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Feng L, Sun ZG, Liu QW, Ma T, Xu ZP, Feng ZG, Yuan WX, Zhang H, Xu LH. Propofol inhibits the expression of Abelson nonreceptor tyrosine kinase without affecting learning or memory function in neonatal rats. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01810. [PMID: 32869521 PMCID: PMC7667295 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Propofol is one of the most commonly used intravenous drugs to induce and maintain general anesthesia. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that propofol can affect neuronal growth, leading to apoptosis and impairing cognitive function. The Abelson nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) is associated with both neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to explore the effect of propofol on apoptosis and neurocognition through its regulation of c-Abl expression in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, primary hippocampal neurons were cultured and exposed to propofol at different concentrations. Protein expression was measured by Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation. The c-Abl transcription level was verified by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected by flow cytometry. In addition, an animal experiment was conducted to assess neuronal apoptosis by immunofluorescence staining for caspase-3 and to evaluate behavioral changes by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. RESULTS The in vitro experiment showed that propofol significantly decreased c-Abl expression and ROS levels. In addition, propofol has no cytotoxic effect and does not affect cell activity. Moreover, in the animal experiment, intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg propofol for 5 days obviously decreased the expression of c-Abl in the neonatal rat brain (p < .05) but did not significantly increase the number of caspase-3-positive cells. Propofol treatment did not significantly reduce the number of platform crossings (p > .05) or prolong the escape latency of neonatal rats (p > .05) in the MWM test. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that reduced expression of this nonreceptor tyrosine kinase through consecutive daily administration of propofol did not impair learning or memory function in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Feng
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.,PLA general hospital of Hainan Hospital, Hainan, China
| | - Zhi-Gao Sun
- PLA general hospital of Hainan Hospital, Hainan, China
| | - Qiang-Wei Liu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Xu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Guo Feng
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Xiu Yuan
- PLA general hospital of Hainan Hospital, Hainan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Long-He Xu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.,PLA general hospital of Hainan Hospital, Hainan, China
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202
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Sikkink SK, Mine S, Freis O, Danoux L, Tobin DJ. Stress-sensing in the human greying hair follicle: Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) depletion in hair bulb melanocytes in canities-prone scalp. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18711. [PMID: 33128003 PMCID: PMC7603349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canities (or hair greying) is an age-linked loss of the natural pigment called melanin from hair. While the specific cause(s) underlying the loss of melanogenically-active melanocytes from the anagen hair bulbs of affected human scalp remains unclear, oxidative stress sensing appears to be a key factor involved. In this study, we examined the follicular melanin unit in variably pigmented follicles from the aging human scalp of healthy individuals (22-70 years). Over 20 markers were selected within the following categories: melanocyte-specific, apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA repair/damage, senescence and oxidative stress. As expected, a reduction in melanocyte-specific markers in proportion to the extent of canities was observed. A major finding of our study was the intense and highly specific nuclear expression of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) protein within melanocytes in anagen hair follicle bulbs. ATM is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks and functions as an important sensor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human cells. The incidence and expression level of ATM correlated with pigmentary status in canities-affected hair follicles. Moreover, increased staining of the redox-associated markers 8-OHdG, GADD45 and GP-1 were also detected within isolated bulbar melanocytes, although this change was not clearly associated with donor age or canities extent. Surprisingly, we were unable to detect any specific change in the expression of other markers of oxidative stress, senescence or DNA damage/repair in the canities-affected melanocytes compared to surrounding bulbar keratinocytes. By contrast, several markers showed distinct expression of markers for oxidative stress and apoptosis/differentiation in the inner root sheath (IRS) as well as other parts of the hair follicle. Using our in vitro model of primary human scalp hair follicle melanocytes, we showed that ATM expression increased after incubation with the pro-oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In addition, this ATM increase was prevented by pre-incubation of cells with antioxidants. The relationship between ATM and redox stress sensing was further evidenced as we observed that the inhibition of ATM expression by chemical inhibition promoted the loss of melanocyte viability induced by oxidative stress. Taken together these new findings illustrate the key role of ATM in the protection of human hair follicle melanocytes from oxidative stress/damage within the human scalp hair bulb. In conclusion, these results highlight the remarkable complexity and role of redox sensing in the status of human hair follicle growth, differentiation and pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Sikkink
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Rd., Bradford, BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Solene Mine
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France S.A.S., Pulnoy, France
| | - Olga Freis
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France S.A.S., Pulnoy, France
| | - Louis Danoux
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France S.A.S., Pulnoy, France
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Rd., Bradford, BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, UK. .,The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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203
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Shi T, Dansen TB. Reactive Oxygen Species Induced p53 Activation: DNA Damage, Redox Signaling, or Both? Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:839-859. [PMID: 32151151 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The p53 tumor suppressor has been dubbed the "guardian of genome" because of its various roles in the response to DNA damage such as DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis, all of which are in place to prevent mutations from being passed on down the lineage. Recent Advances: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), for instance hydrogen peroxide derived from mitochondrial respiration, have long been regarded mainly as a major source of cellular damage to DNA and other macromolecules. Critical Issues: More recently, ROS have been shown to also play important physiological roles as second messengers in so-called redox signaling. It is, therefore, not clear whether the observed activation of p53 by ROS is mediated through the DNA damage response, redox signaling, or both. In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences between p53 activation in response to DNA damage and redox signaling in terms of upstream signaling and downstream transcriptional program activation. Future Directions: Understanding whether and how DNA damage and redox signaling-dependent p53 activation can be dissected could be useful to develop anti-cancer therapeutic p53-reactivation strategies that do not depend on the induction of DNA damage and the resulting additional mutational load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shi
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias B Dansen
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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204
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Amirifar P, Ranjouri MR, Lavin M, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Aghamohammadi A. Ataxia-telangiectasia: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical phenotype, diagnosis, prognosis and management. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:859-871. [PMID: 32791865 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1810570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, variable immunodeficiency, radiosensitivity, and cancer predisposition. Mutations cause A-T in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene encoding a serine/threonine-protein kinase. AREAS COVERED The authors reviewed the literature on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to collect comprehensive data related to A-T. This review aims to discuss various update aspects of A-T, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prognosis, and management. EXPERT OPINION A-T as a congenital disorder has phenotypic heterogeneity, and the severity of symptoms in different patients depends on the severity of mutations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of A-T, although some relevant questions about pathogenesis remain unanswered, probably owing to the phenotypic heterogeneity of this monogenic disorder. The presence of various clinical and immunologic manifestations in A-T indicates that the identification of the role of defective ATM in phenotype can be helpful in the better management and treatment of patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Amirifar
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ranjouri
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Medicine and Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan, Iran
| | - Martin Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), University of Queensland , L, Australia
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Iran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
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205
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Liu D, Shu G, Jin F, Qi J, Xu X, Du Y, Yu H, Wang J, Sun M, You Y, Zhu M, Chen M, Zhu L, Shen Q, Ying X, Lou X, Jiang S, Du Y. ROS-responsive chitosan-SS31 prodrug for AKI therapy via rapid distribution in the kidney and long-term retention in the renal tubule. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/41/eabb7422. [PMID: 33036968 PMCID: PMC7546709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of drugs with rapid distribution in the kidney and long-term retention in the renal tubule is a breakthrough for enhanced treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI). Here, l-serine-modified chitosan (SC) was synthesized as a potential AKI kidney-targeting agent due to the native cationic property of chitosan and specific interaction between kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) and serine. Results indicated that SC was rapidly accumulated and long-term retained in ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI kidneys, especially in renal tubules, which was possibly due to the specific interactions between SC and Kim-1. SC-TK-SS31 was then prepared by conjugating SS31, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, to SC via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive thioketal linker. Because of the effective renal distribution combined with ROS-responsive drug release behavior, the administration of SC-TK-SS31 led to an enhanced therapeutic effect of SS31 by protecting mitochondria from damage and reducing the oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaofeng Shu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feiyang Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingchen Sun
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuchan You
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Minxia Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meixuan Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Luwen Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiying Shen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoying Ying
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefang Lou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Saiping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yongzhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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206
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Krishnan V, Lim DXE, Hoang PM, Srivastava S, Matsuo J, Huang KK, Zhu F, Ho KY, So JBY, Khor C, Tsao S, Teh M, Fock KM, Ang TL, Jeyasekharan AD, Tan P, Yeoh KG, Ito Y. DNA damage signalling as an anti-cancer barrier in gastric intestinal metaplasia. Gut 2020; 69:1738-1749. [PMID: 31937549 PMCID: PMC7497583 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a premalignant stage that poses a greater risk for subsequent gastric cancer (GC). However, factors regulating IM to GC progression remain unclear. Previously, activated DNA damage response (DDR) signalling factors were shown to engage tumour-suppressive networks in premalignant lesions. Here, we interrogate the relationship of DDR signalling to mutational accumulation in IM lesions. DESIGN IM biopsies were procured from the gastric cancer epidemiology programme, an endoscopic surveillance programme where biopsies have been subjected to (epi)genomic characterisation. IM samples were classified as genome-stable or genome-unstable based on their mutational burden/somatic copy-number alteration (CNA) profiles. Samples were probed for DDR signalling and cell proliferation, using the markers γH2AX and MCM2, respectively. The expression of the gastric stem cell marker, CD44v9, was also assessed. Tissue microarrays representing the GC progression spectrum were included. RESULTS MCM2-positivity increased during GC progression, while γH2AX-positivity showed modest increase from normal to gastritis and IM stages, with further increase in GC. γH2AX levels correlated with the extent of chronic inflammation. Interestingly, genome-stable IM lesions had higher γH2AX levels underscoring a protective anti-cancer role for DDR signalling. In contrast, genome-unstable IM lesions with higher mutational burden/CNAs had lower γH2AX levels, elevated CD44v9 expression and modest promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes WRN, MLH1 and RAD52. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IM lesions with active DDR will likely experience a longer latency at the premalignant state until additional hits that override DDR signalling clonally expand and promote progression. These observations provide insights on the factors governing IM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Krishnan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Debbie Xiu En Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phuong Mai Hoang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Supriya Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junichi Matsuo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kie Kyon Huang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Bok Yan So
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Christopher Khor
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Stephen Tsao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ming Teh
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwong Ming Fock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tiing Leong Ang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Khay-Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore.,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore .,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore
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207
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López-Grueso MJ, Lagal DJ, García-Jiménez ÁF, Tarradas RM, Carmona-Hidalgo B, Peinado J, Requejo-Aguilar R, Bárcena JA, Padilla CA. Knockout of PRDX6 induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell cycle arrest at G2/M in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101737. [PMID: 33035814 PMCID: PMC7554216 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) has been associated with tumor progression and cancer metastasis. Its acting on phospholipid hydroperoxides and its phospholipase-A2 activity are unique among the peroxiredoxin family and add complexity to its action mechanisms. As a first step towards the study of PRDX6 involvement in cancer, we have constructed a human hepatocarcinoma HepG2PRDX6-/- cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique and have characterized the cellular response to lack of PRDX6. Applying quantitative global and redox proteomics, flow cytometry, in vivo extracellular flow analysis, Western blot and electron microscopy, we have detected diminished respiratory capacity, downregulation of mitochondrial proteins and altered mitochondrial morphology. Autophagic vesicles were abundant while the unfolded protein response (UPR), HIF1A and NRF2 transcription factors were not activated, despite increased levels of p62/SQSTM1 and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Insulin receptor (INSR), 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDPK1), uptake of glucose and hexokinase-2 (HK2) decreased markedly while nucleotide biosynthesis, lipogenesis and synthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) increased. 254 Cys-peptides belonging to 202 proteins underwent significant redox changes. PRDX6 knockout had an antiproliferative effect due to cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition, without signs of apoptosis. Loss of PLA2 may affect the levels of specific lipids altering lipid signaling pathways, while loss of peroxidase activity could induce redox changes at critical sensitive cysteine residues in key proteins. Oxidation of specific cysteines in Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) could interfere with entry into mitosis. The GSH/Glutaredoxin system was downregulated likely contributing to these redox changes. Altogether the data demonstrate that loss of PRDX6 slows down cell division and alters metabolism and mitochondrial function, so that cell survival depends on glycolysis to lactate for ATP production and on AMPK-independent autophagy to obtain building blocks for biosynthesis. PRDX6 is an important link in the chain of elements connecting redox homeostasis and proliferation. A CRISPR-Cas9 based PRDX6 KO human cell line is characterized for the first time. Loss of PRDX6 causes mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy and slow growth rate. Glucose uptake and HK2 decrease; nucleotide biosynthesis and lipogenesis increase. Oxidation of PCNA Cys residues could be responsible for cell cycle arrest at G2/M.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel José Lagal
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José Peinado
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bárcena
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Carmen Alicia Padilla
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
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208
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A quantitative thiol reactivity profiling platform to analyze redox and electrophile reactive cysteine proteomes. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:2891-2919. [PMID: 32690958 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is unique among all protein-coding amino acids, owing to its intrinsically high nucleophilicity. The cysteinyl thiol group can be covalently modified by a broad range of redox mechanisms or by various electrophiles derived from exogenous or endogenous sources. Measuring the response of protein cysteines to redox perturbation or electrophiles is critical for understanding the underlying mechanisms involved. Activity-based protein profiling based on thiol-reactive probes has been the method of choice for such analyses. We therefore adapted this approach and developed a new chemoproteomic platform, termed 'QTRP' (quantitative thiol reactivity profiling), that relies on the ability of a commercially available thiol-reactive probe IPM (2-iodo-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)acetamide) to covalently label, enrich and quantify the reactive cysteinome in cells and tissues. Here, we provide a detailed and updated workflow of QTRP that includes procedures for (i) labeling of the reactive cysteinome from cell or tissue samples (e.g., control versus treatment) with IPM, (ii) processing the protein samples into tryptic peptides and tagging the probe-modified peptides with isotopically labeled azido-biotin reagents containing a photo-cleavable linker via click chemistry reaction, (iii) capturing biotin-conjugated peptides with streptavidin beads, (iv) identifying and quantifying the photo-released peptides by mass spectrometry (MS)-based shotgun proteomics and (v) interpreting MS data by a streamlined informatic pipeline using a proteomics software, pFind 3, and an automatic post-processing algorithm. We also exemplified here how to use QTRP for mining H2O2-sensitive cysteines and for determining the intrinsic reactivity of cysteines in a complex proteome. We anticipate that this protocol should find broad applications in redox biology, chemical biology and the pharmaceutical industry. The protocol for sample preparation takes 3 d, whereas MS measurements and data analyses require 75 min and <30 min, respectively, per sample.
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209
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Ornatowski W, Lu Q, Yegambaram M, Garcia AE, Zemskov EA, Maltepe E, Fineman JR, Wang T, Black SM. Complex interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary disease. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101679. [PMID: 32818797 PMCID: PMC7451718 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagic pathway involves the encapsulation of substrates in double-membraned vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for enzymatic degradation and recycling of metabolic precursors. Autophagy is a major cellular defense against oxidative stress, or related conditions that cause accumulation of damaged proteins or organelles. Selective forms of autophagy can maintain organelle populations or remove aggregated proteins. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis under pathological conditions results in excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and the associated oxidative damage of cellular components. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy is necessary to maintain redox homeostasis. ROS activates autophagy, which facilitates cellular adaptation and diminishes oxidative damage by degrading and recycling intracellular damaged macromolecules and dysfunctional organelles. The cellular responses triggered by oxidative stress include the altered regulation of signaling pathways that culminate in the regulation of autophagy. Current research suggests a central role for autophagy as a mammalian oxidative stress response and its interrelationship to other stress defense systems. Altered autophagy phenotypes have been observed in lung diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease, acute lung injury, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and asthma. Understanding the mechanisms by which ROS regulate autophagy will provide novel therapeutic targets for lung diseases. This review highlights our current understanding on the interplay between ROS and autophagy in the development of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ornatowski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alejandro E Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Evgeny A Zemskov
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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210
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Pizzamiglio L, Focchi E, Antonucci F. ATM Protein Kinase: Old and New Implications in Neuronal Pathways and Brain Circuitry. Cells 2020; 9:E1969. [PMID: 32858941 PMCID: PMC7564642 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that the human autosomal recessive disease ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare pathology, interest in the function of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) is extensive. From a clinical point of view, the role of ATM in the central nervous system (CNS) is the most impacting, as motor disability is the predominant symptom affecting A-T patients. Coherently, spino-cerebellar neurodegeneration is the principal hallmark of A-T and other CNS regions such as dentate and olivary nuclei and brain stem are implicated in A-T pathophysiology. Recently, several preclinical studies also highlighted the involvement of ATM in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, thus extending A-T symptomatology to new brain areas and pathways. Here, we review old and recent evidence that largely demonstrates not only the historical ATM account in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation, but the multiple pathways through which ATM controls oxidative stress homeostasis, insulin signalling pathways, epigenetic regulation, synaptic transmission, and excitatory-inhibitory balance. We also summarise recent evidence on ATM implication in neurological and cognitive diseases beyond A-T, bringing out ATM as new pathological substrate and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pizzamiglio
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France;
| | - Elisa Focchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
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211
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Shiloh Y. The cerebellar degeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: A case for genome instability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102950. [PMID: 32871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the molecular pathology of genome instability disorders has advanced our understanding of the complex mechanisms that safeguard genome stability and cellular homeostasis at large. Once the culprit genes and their protein products are identified, an ongoing dialogue develops between the research lab and the clinic in an effort to link specific disease symptoms to the functions of the proteins that are missing in the patients. Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (A-T) is a prominent example of this process. A-T's hallmarks are progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease, cancer predisposition, endocrine abnormalities, segmental premature aging, chromosomal instability and radiation sensitivity. The disease is caused by absence of the powerful protein kinase, ATM, best known as the mobilizer of the broad signaling network induced by double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. In parallel, ATM also functions in the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, mitochondrial function and turnover and many other metabolic circuits. An ongoing discussion in the A-T field revolves around the question of which ATM function is the one whose absence is responsible for the most debilitating aspect of A-T - the cerebellar degeneration. This review suggests that it is the absence of a comprehensive role of ATM in responding to ongoing DNA damage induced mainly by endogenous agents. It is the ensuing deterioration and eventual loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are very vulnerable to ATM absence due to a unique combination of physiological features, which kindles the cerebellar decay in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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212
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Sarkar S, Gaddameedhi S. Solar ultraviolet-induced DNA damage response: Melanocytes story in transformation to environmental melanomagenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:736-751. [PMID: 32281145 PMCID: PMC9675355 DOI: 10.1002/em.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to sunlight is both beneficial, as it heats the planet to a comfortable temperature, and potentially harmful, since sunlight contains ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is deemed detrimental for living organisms. Earth's ozone layer plays a vital role in blocking most of the extremely dangerous UVC; however, low frequency/energy UVR (i.e., UVB and UVA) seeps through in minute amount and reaches the Earth's surface. Both UVB and UVA are physiologically responsible for a plethora of skin ailments, including skin cancers. The UVR is readily absorbed by the genomic DNA of skin cells, causing DNA bond distortion and UV-induced DNA damage. As a defense mechanism, the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling in skin cells activates nucleotide excision repair (NER), which is responsible for the removal of UVR-induced DNA photolesions and helps maintain the genomic integrity of the cells. Failure of proper NER function leads to mutagenesis and development of skin cancers. One of the deadliest form of skin cancers is melanoma which originates upon the genetic transformation of melanocytes, melanin producing skin cells. NER is a well-studied DNA repair system in the whole skin, as a tissue, but not much is known about it in melanocytes. Therefore, this review encapsulates NER in melanocytes, with a specific focus on its functional regulators and their cross talks due to skin heterogeneity and divulging the potential knowledge gap in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
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213
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Interplay between Cellular Metabolism and the DNA Damage Response in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082051. [PMID: 32722390 PMCID: PMC7463900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a fundamental cellular process that can become harmful for cells by leading to DNA damage, for instance by an increase in oxidative stress or through the generation of toxic byproducts. To deal with such insults, cells have evolved sophisticated DNA damage response (DDR) pathways that allow for the maintenance of genome integrity. Recent years have seen remarkable progress in our understanding of the diverse DDR mechanisms, and, through such work, it has emerged that cellular metabolic regulation not only generates DNA damage but also impacts on DNA repair. Cancer cells show an alteration of the DDR coupled with modifications in cellular metabolism, further emphasizing links between these two fundamental processes. Taken together, these compelling findings indicate that metabolic enzymes and metabolites represent a key group of factors within the DDR. Here, we will compile the current knowledge on the dynamic interplay between metabolic factors and the DDR, with a specific focus on cancer. We will also discuss how recently developed high-throughput technologies allow for the identification of novel crosstalk between the DDR and metabolism, which is of crucial importance to better design efficient cancer treatments.
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214
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Chen PH, Tseng WHS, Chi JT. The Intersection of DNA Damage Response and Ferroptosis-A Rationale for Combination Therapeutics. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E187. [PMID: 32718025 PMCID: PMC7464484 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel form of iron-dependent cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation. While the importance and disease relevance of ferroptosis are gaining recognition, much remains unknown about its interaction with other biological processes and pathways. Recently, several studies have identified intricate and complicated interplay between ferroptosis, ionizing radiation (IR), ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated)/ATR (ATM and Rad3-related), and tumor suppressor p53, which signifies the participation of the DNA damage response (DDR) in iron-related cell death. DDR is an evolutionarily conserved response triggered by various DNA insults to attenuate proliferation, enable DNA repairs, and dispose of cells with damaged DNA to maintain genome integrity. Deficiency in proper DDR in many genetic disorders or tumors also highlights the importance of this pathway. In this review, we will focus on the biological crosstalk between DDR and ferroptosis, which is mediated mostly via noncanonical mechanisms. For clinical applications, we also discuss the potential of combining ionizing radiation and ferroptosis-inducers for synergistic effects. At last, various ATM/ATR inhibitors under clinical development may protect ferroptosis and treat many ferroptosis-related diseases to prevent cell death, delay disease progression, and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (P.-H.C.); (W.H.-S.T.)
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Watson Hua-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (P.-H.C.); (W.H.-S.T.)
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (P.-H.C.); (W.H.-S.T.)
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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215
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Ambrosio S, Majello B. Autophagy Roles in Genome Maintenance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1793. [PMID: 32635505 PMCID: PMC7407194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a considerable correlation has emerged between autophagy and genome integrity. A range of mechanisms appear to be involved where autophagy participates in preventing genomic instability, as well as in DNA damage response and cell fate decision. These initial findings have attracted particular attention in the context of malignancy; however, the crosstalk between autophagy and DNA damage response is just beginning to be explored and key questions remain that need to be addressed, to move this area of research forward and illuminate the overall consequence of targeting this process in human therapies. Here we present current knowledge on the complex crosstalk between autophagy and genome integrity and discuss its implications for cancer cell survival and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Ambrosio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy;
| | - Barbara Majello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80138 Naples, Italy
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216
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Sunderland P, Augustyniak J, Lenart J, Bużańska L, Carlessi L, Delia D, Sikora E. ATM-deficient neural precursors develop senescence phenotype with disturbances in autophagy. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111296. [PMID: 32621937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ATM is a kinase involved in DNA damage response (DDR), regulation of response to oxidative stress, autophagy and mitophagy. Mutations in the ATM gene in humans result in ataxi A-Telangiectasia disease (A-T) characterized by a variety of symptoms with neurodegeneration and premature ageing among them. Since brain is one of the most affected organs in A-T, we have focused on senescence of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from A-T reprogrammed fibroblasts. Accordingly, A-T NPCs obtained through neural differentiation of iPSCs in 5% oxygen possessed some features of senescence including increased activity of SA-β-gal and secretion of IL6 and IL8 in comparison to control NPCs. This phenotype of A-T NPC was accompanied by elevated oxidative stress. A-T NPCs exhibited symptoms of impaired autophagy and mitophagy with lack of response to chloroquine treatment. Additional sources of oxidative stress like increased oxygen concentration (20 %) and H2O2 respectively aggravated the phenotype of senescence and additionally disturbed the process of mitophagy. In both cases only A-T NPCs reacted to the treatment. We conclude that oxidative stress may be responsible for the phenotype of senescence and impairment of autophagy in A-T NPCs. Our results point to senescent A-T cells as a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sunderland
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Augustyniak
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Lenart
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leonora Bużańska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luigi Carlessi
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy; IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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217
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Han Y, Zhou C, Shen H, Tan J, Dong Q, Zhang L, McGowan SJ, Zhao J, Sowa GA, Kang JD, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD, Vo NN. Attenuation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated signalling mitigates age-associated intervertebral disc degeneration. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13162. [PMID: 32567210 PMCID: PMC7406969 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that persistent DNA damage accelerates ageing of the spine, but the mechanisms behind this process are not well understood. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a protein kinase involved in the DNA damage response, which controls cell fate, including cell death. To test the role of ATM in the human intervertebral disc, we exposed human nucleus pulposus (hNP) cells directly to the DNA damaging agent cisplatin. Cisplatin-treated hNP cells exhibited rapid phosphorylation of ATM and subsequent increased NF-κB activation, aggrecanolysis, decreased total proteoglycan production and increased expression of markers of senescence, including p21, γH2 AX and SA-ß-gal. Treating cisplatin-exposed hNP cells with an ATM-specific inhibitor negated these effects. In addition, genetic reduction of ATM reduced disc cellular senescence and matrix proteoglycan loss in the progeroid Ercc1-/∆ mouse model of accelerated ageing. These findings suggest that activation of ATM signalling under persistent genotoxic stress promotes disc cellular senescence and matrix homeostatic perturbation. Thus, the ATM signalling pathway represents a therapeutic target to delay the progression of age-associated spine pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Han
- Department of Spine SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Department of Spine SurgeryShanghai East HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji University Shanghai China
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine ResearchDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Chao‐Ming Zhou
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine ResearchDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Hongxing Shen
- Department of Spine SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Spine SurgeryShanghai East HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji University Shanghai China
| | - Qing Dong
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine ResearchDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Molecular MedicineCenter on AgingThe Scripps Research Institute Jupiter Florida
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Sara J. McGowan
- Department of Molecular MedicineCenter on AgingThe Scripps Research Institute Jupiter Florida
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Molecular MedicineCenter on AgingThe Scripps Research Institute Jupiter Florida
| | - Gwendolyn A. Sowa
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine ResearchDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - James D. Kang
- Department of OrthopedicsBrigham and Women's HospitalSchool of MedicineHarvard University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Department of Molecular MedicineCenter on AgingThe Scripps Research Institute Jupiter Florida
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Molecular MedicineCenter on AgingThe Scripps Research Institute Jupiter Florida
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Nam N. Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine ResearchDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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218
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Sarker AH, Trego KS, Zhang W, Jacob P, Snijders A, Mao JH, Schick SF, Cooper PK, Hang B. Thirdhand smoke exposure causes replication stress and impaired transcription in human lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:635-646. [PMID: 32267018 PMCID: PMC7363442 DOI: 10.1002/em.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thirdhand cigarette smoke (THS) is a newly described toxin that lingers in the indoor environment long after cigarettes have been extinguished. Emerging results from both cellular and animal model studies suggest that THS is a potential human health hazard. DNA damage derived from THS exposure could have genotoxic consequences that would lead to the development of diseases. However, THS exposure-induced interference with fundamental DNA transactions such as replication and transcription, and the role of DNA repair in ameliorating such effects, remain unexplored. Here, we found that THS exposure increased the percentage of cells in S-phase, suggesting impaired S-phase progression. Key DNA damage response proteins including RPA, ATR, ATM, CHK1, and BRCA1 were activated in lung cells exposed to THS, consistent with replication stress. In addition, THS exposure caused increased 53BP1 foci, indicating DNA double-strand break induction. Consistent with these results, we observed increased micronuclei formation, a marker of genomic instability, in THS-exposed cells. Exposure to THS also caused a significant increase in phosphorylated RNA Polymerase II engaged in transcription elongation, suggesting an increase in transcription-blocking lesions. In agreement with this conclusion, ongoing RNA synthesis was very significantly reduced by THS exposure. Loss of nucleotide excision repair exacerbated the reduction in RNA synthesis, suggesting that bulky DNA adducts formed by THS are blocks to transcription. The adverse impact on both replication and transcription supports genotoxic stress as a result of THS exposure, with important implications for both cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf H. Sarker
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Correspondence: Dr. Altaf H. Sarker, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Tel: (510) 486-6113,
| | - Kelly S. Trego
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antoine Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Suzaynn F. Schick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Priscilla K. Cooper
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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219
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Forrer Charlier C, Martins RAP. Protective Mechanisms Against DNA Replication Stress in the Nervous System. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E730. [PMID: 32630049 PMCID: PMC7397197 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise replication of DNA and the successful segregation of chromosomes are essential for the faithful transmission of genetic information during the cell cycle. Alterations in the dynamics of genome replication, also referred to as DNA replication stress, may lead to DNA damage and, consequently, mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. Extensive research has revealed that DNA replication stress drives genome instability during tumorigenesis. Over decades, genetic studies of inherited syndromes have established a connection between the mutations in genes required for proper DNA repair/DNA damage responses and neurological diseases. It is becoming clear that both the prevention and the responses to replication stress are particularly important for nervous system development and function. The accurate regulation of cell proliferation is key for the expansion of progenitor pools during central nervous system (CNS) development, adult neurogenesis, and regeneration. Moreover, DNA replication stress in glial cells regulates CNS tumorigenesis and plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Here, we review how replication stress generation and replication stress response (RSR) contribute to the CNS development, homeostasis, and disease. Both cell-autonomous mechanisms, as well as the evidence of RSR-mediated alterations of the cellular microenvironment in the nervous system, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo A. P. Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
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220
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Distinct roles of XRCC1 in genome integrity in Xenopus egg extracts. Biochem J 2020; 476:3791-3804. [PMID: 31808793 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage represents one of the most abundant DNA lesions. It remains unclear how DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are co-ordinated and regulated following oxidative stress. While XRCC1 has been implicated in DNA repair, it remains unknown how exactly oxidative DNA damage is repaired and sensed by XRCC1. In this communication, we have demonstrated evidence that XRCC1 is dispensable for ATR-Chk1 DDR pathway following oxidative stress in Xenopus egg extracts. Whereas APE2 is essential for SSB repair, XRCC1 is not required for the repair of defined SSB and gapped plasmids with a 5'-OH or 5'-P terminus, suggesting that XRCC1 and APE2 may contribute to SSB repair via different mechanisms. Neither Polymerase beta nor Polymerase alpha is important for the repair of defined SSB structure. Nonetheless, XRCC1 is important for the repair of DNA damage following oxidative stress. Our observations suggest distinct roles of XRCC1 for genome integrity in oxidative stress in Xenopus egg extracts.
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221
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Modulation of DNA Damage Response by Sphingolipid Signaling: An Interplay that Shapes Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124481. [PMID: 32599736 PMCID: PMC7349968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although once considered as structural components of eukaryotic biological membranes, research in the past few decades hints at a major role of bioactive sphingolipids in mediating an array of physiological processes including cell survival, proliferation, inflammation, senescence, and death. A large body of evidence points to a fundamental role for the sphingolipid metabolic pathway in modulating the DNA damage response (DDR). The interplay between these two elements of cell signaling determines cell fate when cells are exposed to metabolic stress or ionizing radiation among other genotoxic agents. In this review, we aim to dissect the mediators of the DDR and how these interact with the different sphingolipid metabolites to mount various cellular responses.
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222
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Xu L, Wu T, Lu S, Hao X, Qin J, Wang J, Zhang X, Liu Q, Kong B, Gong Y, Liu Z, Shao C. Mitochondrial superoxide contributes to oxidative stress exacerbated by DNA damage response in RAD51-depleted ovarian cancer cells. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101604. [PMID: 32554304 PMCID: PMC7303666 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Abnormal homologous recombination repair, high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of antioxidant genes are characteristic features of ovarian cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the redox homeostasis in ovarian cancer cells remain to be fully elucidated. We here demonstrated a critical role of RAD51, a protein essential for homologous recombination, in the maintenance of redox homeostasis. We found that RAD51 is overexpressed in high grade serous ovarian cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Depletion or inhibition of RAD51 results in G2/M arrest, increased production of reactive oxygen species and accumulation of oxidative DNA damage. Importantly, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated the induction of DNA damage and the perturbation of proliferation caused by RAD51 depletion. We further demonstrated that RAD51 inhibition or depletion led to elevated production of mitochondrial superoxide and increased accumulation of mitochondria. Moreover, CHK1 activation is required for the G2/M arrest and the generation of mitochondrial stress in response to RAD51 depletion. Together, our results indicate that nuclear DNA damage caused by RAD51 depletion may trigger mitochondria-originated redox dysregulation. Our findings suggest that a vicious cycle of nuclear DNA damage, mitochondrial accumulation and oxidative stress may contribute to the tumor-suppressive effects of RAD51 depletion or inhibition. RAD51 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Depletion of RAD51 leads to increased mitochondrial superoxide production and oxidative DNA damage. Increased production of mitochondrial ROS requires CHK1-mediated G2/M arrest. mROS increase is independent of mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shihua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohe Hao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Junchao Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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223
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Qi F, Meng Q, Hayashi I, Kobayashi J. FXR1 is a novel MRE11-binding partner and participates in oxidative stress responses. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:368-375. [PMID: 32211858 PMCID: PMC7299265 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) and MRE11-defective Ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD) patients show progressive cerebellar ataxia. ATM, mutated in AT, can be activated in response to oxidative stress as well as DNA damage, which could be linked to disease-related neurodegeneration. However, the role of MRE11 in oxidative stress responses has been elusive. Here, we showed that MRE11 could participate in ATM activation during oxidative stress in an NBS1/RAD50-independent manner. Importantly, MRE11 was indispensable for ATM activation. We identified FXR1 as a novel MRE11-binding partner by mass spectrometry. We confirmed that FXR1 could bind with MRE11 and showed that both localize to the cytoplasm. Notably, MRE11 and FXR1 partly localize to the mitochondria, which are the major source of cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The contribution of FXR1 to DNA double-strand break damage responses seemed minor and limited to HR repair, considering that depletion of FXR1 perturbed chromatin association of homologous recombination repair factors and sensitized cells to camptothecin. During oxidative stress, depletion of FXR1 by siRNA reduced oxidative stress responses and increased the sensitivity to pyocyanin, a mitochondrial ROS inducer. Collectively, our findings suggest that MRE11 and FXR1 might contribute to cellular defense against mitochondrial ROS as a cytoplasmic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Qingmei Meng
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ikue Hayashi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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224
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Muñoz P, Ardiles ÁO, Pérez-Espinosa B, Núñez-Espinosa C, Paula-Lima A, González-Billault C, Espinosa-Parrilla Y. Redox modifications in synaptic components as biomarkers of cognitive status, in brain aging and disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 189:111250. [PMID: 32433996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process that includes several changes that gradually make organisms degenerate and die. Harman's theory proposes that aging is a consequence of the progressive accumulation of oxidative modifications mediated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, which plays an essential role in the development and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on how abnormal redox modifications induced by age impair the functionality of neuronal redox-sensitive proteins involved in axonal elongation and guidance, synaptic plasticity, and intercellular communication. We will discuss post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by microRNAs as a mechanism that controls the neuronal redox state. Finally, we will discuss how some brain-permeant antioxidants from the diet have a beneficial effect on cognition. Taken together, the evidence revised here indicates that oxidative-driven modifications of specific proteins and changes in microRNA expression may be useful biomarkers for aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Also, some specific antioxidant therapies have undoubtedly beneficial neuroprotective effects when administered in the correct doses, in the ideal formulation combination, and during the appropriate therapeutic window. The use of some antioxidants is, therefore, still poorly explored for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Muñoz
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Translational Neurology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Biomedical Research Center, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Thematic Task Force on Healthy Aging, CUECH Research Network.
| | - Álvaro O Ardiles
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Translational Neurology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Thematic Task Force on Healthy Aging, CUECH Research Network; Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience of Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Health Studies, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Boris Pérez-Espinosa
- Thematic Task Force on Healthy Aging, CUECH Research Network; Laboratorio biología de la Reproduccion, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- Thematic Task Force on Healthy Aging, CUECH Research Network; School of Medicine, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Andrea Paula-Lima
- Thematic Task Force on Healthy Aging, CUECH Research Network; Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI) and Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Thematic Task Force on Healthy Aging, CUECH Research Network; Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
| | - Yolanda Espinosa-Parrilla
- Thematic Task Force on Healthy Aging, CUECH Research Network; School of Medicine, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine - LMM, Center for Education, Healthcare and Investigation - CADI, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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225
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Duer M, Cobb AM, Shanahan CM. DNA Damage Response: A Molecular Lynchpin in the Pathobiology of Arteriosclerotic Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e193-e202. [PMID: 32404005 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a ubiquitous pathology of aging. Oxidative stress, persistent DNA damage, and senescence are major pathways driving both cellular and tissue aging, and emerging evidence suggests that these pathways are activated, and even accelerated, in patients with vascular calcification. The DNA damage response-a complex signaling platform that maintains genomic integrity-is induced by oxidative stress and is intimately involved in regulating cell death and osteogenic differentiation in both bone and the vasculature. Unexpectedly, a posttranslational modification, PAR (poly[ADP-ribose]), which is a byproduct of the DNA damage response, initiates biomineralization by acting to concentrate calcium into spheroidal structures that can nucleate apatitic mineral on the ECM (extracellular matrix). As we start to dissect the molecular mechanisms driving aging-associated vascular calcification, novel treatment strategies to promote healthy aging and delay pathological change are being unmasked. Drugs targeting the DNA damage response and senolytics may provide new avenues to tackle this detrimental and intractable pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Duer
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.D.)
| | - Andrew M Cobb
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.M.C., C.M.S.)
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.M.C., C.M.S.)
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226
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Lee HY, Hong IS. Metabolic Regulation and Related Molecular Mechanisms in Various Stem Cell Functions. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:531-546. [PMID: 32394844 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200512105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on the mechanisms that link metabolic changes with stem cell fate have deepened our understanding of how specific metabolic pathways can regulate various stem cell functions during the development of an organism. Although it was originally thought to be merely a consequence of the specific cell state, metabolism is currently known to play a critical role in regulating the self-renewal capacity, differentiation potential, and quiescence of stem cells. Many studies in recent years have revealed that metabolic pathways regulate various stem cell behaviors (e.g., selfrenewal, migration, and differentiation) by modulating energy production through glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation and by regulating the generation of metabolites, which can modulate multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of stem cell metabolism could allow us to establish optimal culture conditions and differentiation methods that would increase stem cell expansion and function for cell-based therapies. However, little is known about how metabolic pathways regulate various stem cell functions. In this context, we review the current advances in metabolic research that have revealed functional roles for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative stress during the self-renewal, differentiation and aging of various adult stem cell types. These approaches could provide novel strategies for the development of metabolic or pharmacological therapies to promote the regenerative potential of stem cells and subsequently promote their therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Goesan-eup, Munmu-ro, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 367-700, Korea
| | - In-Sun Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
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227
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Yun HR, Jo YH, Kim J, Shin Y, Kim SS, Choi TG. Roles of Autophagy in Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093289. [PMID: 32384691 PMCID: PMC7246723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process for unnecessary or dysfunctional cytoplasmic contents by lysosomal degradation pathways. Autophagy is implicated in various biological processes such as programmed cell death, stress responses, elimination of damaged organelles and development. The role of autophagy as a crucial mediator has been clarified and expanded in the pathological response to redox signalling. Autophagy is a major sensor of the redox signalling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism, principally by mitochondria. Mitochondrial ROS (mROS) are beneficial or detrimental to cells depending on their concentration and location. mROS function as redox messengers in intracellular signalling at physiologically low level, whereas excessive production of mROS causes oxidative damage to cellular constituents and thus incurs cell death. Hence, the balance of autophagy-related stress adaptation and cell death is important to comprehend redox signalling-related pathogenesis. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview the basic mechanism and function of autophagy in the context of response to oxidative stress and redox signalling in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rok Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.R.Y.); (Y.S.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.H.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.H.J.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.H.J.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.R.Y.); (Y.S.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.H.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.R.Y.); (Y.S.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.H.J.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.S.K.); (T.G.C.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0524 (S.S.K.); +82-2-961-0287 (T.G.C.)
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (Y.H.J.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.S.K.); (T.G.C.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0524 (S.S.K.); +82-2-961-0287 (T.G.C.)
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228
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Lee JH, Paull TT. Mitochondria at the crossroads of ATM-mediated stress signaling and regulation of reactive oxygen species. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101511. [PMID: 32244177 PMCID: PMC7115119 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase responds to DNA double-strand breaks and other forms of cellular stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent work in the field has uncovered links between mitochondrial ROS and ATM activation, suggesting that ATM acts as a sensor for mitochondrial derived ROS and regulates ROS accumulation in cells through this pathway. In addition, characterization of cells from Ataxia-telangiectasia patients as well as ATM-deficient mice and cell models suggest a role for ATM in modulating mitochondrial gene expression and function. Here we review ROS responses related to ATM function, recent evidence for ATM roles in mitochondrial maintenance and turnover, and the relationship between ATM and regulation of protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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229
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Lu N, Neoh CL, Ruan Z, Zhao L, Ying L, Zhang X, Chen S, Xu L. Essential Thrombocythaemia with Concomitant Waldenström Macroglobulinaemia: Case Report and Literature Review. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3431-3435. [PMID: 32425546 PMCID: PMC7186880 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) are two distinct disorders. Studies have reported several cases of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) with concomitant plasma cell dyscrasia. However, there were no reported cases of ET with concomitant WM to date. Here, we present a 55-year-old Chinese man with thrombocytosis and raised immunoglobulin level. Further investigations led to a diagnosis of ET and coexistent WM. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of his bone marrow identified 3 mutated genes: JAK2 V617F, MYD88 L265P, and ATM F1036L. After being treated with pegylated interferon and low-dose aspirin, his platelet count normalized and immunoglobulin M (IgM) level reduced. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of dual pathology ET with WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lu
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chin Loon Neoh
- Department of Hematology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Zhengying Ruan
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Ying
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Chen
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Linglong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
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230
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Cobley JN, Husi H. Immunological Techniques to Assess Protein Thiol Redox State: Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E315. [PMID: 32326525 PMCID: PMC7222201 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, and redox signaling in health and disease it is essential to assess protein thiol redox state. Protein thiol redox state is seldom assessed immunologically because of the inability to distinguish reduced and reversibly oxidized thiols by Western blotting. An underappreciated opportunity exists to use Click PEGylation to realize the transformative power of simple, time and cost-efficient immunological techniques. Click PEGylation harnesses selective, bio-orthogonal Click chemistry to separate reduced and reversibly oxidized thiols by selectively ligating a low molecular weight polyethylene glycol moiety to the redox state of interest. The resultant ability to disambiguate reduced and reversibly oxidized species by Western blotting enables Click PEGylation to assess protein thiol redox state. In the present review, to enable investigators to effectively harness immunological techniques to assess protein thiol redox state we critique the chemistry, promise and challenges of Click PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nathan Cobley
- Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK;
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231
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Pereira EJ, Burns JS, Lee CY, Marohl T, Calderon D, Wang L, Atkins KA, Wang CC, Janes KA. Sporadic activation of an oxidative stress-dependent NRF2-p53 signaling network in breast epithelial spheroids and premalignancies. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/627/eaba4200. [PMID: 32291314 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast and mammary epithelial cells experience different local environments during tissue development and tumorigenesis. Microenvironmental heterogeneity gives rise to distinct cell regulatory states whose identity and importance are just beginning to be appreciated. Cellular states diversify when clonal three-dimensional (3D) spheroids are cultured in basement membrane, and one such state is associated with stress tolerance and poor response to anticancer therapeutics. Here, we found that this state was jointly coordinated by the NRF2 and p53 pathways, which were costabilized by spontaneous oxidative stress within 3D cultures. Inhibition of NRF2 or p53 individually disrupted some of the transcripts defining the regulatory state but did not yield a notable phenotype in nontransformed breast epithelial cells. In contrast, combined perturbation prevented 3D growth in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. By integrating systems models of NRF2 and p53 signaling in a single oxidative stress network, we recapitulated these observations and made predictions about oxidative stress profiles during 3D growth. NRF2 and p53 signaling were similarly coordinated in normal breast epithelial tissue and hormone-negative ductal carcinoma in situ lesions but were uncoupled in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype in which p53 is usually mutated. Using the integrated model, we correlated the extent of this uncoupling in TNBC cell lines with the importance of NRF2 in the 3D growth of these cell lines and their predicted handling of oxidative stress. Our results point to an oxidative stress tolerance network that is important for single cells during glandular development and the early stages of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joseph S Burns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Christina Y Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Taylor Marohl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Delia Calderon
- Biology and Chemistry Programs, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kristen A Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chun-Chao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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232
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Thirupathi A, Pinho RA, Chang YZ. Physical exercise: An inducer of positive oxidative stress in skeletal muscle aging. Life Sci 2020; 252:117630. [PMID: 32294473 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the core of most pathological situations, and its attribution toward disease conversion is not yet well established. The adaptive capacity of a cell can overcome ROS-induced pathology. However, when a cell fails to extend its maximum adaptive capacity against oxidative stress, it could lead a cell to misbehave or defunct from its normal functions. Any type of physical activity can increase the cells' maximum adaptive capacity, but aging can limit this. However, whether aging is the initiating point of reducing cells' adaptive capacity against oxidative stress or oxidative stress can induce the aging process is a mystery, and it could be the key to solving several uncured diseases. Paradoxically, minimum ROS is needed for cellular homeostasis. Nevertheless, finding factors that can limit or nullify the production of ROS for cellular homeostasis is a million-dollar question. Regular physical exercise is considered to be one of the factors that can limit the production of ROS and increase the ROS-induced benefits in the cells through inducing minimum oxidative stress and increasing maximum adapting capacity against oxidative stress-induced damages. The type and intensity of exercise that can produce such positive effects in the cells remain unclear. Therefore, this review discusses how physical exercise can help to produce minimal positive oxidative stress in preventing skeletal muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050024, China.
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050024, China
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233
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ATM is a key driver of NF-κB-dependent DNA-damage-induced senescence, stem cell dysfunction and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4688-4710. [PMID: 32201398 PMCID: PMC7138542 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB is a transcription factor activated in response to inflammatory, genotoxic and oxidative stress and important for driving senescence and aging. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, a core component of DNA damage response signaling, activates NF-κB in response to genotoxic and oxidative stress via post-translational modifications. Here we demonstrate that ATM is activated in senescent cells in culture and murine tissues from Ercc1-deficient mouse models of accelerated aging, as well as naturally aged mice. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of ATM reduced activation of NF-κB and markers of senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in senescent Ercc1-/- MEFs. Ercc1-/Δ mice heterozygous for Atm have reduced NF-κB activity and cellular senescence, improved function of muscle-derived stem/progenetor cells (MDSPCs) and extended healthspan with reduced age-related pathology especially age-related bone and intervertebral disc pathologies. In addition, treatment of Ercc1-/∆ mice with the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 suppressed markers of senescence and SASP. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the ATM kinase is a major mediator of DNA damage-induced, NF-κB-mediated cellular senescence, stem cell dysfunction and aging and thus represents a therapeutic target to slow the progression of aging.
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234
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Dang X, Ogbu SC, Zhao J, Nguyen LNT, Cao D, Nguyen LN, Khanal S, Schank M, Thakuri BKC, Wu XY, Morrison ZD, Zhang J, Li Z, El Gazzar M, Ning S, Wang L, Wang Z, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Inhibition of topoisomerase IIA (Top2α) induces telomeric DNA damage and T cell dysfunction during chronic viral infection. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:196. [PMID: 32193368 PMCID: PMC7081277 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in controlling viral infection; however, the mechanisms regulating their responses remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the role of topoisomerase IIA (Top2α, an enzyme that is essential in resolving entangled DNA strands during replication) in telomeric DNA damage and T cell dysfunction during viral infection. We demonstrated that T cells derived from patients with chronic viral (HBV, HCV, and HIV) infection had lower Top2α protein levels and enzymatic activity, along with an accumulation of the Top2α cleavage complex (Top2cc) in genomic DNA. In addition, T cells from virally infected subjects with lower Top2α levels were vulnerable to Top2α inhibitor-induced cell apoptosis, indicating an important role for Top2α in preventing DNA topological disruption and cell death. Using Top2α inhibitor (ICRF193 or Etoposide)-treated primary T cells as a model, we demonstrated that disrupting the DNA topology promoted DNA damage and T cell apoptosis via Top2cc accumulation that is associated with protein-DNA breaks (PDB) at genomic DNA. Disruption of the DNA topology was likely due to diminished expression of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2), which was inhibited in T cells in vitro by Top2α inhibitor and in vivo by chronic viral infection. These results suggest that immune-evasive viruses (HBV, HCV, and HIV) can disrupt T cell DNA topology as a mechanism of dysregulating host immunity and establishing chronic infection. Thus, restoring the DNA topologic machinery may serve as a novel strategy to protect T cells from unwanted DNA damage and to maintain immune competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Stella C Ogbu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Lam Nhat Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Bal Krishna Chand Thakuri
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zheng D Morrison
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhengke Li
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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235
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Guo QQ, Wang SS, Zhang SS, Xu HD, Li XM, Guan Y, Yi F, Zhou TT, Jiang B, Bai N, Ma MT, Wang Z, Feng YL, Guo WD, Wu X, Zhao GF, Fan GJ, Zhang SP, Wang CG, Cao LY, O'Rourke BP, Liu SH, Wang PY, Han S, Song XY, Cao L. ATM-CHK2-Beclin 1 axis promotes autophagy to maintain ROS homeostasis under oxidative stress. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103111. [PMID: 32187724 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic link between oxidative stress and autophagy plays an important role in cellular responses to a wide variety of physiological and pathological conditions. However, the regulatory pathway and outcomes remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules that regulate autophagy through ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), a DNA damage response (DDR) pathway activated during metabolic and hypoxic stress. We report that CHK2 binds to and phosphorylates Beclin 1 at Ser90/Ser93, thereby impairing Beclin 1-Bcl-2 autophagy-regulatory complex formation in a ROS-dependent fashion. We further demonstrate that CHK2-mediated autophagy has an unexpected role in reducing ROS levels via the removal of damaged mitochondria, which is required for cell survival under stress conditions. Finally, CHK2-/- mice display aggravated infarct phenotypes and reduced Beclin 1 p-Ser90/Ser93 in a cerebral stroke model, suggesting an in vivo role of CHK2-induced autophagy in cell survival. Taken together, these results indicate that the ROS-ATM-CHK2-Beclin 1-autophagy axis serves as a physiological adaptation pathway that protects cells exposed to pathological conditions from stress-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qiang Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-De Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Man Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Yi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng-Tao Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Ling Feng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Dong Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gui-Feng Zhao
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Jian Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Gui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Yue Cao
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Brian P O'Rourke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shi-Hui Liu
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ping-Yuan Wang
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuai Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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236
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Lavin MF, Yeo AJ. Clinical potential of ATM inhibitors. Mutat Res 2020; 821:111695. [PMID: 32304909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The protein defective in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia, ATM, plays a central role in responding to DNA double strand breaks and other lesions to protect the genome against DNA damage and in this way minimize the risk of mutations that can lead to abnormal cellular behaviour. Its function in normal cells is to protect the cell against genotoxic stress but inadvertently it can assist cancer cells by providing resistance against chemotherapeutic agents and thus favouring tumour growth and survival. However, it is now evident that ATM also functions in a DNA damage-independent fashion to protect the cell against other forms of stress such as oxidative and nutrient stress and this non-canonical mechanism may also be relevant to cancer susceptibility in individuals who lack a functional ATM gene. Thus the use of ATM inhibitors to combat resistance in tumours may extend beyond a role for this protein in the DNA damage response. Here, we provide some background on ATM and its activation and investigate the efficacy of ATM inhibitors in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Abrey J Yeo
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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237
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Chen PH, Wu J, Ding CKC, Lin CC, Pan S, Bossa N, Xu Y, Yang WH, Mathey-Prevot B, Chi JT. Kinome screen of ferroptosis reveals a novel role of ATM in regulating iron metabolism. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:1008-1022. [PMID: 31320750 PMCID: PMC7206124 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a specialized iron-dependent cell death that is associated with lethal lipid peroxidation. Modulation of ferroptosis may have therapeutic potential since it has been implicated in various human diseases as well as potential antitumor activities. However, much remains unknown about the underlying mechanisms and genetic determinants of ferroptosis. Given the critical role of kinases in most biological processes and the availability of various kinase inhibitors, we sought to systemically identify kinases essential for ferroptosis. We performed a forward genetic-based kinome screen against ferroptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells triggered by cystine deprivation. This screen identified 34 essential kinases involved in TNFα and NF-kB signaling. Unexpectedly, the DNA damage response serine/threonine kinase ATM (mutated in Ataxia-Telangiectasia) was found to be essential for ferroptosis. The pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ATM consistently rescued multiple cancer cells from ferroptosis triggered by cystine deprivation or erastin. Instead of the canonical DNA damage pathways, ATM inhibition rescued ferroptosis by increasing the expression of iron regulators involved in iron storage (ferritin heavy and light chain, FTH1 and FTL) and export (ferroportin, FPN1). The coordinated changes of these iron regulators during ATM inhibition resulted in a lowering of labile iron and prevented the iron-dependent ferroptosis. Furthermore, we found that ATM inhibition enhanced the nuclear translocation of metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1), responsible for regulating expression of Ferritin/FPN1 and ferroptosis protection. Genetic depletion of MTF-1 abolished the regulation of iron-regulatory elements by ATM and resensitized the cells to ferroptosis. Together, we have identified an unexpected ATM-MTF1-Ferritin/FPN1 regulatory axis as novel determinants of ferroptosis through regulating labile iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jianli Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chien-Kuang Cornelia Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chao-Chieh Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel Pan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nathan Bossa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yitong Xu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bernard Mathey-Prevot
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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238
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Wu L, Fidan K, Um JY, Ahn KS. Telomerase: Key regulator of inflammation and cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104726. [PMID: 32109579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The telomerase holoenzyme, which has a highly conserved role in maintaining telomere length, has long been regarded as a high-profile target in cancer therapy due to the high dependency of the majority of cancer cells on constitutive and elevated telomerase activity for sustained proliferation and immortality. In this review, we present the salient findings in the telomerase field with special focus on the association of telomerase with inflammation and cancer. The elucidation of extra-telomeric roles of telomerase in inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cancer development further complicated the design of anti-telomerase therapy. Of note, the discovery of the unique mechanism that underlies reactivation of the dormant telomerase reverse transcriptase TERT promoter in somatic cells not only enhanced our understanding of the critical role of TERT in carcinogenesis but also opens up new intervention ideas that enable the differential targeting of cancer cells only. Despite significant effort invested in developing telomerase-targeted therapeutics, devising efficacious cancer-specific telomerase/TERT inhibitors remains an uphill task. The latest discoveries of the telomere-independent functionalities of telomerase in inflammation and cancer can help illuminate the path of developing specific anti-telomerase/TERT therapeutics against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Kerem Fidan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jae-Young Um
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #47, Kyungheedae-gil, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #47, Kyungheedae-gil, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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239
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Wu F, Chi Y, Jiang Z, Xu Y, Xie L, Huang F, Wan D, Ni J, Yuan F, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ye R, Byeon B, Wang W, Zhang S, Sima M, Chen S, Zhu M, Pei J, Johnson DM, Zhu S, Cao X, Pei C, Zai Z, Liu Y, Liu T, Swift GB, Zhang W, Yu M, Hu Z, Siedow JN, Chen X, Pei ZM. Hydrogen peroxide sensor HPCA1 is an LRR receptor kinase in Arabidopsis. Nature 2020; 578:577-581. [PMID: 32076270 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major reactive oxygen species in unicellular and multicellular organisms, and is produced extracellularly in response to external stresses and internal cues1-4. H2O2 enters cells through aquaporin membrane proteins and covalently modifies cytoplasmic proteins to regulate signalling and cellular processes. However, whether sensors for H2O2 also exist on the cell surface remains unknown. In plant cells, H2O2 triggers an influx of Ca2+ ions, which is thought to be involved in H2O2 sensing and signalling. Here, by using forward genetic screens based on Ca2+ imaging, we isolated hydrogen-peroxide-induced Ca2+ increases (hpca) mutants in Arabidopsis, and identified HPCA1 as a leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinase belonging to a previously uncharacterized subfamily that features two extra pairs of cysteine residues in the extracellular domain. HPCA1 is localized to the plasma membrane and is activated by H2O2 via covalent modification of extracellular cysteine residues, which leads to autophosphorylation of HPCA1. HPCA1 mediates H2O2-induced activation of Ca2+ channels in guard cells and is required for stomatal closure. Our findings help to identify how the perception of extracellular H2O2 is integrated with responses to various external stresses and internal cues in plants, and have implications for the design of crops with enhanced fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihua Wu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yuan Chi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghao Jiang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Feifei Huang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Wan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ni
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rui Ye
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Wenhua Wang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Matthew Sima
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suping Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Shan Zhu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zijing Zai
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary B Swift
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhen-Ming Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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240
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Perillo B, Di Donato M, Pezone A, Di Zazzo E, Giovannelli P, Galasso G, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. ROS in cancer therapy: the bright side of the moon. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:192-203. [PMID: 32060354 PMCID: PMC7062874 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1118] [Impact Index Per Article: 279.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute a group of highly reactive molecules that have evolved as regulators of important signaling pathways. It is now well accepted that moderate levels of ROS are required for several cellular functions, including gene expression. The production of ROS is elevated in tumor cells as a consequence of increased metabolic rate, gene mutation and relative hypoxia, and excess ROS are quenched by increased antioxidant enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways in the same cells. Moderate increases of ROS contribute to several pathologic conditions, among which are tumor promotion and progression, as they are involved in different signaling pathways and induce DNA mutation. However, ROS are also able to trigger programmed cell death (PCD). Our review will emphasize the molecular mechanisms useful for the development of therapeutic strategies that are based on modulating ROS levels to treat cancer. Specifically, we will report on the growing data that highlight the role of ROS generated by different metabolic pathways as Trojan horses to eliminate cancer cells. Highly reactive molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS), which at low levels are natural regulators of important signaling pathways in cells, might be recruited to act as “Trojan horses” to kill cancer cells. Researchers in Italy led by Bruno Perillo of the Institute of Food Sciences in Avelllino review the growing evidence suggesting that stimulating production of natural ROS species could become useful in treating cancer. Although ROS production is elevated in cancer cells it can also promote a natural process called programmed cell death. This normally regulates cell turnover, but could be selectively activated to target diseased cells. The authors discuss molecular mechanisms underlying the potential anti-cancer activity of various ROS-producing strategies, including drugs and light-stimulated therapies. They expect modifying the production of ROS to have potential for developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Perillo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, C.N.R., 83100, Avellino, Italy. .,Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, C.N.R., 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
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241
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Mathematical Model of ATM Activation and Chromatin Relaxation by Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041214. [PMID: 32059363 PMCID: PMC7072770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a comprehensive mathematical model to study the dynamics of ionizing radiation induced Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation that consists of ATM activation through dual mechanisms: the initiative activation pathway triggered by the DNA damage-induced local chromatin relaxation and the primary activation pathway consisting of a self-activation loop by interplay with chromatin relaxation. The model is expressed as a series of biochemical reactions, governed by a system of differential equations and analyzed by dynamical systems techniques. Radiation induced double strand breaks (DSBs) cause rapid local chromatin relaxation, which is independent of ATM but initiates ATM activation at damage sites. Key to the model description is how chromatin relaxation follows when active ATM phosphorylates KAP-1, which subsequently spreads throughout the chromatin and induces global chromatin relaxation. Additionally, the model describes how oxidative stress activation of ATM triggers a self-activation loop in which PP2A and ATF2 are released so that ATM can undergo autophosphorylation and acetylation for full activation in relaxed chromatin. In contrast, oxidative stress alone can partially activate ATM because phosphorylated ATM remains as a dimer. The model leads to predictions on ATM mediated responses to DSBs, oxidative stress, or both that can be tested by experiments.
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242
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Piperi C. Exploring the role of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:325-334. [PMID: 32036391 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an increased and unstable CAG DNA expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, resulting in an elongated polyglutamine tract in huntingtin protein. Despite its monogenic cause, HD pathogenesis remains elusive and without any approved disease-modifying therapy as yet. A growing body of evidence highlights the emerging role of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in HD pathology. HMGB1, being a nuclear protein, is primarily implicated in DNA repair, but it can also translocate to the cytoplasm and participate into numerous cellular functions. Cytoplasmic HMGB1 was shown to directly interact with huntingtin under oxidative stress conditions and induce its nuclear translocation, a key process in the HD pathogenic cascade. Nuclear HMGB1 acting as a co-factor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and base excision repair (BER) complexes can exert dual roles in CAG repeat instability and affect the final DNA repair outcome. HMGB1 can inhibit mutant huntingtin aggregation, protecting against polyglutamine-induced neurotoxicity and acting as a chaperon-like molecule, possibly via autophagy regulation. In addition, HMGB1 being a RAGE and TLR-2, TLR-3, and TLR-4 ligand may further contribute to HD pathogenesis by triggering neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, HMGB1 participates at the unfolded protein response (UPR) system and can induce protein degradation and apoptosis associated with HD. In this review, we discuss the multiple role of HMGB1 in HD pathology, providing mechanistic insights that could direct future studies towards the development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia,, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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243
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Mishra A, Ganesan RK, Dhali A, Reddy IJ. Interaction of apoptosis and pluripotency related transcripts for developmental potential of ovine embryos produced in vitro at different oxygen concentrations. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 32:470-478. [PMID: 32011969 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1721513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study in sheep model was to find out the interaction of apoptotic transcripts, that is, Bcl2, Bax, Casp3, PCNA and p53 and pluripotency related transcripts, that is, Sox2, Nanog and Oct4 in ovine embryos produced in vitro at different O2 concentrations (20% and 5% O2) to compare their developmental potential. Oxygen concentrations did not influence the maturation and cleavage rate but the percentage of morula and blastocysts was significantly more at 5% as compared to 20% O2. A significant upregulated expression of Bcl2 and PCNA genes and significantly downregulated expression of Casp3 and p53 were observed in the blastocysts at 5% than those at 20% O2. The expression of Bax was not influenced by the O2 concentration. Among the pluripotency related transcripts, the expression of Oct4 was significantly upregulated and the expression of Sox2 and Nanog was significantly downregulated in embryos at 5% than at 20% O2. The study concluded that the embryos produced in vitro at low O2 (5%) concentration regulate the expression of developmental genes related to apoptosis and pluripotency to improve the developmental potential of embryos as compared to high O2 (20%) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Mishra
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Ganesan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - Arindam Dhali
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - Ippala Janardhan Reddy
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
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244
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Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Vitale I, Harrington KJ, Melero I, Galluzzi L. Immunological impact of cell death signaling driven by radiation on the tumor microenvironment. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:120-134. [PMID: 31873291 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic irradiation of the tumor microenvironment causes differential activation of pro-survival and pro-death pathways in malignant, stromal, endothelial and immune cells, hence causing a profound cellular and biological reconfiguration via multiple, non-redundant mechanisms. Such mechanisms include the selective elimination of particularly radiosensitive cell types and consequent loss of specific cellular functions, the local release of cytokines and danger signals by dying radiosensitive cells, and altered cytokine secretion by surviving radioresistant cells. Altogether, these processes create chemotactic and immunomodulatory cues for incoming and resident immune cells. Here we discuss how cytoprotective and cytotoxic signaling modules activated by radiation in specific cell populations reshape the immunological tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esperanza Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Navarra Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ilio Vitale
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital/Institute of Cancer Research National Institute for Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Navarra Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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245
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Yang H, Xiang S, Kazi A, Sebti SM. The GTPase KRAS suppresses the p53 tumor suppressor by activating the NRF2-regulated antioxidant defense system in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3055-3063. [PMID: 32001619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cancer cells that harbor mutant KRAS and WT p53 (p53), KRAS contributes to the maintenance of low p53 levels. Moreover, KRAS depletion stabilizes and reactivates p53 and thereby inhibits malignant transformation. However, the mechanism by which KRAS regulates p53 is largely unknown. Recently, we showed that KRAS depletion leads to p53 Ser-15 phosphorylation (P-p53) and increases the levels of p53 and its target p21/WT p53-activated fragment 1 (WAF1)/CIP1. Here, using several human lung cancer cell lines, siRNA-mediated gene silencing, immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR, promoter-reporter assays, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays, we demonstrate that KRAS maintains low p53 levels by activating the NRF2 (NFE2-related factor 2)-regulated antioxidant defense system. We found that KRAS depletion led to down-regulation of NRF2 and its targets NQO1 (NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1) and SLC7A11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11), decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio, and increased ROS levels. We noted that the increase in ROS is required for increased P-p53, p53, and p21Waf1/cip1 levels following KRAS depletion. Downstream of KRAS, depletion of RalB (RAS-like proto-oncogene B) and IκB kinase-related TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) activated p53 in a ROS- and NRF2-dependent manner. Consistent with this, the IκB kinase inhibitor BAY11-7085 and dominant-negative mutant IκBαM inhibited NF-κB activity and increased P-p53, p53, and p21Waf1/cip1 levels in a ROS-dependent manner. In conclusion, our findings uncover an important role for the NRF2-regulated antioxidant system in KRAS-mediated p53 suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Shengyan Xiang
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Aslamuzzaman Kazi
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Said M Sebti
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612.
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246
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Barili V, Fisicaro P, Montanini B, Acerbi G, Filippi A, Forleo G, Romualdi C, Ferracin M, Guerrieri F, Pedrazzi G, Boni C, Rossi M, Vecchi A, Penna A, Zecca A, Mori C, Orlandini A, Negri E, Pesci M, Massari M, Missale G, Levrero M, Ottonello S, Ferrari C. Targeting p53 and histone methyltransferases restores exhausted CD8+ T cells in HCV infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:604. [PMID: 32001678 PMCID: PMC6992697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) represents a unique model to characterize, from early to late stages of infection, the T cell differentiation process leading to exhaustion of human CD8+ T cells. Here we show that in early HCV infection, exhaustion-committed virus-specific CD8+ T cells display a marked upregulation of transcription associated with impaired glycolytic and mitochondrial functions, that are linked to enhanced ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and p53 signaling. After evolution to chronic infection, exhaustion of HCV-specific T cell responses is instead characterized by a broad gene downregulation associated with a wide metabolic and anti-viral function impairment, which can be rescued by histone methyltransferase inhibitors. These results have implications not only for treatment of HCV-positive patients not responding to last-generation antivirals, but also for other chronic pathologies associated with T cell dysfunction, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Barili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Montanini
- Biomolecular, Genomic and Biocomputational Sciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Greta Acerbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anita Filippi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Forleo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pedrazzi
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Robust Statistics Academy (Ro.S.A.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carolina Boni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzia Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Amalia Penna
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zecca
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Mori
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Orlandini
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Negri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Pesci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Massari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Missale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL)-INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Service d'Hepatologie et Gastroenterologie Hopital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Biomolecular, Genomic and Biocomputational Sciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. .,Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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247
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The pROS of Autophagy in Neuronal Health. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2546-2559. [PMID: 32006535 PMCID: PMC7232022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy refers to a set of catabolic pathways that together facilitate degradation of superfluous, damaged and toxic cellular components. The most studied type of autophagy, called macroautophagy, involves membrane mobilisation, cargo engulfment and trafficking of the newly formed autophagic vesicle to the recycling organelle, the lysosome. Macroautophagy responds to a variety of intra- and extra-cellular stress conditions including, but not limited to, pathogen intrusion, oxygen or nutrient starvation, proteotoxic and organelle stress, and elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are highly reactive oxygen molecules that can interact with cellular macromolecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) to either modify their activity or, when released in excess, inflict irreversible damage. Although increased ROS release has long been recognised for its involvement in macroautophagy activation, the underlying mechanisms and the wider impact of ROS-mediated macroautophagy stimulation remain incompletely understood. We therefore discuss the growing body of evidence that describes the variety of mechanisms modulated by ROS that trigger cytoprotective detoxification via macroautophagy. We outline the role of ROS in signalling upstream of autophagy initiation, by increased gene expression and post-translational modifications of transcription factors, and in the formation and nucleation of autophagic vesicles by cysteine modification of conserved autophagy proteins including ATG4B, ATG7 and ATG3. Furthermore, we review the effect of ROS on selective forms of macroautophagy, specifically on cargo recognition by autophagy receptor proteins p62 and NBR1 (neighbour of BRCA1) and the recycling of mitochondria (mitophagy), and peroxisomes (pexophagy). Finally, we highlight both, the standalone and mutual contributions of abnormal ROS signalling and macroautophagy to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. ROS are messengers that modify protein activity by PTMs. ROS-mediated PTMs regulate activity and specificity of autophagy proteins. Increase in autophagy mediates rapid clearance of oxidised cargo and ROS sources. The importance of ROS-mediated autophagy is highlighted in neurodegeneration.
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248
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Menolfi D, Zha S. ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases-the lessons from the mouse models: inhibition ≠ deletion. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32015826 PMCID: PMC6990542 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, especially DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and replication stress, activates a complex post-translational network termed DNA damage response (DDR). Our review focuses on three PI3-kinase related protein kinases-ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, which situate at the apex of the mammalian DDR. They are recruited to and activated at the DNA damage sites by their respective sensor protein complexes-MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 for ATM, RPA/ATRIP for ATR and KU70-KU80/86 (XRCC6/XRCC5) for DNA-PKcs. Upon activation, ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs phosphorylate a large number of partially overlapping substrates to promote efficient and accurate DNA repair and to coordinate DNA repair with other DNA metabolic events (e.g., transcription, replication and mitosis). At the organism level, robust DDR is critical for normal development, aging, stem cell maintenance and regeneration, and physiological genomic rearrangements in lymphocytes and germ cells. In addition to endogenous damage, oncogene-induced replication stresses and genotoxic chemotherapies also activate DDR. On one hand, DDR factors suppress genomic instability to prevent malignant transformation. On the other hand, targeting DDR enhances the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy, which led to the development of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs. Using mouse models expressing kinase dead ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, an unexpected structural function of these kinases was revealed, where the expression of catalytically inactive kinases causes more genomic instability than the loss of the proteins themselves. The spectrum of genomic instabilities and physiological consequences are unique for each kinase and depends on their activating complexes, suggesting a model in which the catalysis is coupled with DNA/chromatin release and catalytic inhibition leads to the persistence of the kinases at the DNA lesion, which in turn affects repair pathway choice and outcomes. Here we discuss the experimental evidences supporting this mode of action and their implications in the design and use of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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249
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Challenges and opportunities in drug development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 870:172913. [PMID: 31926994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are considered major global medical burdens with high prevalence and steeply rising incidence. Despite the characterization of numerous pathophysiologic pathways leading to metabolic disorder, lipid accumulation, inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately end-stage liver disease or liver cancer formation, so far no causal pharmacological therapy is available. Drug development for NAFLD and NASH is limited by long disease duration and slow progression and the need for sequential biopsies to monitor the disease stage. Additional non-invasive biomarkers could therefore improve design and feasibility of such. Here, the current concepts on preclinical models, biomarkers and clinical endpoints and trial designs are briefly reviewed.
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250
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Kaushal GP, Chandrashekar K, Juncos LA, Shah SV. Autophagy Function and Regulation in Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E100. [PMID: 31936109 PMCID: PMC7022273 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process by which intracellular damaged macromolecules and organelles are degraded and recycled for the synthesis of new cellular components. Basal autophagy in the kidney acts as a quality control system and is vital for cellular metabolic and organelle homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, autophagy facilitates cellular adaptation; however, activation of autophagy in response to renal injury may be insufficient to provide protection, especially under dysregulated conditions. Kidney-specific deletion of Atg genes in mice has consistently demonstrated worsened acute kidney injury (AKI) outcomes supporting the notion of a pro-survival role of autophagy. Recent studies have also begun to unfold the role of autophagy in progressive renal disease and subsequent fibrosis. Autophagy also influences tubular cell death in renal injury. In this review, we reported the current understanding of autophagy regulation and its role in the pathogenesis of renal injury. In particular, the classic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent signaling pathway and other mTOR-independent alternative signaling pathways of autophagy regulation were described. Finally, we summarized the impact of autophagy activation on different forms of cell death, including apoptosis and regulated necrosis, associated with the pathophysiology of renal injury. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy would identify important targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur P. Kaushal
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Kiran Chandrashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Sudhir V. Shah
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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