201
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Desai P, Tahiliani V, Stanfield J, Abboud G, Salek-Ardakani S. Inflammatory monocytes contribute to the persistence of CXCR3 hi CX3CR1 lo circulating and lung-resident memory CD8 + T cells following respiratory virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:370-378. [PMID: 29363162 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypically diverse memory CD8+ T cells are present in the lungs that either re-circulate or reside within the tissue. Understanding the key cellular interactions that regulate the generation and then persistence of these different subsets is of great interest. Recently, DNGR-1+ dendritic cell (DC) mediated priming was reported to control the generation of lung-resident but not circulating memory cells following respiratory viral infection. Here, we report an important role for Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes (IMs) in contributing to the persistence of memory CD8+ T cells but not their generation. Effector CD8+ T cells expanded and contracted normally in the absence of IMs, but the memory compartment declined significantly over time. Quite unexpectedly, this defect was confined to tissue resident and circulating CXCR3hi CX3CR1lo memory cells but not CXCR3hi CX3CR1int and CXCR3lo CX3CR1hi subsets. Thus, two developmentally distinct innate cells orchestrate the generation and persistence of memory T cell subsets following a respiratory virus infection. See also: News and Commentary by Lafouresse & Groom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Desai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vikas Tahiliani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Stanfield
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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202
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Naumenko V, Turk M, Jenne CN, Kim SJ. Neutrophils in viral infection. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 371:505-516. [PMID: 29327081 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first wave of recruited immune cells to sites of injury or infection and are crucial players in controlling bacterial and fungal infections. Although the role of neutrophils during bacterial or fungal infections is well understood, their impact on antiviral immunity is much less studied. Furthermore, neutrophil function in tumor pathogenesis and cancer treatment has recently received much attention, particularly within the context of oncolytic virus infection where neutrophils produce antitumor cytokines and enhance oncolysis. In this review, multiple functions of neutrophils in viral infections and immunity are discussed. Understanding the role of neutrophils during viral infection may provide insight into the pathogenesis of virus infections and the outcome of virus-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Naumenko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, HRIC 3330 Hospital Drive N.W, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.,National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy prospect 4, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Madison Turk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, HRIC 3330 Hospital Drive N.W, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, HRIC 3330 Hospital Drive N.W, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, HRIC 2C26, 3280 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Seok-Joo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, HRIC 3330 Hospital Drive N.W, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, HRIC 4C49, 3280 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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203
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M2e-tetramer-specific memory CD4 T cells are broadly protective against influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:273-289. [PMID: 28295019 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) is considered an attractive component of a broadly protective, universal influenza A vaccine. Here we challenge the canonical view that antibodies against M2e are the prime effectors of protection. Intranasal immunizations of Balb/c mice with CTA1-3M2e-DD-generated M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells that were I-Ad restricted and critically protected against infection, even in the complete absence of antibodies, as observed in JhD mice. Whereas some M2e-tetramer-specific memory CD4 T cells resided in spleen and lymph nodes, the majority were lung-resident Th17 cells, that rapidly expanded upon a viral challenge infection. Indeed, immunized IL-17A-/- mice were significantly less well protected compared with wild-type mice despite exhibiting comparable antibody levels. Similarly, poor protection was also observed in congenic Balb/B (H-2b) mice, which failed to develop M2e-specific CD4 T cells, but exhibited comparable antibody levels. Lung-resident CD69+ CD103low M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells were αβ TCR+ and 50% were Th17 cells that were associated with an early influx of neutrophils after virus challenge. Adoptively transferred M2e memory CD4 T cells were strong helper T cells, which accelerated M2e- but more importantly also hemagglutinin-specific IgG production. Thus, for the first time we demonstrate that M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells are broadly protective.
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204
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Endothelial cell monolayer-based microfluidic systems mimicking complex in vivo microenvironments for the study of leukocyte dynamics in inflamed blood vessels. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 146:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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205
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Abstract
Since cell regulation and protein expression can be dramatically altered upon infection by viruses, studying the mechanisms by which viruses infect cells and the regulatory networks they disrupt is essential to understanding viral pathogenicity. This line of study can also lead to discoveries about the workings of host cells themselves. Computational methods are rapidly being developed to investigate viral-host interactions, and here we highlight recent methods and the insights that they have revealed so far, with a particular focus on methods that integrate different types of data. We also review the challenges of working with viruses compared with traditional cellular biology, and the limitations of current experimental and informatics methods.
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206
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Camley BA, Rappel WJ. Cell-to-cell variation sets a tissue-rheology-dependent bound on collective gradient sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10074-E10082. [PMID: 29114053 PMCID: PMC5703308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712309114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When a single cell senses a chemical gradient and chemotaxes, stochastic receptor-ligand binding can be a fundamental limit to the cell's accuracy. For clusters of cells responding to gradients, however, there is a critical difference: Even genetically identical cells have differing responses to chemical signals. With theory and simulation, we show collective chemotaxis is limited by cell-to-cell variation in signaling. We find that when different cells cooperate, the resulting bias can be much larger than the effects of ligand-receptor binding. Specifically, when a strongly responding cell is at one end of a cell cluster, cluster motion is biased toward that cell. These errors are mitigated if clusters average measurements over times long enough for cells to rearrange. In consequence, fluid clusters are better able to sense gradients: We derive a link between cluster accuracy, cell-to-cell variation, and the cluster rheology. Because of this connection, increasing the noisiness of individual cell motion can actually increase the collective accuracy of a cluster by improving fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Camley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218;
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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207
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Schumacher LJ, Kulesa PM, McLennan R, Baker RE, Maini PK. Multidisciplinary approaches to understanding collective cell migration in developmental biology. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160056. [PMID: 27278647 PMCID: PMC4929938 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models are becoming increasingly integrated with experimental efforts in the study of biological systems. Collective cell migration in developmental biology is a particularly fruitful application area for the development of theoretical models to predict the behaviour of complex multicellular systems with many interacting parts. In this context, mathematical models provide a tool to assess the consistency of experimental observations with testable mechanistic hypotheses. In this review, we showcase examples from recent years of multidisciplinary investigations of neural crest cell migration. The neural crest model system has been used to study how collective migration of cell populations is shaped by cell–cell interactions, cell–environmental interactions and heterogeneity between cells. The wide range of emergent behaviours exhibited by neural crest cells in different embryonal locations and in different organisms helps us chart out the spectrum of collective cell migration. At the same time, this diversity in migratory characteristics highlights the need to reconcile or unify the array of currently hypothesized mechanisms through the next generation of experimental data and generalized theoretical descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus J Schumacher
- Mathematics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 60114, USA
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 60114, USA
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208
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Mrass P, Oruganti SR, Fricke GM, Tafoya J, Byrum JR, Yang L, Hamilton SL, Miller MJ, Moses ME, Cannon JL. ROCK regulates the intermittent mode of interstitial T cell migration in inflamed lungs. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1010. [PMID: 29044117 PMCID: PMC5647329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cell migration through tissues can enable control of infection or mediate inflammatory damage. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms that regulate migration of effector T cells within the interstitial space of inflamed lungs are incompletely understood. Here, we show T cell migration in a mouse model of acute lung injury with two-photon imaging of intact lung tissue. Computational analysis indicates that T cells migrate with an intermittent mode, switching between confined and almost straight migration, guided by lung-associated vasculature. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is required for both high-speed migration and straight motion. By contrast, inhibition of Gαi signaling with pertussis toxin affects speed but not the intermittent migration of lung-infiltrating T cells. Computational modeling shows that an intermittent migration pattern balances both search area and the duration of contacts between T cells and target cells. These data identify that ROCK-dependent intermittent T cell migration regulates tissue-sampling during acute lung injury. ROCK is associated with T cell movement in lymph nodes. Here the authors use an LPS lung damage model and two-photon imaging to show that CD8+ T cells in lung tissue engage in ROCK-dependent fast linear migration alternating with bursts of slower confined migration that together optimize contact with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus Mrass
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Oruganti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - G Matthew Fricke
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Justyna Tafoya
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Janie R Byrum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Samantha L Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Melanie E Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,External Faculty, Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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209
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Yoshizawa A, Bi K, Keskin DB, Zhang G, Reinhold B, Reinherz EL. TCR-pMHC encounter differentially regulates transcriptomes of tissue-resident CD8 T cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:128-150. [PMID: 28872670 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of TCR-pMHC interaction in regulating lung CD8 tissue-resident T cell (TR ) differentiation, polyclonal responses were compared against NP366-374 /Db and PA224-233 /Db , two immunodominant epitopes that arise during influenza A infection in mice. Memory niches distinct from iBALTs develop within the lamina propria, supporting CD103+ and CD103- CD8 TR generation and intraepithelial translocation. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identify dominant TCR, adherens junction, RIG-I-like and NOD-like pattern recognition receptor as well as TGF-β signaling pathways and memory signatures among PA224-233 /Db T cells consistent with T resident memory (TRM ) status. In contrast, NP366-374 /Db T cells exhibit enrichment of effector signatures, upregulating pro-inflammatory mediators even among TRM . While NP366-374 /Db T cells manifest transcripts linked to canonical exhaustion pathways, PA224-233 /Db T cells exploit P2rx7 purinoreceptor attenuation. The NP366-374 /Db CD103+ subset expresses the antimicrobial lactotransferrin whereas PA224-233 /Db CD103+ utilizes pore-forming mpeg-1, with <22% of genes correspondingly upregulated in CD103+ (or CD103- ) subsets of both specificities. Thus, TCR-pMHC interactions among TR and antigen presenting cells in a tissue milieu strongly impact CD8 T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Bi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derin B Keskin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guanglan Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce Reinhold
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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210
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Hsu AY, Wang D, Gurol T, Zhou W, Zhu X, Lu HY, Deng Q. Overexpression of microRNA-722 fine-tunes neutrophilic inflammation by inhibiting Rac2 in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1323-1332. [PMID: 28954734 PMCID: PMC5719257 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammation is essential for defending against invading pathogens, but can also be detrimental in many clinical settings. The hematopoietic-specific small Rho-GTPase Rac2 regulates multiple pathways that are essential for neutrophil activation, including adhesion, migration, degranulation and production of reactive oxygen species. This study tested the hypothesis that partially suppressing rac2 in zebrafish neutrophils by using a microRNA (miRNA) would inhibit neutrophil migration and activation, which would reduce the immunological damage caused by systemic inflammation. We have generated a transgenic zebrafish line that overexpresses microRNA-722 (miR-722) in neutrophils. Neutrophil motility and chemotaxis to tissue injury or infection are significantly reduced in this line. miR-722 downregulates the transcript level of rac2 through binding to seed-matching sequence in the rac2 3′UTR. Furthermore, miR-722-overexpressing larvae display improved outcomes in both sterile and bacterial systemic models, which correlates with a robust upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines in the whole larvae and isolated neutrophils. Finally, an miR-722 mimic protects zebrafish from lethal lipopolysaccharide challenge. Together, these results provide evidence for and the mechanism of an anti-inflammatory miRNA that restrains detrimental systemic inflammation. Summary: Identification of a microRNA that suppresses Rac2 expression and regulates neutrophil migration and systemic inflammation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper as part of the supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Y Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Decheng Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Theodore Gurol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hsiu-Yi Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA .,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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211
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Weixler B, Renetseder F, Facile I, Tosti N, Cremonesi E, Tampakis A, Delko T, Eppenberger-Castori S, Tzankov A, Iezzi G, Kettelhack C, Soysal SD, von Holzen U, Spagnoli GC, Terracciano L, Tornillo L, Droeser RA, Däster S. Phosphorylated CXCR4 expression has a positive prognostic impact in colorectal cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 40:609-619. [PMID: 28936810 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine axis plays an important role in cell trafficking as well as in tumor progression. In colorectal cancer (CRC), the chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been shown to be an unfavorable prognostic factor in some studies, however, the role of its activated (phosphorylated) form, pCXCR4, has not yet been evaluated. Here, we aimed to investigate the prognostic value of CXCR4 and pCXCR4 in a large cohort of CRC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A tissue microarray (TMA) of 684 patient specimens of primary CRCs was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the expression of CXCR4 and pCXCR4 by tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs). RESULTS The combined high expression of CXCR4 and pCXCR4 showed a favorable 5-year overall survival rate (68%; 95%CI = 59-76%) compared to tumors showing a high expression of CXCR4 only (48%; 95%CI = 41-54%). High expression of pCXCR4 was significantly associated with a favorable prognosis in a test and validation group (p = 0.015 and p = 0.0001). Moreover, we found that CRCs with a high density of pCXCR4+ tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) also showed a favorable prognosis in a test and validation group (p = 0.054 and p = 0.004). Univariate Cox regression analysis for TICs revealed that a high density of pCXCR4+ TICs was a favorable prognostic marker for overall survival (HR = 0.97,95%CI = 0.96-1.00; p = 0.01). In multivariate Cox regression survival analyses a high expression of pCXCR4 in tumor cells lost its association with a better overall survival (HR = 0.99; 95%CI = 0.99-1.00, p = 0.098). CONCLUSION Our results show that high densities of CXCR4 and pCXCR4 positive TICs are favorable prognostic factors in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weixler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - F Renetseder
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - I Facile
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Tosti
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Cremonesi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Tampakis
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Delko
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - A Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - G Iezzi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Kettelhack
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S D Soysal
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - U von Holzen
- Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Indiana University School of Medicine South Bend, Goshen, IN, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - G C Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Tornillo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul A Droeser
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - S Däster
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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212
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Nicolás-Ávila JÁ, Adrover JM, Hidalgo A. Neutrophils in Homeostasis, Immunity, and Cancer. Immunity 2017; 46:15-28. [PMID: 28099862 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils were among the first leukocytes described and visualized by early immunologists. Prominent effector functions during infection and sterile inflammation classically placed them low in the immune tree as rapid, mindless aggressors with poor regulatory functions. This view is currently under reassessment as we uncover new aspects of their life cycle and identify transcriptional and phenotypic diversity that endows them with regulatory properties that extend beyond their lifetime in the circulation. These properties are revealing unanticipated roles for neutrophils in supporting homeostasis, as well as complex disease states such as cancer. We focus this review on these emerging functions in order to define the true roles of neutrophils in homeostasis, immunity, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel Nicolás-Ávila
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 20829, Spain
| | - José M Adrover
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 20829, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 20829, Spain; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany.
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213
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Humoral immune responses during asthma and influenza co-morbidity in mice. Immunobiology 2017; 222:1064-1073. [PMID: 28889999 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity serve dual functions of direct pathogen neutralization and enhancement of leukocyte function. Antibody classes are determined by antigen triggers, and the resulting antibodies can contribute to disease pathogenesis and host defense. Although asthma and influenza are immunologically distinct diseases, since we have found that allergic asthma exacerbation promotes antiviral host responses to influenza A virus, we hypothesized that humoral immunity may contribute to allergic host protection during influenza. C57BL/6J mice sensitized and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus (or not) were infected with pandemic influenza A/CA/04/2009 virus. Negative control groups included naïve mice, and mice with only 'asthma' or influenza. Concentrations of antibodies were quantified by ELISA, and in situ localization of IgA- and IgE-positive cells in the lungs was determined by immunohistochemistry. The number and phenotype of B cells in spleens and mediastinal lymph nodes were determined by flow cytometry at predetermined timepoints after virus infection until viral clearance. Mucosal and systemic antibodies remained elevated in mice with asthma and influenza with prominent production of IgE and IgA compared to influenza-only controls. B cell expansion was prominent in the mediastinal lymph nodes of allergic mice during influenza where most cells produced IgG1 and IgA. Although allergy-skewed B cell responses dominated in mice with allergic airways inflammation during influenza virus infection, virus-specific antibodies were also induced. Future studies are required to identify the mechanisms involved with B cell activation and function in allergic hosts facing respiratory viral infections.
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214
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Jensen LE. Interleukin-36 cytokines may overcome microbial immune evasion strategies that inhibit interleukin-1 family signaling. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaan3589. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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215
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Dougher CWL, Buffone A, Nemeth MJ, Nasirikenari M, Irons EE, Bogner PN, Lau JTY. The blood-borne sialyltransferase ST6Gal-1 is a negative systemic regulator of granulopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:507-516. [PMID: 28550122 PMCID: PMC5505748 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1216-538rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to systemic demands in producing and replenishing end-effector blood cells is predicated on the appropriate delivery and interpretation of extrinsic signals to the HSPCs. The data presented herein implicate the systemic, extracellular form of the glycosyltransferase ST6Gal-1 in the regulation of late-stage neutrophil development. ST6Gal-1 is typically a membrane-bound enzyme sequestered within the intracellular secretory apparatus, but an extracellular form is released into the blood from the liver. Both human and murine HSPCs, upon exposure to extracellular ST6Gal-1 ex vivo, exhibited decreased proliferation, diminished expression of the neutrophilic primary granule protein MPO, and decreased appearance of CD11b+ cells. HSPC suppression was preceded by decreased STAT-3 phosphorylation and diminished C/EBPα expression, without increased apoptosis, indicating attenuated G-CSF receptor signaling. A murine model to raise systemic ST6Gal-1 level was developed to examine the role of the circulatory enzyme in vivo. Our results show that systemic ST6Gal-1 modified the cell surface of the GMP subset of HSPCs and decreased marrow neutrophil reserves. Acute airway neutrophilic inflammation by LPS challenge was used to drive demand for new neutrophil production. Reduced neutrophil infiltration into the airway was observed in mice with elevated circulatory ST6Gal-1 levels. The blunted transition of GMPs into GPs in vitro is consistent with ST6Gal-1-attenuated granulopoiesis. The data confirm that circulatory ST6Gal-1 is a negative systemic regulator of granulopoiesis and moreover suggest a clinical potential to limit the number of inflammatory cells by manipulating blood ST6Gal-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Buffone
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mehrab Nasirikenari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
| | - Eric E Irons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
| | - Paul N Bogner
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Joseph T Y Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
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216
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Semblance of Heterogeneity in Collective Cell Migration. Cell Syst 2017; 5:119-127.e1. [PMID: 28755957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell population heterogeneity is increasingly a focus of inquiry in biological research. For example, cell migration studies have investigated the heterogeneity of invasiveness and taxis in development, wound healing, and cancer. However, relatively little effort has been devoted to exploring when heterogeneity is mechanistically relevant and how to reliably measure it. Statistical methods from the animal movement literature offer the potential to analyze heterogeneity in collections of cell tracking data. A popular measure of heterogeneity, which we use here as an example, is the distribution of delays in directional cross-correlation. Employing a suitably generic, yet minimal, model of collective cell movement in three dimensions, we show how using such measures to quantify heterogeneity in tracking data can result in the inference of heterogeneity where there is none. Our study highlights a potential pitfall in the statistical analysis of cell population heterogeneity, and we argue that this can be mitigated by the appropriate choice of null models.
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217
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Interleukin-36β provides protection against HSV-1 infection, but does not modulate initiation of adaptive immune responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5799. [PMID: 28724920 PMCID: PMC5517484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-36 (IL-36) represents three cytokines, IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ, which bind to the same receptor, IL-1RL2; however, their physiological function(s) remain poorly understood. Here, the role of IL-36 in immunity against HSV-1 was examined using the flank skin infection mouse model. Expression analyses revealed increased levels of IL-36α and IL-36β mRNA in infected skin, while constitutive IL-36γ levels remained largely unchanged. In human keratinocytes, IL-36α mRNA was induced by HSV-1, while IL-1β and TNFα increased all three IL-36 mRNAs. The dominant alternative splice variant of human IL-36β mRNA was isoform 2, which is the ortholog of the known mouse IL-36β mRNA. Mice deficient in IL-36β, but not IL-36α or IL-36γ, succumbed more frequently to HSV-1 infection than wild type mice. Furthermore, IL-36β−/− mice developed larger zosteriform skin lesions along infected neurons. Levels of HSV-1 specific antibodies, CD8+ cells and IFNγ-producing CD4+ cells were statistically equal in wild type and IL-36β−/− mice, suggesting similar initiation of adaptive immunity in the two strains. This correlated with the time at which HSV-1 genome and mRNA levels in primary skin lesions started to decline in both wild type and IL-36β−/− mice. Our data indicate that IL-36β has previously unrecognized functions protective against HSV-1 infection.
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218
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Kienle K, Lämmermann T. Neutrophil swarming: an essential process of the neutrophil tissue response. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:76-93. [PMID: 27558329 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration into inflamed and infected tissues is a fundamental process of the innate immune response. While neutrophil interactions with the blood vessel wall have been intensely studied over the last decades, neutrophil dynamics beyond the vasculature have for a long time remained poorly investigated. Recent intravital microscopy studies of neutrophil populations directly at the site of tissue damage or microbial invasion have changed our perspective on neutrophil responses within tissues. Swarm-like migration patterns of neutrophils, referred to as 'neutrophil swarming', have been detected in diverse tissues under conditions of sterile inflammation and infection with various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Current work has begun to unravel the molecular pathways choreographing the sequential phases of highly coordinated chemotaxis followed by neutrophil accumulation and the formation of substantial neutrophil clusters. It is now clear that intercellular communication among neutrophils amplifies their recruitment in a feed-forward manner, which provides them with a level of self-organization during neutrophil swarming. This review will summarize recent developments and current concepts on neutrophil swarming, an important process of the neutrophil tissue response with a critical role in maintaining the balance between host protection and inflammation-driven tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Kienle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany
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219
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Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune system cells that play an essential role in eradicating invading pathogens. PMN migration to sites of infection/inflammation requires exiting the microcirculation and subsequent crossing of epithelial barriers in mucosa-lined organs such as the lungs and intestines. Although these processes usually occur without significant damage to surrounding host tissues, dysregulated/excessive PMN transmigration and resultant bystander-tissue damage are characteristic of numerous mucosal inflammatory disorders. Mechanisms controlling PMN extravasation have been well characterized, but the molecular details regarding regulation of PMN migration across mucosal epithelia are poorly understood. Given that PMN migration across mucosal epithelia is strongly correlated with disease symptoms in many inflammatory mucosal disorders, enhanced understanding of the mechanisms regulating PMN transepithelial migration should provide insights into clinically relevant tissue-targeted therapies aimed at ameliorating PMN-mediated bystander-tissue damage. This review will highlight current understanding of the molecular interactions between PMNs and mucosal epithelia and the associated functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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220
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Gurol T, Zhou W, Deng Q. MicroRNAs in neutrophils: potential next generation therapeutics for inflammatory ailments. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:29-47. [PMID: 27558326 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play fundamental roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, and directly contribute to the immune pathologies in both infectious and autoimmune ailments. MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate homeostasis in health and disease by fine tuning the expression of a network of genes through post-transcriptional regulation. Many miRs are expressed in restricted tissues, regulated by stress and disease, and are emerging as mediators for intercellular communication. MiR profiles have been recently utilized as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognostic purposes. In addition, several miRs are in clinical development for various diseases. A short list of miRs that regulate hematopoiesis and neutrophil development is identified. Unfortunately, very limited information is available regarding how miRs regulate neutrophil migration and activation in vivo. Extensive future work is required, especially in animal models such as mice, to illustrate the pivotal and complex miR-mediated regulatory network. In addition, zebrafish, a vertebrate model organism with conserved innate immunity, potentiated by the availability of imaging and genetic tools, will provide a platform for rapid discovery and characterization of miRs that are relevant to neutrophilic inflammation. Advances in this field are expected to provide the foundation for highly selective miR-based therapy to manipulate neutrophils in infection and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Gurol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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221
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Glycosaminoglycans Regulate CXCR3 Ligands at Distinct Levels: Protection against Processing by Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV/CD26 and Interference with Receptor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071513. [PMID: 28703769 PMCID: PMC5536003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 direct chemotaxis of mainly T cells and NK cells through activation of their common CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)3. They are inactivated upon NH2-terminal cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26. In the present study, we found that different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) protect the CXCR3 ligands against proteolytic processing by CD26 without directly affecting the enzymatic activity of CD26. In addition, GAGs were shown to interfere with chemokine-induced CXCR3 signaling. The observation that heparan sulfate did not, and heparin only moderately, altered CXCL10-induced T cell chemotaxis in vitro may be explained by a combination of protection against proteolytic inactivation and altered receptor interaction as observed in calcium assays. No effect of CD26 inhibition was found on CXCL10-induced chemotaxis in vitro. However, treatment of mice with the CD26 inhibitor sitagliptin resulted in an enhanced CXCL10-induced lymphocyte influx into the joint. This study reveals a dual role for GAGs in modulating the biological activity of CXCR3 ligands. GAGs protect the chemokines from proteolytic cleavage but also directly interfere with chemokine–CXCR3 signaling. These data support the hypothesis that both GAGs and CD26 affect the in vivo chemokine function.
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222
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Weiss JM, Guérin MV, Regnier F, Renault G, Galy-Fauroux I, Vimeux L, Feuillet V, Peranzoni E, Thoreau M, Trautmann A, Bercovici N. The STING agonist DMXAA triggers a cooperation between T lymphocytes and myeloid cells that leads to tumor regression. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1346765. [PMID: 29123960 PMCID: PMC5665074 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1346765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regressing tumors are usually associated with a large immune infiltrate, but the molecular and cellular interactions that govern a successful anti-tumor immunity remain elusive. Here, we have triggered type I Interferon (IFN) signaling in a breast tumor model (MMTV-PyMT) using 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a ligand of the STimulator of Interferon Genes, STING. The 2 main events rapidly triggered by DMXAA in transplanted PyMT tumors are 1) the disruption of the tumor vasculature, followed by hypoxia and cell death; 2) the release of chemokines. Both events converged to trigger the recruitment of 2 waves of immune cells: a swift, massive recruitment of neutrophils, followed by a delayed rise in monocytes and CD8 T cells in the tumor mass. Depletion experiments in vivo revealed that myeloid cell subsets and T cells need to cooperate to achieve full-blown recruitment and activation at the tumor site and to induce effective secondary cell death leading to tumor regression (Illustration 1). Altogether, our study highlights that the tumor regression induced by the STING agonist DMXAA results from a cascade of events, with an initial vessel destruction followed by several infiltration waves of immune cells which have to cooperate to amplify and sustain the initial effect. We thus provide the first global and detailed kinetic analysis of the anti-tumoral effect of DMXAA and of its different articulated steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Weiss
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Marion V Guérin
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Fabienne Regnier
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | | | - Lene Vimeux
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Vincent Feuillet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Elisa Peranzoni
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Maxime Thoreau
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Alain Trautmann
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Nadège Bercovici
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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223
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Pulmonary immunity to viruses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1737-1762. [PMID: 28667071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
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224
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Abstract
Neutrophils are professional phagocytes that constitute the first line of defense in humans. The primary function of neutrophils is to eliminate invading pathogens through oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. Because neutrophils rapidly migrate into inflammatory foci via diapedesis and chemotaxis, neutrophil recruitment has long been considered a hallmark of inflammation. Recent advances in intravital microscopic technologies using animal model systems have enabled researchers to directly visualize neutrophil trafficking. Consequently, the specific mechanisms of neutrophil transmigration have been identified, and even the reverse migration of neutrophils can be verified visually. Moreover, the detailed phenomena of neutrophil infiltration into various organs, such as the liver, lymphoid organs, and CNS have been identified. This progress in the study of neutrophil migration from the blood vessels to organs results in a deeper understanding of these immune cells' motility and morphology, which are closely related to the spatiotemporal regulation of the overall immune response. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of neutrophil trafficking in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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225
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Abstract
Cell motility is required for diverse biological processes including development, homing of immune cells, wound healing, and cancer cell invasion. Motile neutrophils exhibit a polarized morphology characterized by the formation of leading-edge pseudopods and a highly contractile cell rear known as the uropod. Although it is known that perturbing uropod formation impairs neutrophil migration, the role of the uropod in cell polarization and motility remains incompletely understood. Here we discuss cell intrinsic mechanisms that regulate neutrophil polarization and motility, with a focus on the uropod, and examine how relationships among regulatory mechanisms change when cells change their direction of migration.
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226
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Roy J, Mazzaferri J, Filep JG, Costantino S. A Haptotaxis Assay for Neutrophils using Optical Patterning and a High-content Approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2869. [PMID: 28588217 PMCID: PMC5460230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment guided by chemotactic cues is a central event in host defense against infection and tissue injury. While the mechanisms underlying neutrophil chemotaxis have been extensively studied, these are just recently being addressed by using high-content approaches or surface-bound chemotactic gradients (haptotaxis) in vitro. Here, we report a haptotaxis assay, based on the classic under-agarose assay, which combines an optical patterning technique to generate surface-bound formyl peptide gradients as well as an automated imaging and analysis of a large number of migration trajectories. We show that human neutrophils migrate on covalently-bound formyl-peptide gradients, which influence the speed and frequency of neutrophil penetration under the agarose. Analysis revealed that neutrophils migrating on surface-bound patterns accumulate in the region of the highest peptide concentration, thereby mimicking in vivo events. We propose the use of a chemotactic precision index, gyration tensors and neutrophil penetration rate for characterizing haptotaxis. This high-content assay provides a simple approach that can be applied for studying molecular mechanisms underlying haptotaxis on user-defined gradient shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannie Roy
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Javier Mazzaferri
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - János G Filep
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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227
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Pingen M, Schmid MA, Harris E, McKimmie CS. Mosquito Biting Modulates Skin Response to Virus Infection. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:645-657. [PMID: 28495485 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne infections are increasing in number and are spreading to new regions at an unprecedented rate. In particular, mosquito-transmitted viruses, such as those that cause Zika, dengue, West Nile encephalitis, and chikungunya, have become endemic or have caused dramatic epidemics in many parts of the world. Aedes and Culex mosquitoes are the main culprits, spreading infection when they bite. Importantly, mosquitoes do not act as simple conduits that passively transfer virus from one individual to another. Instead, host responses to mosquito-derived factors have an important influence on infection and disease, aiding replication and dissemination within the host. Here, we discuss the latest research developments regarding this fascinating interplay between mosquito, virus, and the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Pingen
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Section of Infection and Immunity, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Section of Infection and Immunity, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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228
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The emerging role of ECM crosslinking in T cell mobility as a hallmark of immunosenescence in humans. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:322-335. [PMID: 27876574 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is thought to result from cellular aging and to reflect exposure to environmental stressors and antigens, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). However, not all of the features of immunosenescence are consistent with this view, and this has led to the emergence of the sister theory of "inflammaging". The recently discovered diffuse tissue distribution of resident memory T cells (TRM) which don't recirculate, calls these theories into question. These cells account for most T cells residing in barrier epithelia which sit in and travel through the extracellular matrix (ECM). With almost all studies to date carried out on peripheral blood, the age-related changes of the ECM and their consequences for T cell mobility, which is crucial for the function of these cells, have been largely ignored. We propose an update of the theoretical framework of immunosenescence, based on a novel hypothesis: the increasing stiffness and cross-linking of the senescent ECM lead to a progressive immunodeficiency due to an age-related decrease in T cell mobility and eventually the death of these cells. A key element of this mechanism is the mechanical stress to which the cell cytoplasm and nucleus are subjected during passage through the ECM. This hypothesis is based on an "evo-devo" perspective bringing together some major characteristics of aging, to create a single interpretive framework for immunosenescence.
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229
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Yang F, Feng C, Zhang X, Lu J, Zhao Y. The Diverse Biological Functions of Neutrophils, Beyond the Defense Against Infections. Inflammation 2017; 40:311-323. [PMID: 27817110 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are among the first defense against infection and closely involved in the initiation of inflammatory response. It is well recognized that this function of neutrophils was mainly mediated by phagocytosis, intracellular degradation, releasing of granules, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps after sensing dangerous stress. However, accumulating data showed that neutrophils had a variety of important biological functions in both innate and adaptive immunities, far beyond cytotoxicity against pathogens. Neutrophils can differentially switch phenotypes and display distinct subpopulations under different microenvironments. Neutrophils can produce a large variety of cytokines and chemokines upon stimulation. Furthermore, neutrophils directly interact with dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells so as to either potentiate or down-modulate both innate and adaptive immunity. In the present review, we summarize the recent progress on the functional plasticity and the regulatory ability on immunity of neutrophils in physiological and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chang Feng
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Hepatology and Cancer Biotherapy Ward, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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230
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Takamura S. Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:438-450. [PMID: 28418771 PMCID: PMC5512299 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. Furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. Thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-lasting protective immunity to those pathogens is a major public health priority. CD8+ Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a newly defined population that resides permanently in the nonlymphoid tissues including the lung. These cells are capable of providing local protection immediately after infection, thereby promoting rapid host recovery. Recent studies have offered new insights into the anatomical niches that harbor lung CD8+ TRM cells, and also identified the requirement and limitations of TRM maintenance. However, it remains controversial whether lung CD8+ TRM cells are continuously replenished by new cells from the circulation or permanently lodged in this site. A better understanding of how lung CD8+ TRM cells are generated and maintained and the tissue-specific factors that drive local TRM formation is required for optimal vaccine development. This review focuses on recent advance in our understanding of CD8+ TRM cell establishment and maintenance in the lung, and describes how those processes are uniquely regulated in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University , Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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231
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Samarasinghe AE, Melo RCN, Duan S, LeMessurier KS, Liedmann S, Surman SL, Lee JJ, Hurwitz JL, Thomas PG, McCullers JA. Eosinophils Promote Antiviral Immunity in Mice Infected with Influenza A Virus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:3214-3226. [PMID: 28283567 PMCID: PMC5384374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional cells of the innate immune system linked to allergic inflammation. Asthmatics were more likely to be hospitalized but less likely to suffer severe morbidity and mortality during the 2009 influenza pandemic. These epidemiologic findings were recapitulated in a mouse model of fungal asthma wherein infection during heightened allergic inflammation was protective against influenza A virus (IAV) infection and disease. Our goal was to delineate a mechanism(s) by which allergic asthma may alleviate influenza disease outcome, focused on the hypothesis that pulmonary eosinophilia linked with allergic respiratory disease is able to promote antiviral host defenses against the influenza virus. The transfer of eosinophils from the lungs of allergen-sensitized and challenged mice into influenza virus-infected mice resulted in reduced morbidity and viral burden, improved lung compliance, and increased CD8+ T cell numbers in the airways. In vitro assays with primary or bone marrow-derived eosinophils were used to determine eosinophil responses to the virus using the laboratory strain (A/PR/08/1934) or the pandemic strain (A/CA/04/2009) of IAV. Eosinophils were susceptible to IAV infection and responded by activation, piecemeal degranulation, and upregulation of Ag presentation markers. Virus- or viral peptide-exposed eosinophils induced CD8+ T cell proliferation, activation, and effector functions. Our data suggest that eosinophils promote host cellular immunity to reduce influenza virus replication in lungs, thereby providing a novel mechanism by which hosts with allergic asthma may be protected from influenza morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103;
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38103
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036, Brazil
| | - Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38103
| | - Swantje Liedmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38103
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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232
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Intubation-free in vivo imaging of the tracheal mucosa using two-photon microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:694. [PMID: 28386104 PMCID: PMC5429620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal layer of conducting airways is the primary tissue exposed to inhaled microorganisms, allergens and pollutants. We developed an in vivo two-photon microscopic approach that allows performing dynamic imaging studies in the mouse trachea, which is a commonly used in vivo model of human small-diameter bronchi. By providing stabilized access to the tracheal mucosa without intubation, our setup uniquely allows dynamic in vivo imaging of mucociliary clearance and steady-state immune cell behavior within the complex airway mucosal tissue.
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233
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Abstract
Respiratory immunity is accomplished using multiple mechanisms including structure/anatomy of the respiratory tract, mucosal defense in the form of the mucociliary apparatus, innate immunity using cells and molecules and acquired immunity. There are species differences of the respiratory immune system that influence the response to environmental challenges and pharmaceutical, industrial and agricultural compounds assessed in nonclinical safety testing and hazard identification. These differences influence the interpretation of respiratory system changes after exposure to these challenges and compounds in nonclinical safety assessment and hazard identification and their relevance to humans.
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234
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Cheemarla NR, Baños-Lara MDR, Naidu S, Guerrero-Plata A. Neutrophils regulate the lung inflammatory response via γδ T cell infiltration in an experimental mouse model of human metapneumovirus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:1383-1392. [PMID: 28336678 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a1216-519rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human circulation. They are the first immune cell population recruited to the sites of infection. However, the role of neutrophils to regulate host immune responses during respiratory viral infections is largely unknown. To elucidate the role of neutrophils in respiratory antiviral defense, we used an experimental mouse model of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection. HMPV, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a leading respiratory pathogen causing severe symptoms, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, in young, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. We demonstrate that neutrophils are the predominant population of immune cells recruited into the lungs after HMPV infection. This led us to hypothesize that neutrophils represent a key player of the immune response during HMPV infection, thereby regulating HMPV-induced lung pathogenesis. Specific depletion of neutrophils in vivo using a mAb and simultaneous infection with HMPV exhibited higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, pulmonary inflammation, and severe clinical disease compared with HMPV-infected, competent mice. Interestingly, the lack of neutrophils altered γδ T cell accumulation in the lung. The absence of γδ T cells during HMPV infection led to reduced pulmonary inflammation. These novel findings demonstrate that neutrophils play a critical role in controlling HMPV-induced inflammatory responses by regulating γδ T cell infiltration to the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjuna R Cheemarla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Ma Del Rocío Baños-Lara
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Shan Naidu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and .,Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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235
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Janssens R, Mortier A, Boff D, Ruytinx P, Gouwy M, Vantilt B, Larsen O, Daugvilaite V, Rosenkilde MM, Parmentier M, Noppen S, Liekens S, Van Damme J, Struyf S, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA, Proost P. Truncation of CXCL12 by CD26 reduces its CXC chemokine receptor 4- and atypical chemokine receptor 3-dependent activity on endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 132:92-101. [PMID: 28322746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 or stromal cell-derived factor 1/SDF-1 attracts hematopoietic progenitor cells and mature leukocytes through the G protein-coupled CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). In addition, it interacts with atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3 or CXCR7) and glycosaminoglycans. CXCL12 activity is regulated through posttranslational cleavage by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 that removes two NH2-terminal amino acids. CD26-truncated CXCL12 does not induce calcium signaling or chemotaxis of mononuclear cells. CXCL12(3-68) was chemically synthesized de novo for detailed biological characterization. Compared to unmodified CXCL12, CXCL12(3-68) was no longer able to signal through CXCR4 via inositol trisphosphate (IP3), Akt or extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Interestingly, the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 to the cell membrane via CXCR4 by CXCL12(3-68) was abolished, whereas a weakened but significant β-arrestin recruitment remained via ACKR3. CXCL12-induced endothelial cell migration and signal transduction was completely abrogated by CD26. Intact CXCL12 hardly induced lymphocyte migration upon intra-articular injection in mice. In contrast, oral treatment of mice with the CD26 inhibitor sitagliptin reduced CD26 activity and CXCL12 cleavage in blood plasma. The potential of CXCL12 to induce intra-articular lymphocyte infiltration was significantly increased in sitagliptin-treated mice and CXCL12(3-68) failed to induce migration under both CD26-inhibiting and non-inhibiting conditions. In conclusion, CD26-cleavage skews CXCL12 towards β-arrestin dependent recruitment through ACKR3 and destroys the CXCR4-mediated lymphocyte chemoattractant properties of CXCL12 in vivo. Hence, pharmacological CD26-blockade in tissues may enhance CXCL12-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Janssens
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pieter Ruytinx
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bo Vantilt
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olav Larsen
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Parmentier
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio A Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paul Proost
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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236
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Soehnlein O, Steffens S, Hidalgo A, Weber C. Neutrophils as protagonists and targets in chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:248-261. [PMID: 28287106 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, neutrophils have been acknowledged to be the first immune cells that are recruited to an inflamed tissue and have mainly been considered in the context of acute inflammation. By contrast, their importance during chronic inflammation has been studied in less depth. This Review aims to summarize our current understanding of the roles of neutrophils in chronic inflammation, with a focus on how they communicate with other immune and non-immune cells within tissues. We also scrutinize the roles of neutrophils in wound healing and the resolution of inflammation, and finally, we outline emerging therapeutic strategies that target neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinksa Institutet, von Eulers Väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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237
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Neutrophils are dispensable in the modulation of T cell immunity against cutaneous HSV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41091. [PMID: 28112242 PMCID: PMC5253768 DOI: 10.1038/srep41091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils rapidly infiltrate sites of inflammation during peripheral infection or tissue injury. In addition to their well described roles as pro-inflammatory phagocytes responsible for pathogen clearance, recent studies have demonstrated a broader functional repertoire including mediating crosstalk between innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Specifically, neutrophils have been proposed to mediate antigen transport to lymph nodes (LN) to modulate T cell priming and to influence T cell migration to infected tissues. Using a mouse model of cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection we explored potential contributions of neutrophils toward anti-viral immunity. While a transient, early influx of neutrophils was triggered by dermal scarification, we did not detect migration of neutrophils from the skin to LN. Furthermore, despite recruitment of neutrophils into LN from the blood, priming and expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was unaffected following neutrophil depletion. Finally, we found that neutrophils were dispensable for the migration of effector T cells into infected skin. Our study suggests that the immunomodulatory roles of neutrophils toward adaptive immunity may be context-dependent, and are likely determined by the type of pathogen and anatomical site of infection.
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238
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Schmid MA, González KN, Shah S, Peña J, Mack M, Talarico LB, Polack FP, Harris E. Influenza and dengue virus co-infection impairs monocyte recruitment to the lung, increases dengue virus titers, and exacerbates pneumonia. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:527-539. [PMID: 27995614 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-infections of influenza virus and bacteria are known to cause severe disease, but little information exists on co-infections with other acute viruses. Seasonal influenza and dengue viruses (DENV) regularly co-circulate in tropical regions. The pandemic spread of influenza virus H1N1 (hereafter H1N1) in 2009 led to additional severe disease cases that were co-infected with DENV. Here, we investigated the impact of co-infection on immune responses and pathogenesis in a new mouse model. Co-infection of otherwise sublethal doses of a Nicaraguan clinical H1N1 isolate and two days later with a virulent DENV2 strain increased systemic DENV titers and caused 90% lethality. Lungs of co-infected mice carried both viruses, developed severe pneumonia, and expressed a unique pattern of host mRNAs, resembling only partial responses against infection with either virus alone. A large number of monocytes were recruited to DENV-infected but not to co-infected lungs, and depletion and adoptive transfer experiments revealed a beneficial role of monocytes. Our study shows that co-infection with influenza and DENV impairs host responses, which fail to control DENV titers and instead, induce severe lung damage. Further, our findings identify key inflammatory pathways and monocyte function as targets for future therapies that may limit immunopathology in co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karla N González
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Sanjana Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - José Peña
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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239
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Abstract
Neutrophils have long been regarded as key effectors of the innate immune response during acute inflammation. Recent evidence has revealed a greater functional diversity for these cells than previously appreciated, expanding roles for neutrophils in adaptive immunity and chronic pathologies. In this review, we summarize some of the evolving paradigms in the neutrophil field and highlight key advances that have contributed to our understanding of neutrophil behavior and function
in vivo. We examine the concept of neutrophil subsets and polarization, we discuss novel immunomodulatory roles for neutrophils in shaping the immune response, and, finally, we identify technical advances that will further enhance our ability to track the function and fate of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Deniset
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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240
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Park SA, Hyun YM. Neutrophil Extravasation Cascade: What Can We Learn from Two-photon Intravital Imaging? Immune Netw 2016; 16:317-321. [PMID: 28035206 PMCID: PMC5195840 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.6.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells (leukocytes or white blood cells) move actively and sensitively based on body conditions. Despite their important role as protectors inside the body, it is difficult to directly observe the spatiotemporal momentum of leukocytes. With advances in imaging technology, the introduction of two-photon microscopy has enabled researchers to look deeper inside tissues in a three-dimensional manner. In observations of immune cell movement along the blood vessel, vascular permeability and innate immune cell movements remain unclear. Here, we describe the neutrophil extravasation cascade, which were observed using a two-photon intravital imaging technique. We also provide evidence for novel mechanisms such as neutrophil body extension and microparticle formation as well as their biological roles during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang A Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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241
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Pylaeva E, Lang S, Jablonska J. The Essential Role of Type I Interferons in Differentiation and Activation of Tumor-Associated Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2016; 7:629. [PMID: 28066438 PMCID: PMC5174087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) were first characterized in the process of viral interference. However, since then, IFNs are found to be involved in a wide range of biological processes. In the mouse, type I IFNs comprise a large family of cytokines. At least 12 IFN-α and one IFN-β can be found and they all signal through the same receptor (IFNAR). A hierarchy of expression has been established for type I IFNs, where IFN-β is induced first and it activates in a paracrine and autocrine fashion a cascade of other type I IFNs. Besides its importance in the induction of the IFN cascade, IFN-β is also constitutively expressed in low amounts under normal non-inflammatory conditions, thus facilitating "primed" state of the immune system. In the context of cancer, type I IFNs show strong antitumor function as they play a key role in mounting antitumor immune responses through the modulation of neutrophil differentiation, activation, and migration. Owing to their plasticity, neutrophils play diverse roles during cancer development and metastasis since they possess both tumor-promoting (N2) and tumor-limiting (N1) properties. Notably, the differentiation into antitumor phenotype is strongly supported by type I IFNs. It could also be shown that these cytokines are critical for the suppression of neutrophil migration into tumor and metastasis site by regulating chemokine receptors, e.g., CXCR2 on these cells and by influencing their longevity. Type I IFNs limit the life span of neutrophils by influencing both, the extrinsic as well as the intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Such antitumor neutrophils efficiently suppress the pro-angiogenic factors expression, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metallopeptidase 9. This in turn restricts tumor vascularization and growth. Thus, type I IFNs appear to be the part of the natural tumor surveillance mechanism. Here we provide an up to date review of how type I IFNs influence the pro- and antitumor properties of neutrophils. Understanding these mechanisms is particularly important from a therapeutic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pylaeva
- Translational Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- Translational Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Jadwiga Jablonska
- Translational Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
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242
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Tan SY, Weninger W. Neutrophil migration in inflammation: intercellular signal relay and crosstalk. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 44:34-42. [PMID: 27951434 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate effector cells armed with a potent machinery to combat damage and infection within tissues. Their ability to rapidly respond to danger signals and mobilise is crucial to their role. After extravasation, neutrophil populations often exhibit swarming behaviour. Swarming occurs in distinct phases and is coordinated via inter-neutrophil signal relay in the form of small molecule mediators. Neutrophils also engage in multi-dimensional crosstalk with tissue-resident cells and incoming leukocytes in the inflammatory milieu. The complexity of neutrophil crosstalk with other innate immune cells mirrors that of the adaptive immune system, with rudimentary features of 'priming' and 'licensing'. We review recent findings relating to the migration and intercellular crosstalks of neutrophils in the initiation and resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sioh-Yang Tan
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Medical School, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Medical School, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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243
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Catani JPP, Medrano RFV, Hunger A, Del Valle P, Adjemian S, Zanatta DB, Kroemer G, Costanzi-Strauss E, Strauss BE. Intratumoral Immunization by p19Arf and Interferon-β Gene Transfer in a Heterotopic Mouse Model of Lung Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:565-574. [PMID: 27916291 PMCID: PMC5143354 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that act by eliciting and enhancing antitumor immunity have been clinically validated as an effective treatment modality but may benefit from the induction of both cell death and immune activation as primary stimuli. Using our AdRGD-PG adenovector platform, we show here for the first time that in situ gene transfer of p19Arf and interferon-β (IFNβ) in the LLC1 mouse model of lung carcinoma acts as an immunotherapy. Although p19Arf is sufficient to induce cell death, only its pairing with IFNβ significantly induced markers of immunogenic cell death. In situ gene therapy with IFNβ, either alone or in combination with p19Arf, could retard tumor progression, but only the combined treatment was associated with a protective immune response. Specifically in the case of combined intratumoral gene transfer, we identified 167 differentially expressed genes when using microarray to evaluate tumors that were treated in vivo and confirmed the activation of CCL3, CXCL3, IL1α, IL1β, CD274, and OSM, involved in immune response and chemotaxis. Histologic evaluation revealed significant tumor infiltration by neutrophils, whereas functional depletion of granulocytes ablated the antitumor effect of our approach. The association of in situ gene therapy with cisplatin resulted in synergistic elimination of tumor progression. In all, in situ gene transfer with p19Arf and IFNβ acts as an immunotherapy involving recruitment of neutrophils, a desirable but previously untested outcome, and this approach may be allied with chemotherapy, thus providing significant antitumor activity and warranting further development for the treatment of lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Portela Catani
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Ruan F V Medrano
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Aline Hunger
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Paulo Del Valle
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Sandy Adjemian
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bertolini Zanatta
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; U1138, INSERM, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eugenia Costanzi-Strauss
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil.
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244
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Zhao X, Shi X, Zhang Z, Ma H, Yuan X, Ding Y. Combined treatment with MSC transplantation and neutrophil depletion ameliorates D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver failure in rats. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:730-738. [PMID: 27637473 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The imbalance of immunity is an important pathogenesis of acute liver failure (ALF). Neutrophils are the hallmark of acute inflammation, which have an essential role in immune regulation. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a promising therapy in ALF treatment. Recent studies indicated a considerable connection between MSCs and neutrophils in immune regulation. AIM To investigate changes in neutrophils in ALF rats after MSC transplantation, and to explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of the combined treatment with MSC transplantation and neutrophil depletion in ALF. METHODS We employed monotherapy and the combination therapy with MSCs and anti-PMN serum in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced ALF rats. Rats were sacrificed at 6, 12 and 24h, respectively. Blood samples and liver tissues were collected. Hepatic injury, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10), chemokines (CXCL1 and CXCL2), the number and activity of neutrophils and animal survival were assessed at fixed times. RESULTS MSC transplantation can effectively improve the liver function of ALF rats and reduce the number and activity of neutrophils in both peripheral blood and liver. Compared with MSC transplantation alone, anti-PMN treatment and co-treatment had a better result in diminishing neutrophils. The co-treatment also exhibited a better therapeutical effect in ALF rats compared with monotherapy. In this process, the expressions of inflammatory cytokines in the liver were consistent with liver function. CONCLUSIONS The regulation of the neutrophil-related microenvironment is affected in D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF rats after MSC transplantation. The combined treatment with MSC transplantation and neutrophil depletion may have a better therapeutic effect in ALF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hucheng Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xianwen Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yitao Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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245
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Vidy A, Maisonnasse P, Da Costa B, Delmas B, Chevalier C, Le Goffic R. The Influenza Virus Protein PB1-F2 Increases Viral Pathogenesis through Neutrophil Recruitment and NK Cells Inhibition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165361. [PMID: 27798704 PMCID: PMC5087861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) PB1-F2 protein is a virulence factor contributing to the pathogenesis observed during IAV infections in mammals. In this study, using a mouse model, we compared the host response associated with PB1-F2 with an early transcriptomic signature that was previously associated with neutrophils and consecutively fatal IAV infections. This allowed us to show that PB1-F2 is partly involved in neutrophil-related mechanisms leading to death. Using neutropenic mice, we confirmed that the harmful effect of PB1-F2 is due to an excessive inflammation mediated by an increased neutrophil mobilization. We identified the downstream effects of this PB1-F2-exacerbated neutrophil recruitment. PB1-F2 had no impact on the lymphocyte recruitment in the airways at day 8 pi. However, functional genomics analysis and flow cytometry in broncho-alveolar lavages at 4 days pi revealed that PB1-F2 induced a NK cells deficiency. Thus, our results identify PB1-F2 as an important immune disruptive factor during the IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Vidy
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Bruno Da Costa
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Ronan Le Goffic
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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246
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Abstract
Stem cells are critical to maintaining steady-state organ homeostasis and regenerating injured tissues. Recent intriguing reports implicate extracellular vesicles (EVs) as carriers for the distribution of morphogens and growth and differentiation factors from tissue parenchymal cells to stem cells, and conversely, stem cell-derived EVs carrying certain proteins and nucleic acids can support healing of injured tissues. We describe approaches to make use of engineered EVs as technology platforms in therapeutics and diagnostics in the context of stem cells. For some regenerative therapies, natural and engineered EVs from stem cells may be superior to single-molecule drugs, biologics, whole cells, and synthetic liposome or nanoparticle formulations because of the ease of bioengineering with multiple factors while retaining superior biocompatibility and biostability and posing fewer risks for abnormal differentiation or neoplastic transformation. Finally, we provide an overview of current challenges and future directions of EVs as potential therapeutic alternatives to cells for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Riazifar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; .,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Egest J Pone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; .,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.,Codiak BioSciences Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts 01801
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; .,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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247
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Duan M, Hibbs ML, Chen W. The contributions of lung macrophage and monocyte heterogeneity to influenza pathogenesis. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:225-235. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, 89 Commercial Rd Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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248
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Gaylo A, Schrock DC, Fernandes NRJ, Fowell DJ. T Cell Interstitial Migration: Motility Cues from the Inflamed Tissue for Micro- and Macro-Positioning. Front Immunol 2016; 7:428. [PMID: 27790220 PMCID: PMC5063845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cells exit the inflamed vasculature into an environment shaped by tissue-specific structural configurations and inflammation-imposed extrinsic modifications. Once within interstitial spaces of non-lymphoid tissues, T cells migrate in an apparent random, non-directional, fashion. Efficient T cell scanning of the tissue environment is essential for successful location of infected target cells or encounter with antigen-presenting cells that activate the T cell's antimicrobial effector functions. The mechanisms of interstitial T cell motility and the environmental cues that may promote or hinder efficient tissue scanning are poorly understood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) appears to play an important scaffolding role in guidance of T cell migration and likely provides a platform for the display of chemotactic factors that may help to direct the positioning of T cells. Here, we discuss how intravital imaging has provided insight into the motility patterns and cellular machinery that facilitates T cell interstitial migration and the critical environmental factors that may optimize the efficiency of effector T cell scanning of the inflamed tissue. Specifically, we highlight the local micro-positioning cues T cells encounter as they migrate within inflamed tissues, from surrounding ECM and signaling molecules, as well as a requirement for appropriate long-range macro-positioning within distinct tissue compartments or at discrete foci of infection or tissue damage. The central nervous system (CNS) responds to injury and infection by extensively remodeling the ECM and with the de novo generation of a fibroblastic reticular network that likely influences T cell motility. We examine how inflammation-induced changes to the CNS landscape may regulate T cell tissue exploration and modulate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gaylo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dillon C. Schrock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ninoshka R. J. Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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249
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Reilly EC, Lambert-Emo K, Topham DJ. The Effects of Acute Neutrophil Depletion on Resolution of Acute Influenza Infection, Establishment of Tissue Resident Memory (TRM), and Heterosubtypic Immunity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164247. [PMID: 27741316 PMCID: PMC5065200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After disease resolution, a small subset of influenza specific CD8+ T cells can remain in the airways of the lung as a tissue resident memory population (TRM). These cells are critical for protection from subsequent infections with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. Although it is well established that expression of the collagen IV binding integrin alpha 1 is necessary for the retention and maintenance of TRM cells, other requirements allowing them to localize to the airways and persist are less well understood. We recently demonstrated that inhibition of neutrophils or neutrophil derived chemokine CXCL12 during acute influenza virus infection reduces the effector T cell response and affects the ability of these cells to localize to the airways. We therefore sought to determine whether the defects that occur in the absence of neutrophils would persist throughout resolution of the disease and impact the development of the TRM population. Interestingly, the early alterations in the CD8+ T cell response recover by two weeks post-infection, and mice form a protective population of TRM cells. Overall, these observations show that acute neutrophil depletion results in a delay in the effector CD8+ T cell response, but does not adversely impact the development of TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kris Lambert-Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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250
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Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040033. [PMID: 27754364 PMCID: PMC5192353 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccination is an effective way to prevent human influenza. Current vaccines are mainly focused on eliciting a strain-matched humoral immune response, requiring yearly updates, and do not provide protection for all vaccinated individuals. The past few years, the importance of cellular immunity, and especially memory T cells, in long-lived protection against influenza virus has become clear. To overcome the shortcomings of current influenza vaccines, eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity is imperative. Today, several new vaccines such as infection-permissive and recombinant T cell inducing vaccines, are being developed and show promising results. These vaccines will allow us to stay several steps ahead of the constantly evolving influenza virus.
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