201
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Peinado JR, Diaz-Ruiz A, Frühbeck G, Malagon MM. Mitochondria in metabolic disease: getting clues from proteomic studies. Proteomics 2014; 14:452-66. [PMID: 24339000 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role as major regulators of cellular energy homeostasis, but in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondria may generate reactive oxidative species and induce cellular apoptosis. Indeed, altered mitochondrial status has been linked to the pathogenesis of several metabolic disorders and specially disorders related to insulin resistance, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other comorbidities comprising the metabolic syndrome. In the present review, we summarize information from various mitochondrial proteomic studies of insulin-sensitive tissues under different metabolic states. To that end, we first focus our attention on the pancreas, as mitochondrial malfunction has been shown to contribute to beta cell failure and impaired insulin release. Furthermore, proteomic studies of mitochondria obtained from liver, muscle, and adipose tissue are summarized, as these tissues constitute the primary insulin target metabolic tissues. Since recent advances in proteomic techniques have exposed the importance of PTMs in the development of metabolic disease, we also present information on specific PTMs that may directly affect mitochondria during the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. Specifically, mitochondrial protein acetylation, phosphorylation, and other PTMs related to oxidative damage, such as nitrosylation and carbonylation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ciudad Real, Spain
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202
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Pancreatic cell tracing, lineage tagging and targeted genetic manipulations in multiple cell types using pancreatic ductal infusion of adeno-associated viral vectors and/or cell-tagging dyes. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:2719-24. [PMID: 25356582 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic manipulations, with or without lineage tracing for specific pancreatic cell types, are very powerful tools for studying diabetes, pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Nevertheless, the use of Cre/loxP systems to conditionally activate or inactivate the expression of genes in a cell type- and/or temporal-specific manner is not applicable to cell tracing and/or gene manipulations in more than one lineage at a time. Here we report a technique that allows efficient delivery of dyes for cell tagging into the mouse pancreas through the duct system, and that also delivers viruses carrying transgenes or siRNA under a specific promoter. When this technique is applied in genetically modified mice, it enables the investigator to perform either double lineage tracing or cell lineage tracing combined with gene manipulation in a second lineage. The technique requires <40 min.
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203
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Szkudelski T, Szkudelska K. Resveratrol and diabetes: from animal to human studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:1145-54. [PMID: 25445538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease affecting about 5% of people worldwide. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia and impairment in insulin secretion and/or action. Moreover, diabetes is associated with metabolic abnormalities and serious complications. Resveratrol is a natural, biologically active polyphenol present in different plant species and known to have numerous health-promoting effects in both animals and humans. Anti-diabetic action of resveratrol has been extensively studied in animal models and in diabetic humans. In animals with experimental diabetes, resveratrol has been demonstrated to induce beneficial effects that ameliorate diabetes. Resveratrol, among others, improves glucose homeostasis, decreases insulin resistance, protects pancreatic β-cells, improves insulin secretion and ameliorates metabolic disorders. Effects induced by resveratrol are strongly related to the capability of this compound to increase expression/activity of AMPK and SIRT1 in various tissues of diabetic subjects. Moreover, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol were shown to be also involved in its action in diabetic animals. Preliminary clinical trials show that resveratrol is also effective in type 2 diabetic patients. Resveratrol may, among others, improve glycemic control and decrease insulin resistance. These results show that resveratrol holds great potential to treat diabetes and would be useful to support conventional therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Resveratrol: Challenges in translating pre-clincial findigns to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szkudelski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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204
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Pacifici F, Arriga R, Sorice GP, Capuani B, Scioli MG, Pastore D, Donadel G, Bellia A, Caratelli S, Coppola A, Ferrelli F, Federici M, Sconocchia G, Tesauro M, Sbraccia P, Della-Morte D, Giaccari A, Orlandi A, Lauro D. Peroxiredoxin 6, a novel player in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:3210-20. [PMID: 24947358 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is a key regulator of cellular redox balance, with the peculiar ability to neutralize peroxides, peroxynitrite, and phospholipid hydroperoxides. In the current study, we aimed to define the role of PRDX6 in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) using PRDX6 knockout (-/-) mice. Glucose and insulin responses were evaluated respectively by intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Peripheral insulin sensitivity was analyzed by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and molecular tools were used to investigate insulin signaling. Moreover, inflammatory and lipid parameters were evaluated. We demonstrated that PRDX6(-/-) mice developed a phenotype similar to early-stage T2D caused by both reduced glucose-dependent insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance. Impaired insulin signaling was present in PRDX6(-/-) mice, leading to reduction of muscle glucose uptake. Morphological and ultrastructural changes were observed in islets of Langerhans and livers of mutant animals, as well as altered plasma lipid profiles and inflammatory parameters. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PRDX6 is a key mediator of overt hyperglycemia in T2D glucose metabolism, opening new perspectives for targeted therapeutic strategies in diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacifici
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Arriga
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Pio Sorice
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy Diabetic Care Clinics, Associazione dei Cavalieri Italiani Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Capuani
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Scioli
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Pastore
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Donadel
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Caratelli
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Coppola
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrelli
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sconocchia
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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205
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Reversible changes in pancreatic islet structure and function produced by elevated blood glucose. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4639. [PMID: 25145789 PMCID: PMC4143961 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycaemia due to impaired insulin secretion and aberrant glucagon secretion resulting from changes in pancreatic islet cell function and/or mass. The extent to which hyperglycaemia per se underlies these alterations remains poorly understood. Here we show that β-cell-specific expression of a human activating KATP channel mutation in adult mice leads to rapid diabetes and marked alterations in islet morphology, ultrastructure and gene expression. Chronic hyperglycaemia is associated with a dramatic reduction in insulin-positive cells and an increase in glucagon-positive cells in islets, without alterations in cell turnover. Furthermore, some β-cells begin expressing glucagon, whilst retaining many β-cell characteristics. Hyperglycaemia, rather than KATP channel activation, underlies these changes, as they are prevented by insulin therapy and fully reversed by sulphonylureas. Our data suggest that many changes in islet structure and function associated with diabetes are attributable to hyperglycaemia alone and are reversed when blood glucose is normalized.
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206
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Mathijs I, Da Cunha DA, Himpe E, Ladriere L, Chellan N, Roux CR, Joubert E, Muller C, Cnop M, Louw J, Bouwens L. Phenylpropenoic acid glucoside augments pancreatic beta cell mass in high-fat diet-fed mice and protects beta cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1980-90. [PMID: 25044754 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE A major goal of diabetes therapy is to identify novel drugs that preserve or expand pancreatic beta cell mass. Here, we examined the effect of a phenylpropenoic acid glucoside (PPAG) on the beta cell mass, and via which mechanism this effect is established. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed a high-fat and fructose-containing diet to induce obesity and hyperglycemia. PPAG treatment protected obese mice from diet-induced hyperglycemia and resulted in a tripling of beta cell mass. The effect of the phytochemical on beta cell mass was neither due to increased proliferation, as determined by Ki67 immunostaining, nor to neogenesis, which was assessed by genetic lineage tracing. TUNEL staining revealed suppressed apoptosis in PPAG-treated obese mice. In vitro, PPAG protected beta cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis. It protected beta cells against ER stress by increasing expression of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) protein without affecting proapoptotic signals. CONCLUSIONS We identified an antidiabetic phytochemical that protects pancreatic beta cells from ER stress and apoptosis induced by high-fat diet/lipotoxicity. At the tissue level, this led to a tripling of beta cell mass. At the molecular level, the protective effect of the phytochemical was mediated by increasing BCL2 expression in beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Mathijs
- Cell Differentiation Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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207
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Pullen TJ, Rutter GA. Roles of lncRNAs in pancreatic beta cell identity and diabetes susceptibility. Front Genet 2014; 5:193. [PMID: 25071823 PMCID: PMC4076741 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes usually ensues from the inability of pancreatic beta cells to compensate for incipient insulin resistance. The loss of beta cell mass, function, and potentially beta cell identity contribute to this dysfunction to extents which are debated. In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as potentially providing a novel level of gene regulation implicating critical cellular processes such as pluripotency and differentiation. With over 1000 lncRNAs now identified in beta cells, there is growing evidence for their involvement in the above processes in these cells. While functional evidence on individual islet lncRNAs is still scarce, we discuss how lncRNAs could contribute to type 2 diabetes susceptibility, particularly at loci identified through genome-wide association studies as affecting disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Pullen
- Section of Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
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208
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Mezza T, Kulkarni RN. The regulation of pre- and post-maturational plasticity of mammalian islet cell mass. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1291-303. [PMID: 24824733 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of mature cells that produce functional insulin represents a major focus and a challenge of current diabetes research aimed at restoring beta cell mass in patients with most forms of diabetes, as well as in ageing. The capacity to adapt to diverse physiological states during life and the consequent ability to cope with increased metabolic demands in the normal regulation of glucose homeostasis is a distinctive feature of the endocrine pancreas in mammals. Both beta and alpha cells, and presumably other islet cells, are dynamically regulated via nutrient, neural and/or hormonal activation of growth factor signalling and the post-transcriptional modification of a variety of genes or via the microbiome to continually maintain a balance between regeneration (e.g. proliferation, neogenesis) and apoptosis. Here we review key regulators that determine islet cell mass at different ages in mammals. Understanding the chronobiology and the dynamics and age-dependent processes that regulate the relationship between the different cell types in the overall maintenance of an optimally functional islet cell mass could provide important insights into planning therapeutic approaches to counter and/or prevent the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mezza
- Islet Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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209
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Dubinina IA, Chistiakov DA, Eremina IA, Brovkin AN, Zilberman LI, Nikitin AG, Kuraeva TL, Nosikov VV, Peterkova VA, Dedov II. Studying progression from glucose intolerance to type 2 diabetes in obese children. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2014; 8:133-137. [PMID: 25127329 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Identification of metabolic and genetic factors capable to mediate progression from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) through impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in childhood obesity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three groups of obese children with NGT (n=54), IGT (n=35), and T2D (n=62) were evaluated. A control group of non-obese normal children (n=210) was also studied. In obese patients, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed using HOMA-IR index. Insulin sensitivity (IS) was assessed according to the Matsuda formula. Genomic DNA from obese and control children was genotyped for genetic variants of PPARG, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, FTO, TCF7L2, and KCNJ11 using a real-time PCR strategy. The unpaired Student's t-test and Kruskal-Wallis one-way test were used to compare quantitative data in two and more groups. To assess the extent to which the various genetic variants were associated with pathology, ORs (odds ratios) and 95% CI (confidence interval) were estimated. RESULTS In T2D children, HOMA-IR value (7.5±3.1) was significantly (P<0.001) higher than that in IGT (4.21±2.25) and NGT (4.1±2.4) subjects. The Matsuda IS index was significantly increased in normoglycemic patients compared to IGT individuals (2.8±1.75 vs. 2.33±1.2, P<0.05). The Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARG was significantly associated with obesity (OR=1.74, 95% CI=1.19-2.55, P=0.004) and T2D in obesity (OR=2.01, 95% CI=1.24-3.26, P=0.004). CONCLUSION IR is a major risk factor that mediates progression from NGT to clinical T2D in Russian obese children. This progression may be genetically influenced by the Pro12Ala variant of PPARG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Dubinina
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Bionanotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina A Eremina
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei N Brovkin
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexei G Nikitin
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara L Kuraeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Nosikov
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ivan I Dedov
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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210
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Galderisi A. Autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes: are we still in the cave of an ancient myth? Diabetologia 2014; 57:1502-3. [PMID: 24838679 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Galderisi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy,
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211
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Mozar A, Kondegowda NG, Pollack I, Fenutria R, Vasavada RC. The Role of PTHrP in Pancreatic Beta-Cells and Implications for Diabetes Pathophysiology and Treatment. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-014-9168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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212
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Abstract
β-Cell mass is a parameter commonly measured in studies of islet biology and diabetes. However, the rigorous quantification of pancreatic β-cell mass using conventional histological methods is a time-consuming process. Rapidly evolving virtual slide technology with high-resolution slide scanners and newly developed image analysis tools has the potential to transform β-cell mass measurement. To test the effectiveness and accuracy of this new approach, we assessed pancreata from normal C57Bl/6J mice and from mouse models of β-cell ablation (streptozotocin-treated mice) and β-cell hyperplasia (leptin-deficient mice), using a standardized systematic sampling of pancreatic specimens. Our data indicate that automated analysis of virtual pancreatic slides is highly reliable and yields results consistent with those obtained by conventional morphometric analysis. This new methodology will allow investigators to dramatically reduce the time required for β-cell mass measurement by automating high-resolution image capture and analysis of entire pancreatic sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Golson
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - William S Bush
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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213
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Wang R, Munoz EE, Zhu S, McGrath BC, Cavener DR. Perk gene dosage regulates glucose homeostasis by modulating pancreatic β-cell functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99684. [PMID: 24915520 PMCID: PMC4051701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin synthesis and cell proliferation are under tight regulation in pancreatic β-cells to maintain glucose homeostasis. Dysfunction in either aspect leads to development of diabetes. PERK (EIF2AK3) loss of function mutations in humans and mice exhibit permanent neonatal diabetes that is characterized by insufficient β-cell mass and reduced proinsulin trafficking and insulin secretion. Unexpectedly, we found that Perk heterozygous mice displayed lower blood glucose levels. Methodology Longitudinal studies were conducted to assess serum glucose and insulin, intracellular insulin synthesis and storage, insulin secretion, and β-cell proliferation in Perk heterozygous mice. In addition, modulation of Perk dosage specifically in β-cells showed that the glucose homeostasis phenotype of Perk heterozygous mice is determined by reduced expression of PERK in the β-cells. Principal Findings We found that Perk heterozygous mice first exhibited enhanced insulin synthesis and secretion during neonatal and juvenile development followed by enhanced β-cell proliferation and a substantial increase in β-cell mass at the adult stage. These differences are not likely to entail the well-known function of PERK to regulate the ER stress response in cultured cells as several markers for ER stress were not differentially expressed in Perk heterozygous mice. Conclusions In addition to the essential functions of PERK in β-cells as revealed by severely diabetic phenotype in humans and mice completely deficient for PERK, reducing Perk gene expression by half showed that intermediate levels of PERK have a profound impact on β-cell functions and glucose homeostasis. These results suggest that an optimal level of PERK expression is necessary to balance several parameters of β-cell function and growth in order to achieve normoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, Center of Cellular Dynamics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elyse E. Munoz
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, Center of Cellular Dynamics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Siying Zhu
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, Center of Cellular Dynamics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barbara C. McGrath
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, Center of Cellular Dynamics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Cavener
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, Center of Cellular Dynamics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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214
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Halban PA, Polonsky KS, Bowden DW, Hawkins MA, Ling C, Mather KJ, Powers AC, Rhodes CJ, Sussel L, Weir GC. β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: postulated mechanisms and prospects for prevention and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1983-92. [PMID: 24712577 PMCID: PMC5393482 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article examines the foundation of β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and suggests areas for future research on the underlying mechanisms that may lead to improved prevention and treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A group of experts participated in a conference on 14-16 October 2013 cosponsored by the Endocrine Society and the American Diabetes Association. A writing group prepared this summary and recommendations. RESULTS The writing group based this article on conference presentations, discussion, and debate. Topics covered include genetic predisposition, foundations of β-cell failure, natural history of β-cell failure, and impact of therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSIONS β-Cell failure is central to the development and progression of T2D. It antedates and predicts diabetes onset and progression, is in part genetically determined, and often can be identified with accuracy even though current tests are cumbersome and not well standardized. Multiple pathways underlie decreased β-cell function and mass, some of which may be shared and may also be a consequence of processes that initially caused dysfunction. Goals for future research include to 1) impact the natural history of β-cell failure; 2) identify and characterize genetic loci for T2D; 3) target β-cell signaling, metabolic, and genetic pathways to improve function/mass; 4) develop alternative sources of β-cells for cell-based therapy; 5) focus on metabolic environment to provide indirect benefit to β-cells; 6) improve understanding of the physiology of responses to bypass surgery; and 7) identify circulating factors and neuronal circuits underlying the axis of communication between the brain and β-cells.
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215
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Halban PA, Polonsky KS, Bowden DW, Hawkins MA, Ling C, Mather KJ, Powers AC, Rhodes CJ, Sussel L, Weir GC. β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: postulated mechanisms and prospects for prevention and treatment. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1751-8. [PMID: 24812433 PMCID: PMC4179518 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article examines the foundation of β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and suggests areas for future research on the underlying mechanisms that may lead to improved prevention and treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A group of experts participated in a conference on 14-16 October 2013 cosponsored by the Endocrine Society and the American Diabetes Association. A writing group prepared this summary and recommendations. RESULTS The writing group based this article on conference presentations, discussion, and debate. Topics covered include genetic predisposition, foundations of β-cell failure, natural history of β-cell failure, and impact of therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSIONS β-Cell failure is central to the development and progression of T2D. It antedates and predicts diabetes onset and progression, is in part genetically determined, and often can be identified with accuracy even though current tests are cumbersome and not well standardized. Multiple pathways underlie decreased β-cell function and mass, some of which may be shared and may also be a consequence of processes that initially caused dysfunction. Goals for future research include to (1) impact the natural history of β-cell failure; (2) identify and characterize genetic loci for T2D; (3) target β-cell signaling, metabolic, and genetic pathways to improve function/mass; (4) develop alternative sources of β-cells for cell-based therapy; (5) focus on metabolic environment to provide indirect benefit to β-cells; (6) improve understanding of the physiology of responses to bypass surgery; and (7) identify circulating factors and neuronal circuits underlying the axis of communication between the brain and β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Halban
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth S Polonsky
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research and Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Meredith A Hawkins
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Global Diabetes Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kieren J Mather
- Department of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Lori Sussel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Gordon C Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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216
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Eliasson L, Esguerra JLS. Role of non-coding RNAs in pancreatic beta-cell development and physiology. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:273-84. [PMID: 24666639 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The progression of diabetes is accompanied by increasing demand to the beta-cells to produce and secrete more insulin, requiring complex beta-cell adaptations. Functionally active and ubiquitous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have the capacity to take part in such adaptations as they have been shown to be key regulatory molecules in various biological processes. In the pancreatic islets, the function of ncRNAs and their contribution to disease development is beginning to be understood. Here, we review the different classes of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), and their potential contribution to insulin secretion. A special focus will be on miRNAs and their regulatory function in beta-cell physiology and insulin exocytosis. As important players in gene regulation, ncRNAs have huge potential in opening innovative therapeutic avenues against diabetes and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Eliasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Malmö; Islet Cell Exocytosis; Lund University Diabetes Centre; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
| | - J. L. S. Esguerra
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Malmö; Islet Cell Exocytosis; Lund University Diabetes Centre; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
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217
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Chmielowiec J, Borowiak M. In vitro differentiation and expansion of human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitors. Rev Diabet Stud 2014; 11:19-34. [PMID: 25148365 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2014.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in understanding stem cell biology has been remarkable, especially in deciphering signals that support differentiation towards tissue-specific lineages. This achievement positions us firmly at the beginning of an era of patient-specific regenerative medicine and human disease modeling. It will be necessary to equip the progress in this era with a reliable source of self-renewing progenitor cells that differentiate into functional target cells. The generation of pancreatic progenitors that mature in vivo into functional beta-cells has raised the hope for new therapeutic options in diabetes, but key challenges still remain including the production of sufficient numbers of cells for research and transplantation. Recent approaches to this problem have shown that the presence of organ- and stage-specific mesenchyme improves the generation of progenitors, from endoderm to endocrine cells. Alternatively, utilization of three-dimensional culture may improve the efficiency and yield of directed differentiation. Here, we review the current knowledge of pancreatic directed differentiation and ex vivo expansion of pancreatic progenitors, including recent advances in differentiation strategies for the generation of pancreatic progenitors, and we discuss persistent challenges which will need to be overcome before personalized cell-based therapy becomes a practical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lindahl M, Danilova T, Palm E, Lindholm P, Võikar V, Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Andressoo JO, Harvey BK, Otonkoski T, Rossi J, Saarma M. MANF is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of pancreatic β cells. Cell Rep 2014; 7:366-375. [PMID: 24726366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All forms of diabetes mellitus (DM) are characterized by the loss of functional pancreatic β cell mass, leading to insufficient insulin secretion. Thus, identification of novel approaches to protect and restore β cells is essential for the development of DM therapies. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-inducible protein, but its physiological role in mammals has remained obscure. We generated MANF-deficient mice that strikingly develop severe diabetes due to progressive postnatal reduction of β cell mass, caused by decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Additionally, we show that lack of MANF in vivo in mouse leads to chronic unfolded protein response (UPR) activation in pancreatic islets. Importantly, MANF protein enhanced β cell proliferation in vitro and overexpression of MANF in the pancreas of diabetic mice enhanced β cell regeneration. We demonstrate that MANF specifically promotes β cell proliferation and survival, thereby constituting a therapeutic candidate for β cell protection and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lindahl
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tatiana Danilova
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Palm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lindholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vootele Võikar
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Hakonen
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan-Olle Andressoo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Rossi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Kihira Y, Miyake M, Hirata M, Hoshina Y, Kato K, Shirakawa H, Sakaue H, Yamano N, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Ishizawa K, Ikeda Y, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T, Tomita S. Deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in adipocytes enhances glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and reduces adipose tissue inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93856. [PMID: 24705496 PMCID: PMC3976326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that obese adipose tissues are hypoxic and express hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Although some studies have shown that the expression of HIF-1α in adipocytes induces glucose intolerance, the mechanisms are still not clear. In this study, we examined its effects on the development of type 2 diabetes by using adipocyte-specific HIF-1α knockout (ahKO) mice. ahKO mice showed improved glucose tolerance compared with wild type (WT) mice. Macrophage infiltration and mRNA levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were decreased in the epididymal adipose tissues of high fat diet induced obese ahKO mice. The results indicated that the obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation was suppressed in ahKO mice. In addition, in the ahKO mice, serum insulin levels were increased under the free-feeding but not the fasting condition, indicating that postprandial insulin secretion was enhanced. Serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were also increased in the ahKO mice. Interestingly, adiponectin, whose serum levels were increased in the obese ahKO mice compared with the obese WT mice, stimulated GLP-1 secretion from cultured intestinal L cells. Therefore, insulin secretion may have been enhanced through the adiponectin-GLP-1 pathway in the ahKO mice. Our results suggest that the deletion of HIF-1α in adipocytes improves glucose tolerance by enhancing insulin secretion through the GLP-1 pathway and by reducing macrophage infiltration and inflammation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kihira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyake
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manami Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Student Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoji Hoshina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Student Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kana Kato
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Izawa-Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tomita
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Hiratsuka I, Suzuki A, Kondo-Ando M, Hirai H, Maeda Y, Sekiguchi-Ueda S, Shibata M, Takayanagi T, Makino M, Fukami N, Itoh T, Sasaki H, Kusaka M, Kenmochi T, Hoshinaga K, Itoh M. Utility of Glucagon Stimulation Test in Type 1 Diabetes After Pancreas Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:967-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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221
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Ravier MA, Leduc M, Richard J, Linck N, Varrault A, Pirot N, Roussel MM, Bockaert J, Dalle S, Bertrand G. β-Arrestin2 plays a key role in the modulation of the pancreatic beta cell mass in mice. Diabetologia 2014; 57:532-41. [PMID: 24317793 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Beta cell failure due to progressive secretory dysfunction and limited expansion of beta cell mass is a key feature of type 2 diabetes. Beta cell function and mass are controlled by glucose and hormones/neurotransmitters that activate G protein-coupled receptors or receptor tyrosine kinases. We have investigated the role of β-arrestin (ARRB)2, a scaffold protein known to modulate such receptor signalling, in the modulation of beta cell function and mass, with a specific interest in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), muscarinic and insulin receptors. METHODS β-arrestin2-knockout mice and their wild-type littermates were fed a normal or a high-fat diet (HFD). Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were assessed in vivo. Beta cell mass was evaluated in pancreatic sections. Free cytosolic [Ca(2+)] and insulin secretion were determined using perifused islets. The insulin signalling pathway was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Arrb2-knockout mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in vivo, but normal insulin sensitivity compared with wild type. Surprisingly, the absence of ARRB2 did not affect glucose-stimulated insulin secretion or GLP-1- and acetylcholine-mediated amplifications from perifused islets, but it decreased the islet insulin content and beta cell mass. Additionally, there was no compensatory beta cell mass expansion through proliferation in response to the HFD. Furthermore, Arrb2 deletion altered the islet insulin signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION ARRB2 is unlikely to be involved in the regulation of insulin secretion, but it is required for beta cell mass plasticity. Additionally, we provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in insulin signalling in beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie A Ravier
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France
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Reimer RA, Grover GJ, Koetzner L, Gahler RJ, Lyon MR, Wood S. Combining sitagliptin/metformin with a functional fiber delays diabetes progression in Zucker rats. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:361-73. [PMID: 24389593 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our primary objective was to determine whether administering the viscous and fermentable polysaccharide PolyGlycopleX (PGX) with metformin (MET) or sitagliptin/metformin (S/MET) reduces hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats more so than monotherapy of each. Glucose tolerance, adiposity, satiety hormones and mechanisms related to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity, gut microbiota and, hepatic and pancreatic histology were examined. Male ZDF rats (9-10 weeks of age) were randomized to: i) cellulose/vehicle (control, C); ii) PGX (5% wt/wt)/vehicle (PGX); iii) cellulose/metformin (200 mg/kg) (MET); iv) cellulose/S/MET (10 mg/kg+200 mg/kg) (S/MET); v) PGX (5%)+MET (200 mg/kg) (PGX+MET); vi) cellulose/sitagliptin/MET (5%)+(10 mg/kg+200 mg/kg) (PGX+S/MET) for 6 weeks. PGX+MET and PGX+S/MET reduced glycemia compared with C and singular treatments (P=0.001). Weekly fasted and fed blood glucose levels were lower in PGX+MET and PGX+S/MET compared with all other groups at weeks 4, 5, and 6 (P=0.001). HbA1c was lower in PGX+S/MET than C, MET, S/MET, and PGX at week 6 (P=0.001). Fat mass was lower and GLP1 was higher in PGX+S/MET compared with all other groups (P=0.001). β-cell mass was highest and islet degeneration lowest in PGX+S/MET. Hepatic lipidosis was significantly lower in PGX+S/MET compared with PGX or S/MET alone. When combined with PGX, both MET and S/MET markedly reduce glycemia; however, PGX+S/MET appears advantageous over PGX+MET in terms of increased β-cell mass and reduced adiposity. Both combination treatments attenuated diabetes in the obese Zucker rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Product Safety Labs, Department of Pharmacology, Dayton, New Jersey, USA Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA Factors Group of Nutritional Companies, Inc. R&D, 3655 Bonneville Place, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, 1552 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada University of British Columbia, Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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223
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Bramswig NC, Kaestner KH. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in human islets. Diabetologia 2014; 57:451-4. [PMID: 24362728 PMCID: PMC3945729 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulation in human pancreatic endocrine cells is a complex process, governed by genetic and environmental factors and crosstalk between the various endocrine cell types, and between endocrine cells and the metabolic state. Recent advances in gene expression profiling, genome-wide analysis of epigenetic marks, and cell fractionation of human islets into their constitutive cell types have greatly increased our understanding of the complex processes that govern endocrine cell function in health and disease. Further progress in this area holds great promise for delivering new targets for the development of novel diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria C. Bramswig
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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224
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Kendall DL, Amin R, Clayton PE. Metformin in the treatment of obese children and adolescents at risk of type 2 diabetes. Paediatr Drugs 2014; 16:13-20. [PMID: 23949947 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-013-0045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adults, children and young people, particularly in obese or overweight patients. Many studies have demonstrated that metformin is associated with weight reduction in adults and in prevention or delay of T2D onset in those who are at increased risk. In 2012, metformin was recommended by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as a treatment option in adults aged 18 years or over, who remain at high risk of T2D, despite participation in an intensive lifestyle-change programme. Prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing and is associated with elevated long-term risk of T2D and other adverse cardio-metabolic events; however, consensus is lacking on intervention strategies aimed at reducing this risk. This article discusses the rationale and evidence for the use of metformin in obese children and young people at high risk of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Kendall
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR2 9HT, UK,
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225
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Detection of type 2 diabetes related modules and genes based on epigenetic networks. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8 Suppl 1:S5. [PMID: 24565181 PMCID: PMC4080446 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-s1-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases characterized by insulin resistance and the decrease of insulin secretion. Genetic variation can only explain part of the heritability of T2D, so there need new methods to detect the susceptibility genes of the disease. Epigenetics could establish the interface between the environmental factor and the T2D Pathological mechanism. Results Based on the network theory and by combining epigenetic characteristics with human interactome, the weighted human DNA methylation network (WMPN) was constructed, and a T2D-related subnetwork (TMSN) was obtained through T2D-related differentially methylated genes. It is found that TMSN had a T2D specific network structure that non-fatal metabolic disease causing genes were often located in the topological and functional periphery of network. Combined with chromatin modifications, the weighted chromatin modification network (WCPN) was built, and a T2D-related chromatin modification pattern subnetwork was obtained by the TMSN gene set. TCSN had a densely connected network community, indicating that TMSN and TCSN could represent a collection of T2D-related epigenetic dysregulated sub-pathways. Using the cumulative hypergeometric test, 24 interplay modules of DNA methylation and chromatin modifications were identified. By the analysis of gene expression in human T2D islet tissue, it is found that there existed genes with the variant expression level caused by the aberrant DNA methylation and (or) chromatin modifications, which might affect and promote the development of T2D. Conclusions Here we have detected the potential interplay modules of DNA methylation and chromatin modifications for T2D. The study of T2D epigenetic networks provides a new way for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of T2D caused by epigenetic disorders.
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Ozawa S, Katsuta H, Suzuki K, Takahashi K, Tanaka T, Sumitani Y, Nishida S, Yoshimoto K, Ishida H. Estimated proinsulin processing activity of prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 rather than PC2 is decreased in pancreatic β-cells of type 2 diabetic patients. Endocr J 2014; 61:607-14. [PMID: 24705588 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients exhibit fasting relative hyperproinsulinemia owing to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. To clarify the mechanism underlying this hyperproinsulinemic state, we evaluated the activities of the endopeptidases prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and PC2 in T2D patients. Fasting blood levels of intact proinsulin (IPI), total proinsulin (t-PI) and C-peptide were measured simultaneously, and intravenous glucagon loading was performed to investigate the dynamics of circulating proinsulin-related molecules released from pancreatic β-cells in 12 healthy volunteers and 18 T2D patients. Taking advantage of the 95% cross-reactivity between proinsulin and des-31,32-proinsulin (des-31,32-PI) with the human proinsulin radioimmunoassay kit used in this study, we estimated PC1/3 and PC2 activities using the following formulas: des-31,32-PI = (t-PI-IPI)/0.95; PC1/3 activity = des-31,32-PI/IPI; and PC2 activity = C-peptide/des-31,32-PI. C-peptide responses to glucagon were slightly lower among T2D patients. IPI and the IPI/C-peptide ratio were significantly higher in T2D patients (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). There was no difference in des-31,32-PI levels or PC2 activity between the two groups. However, PC1/3 activity was significantly lower in T2D patients than in the control group (p<0.01). We propose that decreased activity of PC1/3 rather than PC2 in pancreatic β-cells is involved in the impaired proinsulin processing, resulting in elevated IPI levels in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachihiko Ozawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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Pecheur A, Barrea T, Vandooren V, Beauloye V, Robert A, Lysy PA. Characteristics and determinants of partial remission in children with type 1 diabetes using the insulin-dose-adjusted A1C definition. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:851378. [PMID: 25254220 PMCID: PMC4164125 DOI: 10.1155/2014/851378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the characteristics and determinants of partial remission (PR) in Belgian children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), we analyzed records of 242 children from our center. Clinical and biological features were collected at diagnosis and during follow-up. PR was defined using the insulin-dose-adjusted A1C definition. PR occurred in 56.2% of patients and lasted 9.2 months (0.5 to 56.6). 25.6% of patients entered T1D with DKA, which correlated with lower PR incidence (17.6% versus 82.3% when no DKA). In our population, lower A1C levels at diagnosis were associated with higher PR incidence and in young children (0-4 years) initial A1C levels negatively correlated with longer PR. Early A1C levels were predictive of PR duration since 34% of patients had long PRs (>1 year) when A1C levels were ≤ 6% after 3 months whereas incidence of long PR decreased with higher A1Cs. C-peptide levels were higher in patients entering PR and remained higher until 3 years after diagnosis. Initial antibody titers did not influence PR except for anti-IA2 titers that correlated with A1C levels after 2 years. Presence of 2 versus 1 anti-islet antibodies correlated with shorter PR. PR duration did not influence occurrence of severe hypoglycemia or diabetes-related complications but was associated with lower A1C levels after 18 months. We show that, at diagnosis of T1D, parameters associated with β-cell mass reserve (A1C, C-peptide, and DKA) correlate with the occurrence of PR, which affects post-PR A1C levels. Further research is needed to determine the long-term significance of PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Pecheur
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Barrea
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Vandooren
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Beauloye
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annie Robert
- Pôle Epidémiologie et Biostatistique, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe A. Lysy
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- *Philippe A. Lysy:
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228
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Andersson O. Role of adenosine signalling and metabolism in β-cell regeneration. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:3-10. [PMID: 24315942 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis, which is controlled by the endocrine cells of the pancreas, is disrupted in both type I and type II diabetes. Deficiency in the number of insulin-producing β cells - a primary cause of type I diabetes and a secondary contributor of type II diabetes - leads to hyperglycemia and hence an increase in the need for insulin. Although diabetes can be controlled with insulin injections, a curative approach is needed. A potential approach to curing diabetes involves regenerating the β-cell mass, e.g. by increasing β-cell proliferation, survival, neogenesis or transdifferentiation. The nucleoside adenosine and its cognate nucleotide ATP have long been known to affect insulin secretion, but have more recently been shown to increase β-cell proliferation during homeostatic control and regeneration of the β-cell mass. Adenosine is also known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and agonism of adenosine receptors can promote the survival of β-cells in an inflammatory microenvironment. In this review, both intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of adenosine and ATP are discussed in terms of their established and putative effects on β-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J.K. Williams
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- Corresponding author: Alistair J.K. Williams,
| | - Anna E. Long
- Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
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Soni A, Amisten S, Rorsman P, Salehi A. GPRC5B a putative glutamate-receptor candidate is negative modulator of insulin secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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231
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Szabat M, Johnson JD. Modulation of β-cell fate and function by TGFβ ligands: a superfamily with many powers. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3965-9. [PMID: 24141995 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szabat
- PhD, Associate Professor, Medicine and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Surgery, Diabetes Research Group, Cardiovascular Research Group, The University of British Columbia, Point Grey Campus, 5358-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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232
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Microbead-based biomimetic synthetic neighbors enhance survival and function of rat pancreatic β-cells. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2863. [PMID: 24091640 PMCID: PMC3790197 DOI: 10.1038/srep02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is caused by the loss or dysfunction of insulin-secreting β-cells in the pancreas. β-cells reduce their mass and lose insulin-producing ability in vitro, likely due to insufficient cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions as β-cells lose their native microenvironment. Herein, we built an ex-vivo cell microenvironment by culturing primary β-cells in direct contact with ‘synthetic neighbors', cell-sized soft polymer microbeads that were modified with cell-cell signaling factors as well as components from pancreatic-tissue-specific ECMs. This biomimetic 3D microenvironment was able to promote native cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. We obtained sustained maintenance of β-cell function in vitro enhanced cell viability from the few days usually observed in 2D culture to periods exceeding three weeks, with enhanced β-cell stability and insulin production. Our approach can be extended to create a general 3D culture platform for other cell types.
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233
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Cerf ME. Beta cell dynamics: beta cell replenishment, beta cell compensation and diabetes. Endocrine 2013; 44:303-11. [PMID: 23483434 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, arises mostly from beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance and remains a highly complex metabolic disease due to various stages in its pathogenesis. Glucose homeostasis is primarily regulated by insulin secretion from the beta cells in response to prevailing glycemia. Beta cell populations are dynamic as they respond to fluctuating insulin demand. Beta cell replenishment and death primarily regulate beta cell populations. Beta cells, pancreatic cells, and extra-pancreatic cells represent the three tiers for replenishing beta cells. In rodents, beta cell self-replenishment appears to be the dominant source for new beta cells supported by pancreatic cells (non-beta islet cells, acinar cells, and duct cells) and extra-pancreatic cells (liver, neural, and stem/progenitor cells). In humans, beta cell neogenesis from non-beta cells appears to be the dominant source of beta cell replenishment as limited beta cell self-replenishment occurs particularly in adulthood. Metabolic states of increased insulin demand trigger increased insulin synthesis and secretion from beta cells. Beta cells, therefore, adapt to support their physiology. Maintaining physiological beta cell populations is a strategy for targeting metabolic states of persistently increased insulin demand as in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon E Cerf
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa,
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234
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Bouwens L, Houbracken I, Mfopou JK. The use of stem cells for pancreatic regeneration in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013; 9:598-606. [PMID: 23877422 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine pancreas represents an interesting arena for regenerative medicine and cell therapeutics. One of the major pancreatic diseases, diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by having an insufficient number of insulin-producing β cells. Replenishment of β cells by cell transplantation can restore normal metabolic control. The shortage in donor pancreata has meant that the demand for transplantable β cells has outstripped the supply, which could be met by using alternative sources of stem cells. This situation has opened up new areas of research, such as cellular reprogramming and in vivo β-cell regeneration. Pluripotent stem cells seem to be the best option for clinical applications of β-cell regeneration in the near future, as these cells have been demonstrated to represent an unlimited source of functional β cells. Although compelling evidence shows that the adult pancreas retains regenerative capacity, it remains unclear whether this organ contains stem cells. Alternatively, specialized cell types within or outside the pancreas retain plasticity in proliferation and differentiation. Cellular reprogramming or transdifferentiation of exocrine cells or other types of endocrine cells in the pancreas could provide a long-term solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels B-1090, Belgium
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235
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Abstract
This commentary discusses the concept of β-cell dedifferentiation in diabetes, which is important but not well defined. A broad interpretation is that a state of differentiation has been lost, which means changes in gene expression as well as in structural and functional elements. Thus, a fully mature healthy β cell will have its unique differentiation characteristics, but maturing cells and old β cells will have different patterns of gene expression and might therefore be considered as dedifferentiated. The meaning of dedifferentiation is now being debated because β cells in the diabetic state lose components of their differentiated state, which results in severe dysfunction of insulin secretion. The major cause of this change is thought to be glucose toxicity (glucotoxicity) and that lowering glucose levels with treatment results in some restoration of function. An issue to be discussed is whether dedifferentiated β cells return to a multipotent precursor cell phenotype or whether they follow a different pathway of dedifferentiation.
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236
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The expression of the beta cell-derived autoimmune ligand for the killer receptor nkp46 is attenuated in type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74033. [PMID: 24009765 PMCID: PMC3757008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells rapidly kill tumor cells, virus infected cells and even self cells. This is mediated via killer receptors, among which NKp46 (NCR1 in mice) is prominent. We have recently demonstrated that in type 1 diabetes (T1D) NK cells accumulate in the diseased pancreas and that they manifest a hyporesponsive phenotype. In addition, we found that NKp46 recognizes an unknown ligand expressed by beta cells derived from humans and mice and that blocking of NKp46 activity prevented diabetes development. Here we investigated the properties of the unknown NKp46 ligand. We show that the NKp46 ligand is mainly located in insulin granules and that it is constitutively secreted. Following glucose stimulation the NKp46 ligand translocates to the cell membrane and its secretion decreases. We further demonstrate by using several modalities that the unknown NKp46 ligand is not insulin. Finally, we studied the expression of the NKp46 ligand in type 2 diabetes (T2D) using 3 different in vivo models and 2 species; mice and gerbils. We demonstrate that the expression of the NKp46 ligand is decreased in all models of T2D studied, suggesting that NKp46 is not involved in T2D.
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IMURA H. Life course health care and preemptive approach to non-communicable diseases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2013; 89:462-473. [PMID: 24334510 PMCID: PMC3883454 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.89.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease, are chronic, non-infectious diseases of long duration. NCDs are increasingly widespread worldwide and are becoming a serious health and economic burden. NCDs arise from complex interactions between the genetic make-up of an individual and environmental factors. Several epidemiological studies have revealed that the perinatal environment influences health later in life, and have proposed the concept of developmental programming or developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD). These studies suggest the importance of life course health care from fetal life, early childhood, adulthood, and through to old age. Recent progress in genomics, proteomics and diagnostic modalities holds promise for identifying high risk groups, predicting latent diseases, and allowing early intervention. Preemptive medicine is the ultimate goal of medicine, but to achieve it, the full participation of the public and all sectors of society is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo IMURA
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hyogo, Japan
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