundle. PATAN domains appear to participate in protein-protein interactions that regulate gliding motility and processes of cell development and differentiation in cyanobacteria and some proteobacteria, such as Myxococcus xanthus and Geobacter sulfurreducens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Kulesekara H, Lee V, Brencic A, Liberati N, Urbach J, Miyata S, Lee DG, Neely AN, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y, Ausubel FM, Lory S. Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases reveals a role for bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-GMP in virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2839-44. [PMID: 16477007 PMCID: PMC1413825 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511090103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals and chronic respiratory disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cyclic nucleotides are known to play a variety of roles in the regulation of virulence-related factors in pathogenic bacteria. A set of P. aeruginosa genes, encoding proteins that contain putative domains characteristic of diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that are responsible for the maintenance of cellular levels of the second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) was identified in the annotated genomes of P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA14. Although the majority of these genes are components of the P. aeruginosa core genome, several are located on presumptive horizontally acquired genomic islands. A comprehensive analysis of P. aeruginosa genes encoding the enzymes of c-di-GMP metabolism (DGC- and PDE-encoding genes) was carried out to analyze the function of c-di-GMP in two disease-related phenomena, cytotoxicity and biofilm formation. Analysis of the phenotypes of DGC and PDE mutants and overexpressing clones revealed that certain virulence-associated traits are controlled by multiple DGCs and PDEs through alterations in c-di-GMP levels. A set of mutants in selected DGC- and PDE-encoding genes exhibited attenuated virulence in a mouse infection model. Given that insertions in different DGC and PDE genes result in distinct phenotypes, it seems likely that the formation or degradation of c-di-GMP by these enzymes is in highly localized and intimately linked to particular targets of c-di-GMP action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Lee
- Departments of *Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and
| | - Anja Brencic
- Departments of *Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and
| | - Nicole Liberati
- Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jonathan Urbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sachiko Miyata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Daniel G. Lee
- Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Alice N. Neely
- Shriners Hospital for Children, 3229 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Mamoru Hyodo
- Graduate School of Information Science/Human Informatics and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Information Science/Human Informatics and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Stephen Lory
- Departments of *Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Méndez-Ortiz MM, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y, Membrillo-Hernández J. Genome-wide transcriptional profile of Escherichia coli in response to high levels of the second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8090-9. [PMID: 16418169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510701200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP; cGpGp) is a global second messenger controlling motility and adhesion in bacterial cells. Intracellular concentrations of c-di-GMP depend on two opposite activities: diguanylate cyclase, recently assigned to the widespread GGDEF domain, and c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase, associated with proteins harboring the EAL domain. To date, little is known about the targets of c-di-GMP in the cell or if it affects transcriptional regulation of certain genes. In order to expand our knowledge of the effect of this molecule on the bacterial metabolism, here we report on the Escherichia coli transcriptional profile under high levels of c-di-GMP. We show that an important number of genes encoding cell surface and membrane-bound proteins are altered in their transcriptional activity. On the other hand, genes encoding several transcriptional factors, such as Fur, RcsA, SoxS, and ZraR, are up-regulated, and others, such as GadE, GadX, GcvA, and MetR, are down-regulated. Transcription of motility and cell division genes were altered, and consistent with this was the physiological analysis of cells overexpressing yddV, a diguanylate cyclase; these cells displayed an abnormal cell division process when high levels of c-di-GMP were present. We also show evidence that the diguanylate cyclase gene yddV is co-transcribed with dos, a heme base oxygen sensor with c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity. A delta dos::kan mutation rendered the cells unable to divide properly, suggesting that dos and yddV may be part of a fine-tuning mechanism for regulating the intracellular levels of c-di-GMP.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Bacteriophages/metabolism
- Biofilms
- Cell Division
- Cell Movement
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Genome, Bacterial
- Guanosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Guanosine Monophosphate/chemistry
- Guanosine Monophosphate/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Microscopy, Electron
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Genetic
- Mutagenesis
- Mutation
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marcela Méndez-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Genética Molecular, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Chatterjee R, Yuan L. Directed evolution of metabolic pathways. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:28-38. [PMID: 16298446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The modification of cellular metabolism is of biotechnological and commercial significance because naturally occurring metabolic pathways are the source of diverse compounds used in fields ranging from medicine to bioremediation. Directed evolution is the experimental improvement of biocatalysts or cellular properties through iterative genetic diversification and selection procedures. The creation of novel metabolic functions without disrupting the balanced intracellular pool of metabolites is the primary challenge of pathway manipulation. The introduction of coordinated changes across multiple genetic elements, in conjunction with functional selection, presents an integrated approach for the modification of metabolism with benign physiological consequences. Directed evolution formats take advantage of the dynamic structures of genomes and genomic sub-structures and their ability to evolve in multiple directions in response to external stimuli. The elucidation, design and application of genome-restructuring mechanisms are key elements in the directed evolution of cellular metabolic pathways.
Collapse
|
237
|
Klemm K, Bornholdt S. Topology of biological networks and reliability of information processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:18414-9. [PMID: 16339314 PMCID: PMC1317958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509132102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of living cells and organisms is largely based on highly reliable function of their regulatory networks. However, the elements of biological networks, e.g., regulatory genes in genetic networks or neurons in the nervous system, are far from being reliable dynamical elements. How can networks of unreliable elements perform reliably? We here address this question in networks of autonomous noisy elements with fluctuating timing and study the conditions for an overall system behavior being reproducible in the presence of such noise. We find a clear distinction between reliable and unreliable dynamical attractors. In the reliable case, synchrony is sustained in the network, whereas in the unreliable scenario, fluctuating timing of single elements can gradually desynchronize the system, leading to nonreproducible behavior. The likelihood of reliable dynamical attractors strongly depends on the underlying topology of a network. Comparing with the observed architectures of gene regulation networks, we find that those 3-node subgraphs that allow for reliable dynamics are also those that are more abundant in nature, suggesting that specific topologies of regulatory networks may provide a selective advantage in evolution through their resistance against noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Klemm
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Thieme F, Koebnik R, Bekel T, Berger C, Boch J, Büttner D, Caldana C, Gaigalat L, Goesmann A, Kay S, Kirchner O, Lanz C, Linke B, McHardy AC, Meyer F, Mittenhuber G, Nies DH, Niesbach-Klösgen U, Patschkowski T, Rückert C, Rupp O, Schneiker S, Schuster SC, Vorhölter FJ, Weber E, Pühler A, Bonas U, Bartels D, Kaiser O. Insights into genome plasticity and pathogenicity of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria revealed by the complete genome sequence. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:7254-66. [PMID: 16237009 PMCID: PMC1272972 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.21.7254-7266.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is the causative agent of bacterial spot disease in pepper and tomato plants, which leads to economically important yield losses. This pathosystem has become a well-established model for studying bacterial infection strategies. Here, we present the whole-genome sequence of the pepper-pathogenic Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strain 85-10, which comprises a 5.17-Mb circular chromosome and four plasmids. The genome has a high G+C content (64.75%) and signatures of extensive genome plasticity. Whole-genome comparisons revealed a gene order similar to both Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and a structure completely different from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. A total of 548 coding sequences (12.2%) are unique to X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. In addition to a type III secretion system, which is essential for pathogenicity, the genome of strain 85-10 encodes all other types of protein secretion systems described so far in gram-negative bacteria. Remarkably, one of the putative type IV secretion systems encoded on the largest plasmid is similar to the Icm/Dot systems of the human pathogens Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii. Comparisons with other completely sequenced plant pathogens predicted six novel type III effector proteins and several other virulence factors, including adhesins, cell wall-degrading enzymes, and extracellular polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thieme
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Genetik, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Jenal U, Silversmith RE, Sogaard-Andersen L, Sockett L. Sense and sensibility in bacteria. VIIIth International Conference on Bacterial Locomotion and Sensory Transduction. EMBO Rep 2005; 6:615-9. [PMID: 15976817 PMCID: PMC1369117 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Jenal
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruth E. Silversmith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7290, USA
| | - Lotte Sogaard-Andersen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Liz Sockett
- Lab C15, Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Tel: +44 115 919 4496; Fax: +44 115 970 9906;
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Abstract
Recent studies identified c-di-GMP as a universal bacterial secondary messenger regulating biofilm formation, motility, production of extracellular polysaccharide and multicellular behavior in diverse bacteria. However, except for cellulose synthase, no protein has been shown to bind c-di-GMP and the targets for c-di-GMP action remain unknown. Here we report identification of the PilZ ("pills") domain (Pfam domain PF07238) in the sequences of bacterial cellulose synthases, alginate biosynthesis protein Alg44, proteins of enterobacterial YcgR and firmicute YpfA families, and other proteins encoded in bacterial genomes and present evidence indicating that this domain is (part of) the long-sought c-di-GMP-binding protein. Association of the PilZ domain with a variety of other domains, including likely components of bacterial multidrug secretion system, could provide clues to multiple functions of the c-di-GMP in bacterial pathogenesis and cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Amikam
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai Academic College Tel-Hai, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Schmidt AJ, Ryjenkov DA, Gomelsky M. The ubiquitous protein domain EAL is a cyclic diguanylate-specific phosphodiesterase: enzymatically active and inactive EAL domains. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:4774-81. [PMID: 15995192 PMCID: PMC1169503 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.14.4774-4781.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The EAL domain (also known as domain of unknown function 2 or DUF2) is a ubiquitous signal transduction protein domain in the Bacteria. Its involvement in hydrolysis of the novel second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) was demonstrated in vivo but not in vitro. The EAL domain-containing protein Dos from Escherichia coli was reported to hydrolyze cyclic AMP (cAMP), implying that EAL domains have different substrate specificities. To investigate the biochemical activity of EAL, the E. coli EAL domain-containing protein YahA and its individual EAL domain were overexpressed, purified, and characterized in vitro. Both full-length YahA and the EAL domain hydrolyzed c-di-GMP into linear dimeric GMP, providing the first biochemical evidence that the EAL domain is sufficient for phosphodiesterase activity. This activity was c-di-GMP specific, optimal at alkaline pH, dependent on Mg(2+) or Mn(2+), strongly inhibited by Ca(2+), and independent of protein oligomerization. Linear dimeric GMP was shown to be 5'pGpG. The EAL domain from Dos was overexpressed, purified, and found to function as a c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase, not as a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, in contrast to previous reports. The EAL domains can hydrolyze 5'pGpG into GMP, however, very slowly, thus implying that this activity is irrelevant in vivo. Therefore, c-di-GMP is the exclusive substrate of EAL. Multiple-sequence alignment revealed two groups of EAL domains hypothesized to correspond to enzymatically active and inactive domains. The domains in the latter group have mutations in residues conserved in the active domains. The enzymatic inactivity of EAL domains may explain their coexistence with GGDEF domains in proteins possessing c-di-GMP synthase (diguanulate cyclase) activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Abstract
Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) has come to the limelight as a result of the recent advances in microbial genomics and increased interest in multicellular microbial behaviour. Known for more than 15 years as an activator of cellulose synthase in Gluconacetobacter xylinus, c-di-GMP is emerging as a novel global second messenger in bacteria. The GGDEF and EAL domain proteins involved in c-di-GMP synthesis and degradation, respectively, are (almost) ubiquitous in bacterial genomes. These proteins affect cell differentiation and multicellular behaviour as well as interactions between the microorganisms and their eukaryotic hosts and other phenotypes. While the role of GGDEF and EAL domain proteins in bacterial physiology and behaviour has gained appreciation, and significant progress has been achieved in understanding the enzymology of c-di-GMP turnover, many questions regarding c-di-GMP-dependent signalling remain unanswered. Among these, the key questions are the identity of targets of c-di-GMP action and mechanisms of c-di-GMP-dependent regulation. This review discusses phylogenetic distribution of the c-di-GMP signalling pathway in bacteria, recent developments in biochemical and structural characterization of proteins involved in its metabolism, and biological processes affected by c-di-GMP. The accumulated data clearly indicate that a novel ubiquitous signalling system in bacteria has been discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Römling
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
van Schaik W, Tempelaars MH, Zwietering MH, de Vos WM, Abee T. Analysis of the role of RsbV, RsbW, and RsbY in regulating {sigma}B activity in Bacillus cereus. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:5846-51. [PMID: 16077134 PMCID: PMC1196065 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.16.5846-5851.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative sigma factor sigma(B) is an important regulator of the stress response of Bacillus cereus. Here, the role of the regulatory proteins RsbV, RsbW, and RsbY in regulating sigma(B) activity in B. cereus is analyzed. Functional characterization of RsbV and RsbW showed that they act as an anti-sigma factor antagonist and an anti-sigma factor, respectively. RsbW can also act as a kinase on RsbV. These data are in line with earlier functional characterizations of RsbV and RsbW homologs in B. subtilis. The rsbY gene is unique to B. cereus and its closest relatives and is predicted to encode a protein with an N-terminal CheY domain and a C-terminal PP2C domain. In an rsbY deletion mutant, the sigma(B) response upon stress exposure was almost completely abolished, but the response could be restored by complementation with full-length rsbY. Expression analysis showed that rsbY is transcribed from both a sigma(A)-dependent promoter and a sigma(B)-dependent promoter. The central role of RsbY in regulating the activity of sigma(B) indicates that in B. cereus, the sigma(B) activation pathway is markedly different from that in other gram-positive bacteria.
Collapse
|
244
|
Abstract
Microbes often construct and live within surface-associated multicellular communities known as biofilms. The precise structure, chemistry and physiology of the biofilm all vary with the nature of its resident microbes and local environment. However, an important commonality among biofilms is that their structural integrity critically depends upon an extracellular matrix produced by their constituent cells. Extracellular matrices might be as diverse as biofilms, and they contribute significantly to the organization of the community. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the extracellular matrix and its role in biofilm biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Branda
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Galperin MY. A census of membrane-bound and intracellular signal transduction proteins in bacteria: bacterial IQ, extroverts and introverts. BMC Microbiol 2005; 5:35. [PMID: 15955239 PMCID: PMC1183210 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-5-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of complete microbial genomes showed that intracellular parasites and other microorganisms that inhabit stable ecological niches encode relatively primitive signaling systems, whereas environmental microorganisms typically have sophisticated systems of environmental sensing and signal transduction. RESULTS This paper presents results of a comprehensive census of signal transduction proteins--histidine kinases, methyl-accepting chemotaxis receptors, Ser/Thr/Tyr protein kinases, adenylate and diguanylate cyclases and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases--encoded in 167 bacterial and archaeal genomes, sequenced by the end of 2004. The data have been manually checked to avoid false-negative and false-positive hits that commonly arise during large-scale automated analyses and compared against other available resources. The census data show uneven distribution of most signaling proteins among bacterial and archaeal phyla. The total number of signal transduction proteins grows approximately as a square of genome size. While histidine kinases are found in representatives of all phyla and are distributed according to the power law, other signal transducers are abundant in certain phylogenetic groups but virtually absent in others. CONCLUSION The complexity of signaling systems differs even among closely related organisms. Still, it usually can be correlated with the phylogenetic position of the organism, its lifestyle, and typical environmental challenges it encounters. The number of encoded signal transducers (or their fraction in the total protein set) can be used as a measure of the organism's ability to adapt to diverse conditions, the 'bacterial IQ', while the ratio of transmembrane receptors to intracellular sensors can be used to define whether the organism is an 'extrovert', actively sensing the environmental parameters, or an 'introvert', more concerned about its internal homeostasis. Some of the microorganisms with the highest IQ, including the current leader Wolinella succinogenes, are found among the poorly studied beta-, delta- and epsilon-proteobacteria. Among all bacterial phyla, only cyanobacteria appear to be true introverts, probably due to their capacity to conduct oxygenic photosynthesis, using a complex system of intracellular membranes. The census data, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Complete_Genomes/SignalCensus.html, can be used to get an insight into metabolic and behavioral propensities of each given organism and improve prediction of the organism's properties based solely on its genome sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Karaolis DKR, Rashid MH, Chythanya R, Luo W, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y. c-di-GMP (3'-5'-cyclic diguanylic acid) inhibits Staphylococcus aureus cell-cell interactions and biofilm formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1029-38. [PMID: 15728899 PMCID: PMC549248 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.1029-1038.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen of humans and animals, and antibiotic resistance is a public health concern. Biofilm formation is essential in virulence and pathogenesis, and the ability to resist antibiotic treatment results in difficult-to-treat and persistent infections. As such, novel antimicrobial approaches are of great interest to the scientific, medical, and agriculture communities. We recently proposed that modulating levels of the cyclic dinucleotide signaling molecule, c-di-GMP (cyclic diguanylate [3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid], cGpGp), has utility in regulating phenotypes of prokaryotes. We report that extracellular c-di-GMP shows activity against human clinical and bovine intramammary mastitis isolates of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. We show that chemically synthesized c-di-GMP is soluble and stable in water and physiological saline and stable following boiling and exposure to acid and alkali. Treatment of S. aureus with extracellular c-di-GMP inhibited cell-to-cell (intercellular) adhesive interactions in liquid medium and reduced (>50%) biofilm formation in human and bovine isolates compared to untreated controls. c-di-GMP inhibited the adherence of S. aureus to human epithelial HeLa cells. The cyclic nucleotide analogs cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP had a lesser inhibitory effect on biofilms, while 5'-GMP had no major effect. We propose that cyclic dinucleotides such as c-di-GMP, used either alone or in combination with other antimicrobial agents, represent a novel and attractive approach in the development of intervention strategies for the prevention of biofilms and the control and treatment of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David K R Karaolis
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Abstract
Genome sequencing has revealed that signal transduction in bacteria makes use of a limited number of different devices, such as two-component systems, LuxI-LuxR quorum-sensing systems, phosphodiesterases, Ser-Thr (serine-threonine) kinases, OmpR-type regulators, and sigma factor-anti-sigma factor pathways. These systems use modular proteins with a large variety of input and output domains, yet strikingly conserved transmission domains. This conservation might lead to redundancy of output function, for example, via crosstalk (i.e. phosphoryl transfer from a non-cognate sensory kinase). The number of similar devices in a single cell, particularly of the two-component type, might amount to several dozen, and most of these operate in parallel. This could bestow bacteria with cellular intelligence if the network of two-component systems in a single cell fulfils the requirements of a neural network. Testing these ideas poses a great challenge for prokaryotic systems biology.
Collapse
|
248
|
Ryjenkov DA, Tarutina M, Moskvin OV, Gomelsky M. Cyclic diguanylate is a ubiquitous signaling molecule in bacteria: insights into biochemistry of the GGDEF protein domain. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:1792-8. [PMID: 15716451 PMCID: PMC1064016 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.5.1792-1798.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing GGDEF domains are encoded in the majority of sequenced bacterial genomes. In several species, these proteins have been implicated in biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, formation of biofilms, establishment of a sessile lifestyle, surface motility, and regulation of gene expression. However, biochemical activities of only a few GGDEF domain proteins have been tested. These proteins were shown to be involved in either synthesis or hydrolysis of cyclic-bis(3'-->5') dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) or in hydrolysis of cyclic AMP. To investigate specificity of the GGDEF domains in Bacteria, six GGDEF domain-encoding genes from randomly chosen representatives of diverse branches of the bacterial phylogenetic tree, i.e., Thermotoga, Deinococcus-Thermus, Cyanobacteria, spirochetes, and alpha and gamma divisions of the Proteobacteria, were cloned and overexpressed. All recombinant proteins were purified and found to possess diguanylate cyclase (DGC) activity involved in c-di-GMP synthesis. The individual GGDEF domains from two proteins were overexpressed, purified, and shown to possess a low level of DGC activity. The oligomeric states of full-length proteins and individual GGDEF domains were similar. This suggests that GGDEF domains are sufficient to encode DGC activity; however, enzymatic activity is highly regulated by the adjacent sensory protein domains. It is shown that DGC activity of the GGDEF domain protein Rrp1 from Borrelia burgdorferi is strictly dependent on phosphorylation status of its input receiver domain. This study establishes that majority of GGDEF domain proteins are c-di-GMP specific, that c-di-GMP synthesis is a wide-spread phenomenon in Bacteria, and that it is highly regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Ryjenkov
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3944, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Cases I, de Lorenzo V. Promoters in the environment: transcriptional regulation in its natural context. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3:105-18. [PMID: 15685222 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of many bacterial promoters in their natural environment is not a simple on/off decision. The expression of cognate genes is integrated in layers of iterative regulatory networks that ensure the performance not only of the whole cell, but also of the bacterial population, and even the microbial community, in a changing environment. Unlike in vitro systems, where transcription initiation can be recreated with a handful of essential components, in vivo, promoters must process various physicochemical and metabolic signals to determine their output. This helps to achieve optimal bacterial fitness in extremely competitive niches. Promoters therefore merge specific responses to distinct signals with inclusive reactions to more general environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Cases
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Kolker E, Picone AF, Galperin MY, Romine MF, Higdon R, Makarova KS, Kolker N, Anderson GA, Qiu X, Auberry KJ, Babnigg G, Beliaev AS, Edlefsen P, Elias DA, Gorby YA, Holzman T, Klappenbach JA, Konstantinidis KT, Land ML, Lipton MS, McCue LA, Monroe M, Pasa-Tolic L, Pinchuk G, Purvine S, Serres MH, Tsapin S, Zakrajsek BA, Zhu W, Zhou J, Larimer FW, Lawrence CE, Riley M, Collart FR, Yates JR, Smith RD, Giometti CS, Nealson KH, Fredrickson JK, Tiedje JM. Global profiling of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: expression of hypothetical genes and improved functional annotations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2099-104. [PMID: 15684069 PMCID: PMC548307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gamma-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 is a metabolically versatile organism that can reduce a wide range of organic compounds, metal ions, and radionuclides. Similar to most other sequenced organisms, approximately 40% of the predicted ORFs in the S. oneidensis genome were annotated as uncharacterized "hypothetical" genes. We implemented an integrative approach by using experimental and computational analyses to provide more detailed insight into gene function. Global expression profiles were determined for cells after UV irradiation and under aerobic and suboxic growth conditions. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses confidently identified 538 hypothetical genes as expressed in S. oneidensis cells both as mRNAs and proteins (33% of all predicted hypothetical proteins). Publicly available analysis tools and databases and the expression data were applied to improve the annotation of these genes. The annotation results were scored by using a seven-category schema that ranked both confidence and precision of the functional assignment. We were able to identify homologs for nearly all of these hypothetical proteins (97%), but could confidently assign exact biochemical functions for only 16 proteins (category 1; 3%). Altogether, computational and experimental evidence provided functional assignments or insights for 240 more genes (categories 2-5; 45%). These functional annotations advance our understanding of genes involved in vital cellular processes, including energy conversion, ion transport, secondary metabolism, and signal transduction. We propose that this integrative approach offers a valuable means to undertake the enormous challenge of characterizing the rapidly growing number of hypothetical proteins with each newly sequenced genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kolker
- BIATECH, 19310 North Creek Parkway, Suite 115, Bothell, WA 98011, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|